AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 1 Recent Geoethical Issues in Moroccan and Peruvian Paleontology JUAN CARLOS GUTIÉRREZ-MARCO In stitu to d e Geocien cias (CSIC, UCM), Mad rid , Sp ain jcgrap to@u cm .es ARTUR A. SÁ Dep artam en to d e Geologia, Un iversid ad e d e Trás -os-Mon tes e Alto Dou ro, Vila Real, Por tu gal Cen tro d e Geociên cias, Un iversid ad ed d e Coim bra –Pólo II, Coim bra, Portu gal asa@u tad .p t DIEGO C. GARCÍA-BELLIDO Sch ool of Biological Scien ces, Un iversity of Ad elaid e, Au stralia Diego.Garcia-Bellid o@ad elaid e.ed u .au CÉSAR A. CH ACALTAN A IN GEMMET, Av. Can ad á 1470, Lim a, Peru cch acaltan a@in gem m et.gob.p e Abstract The cases of Joan Corbacho from Spain, and Klaus Hönninger and Carlos A . V ildoso from Peru, considered by some as prestig- ious paleontologists in their countries, are discussed here. The first one is a fossil collector and trader that, without a minimal scientific knowledge, published ca. 20 papers with proposals for a dozen new trilobite taxa coming from different Paleozoic for- mations in the M oroccan A nti-A tlas. Descriptions of new taxa seem formally valid but are rather inadequate, often based on poorly preserved material of dubious geological provenance, and mostly published as papers without peer review in a local jou r- nal, managed by a private museum connected to the Seminary of Barcelona. Besides this, part of the published and figured tri- lobite specimens were later offered for sale in the internet, sometimes accompanied with a ‘certificate of authenticity’ signed by the M useum director. M r. Corbacho is acting also in Spain as a judicial expert in paleontology while he is not more than an amateur fossil collector. In Peru, the two cited pseudo-paleontologists lead their official-looking businesses, the ‘M eyer- Hönninger Palaeontological M useum’ and the ‘Peruvian Institute of Paleovertebrate Studies’, respectively, under names of institutional appearance. The ‘scientific research’ activities of M r. Hönninger have been basically deactivated by authorities of the M inistry of Culture, and following a public complaint for fraud in the First International S ymposium of Palaeontology of Peru held in 2014 in Lima. However, the dealings of the M r. V ildoso, who has long claimed to have a title on Paleontology from the University of La Plata (A rgentina), which he has never been able to show, has experienced a considerable increase, with paleontological heritage contracts with mining companies and the organization of the Dakar Rally. The prominence of the posi- tion he has attained is such that he was offered the presidency of the Organizing Committee of the IX Latin A merican Congress of Palaeontology held in 2016 in Lima, which has ended in an organization disaster and a money scandal. 1. IN TROD UCTION s occu rred w ith th e Gu p ta affair of th e H im alayan ‘m isp laced ’ or ‘recycled ’ fossils (Talen t, 1989; Ru ffel et al., 2012; Sh ah , 2013), or m ore recen tly w ith th e Mid d le East fossils of th e Im am case (Agu irre, 2004; Gran ier et al., 2009), an in crease of p aleon tolo g- ical d ata from relatively rem ote or u n exp lored p laces of th e w orld h as attracted th e in cu rsion of op p ortu n ists in to th e research field . H ere w e p resen t th e case of variou s u n eth ical p ractices A AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 2 d etected in p aleon tological stu d ies on th e O r- d ovician of Morocco, as w ell as oth ers affectin g m ore gen eral asp ects of Peru vian p aleon tology. Th e African case in volves ten y ears of p alaeon - tological m iscon d u ct by a Sp an ish citizen , an d is p resen ted h ere for th e first tim e. The tw o other cases of u nethical p roced u re by Peru vian citizen s h ave been p artially d iscu ssed in a p rev i- ou s p ap er in Sp anish (Gu tiérrez-Marco et al., 2016), w hich is m ostly tran slated and u p d ated here w ith new in form ation. The qu estionable activities of these th ree ind ivid u als w ere a lread y know n in circles of sp ecialists, bu t the p u rp ose of this note is to m ake these p ractices kn ow n ou tsid e their local areas, as w ell to the m ed ia an d nation al ad m inistration s, so th at n o one can claim in the fu tu re the ign orance of these p ro b- lem s. 2. THE ‘CORBACHO AFFAIR’ This case affecting the N orth -African p aleontol- ogy began nine years ago, w hen Joan Corbacho, an am ateu r fossil collector settled in Sabad ell (p rovin ce of Barcelon a, N W Sp ain) started to p u blish p ap ers on Ord ovician trilobites of M o- rocco w ith ou t a m in im al scientific know led ge. At the beginning Mr Corbacho coau thored w ith em briologist Dr. J.A. Vela (University of Barce- lon a), an am ateu r trilobite collector w h o is co n- nected to the Geological Mu seu m of the Sem i- nary of Barcelon a, later going alone or in colla b- oration w ith other p eop le, m ost of them non - sp ecialists as w ell. Th e geological m u seu m of Barcelon a d eserv es atten tion becau se it h as a great resp on sibility in th e origin an d d evelop m en t of th is affair. Th is is a n on -govern m en tal in stitu tion th at w as e s- tablish ed in 1874 as th e N atu ral H istory Cab i- n et of th e cath olic sem in ary (Vilella, 1999; Ta y- lor et al., 2012), an d w h ose collection m an ag e- m en t is in th e h an d s of a large grou p of fossil am ateu rs an d volu n teers. From 1987, th e m u - seu m p u blish ed regu larly th e jou rn al Batalleria, as w ell as th e n on -p eriod ic series M usei Geologi- ci Seminarii Barcinonensis (Series Palaeontologica), w h ich started in 2006. Th e p roblem is th at both jou rn als p u blish ed p ap ers w ith in ad equ ate or totally lackin g p eer review , esp ecially w h en relatin g to ‘d iscoveries’ an d con tribu tion s su bm itted by th e Mu seu m ’s m ain collabor a- tors. Th is lack of scien tific con trol is in th e origin th at Mr. Corbach o, p u blish in g p refere n - tially in th ese tw o jou rn als (see list of refe r- en ces), h as flood ed th e literatu re on N orth A f- rican trilobites w ith p u tative n ew taxa, in th eir m ajority very p oorly d escribed an d lackin g p recise geological con text. Th e im p act of th is scien tific “n oise”, m aterialized in alm ost tw e n - ty p ap ers in ten years (2007–2017), varies ac- cord in g to th e op in ion of d ifferen t sp ecialists, bu t its rep ercu ssion s can n ot be fu lly en visaged as yet. Tw o view s are bein g im p osed am on g th e p rofession al scien tists: th ose w h o p refer to ign ore th e n ew taxa p rop osed by Mr. Corbach o an d co-au th ors, an d th ose w h o p rovision ally cou ld accep t som e of th ese p roblem atic n am es, in th e h op e of a fu tu re in -d ep th review of th eir d iagn osis, syn on ym ies an d p recise stratigrap h - ic circu m stan ces th at w ill su rely be a d ifficu lt an d tim e-con su m in g job. As an exam p le of the first view , Martin et al. (2016) rep orted a general list of th e Low er O r- d ovician trilobites id entified from the Fez ou ata Sh ale, w ith no reference of the new taxa d e- scribed by Mr. Corbacho from the sam e fo r- m ation (Vela and Corbach o, 2007; Corbacho, 2008, 2014b; Corbach o an d Vela, 2010, 2013; Corbach o an d Lóp ez-Sorian o, 2012), w ith the single excep tion of A nacheirurus adserai (Vela an d Corbach o, 2007). In sen ior syn on ym y w ith th e latter th ere are p robably u p to six oth er Moroccan sp ecies d escribed for th e sam e area by Vela (2007), Vela an d Corbach o (2007) an d Corbach o (2008), p artially review ed by Vela an d Corbach o (2011). Most of th e figu red sp ec- im en s from th ese ‘n ew sp ecies’ certain ly rep r e- sen t p reserv ation al or m ech an ical varian ts - eith er tap h on om ic or cru d ely retou ch ed in - of a sin gle form of th e gen u s A nacheirurus, w h ich is a ju n ior syn on ym of Lehua (Martin et al., 2016). As an exam p le of th e secon d op tion Gu tiérrez-Marco et al. (2017) h ave u sed th e n am e M egistaspis (Ekeraspis) hammondi (Cor- bach o an d Vela, 2010), bu t sta tin g th at ‘th e origin al d escrip tion of th e sp ecies n eed s rev i- sion , becau se th e d iagn ostic ch aracters are barely recogn izable on th e h olotyp e, an d th e p u rp orted d ifferen ces w ith th e su bsp ecies M . (E.) hammondi forteyi cou ld be d u e to p rep ar a- tion by fossil d ealers’. On th e oth er h an d , th e sam e late Trem ad ocian trilobite w as cited as M . AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 3 (E.) cf. filacovi by Martin et al. (2016), in th e h op e of a m ore com p lete stu d y w ith better p re- served m aterial. A recu rren t p roblem in th e p ap ers by Mr. Corbach o is th at m ost of th e origin al typ e m aterial of h is n ew sp ecies w ere in ad equ ately p rep ared , or recon stru cted by lo- Figure 1: Composition of past screen captures showing M r. Corbacho’ M oroccan trilobites on sale in Internet. On the left-half, a topotype specimen of Uralichas hispanicus tardus figured in Corbacho (2011, pl. 3, fig. 1), and offered with a ‘certificate of authenticity’ signed by the Geological M useum of the Seminary of Barcelona. Despite the specimen being described as 100% real, it shows clear cosmetic reconstructions in cephalon, thorax and pygidium. To the right is a clu s- ter of paratype specimens of M egistaspis (Ekeraspis) hammondi, figured by Corbacho and V ela (2010, pl. 5C) and also offered by eBay (bottom center) for a total of 32,317.64 Euros. Bottom left is an image of the holotype specimen of Par- vilichas marochii, figured by Corbacho and V ela (2013, pl. 1, fig. 7) and found cited as ‘sold’. Big upper arrows indicate plates and placement of specimens in the corresponding publication s, lower ones refer to the same in the web list of sales. A ccording to their records, the name ‘elfosil’ of M r. Corbacho is used on eBay since February 28, 2004. AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 4 cal d ealers, becau se a great m ajority of h is fig- u red sp ecim en s w ere certain ly acqu ired from Moroccan w orkers an d fossil sh op s. Evid en ces of cru d e cosm etic im p rov em en ts are often visi- ble in m an y of th e tr ilobites illu strated in h is p ap ers, as w ell as p robable recon stru ction s of sp ecim en s p u t togeth er from d ifferen t in d ivid - u als, a rath er com m on p ractice in som e local fossil w orksh op s. Th is p roced u re is stran ge for a p erson w h o acts as a ‘Legal exp ert in p aleon - tology an d gem ology’ an d is ‘r esp on sible for th e Fossil Au th en tication an d tr ilobites’ in th e Geological Mu seu m of th e Sem in ary of Barce- lon a. Lackin g an y tertiary ed u cation in p aleon - tology, Mr. Corbach o h as o btain ed th ree titles from th e Catalon ian Sch ool of Crim in ology r e- lated to th e ‘Gem ology an d Metales p reciosos’ (=Gem ology an d Preciou s Metals), ‘Peritajes y Tasación Ju d icial’ (=Official Ap p raisin g) an d a d ip lom a in ‘Falsificacion es y Tasacion es Pale- on tológicas’ (=Paleon tological Fa lsification an d Ap p raisals). Th ese w ere all received from a p rivate cen ter, collaboratin g w ith th e also p r i- vate Eu rop ean Un iversity Migu el d e Cervan tes of Vallad olid , w h ich offers access ‘w ith ou t aca- d em ic requ isites’. Mr. Corbach o is p resid en t of h is ow n ‘Associaciò d e Perits i Taxad ors d e C a- talu n ya’ (five m em bers). Abou t fossil fakes an d th eir recogn ition an d legal exp ertise in p aleon - tology h e h as w ritten several p ap ers w ith very elem en tal an d obviou s exa m p les (Corbach o, 2009, 2015; Corbach o an d Martín ez, 2014, 2015; Corbach o an d Sen d in o, 2015; Corbach o et al., 2007, 2011, 2015) an d som e m ad e-u p statistics (Corbach o et al., 2015, fig. 1). Desp ite th is p r e- su m able exp erien ce an d exp ertise an d , as m e n - tion ed above, Mr. Corbach o establish ed n ew sp ecies of trilobites based on m aterial coarsely recon stru cted or h igh ly retou ch ed by Moroccan d ealers. Th is is th e case, for in stan ce, of A saphellus cuervoae (Corbach o an d Lóp ez- Sorian o, 2012), a trilobite w ith excep tion ally lon g an d tran sverse gen al sp in es, obviou sly gen erated as an ‘im p rovem en t’ w ith ep oxy p aste, p robably based on p oorly p reserved sp ecim en s of A saphellus stubbsi (Fortey, 2009), a trilobite ch aracterized by lon g m ou stach e-like gen al sp in es. Th e fact th at th e typ e m aterial of A . cuervoae com p rises retou ch ed in d ivid u als w ith 6 an d 7 th oracic segm en ts, in stead of 8 as occu rs in all oth er asap h id s, also p oin ts to p aleon tological falsification . Bu t th ere’s m ore: regard in g th e sam e sp ecies an d m at erial –all of com m ercial origin , Corbach o an d Calzad a (2014) sp ecu late w ith th e existen ce of a p ossible sexu al d im orp h ism d efin ed by th e size an d th eir occu rren ce in p airs, w h ere th e y in terp ret th at th ese cou p les cou ld h ave fossilized w h en m atin g, after a su d d en d eath by ‘gases of vo l- can ic origin ’. Th is is th e scien tific level of p a- p ers p u blish ed in Batalleria, th at som e often listed in th e ackn ow led gem en ts p eop le h avin g exp licitly sh ow n th eir d isagreem en t w ith th e con ten t of certain m an u scrip ts, an d th at latter see th eir n am e ackn ow led ged in th e p u blica- tion (com . p ers. Dr. J. Esteve, Dr. S. Zam ora an d Dr. I. Rában o). With regard to th e p aleon tological d escrip tion s of n ew trilobite sp ecies, all of th em are very sim p listic an d often bold , fu ll of m easu rem en ts taken from recon stru cted m aterial bu t ou tsid e com m on taxon om ic p ractice. H e h as often ch o- sen th e w orst sp ecim en (least com p lete or w orst p reserved ) as h olotyp e, leavin g th e p ar a- typ es for p rivate collection s. Occasion ally tw o h olotyp es h ave been selected for th e sam e sp e- cies (as for Symphysops stevaninae; Lóp ez- Sorian o an d Corbach o, 2012), an d som etim es th e h olotyp e lacks th e d iagn ostic ch aracters (like th e p aratyp e w ith eyes an d –abrad ed – p y- gid iu m , as op p osed to th e h olotyp e cran id iu m of Degamella sendinoae; Corbach o, 2011). On ce th ere is th e ad d ed valu e of h avin g been illu s- trated in a p u blication , Mr. Corbach o h as o f- fered som e p aratyp es for sale on eBay or th rou gh h is com p an y’s w eb site (Fig. 1), an d even th e h olotyp e ap p eared as “sold ”. After th ese p ractices w ere d en ou n ced by th e au th ors in tw o in tern ation al m eetin gs (October 2015 an d Au gu st 2016), Mr. Corbach o took off th e w ebp age section on ‘trilobites for sale’, from w h ich w e h ave com p iled th e im ages in Fig. 1. Mr. Corbach o, h ow ever, keep s p u blish in g p a- p ers m ain ly regard in g Ord ovician trilobites, n ot on ly d ealin g w ith th ose of th e Low er O r- d ovician Fezou ata Sh ale (Corbach o an d Lóp ez - Sorian o, 2016; Corbach o et al., 2017), th e fo r- m ation w h ich p reserves th e Fezou ata Biota (Lefebvre et al., 2016), bu t also th e m ore u n - kn ow n Up p er Ord ovician Tafilalt Biota (Vela an d Corbach o, 2009; Corbach o, 2011; Lóp ez - Sorian o an d Corbach o, 2012; Corbach o an d AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 5 Kier, 2011; Corbach o an d Lóp ez-Sorian o, 2013c; Corbach o et al., 2014). Th rou gh h is ‘Fosilart’ com p an y h e h as an n ou n ced tw o m ore p ap e rs an d a book on Ord ovician Moroccan trilobites, ed ited by th e Geological Mu seu m of th e Sem i- n ary of Barcelon a. Besid es th is geological p er i- od , Mr. Corbach o h as exp an d ed - occasion ally sen d in g m aterial to p rofession al p aleon tolo- gists - to th e stu d y of th e Cam brian trilobites of Morocco (Geyer an d Corbach o, 2015) as w ell as Devon ian trilobites from th e An ti-Atlas (Cor- bach o an d Lóp ez-Sorian o, 2013a, 2013b; Co r- bach o, 2014a, 2014c; Bign on et al., 2014). Fin al- ly, Mr. Corbach o h as sen t som e n on -trilobite fossils to a Czech sp ecialist p rod u cin g tw o join t n otes (Valen t et al., 2013; Valen t an d Corbach o, 2015), an d recen tly h as w ritten gen eral p ap ers (Corbach o et al., 2016; Corbach o a n d H am - m on d , 2017). Most of th e coau th ors of Mr. Co r- bach o’s p ap ers are also am ateu r p aleon tolo- gists (J.A. Vela, F.J. Lóp ez -Sorian o, C. Kier), fossil collectors (K. H am m on d , D. Martín ez Bau tista, J.A. Cu evas, E. Moren o), n on -trilobite sp ecialists (A. Ait Ad d i, S. Calzad a, C. Sen d in o) or even fossil d ealers (M. Tah iri). 3. THE ‘HÖN N IN GER AFFAIR’ In 2009, th e Peru vian m ed ia rep orted th at Klau s H ön n in ger Mitran i, com p u ter en gin eer w orkin g as an am ateu r p aleon tologist, h ad e s- tablish ed in Lared o (Tru jillo) th e ‘first Peru vian p aleon tological m u seu m ’ accord in g to som e n ew sp ap ers, or ‘th e first Latin Am erican p ale- on tological m u seu m ’ accord in g to oth er sou rces. Th is is th e M useo Paleontológico M eyer- Hönninger, a p rivate com p an y registered as an association N CP (= ‘o f u n classified activity’) on Au gu st 17, 2009 by Mr. H ön n in ger, a Ch iclayan born of Germ an an d Peru vian d escen t. Th is e n - th u siast of p aleon tology h ad assem bled a co l- lection of gen u in e fossils an d d in osau r rep licas d u rin g h is stay in Germ an y, an d in ten d ed to d issem in ate th is asp ect of scien ce in h is cou n - try, raisin g p u blic aw aren ess abou t th e im - p ortan ce of kn ow in g an d p r otectin g th e rich Peru vian p aleon tological h eritage. H is exh ib i- tion of fossils tou red variou s sites (Tru jillo, Ch iclayo, p lu s th e d istricts of Su rco an d Villa El Salv ad or, in Lim a). At th e sam e tim e, som e jou rn alists began to regard h im as a tru e p r o- fession al p aleon tologist of great n ation al an d in tern ation al p restige. Th is v iew w as fu elled by Mr. H ön n in ger h im self th rou gh Wikip ed ia an d th e social n etw orks, w h ere h e w as even treated as a ‘p u blic figu re’ in Facebook. Th e m ed ia h istory of Mr. H ön n in ger in clu d es alleged d iscoveries of im p ortan t Peru vian fo s- sils, n ever backed by scien tific p u blication s bu t aired to th e m ed ia w ith obviou s ign oran ce of th e p reviou s p aleon tological literatu re, su ch as ‘th e first skeleton of M egalodon fou n d in th e w orld ’ (2006), a com p lete Smilodon sku ll (2009), a N eogen e brain case m old of Kentriodon (2010), seven n ew Albian sp ecies from th e Am azon ia (2011), Miocen e am ber w ith in sects, arach n id s, m icrofossils an d rod en t h airs (2011), etc. som e of th em even broad casted by th e BBC in Ap ril 2011. H e even claim ed th e au th orsh ip of w h at h e called ‘H ön n in ger H yp oth esis’, w h ich su g- gests th at th e m ass extin ction of th e K/ Pg bou n d ary w ou ld h ave begu n , d u e to clim atic cau ses, five m illion years before th e fall of th e Yu catan asteroid , lead in g to th e d w arfin g of certain foram in ifera th at h e h as n ever sp ecified . Th e backgrou n d of Mr. H ön n in ger’ p aleon t o- logical kn ow led ge w as ap p aren tly based on tw o fake d egrees in th e sp eciality: th e first on e obtain ed at th e ‘Pr aeh istorica In stitu t’ of H an au (Germ an y), w h ich is a p riv ate fossil p rep ara- tion laboratory, p artly w ith com m ercial p u r- p oses, d irected by Mr. In go Meyer. Th e secon d p u tative title com es from th e US ‘Wyom in g Din osau r Cen ter’, an oth er p riv ate com p an y th at m ain tain s a p aym en t p rogram (Dinosaur A cademy) to teach h ow to d ig d in osau rs to h igh sch ool stu d en ts. In its d eleted p age in Wikip e- d ia, Mr. H ön n in ger w as p roclaim ed an ‘h on o r- ary m em ber’ of both in stitu tion s. In h is m ost p op u lar years in th e m ed ia, Mr. H ön n in ger starred in an alleged ‘en cou n ter in th e th ird p h ase’ in th e Ocu caje d esert, w ith lon g-h ead ed extraterrestrials th at rem in d ed h im of th e sku lls d eform ed by th e Paracas civ i- lization . It w as at th at stage w h en h e w as in te r- view ed by th e Sp an ish TV p rogram ‘Fou rth Millen n iu m ’, d ep loyed to P eru to th at effect (Fig. 2). In itially in vited by th e Peru vian cu ltu ral a u - th orities to in terven e in th e regu lation of th e n ation ’s p aleon tological resou rces (Sep tem ber 2012), Mr. H ön n in ger soon becam e en viou s of AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 6 th e m em bers of th e cu rren t Min istry of Cu ltu re, for m ain tain in g stron g p erson al op p osition to th e traced itin erary of th e ‘Rally Dakar’ to cross th e d eserts of Ica an d Ocu caje in 2013 an d 2015. Th is race cau sed in 2012 sev ere d am age in th e exten sive d ep osits w ith fossil cetacean s an d oth er m arin e vertebrates, n ot on ly by th e veh i- cles, bu t also th eir p articip an t’s cam p s an d sp ectators. Th is op p osition led h im to r ep ort to th e m ed ia th at h e received d eath th reats again st h im (u sin g blood -stain ed Colom bian bills), an d th at a grou p of 50 Righ t Livelih ood Aw ard w in n ers (d escribed by som e as th e “A l- tern ative N obel Prize”) w rote to th e Peru vian govern m en t requ estin g p erson al p r otection for Mr. H ön n in ger (May 2013). Follow in g h is d isagreem en t w ith th e au th or i- ties of th e Min istry of Cu ltu re, w h o sin ce 2013 began to m on itor th e legality of h is p aleon t o- logical p rosp ects, Mr. H ön n in ger w as also qu estion ed at an in vited con feren ce, given in Sep tem ber 2013, d u rin g th e First In tern ation al Sym p osiu m on Peru vian Paleon tology h eld in Lim a, w h ere h is m u ltip le op p ortu n istic activ i- ties an d p rofession al in tr u sion s cam e to ligh t (Gu tiérrez-Marco, 2014). It w as th en w h en h e began to d eclin e in h is w ork as a p seu d op ale- on tologist, sh ortly after Mr. H ön n in ger sign ed agreem en ts w ith th e p riv ate u n iversity Ricard o Palm a (Lim a), an d also w ith th e m u n icip ality of Lim a, to bu ild th e so-called ‘Din op ark’ in th e H u áscar Zon al Park of Villa El Salvad or (a d is- trict sou th of Lim a). Th is p roject w as p u blicized as th e ‘first Peru v i- an m u seu m of Paleon tology’, h avin g a bu d get of abou t US$ 1.3 Million . Bu t after an in form a- tive exh ibition w as h eld for several years at th e site of th e fu tu re m u seu m , w ith an op en -air d isp lay of rep licas of skeleton s an d d in osau r m od els, th e p roject w as ‘frozen ’ an d w as fin ally d ism issed at th e begin n in g of 2015, bein g r e- p laced by th e con stru ction of sp ort in stallation s in th e sam e area. H ow ever, Dinopark h as m an - aged to becom e a fu tu re ‘Paleon tological Th em e Park an d Mu seu m of H u m an ity’ w h ich , also u n d er th e d irection of Mr. H ön n in ger, is exp ected to be located in th e city of Tacn a, h op efu lly w ith exclu sively in form ative an d d iscon n ected objectives of research or p aleo n - tological rescu e. Tod ay, Mr. Klau s H ön n in ger n o lon ger p u blic- ly boasts of h is p ast statu s as a p aleon tologist bu t, after h is fru strated p assage th rou gh p oli- tics (in 2014 op ted for th e p resid en cy of th e Re- gion al Govern m en t of Lam bayequ e), n ow a- d ays h e sp lits h is tim e betw een th e d irection of th e ‘Meyer-H ön n in ger Mu seu m ’ (virtu al in th e p resen t m om en t?) an d th e p osition s of ‘Prin ci- p al In vestigator’ an d ‘Director of In tern ation al Affairs’ of th e Instituto de Investigaciones y Estu- dios Socio-Territoriales (In stitu te of Research an d Socio-Territorial Stu d ies–IIEST). Th e latter is a n ew p riv ate com p an y (N CP -Association , Lim a 2015), w h ose n am e d en otes in stitu tion al a p - p earan ce, an d w h ere H ön n in ger’s cu rricu lu m is alm ost u n related to Paleon tology, alth ou gh it m ain tain s several d u biou s referen ces regard in g its p ast an d p resen t n on -p aleon tological activ i- ties. Figure 2: A bove: Screen capture of M r. Klaus Hön- ninger, participating in the television program ‘Cuar- to M ilenio’ (‘Fourth M illenium’, Channel ‘Cuatro’, Spain, 2012). The subscript reads ‘professor and direc- tor of the M useo M eyer-Hönninger of Peru’. Below: M r. Klaus Hönninger with a dinosaur replica in his exhibition in Lima (Peru), from Facebook (open ac- cess). AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 7 4. THE ‘VILD OSO AFFAIR’ Th is case overlap s in tim e w ith th e p reviou s on e bu t even m ore con volu ted , given th at its p rotagon ist, th e p u blicist Carlos An ton io Vil- d oso Morales, claim ed at th e begin n in g to h ave grad u ated as a p aleon tologist in 1990 from th e Un iversity of La Plata (Argen tin a). A statem en t d en ied by h is acad em ic record , w h ich p roves th at h e on ly atten d ed seven su bjects of th e d e- gree in Biology, of w h ich h e p assed th ree, lo s- in g h is statu s as a regu lar stu d en t in 1991. After bein g in volved in variou s con troversies for breach of con tracts in th e Mu seu m of La Plata (Argen tin a) an d in th e N ation al Mu seu m of P e- ru , in 1995 h e fou n d ed th e In stitu to Peru an o d e Estu d ios en Paleovertebrad os– IPEP (= Peru vi- an In stitu te of Stu d ies in Paleovertebrates). Th is is a p rivate com m ercial com p an y regis- tered as an Association of Un classified Activity (N CP), th rou gh w h ich Mr. Vild oso gets co n - tracts of p rojects w ith m in in g com p an ies for rescu e an d p rotection of p aleon tological ele- m en ts, as w ell as w ith th e Fren ch com p an y o r- Figure 3: A bove: screen captures and composition of images taken from the website of the IX Latin A merican Congress of Paleontology, showing the president of the organizing committee, M r. Carlos A . V ildoso, with his curriculum. Be- low: paramilitary esthetics and propaganda among the participants of the company ‘Instituto Peruano de Estudios en Paleovertebrados’. Bottom left: the president, M r. Carlos A . V ildoso. Images from Facebook (open access). AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 8 gan izin g th e Rally Dakar 2014, in ord er to p r o- ceed to th e d em arcation of ‘in situ ’ vert ebrate fossil skeleton s th at cou ld be affected by th e layou t of th is fam ou s race (Fig. 3). Oth er sou rces of fu n d in g for th e in stitu te in clu d e th e organ ization of itin eran t p aleon tological exh i- bition s, th e sale of ed u cation al m aterials an d th e p u blication of a m agazin e (Vild oso M o- rales, 2012). Th e jou rn al Contribuciones Paleonto- lógicas del Instituto Peruano de Estu dios en Paleo- vertebrados, th e ‘official p u blication ’ of th e IPEP, is n ot traceable by bibliograp h ic m ean s. In th e cover im age of its first n u m ber (vol. 1 for th e year 2013, accord in g to th e w ebp age of th e IPEP) it in d icates th e ISSN 225-2797 (sic). Bu t in th e ISSN global d atabase th e jou rn al ap p ears as in itiated in 2010 u n d er th e ISBN n u m ber 2225- 2797, lackin g a d ep osit in th e N ation al Library of Peru as sh ou ld be exp ected . An oth er an om a- ly is th at th is jou rn al is n ot in clu d ed in th e World Cat d atabase, w h ich raises d ou bts over its existen ce. Bein g an active p erson in th e m ed ia of h is cou n try an d in social n etw orks, Mr. Vild oso regu larly w orks as a research p aleon tologist, d esp ite th e absen ce of recogn ized p aleon tolog i- cal train in g, w h ich can be qu alified as a kin d of u n qu alified p ractice. Th e resu lts of h is alleged in vestigation s, in som e cases totally in ven ted p aleon tological d iscoveries, w ere ‘p u blish ed ’ by th e jou rn al of th e IPEP an d in som e con fe r- en ce abstracts th at h ave assu m ed , in good faith , th e in tegrity of its au th ors. Th ere is n o record of in tern ation al research p u blication s w ith Mr. Vild oso as au th or or co-au th or, n or d oes h e ap p ear w ith an y in th e N ation al Directory of Scien ce an d Tech n ology Research ers of Peru . From th e jou rn alistic in form ation it is d ed u ced th at Mr. Vild oso p ossess a valu able collection of Peru vian fossils, estim ated by h im self at abou t 50,000 sp ecim en s, th at h e ap p aren tly keep s in h is p riv ate resid en ce, accord in g to a p erson al in terview p u blish ed by th e Peru vian jou rn al La Rep ú blica. On ly in th is early article (Jan u ary 14, 2013), h e qu alified h im self as a ‘lover of p aleon tology –bu t n ot a p aleon tolo- gist’. H ow ever, in March 2016, an d actin g as Presid en t of th e IX Latin Am erican Con gress of Paleon tology, h is cu rricu lu m vitae ch an ged t o ‘a research er w ith alm ost th ree d ecad es of e x- p erien ce in vertebrate p aleon tology’, teach in g for several years in th e p rogram of Arch eology of th e Un iversity San Lu is Gon zaga of Ica (Fig. 3). Th e p osition of Mr. Carlos Vild oso as Ch air- m an of th e Organ izin g Com m ittee of th is con - gress d eserves m ore atten tion . Th is m eetin g w as h eld in th e m ain bu ild in g of th e Min istry of Cu ltu re in Lim a betw een Sep tem ber 20–24, 2016, w ith th e IPEP in ch arge of treasu ry th rou gh a p erson al ban k accou n t of its d irector. Th e n u m ber of accou n tin g irregu larities w ere su ch , th at Mr. José Ap olín , rep resen tative of th e Min istry of Cu ltu re an d actin g as ch airm an of th e Eth ics an d Regu lation s of th e Peru vian Con gress d efin ed th e h an d lin g by Mr. Vild oso a ‘p lan n ed em bezzlem en t’, w h ich w ou ld h ave affected th at m in istry an d scien tists from 14 cou n tries. Th e econ om ic balan ce p resen ted by th e p resid en t at th e en d of th e con gress w as very u n satisfactory also in w ord s of Dr. Jean - N oël Martín ez, w h o acted as ch airm an of th e Scien tific Com m ittee of a con gress th at h ad a m in u scu le local p articip ation (6 p osters from Peru ). 5. FIN AL REMARKS Exam p les of recen t m eth od ological an d eth ical m iscon d u ct in p aleon tological scien ce affectin g Morocco an d Peru are p resen ted h ere. Most of th e form er rem ain u n k n ow n ou tsid e th e lim - ited circles of sp ecialists bu t cou ld in trod u ce con fu sion in th e fu tu re. Th ere is an im p ortan t risk th at th ese p oor d escrip tion s an d con tam i- n ated Moroccan d ata m ay be u tilized for r e- gion al geology or in global p aleon tological d a- tabases, affectin g th e con clu sion s reach ed in p aleogeograp h ical, stratigrap h ical or oth er ge o- logical an alyses. Th e latter p roblem is th e social p rojection so far reach ed by th e false Peru vian p aleon tologists d eterioratin g th e im age of tru e p rofession al p aleon tolog ists of th is An d ean cou n try. Th e activities of th e Sp an ish fossil collector an d trad er Mr. Joan Corbach o led to th e p u blication of several d ozen n ew trilobite taxa com in g from Morocco, in absen ce of tru e scien tific ta x- on om ical stu d y an d p recise geological d ata abou t th e d ifferen t typ e localities. Th e typ e m a- terial of th e n ew sp ecies selected to be h ou sed in in stitu tion al rep ositories is barely rep r e- AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 9 sen tative, w h ile m u ch better sp ecim en s rem ain in p rivate h an d s. Th e best -p reserved p aratyp es h ave been in p art offered for sale in in tern et (even th e figu red sp ecim en s) w ith a ‘certificate of au th en ticity’ sign ed by th e d irector of th e Geological Mu seu m of th e Sem in ary of Barce- lon a, th e sam e in stitu tion th at ed ited th e jou r- n als w h ere th e p ap ers d escribin g th e n ew Mo- roccan sp ecies w ere p u blish ed w ith ou t an y sci- en tific con trol or p eer -review p rocess by sp e- cialists. Mr. Corbach o con sid ers h im self as a tru e ‘exp ert in p aleon tology’ in th e m u seu m an d d em on strates h is con d ition by p u blicizin g h im as a m em ber of th e Sp an ish Society of Paleon tology (w h ich is op en to all typ es of p u blic). Desp ite h is p rivate titles in p aleon t o- logical falsification s an d ap p raisals, m an y of th e n ew trilobite sp ecies p rop osed by Mr. Co r- bach o are based on sp ecim en s retou ch ed by Moroccan d ealers. Th is fact, ad d ed to th e lack of p recise stratigrap h ic in form ation an d a good taxon om ic stu d y, in trod u ces m ore p roblem s th an ben efits to N orth African p aleon tology. Th e false h istory as p aleon tologist of Mr. Klau s H ön n in ger w as d eleted from Wikip ed ia in ear- ly 2014, after bein g classified as ‘p rom otion al’ by several ed itors, an d becau se it exclu sively con tain ed referen ces to n on -scien tific jou rn al- istic articles. Ap art from th at, h e is th e au th or of a sm all book en titled Buscando al gigante (‘Lookin g for th e gian t’, San Marcos Ed ., Lim a 2014), referrin g to th e cam p aign s to fin d th e ‘Megalod ón ’ (= th e gian t sh ark Otodus (M e- gaselachus) megalodon ) in th e Ica d esert. Th e con ten ts th at Mr. H ön n in ger n ow d issem in ates in social n etw orks are m ostly im p regn ated w ith p h ilosop h ical, en viron m en tal an d arch e o- logical con n otation s, or sh ow in g its on goin g p erson al op p osition , for exam p le, to "trash TV" an d th e retu rn of th e Rally Dakar to Peru , bu t w ith on ly few p aleon tological referen ces. H ow ever, by th e begin n in g of N ovem b er 2016 Mr. H ön n in ger erron eou sly ap p eared in th e list of th e ‘Five Peru vian Scien tists ad m ired by th e w orld ’, an in itiative from Cienciactiva (= ‘Active Scien ce’), w h ich d ep en d s from th e Consejo N acional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (CON CYTET, an equ ivalen t to th e USA N ation al Scien ce Fou n d ation - N SF). Up - on th is error bein g realized , th e p eop le resp o n - sible rep laced Mr. H ön n in ger’s n am e by th at of a Peru vian scien tist of u n qu estion able in tern a- tion al rep u tation . H ow ever, Mr. Carlos Vild oso w as recen tly r e- p orted to th e Min ister of Cu ltu re of Peru by th e Society of Vertebrate Paleon tology, requ estin g an in vestigation in to th e organ ization an d fi- n an cin g of th e IX Latin Am erican Con gress of Paleon tology. Th is in tern ation al society a c- cu sed h im of seriou s irregu larities exp erien ced by m em bers of th e p aleon tological scien tific com m u n ity w h o p articip ated in th e m eetin g, su ch as keyn ote sp eakers n ot issu ed w ith air- lin e tickets, sch ed u led field trip s n ot celebrated an d w ith u n retu rn ed fees to p articip an ts th at h ad p aid in ad van ce, besid es a gen eral d iso r- gan ization an d lack of scien tific coord in ation an d atten tion to p articip an ts. A sim ilar stat e- m en t h as been p u t ou t by the Geological Socie- ty of Peru as w ell as by Dr. Rod olfo Salas - Gism on d i, d irector of th e Dep artm en t of Vert e- brate Paleon tology of th e N atu ral H istory M u - seu m (N ation al Un iversity of San Marcos, Li- m a). Th e latter h as p u blish ed on th e in tern et n u m erou s accred ited d ocu m en ts on th ese accu - sation s an d oth ers on th e lack of eth ics of Mr. Vild oso. Th is w as rep lied by Mr. Vild oso ask- in g for a p u blic retraction of th ese statem en ts in Febru ary 10, 2017, w h ich to th is d ate h as n ot taken p lace. Parad oxically, research ers from th e N atu ral H istory Mu seu m of Lim a are alm ost th e on ly on es th at p rod u ce relev an t p aleon tological r e- su lts m easu red in term s of th e im p act factors establish ed by in tern ation al d atabases (WoK, Scop u s...), follow ed by few oth er u n iversities an d by p aleon tologists of IN GEMMET (th e P e- ru vian Geological Su rvey). With th e e xcep tion of th ose from th e Un iversity of Piu ra an d tw o oth er Lim ean p rivate u n iversities, m ost of th e ren ow n ed Peru vian p aleon tologists w ere n ot in vited in d u e tim e to join th e can d id acy of Li- m a as th e site of th e IX Latin Am erican Co n - gress of Paleon tology, fin ally p resid ed by C.A. Vild oso. Accord in g to w ritten stat em en ts by Dr. Salas-Gism on d i, Mr. Vild oso is su sp ected to be in volved in th e n u m erou s an on ym ou s Fa- cebook p ages fu ll of racist, sexist an d h om o- p h obic assertion s, in ten d ed to in su lt an d d is- qu alify th e m em bers of th e Dep artm en t of Ver- tebrate Paleon tology of th e N atu ral H istory Mu seu m . AN N ALS OF GEOPH YSICS, 60, FAST TRACK 7, 2017; DOI: 10.4401/ A G-7475 10 ACKN OWLEDGMEN TS We are gratefu l to th e variou s Am erican an d Eu rop ean colleagu es w h o h ave p r ovid ed u s w ith a very valu able d ocu m en tary safegu ard , w ith w h ich to su p p ort all th e statem en ts m ad e. Th an k you to Dr. Abd elou ah ed Lagn aou i (Un iversity of El Jad id a, Morocco) an d an an on ym ou s referee for th eir con tribu tion s im - p rovin g th e m an u scrip t. REFEREN CES Agu irre J. (2004). Plagiarism in Palaeontology. A new threat w ithin the scientific com m u nity, Rev. Esp añola Microp aleont., 36, 349-352. Bign on A., Corbach o J. an d Lóp ez-Soriano F.J. (2014). A revision of the first Asterop ygin ae (Trilobita; Devon ian), Geobios, 47, 281–289. Corbach o J. (2008). Tres n u evas esp ecies d e Leh u a d el Ord ovícico in fer ior d el Valle d e Draa (Marru ecos), Scrip ta Mu s. Geol. Sem i- n ar. Barcin on en sis [Ser. p alaeon tol.], 5, 3-13. Corbach o J. (2009). Falsificación d e fósiles d el N . d e África (n o trilobites). Batalleria, 14, 53–56. Corbach o J. (2011). Trilobites from the Up p er Ord ovician of Bou N em rou - El Kaid Erram i (Morocco). Batalleria, 16, 16-36. Corbach o J. (2014a). Lanceasp is ham m on d i n. gen., n. sp . - a qu estion able early Asteop yg i- nae (Trilobita) from the Pragian of the M o- rocco. Batalleria, 20, 3-10. Corbach o J. (2014b). Kierarges m orrisoni: Un nu evo género d e Isotelin ae (Trilobita) d el Floien se d e Portu gal y Marru ecos. Batalleria, 20, 21-26. Corbach o J. (2014c). Stru veasp is bignoni: N u eva esp ecie d e Ph acop id ae (Trilobita) d e Marru e- cos; Devónico Med io (Eifeliense), Scrip ta Mu s. Geol. Sem in ar. Barcinon ensis [Ser. p a- laeontol.], 16, 3-12. Corbach o J. (2015). Peritajes y tasacion es en p a- leon tología. Trabajo d e Títu lo Prop io Escu e- la In tern acion al d e Crim in ología, Un iversi- d ad Eu rop ea Migu el d e Cervan tes, Vallad o- lid , 7 p p ., d oi 10.13140/ RG.2.1.1872.8489. Corbach o J. an d Calzad a S. (2014). Posible d i- m orfism o sexu al en Trilobites d el Ord ovícico inferior. Batalleria, 21, 22-26. Corbach o J. an d H am m on d K. (2017). Técnicas d e lim p ieza y recu p eración d e trilobites m a r- roqu íes. Batalleria, 24, 9-16. Corbacho J. and Kier C. (2011). Trilobites of a new ou tcrop of Upp er Ord ovician in Jbel Tijarfaï- ou ine, El Kaid Erram i (Morocco), w ith first m ention of genu s Corru gatagnostu s, Scripta Mu s. Geol. Sem inar. Barcinonensis [Ser. p a- laeontol.], 10, 3-14. Corbacho J. and López-Soriano F.J. (2012). A new asaphid trilobite from the Low er Ord ovician (Arenig) of Morocco. Batalleria, 17, 3-12. Corbacho J. and López Soriano F.J. (2013a). Di- versid ad y d istribu ción d e Acanthopyge (Be- lenopyge), (Lichid ae) en Marru ecos; Devónico inferior y m ed io. Batalleria, 18, 3-14. Corbacho J. and Lóp ez-Soriano F.J. (2013b). Tw o new sp ecies of Trochu rinae trilobites from the Mid d le Devonian (Eifelian) of Sou thern Mo- rocco. Batalleria, 18, 15-24. Corbacho J. and López-Soriano F.J. (2013c). Chat- tiasp is? bu d ili: a new Dalm anitid ae species from Morocco; Up per Ord ovician (Low er Katian). Batalleria, 19, 6-12. Corbacho J. and López-Soriano F.J. (2016). Platypeltoid es ham m ond i (Trilobita, N ilei- d ae): A new species from the Up per Tre- m ad oc of the Dra Valley, Morocco. Batalleria, 23, 11-19. Corbacho J. and Martínez D. (2014). Perito ju d icial en p aleontología: Una nu eva visión. Com u ni- cats Inst. Cat. Miner. Gem m ol. 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