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Ann. psychophysiol. 
ISSN 2412-3188 (Online)|2410-1354 (Print) 

APP| Published By AEIRC| https://doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v8.i2.2021.62-70 
 

 
Original Article 

Comparison of psychological well-being 
and life satisfaction between extended and 
nuclear family systems among students 
Kanwal Jahan  & Saima Masoom Ali  
University of Karachi, Karachi-Pakistan  
 

Abstract 
Background: The family system affects the mental health and well-being of an 
individual and significantly alters the satisfaction level. The current study 
intended to explore the differences in psychological well-being and life satisfaction 
between the students belong to extended and nuclear family systems. 
Methodology: For this comparative study, a sample size of 467 participants (204 
male & 263 female) was selected, including 314 participants from the nuclear 
family system and 153 from the extended family system. The Ryff Psychological 
Well-being Scale (PWB) and the Diener Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were 
used as outcome measuring tools.  
Results: The mean PWB scores were 343.45 ± 2.745 for the extended family system 
and 339.67 ± 1.90 for the nuclear family system. The mean score of satisfaction with 
life was 1.05 ± 5.64 for the extended family system, and the mean score for the 
nuclear family system was 1.05 ± 5.60 while (t=1.907). Moreover, women's PWB 
means the score was 343.71 ± 29.57, and men's PWB mean score was 333.80 ± 37.35. 
While the score of satisfaction with women's life was 22 ± 5.75, and the men's score 
was 22.58 ± 5.46. 
Conclusion: Results show no significant mean difference in the psychological 
well-being of participants of nuclear and extended family systems. Similarly, no 
significant difference was found in satisfaction with life between both family 
systems. Gender difference in PWB was found as women scored higher than men, 
while there was no gender difference among students in satisfaction with life. 
 

Keywords 
Psychological Well-being (PWB), Satisfaction with Life (SWL), Extended and 

Nuclear Family Structure, Gender. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Citation: Jahan K, Ali SM. Comparison of 
psychological well-being and life 
satisfaction between extended and nuclear 
family systems among students. APP. 
2021; 8(2): 62-70 
 
Corresponding Author Email: 
kanwal.jahan90@gmail.com 
 
DOI: 10.29052/2412-3188.v8.i2.2021.62-70 
 
Received 26/05/2021 
 
Accepted 06/10/2021 
 
Published 01/12/2021 
 
Copyright © The Author(s). 2021. This is 
an open-access article distributed under 
the terms of the Creative Commons 
Attribution 4.0 International License, 
which permits unrestricted use, 
distribution, and reproduction in any 
medium, provided the original author and 
source are credited.  
 

 

Funding: The author(s) received no 
specific funding for this work. 

Conflicts of Interests: The authors have 
declared that no competing interests 
exist. 
 

https://doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v8.i2.2021.62
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8475-8174
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4882-1644
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)


 
 

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Introduction  
Family is the fundamental entity of any 
culture. Living criteria, flourishing, and 
conducive upbringing is crucial not only for 
children but for all the members who 
constitute the family to make a healthy 
society. So we consider the family structure 
important for mental health at all ages. 
Studies on the population's family structure 
and function and their mental well-being 
have important practical significance. First, 
the conception of a family system is 
operationalized1. Based on the current living 
arrangement and comprised categories: 
alone, couple, nuclear family, and 
extended/joint family2. The extended family 
system is defined as the close blood relations 
such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, etc., 
who live together in one home and share 
their necessities of life there. While the 
nuclear family system consists of minimum 
members and contains parents and 
children3. 
 
In all family structure categories, we 
consider nuclear and extended family 
systems regarding psychological well-being 
of individuals and the satisfaction with life. 
The nuclear and extended family system has 
been adopted as world-renowned family 
programs. Urban migration, rapid 
industrialization, and the expansion of 
education have shifted the type of family 
from extended to nuclear families. While in 
Pakistan, there is mainly extended family 
system exist. 
 
There are various advantages and 
disadvantages associated with both types of 
family systems. There is mutual sharing of 
responsibilities in the extended family 
system, from house chores to economic 
benefits and bread earning. The extended 
family system has more facilities and has 
considerable assets. There is sharing of 
happiness in events and jointly get together, 

which brings positivity among relationships. 
While in nuclear family systems, individuals 
are independent and free from the duties of 
other family members such as grandparents, 
uncles, aunts, etc.  The psychological well-
being and level of satisfaction are a matter of 
concern in nuclear and extended families. It 
is a broad aspect and can be measured by 
different parameters. Some of which can be 
a better economic condition, a better 
agreement between the family members, 
peace of mind, and better understanding. 
 
Psychological well-being is about lives going 
well, feeling good, and functioning 
effectively.  Psychological well-being refers 
to positive mental health3. Research has 
shown that psychological well-being is a 
multidimensional concept4-6. It develops 
through emotional regulation, personality 
traits, identity, and life experiences7. Family 
structure has a direct effect on the well-being 
of individuals6. 
 
In the words of Helson & Srivastava, 
psychological well-being developed through 
life experiences, so, researchers drew 
consideration that family structure 
experiences may also be accountable for it. 
The differences in family processes and other 
variables across family structures cause the 
different levels of children's well-being7-9. 
Diener10 suggested the formation of 
subjective well-being (SWB) based on a 
person's assessment of affective and 
psychological understanding of life. They 
argue that happiness and satisfaction in life 
may differ in all societies and cultures, even 
bringing joy and contentment. Satisfaction 
with life (LS) is how people express their 
feelings, emotions, and select future 
oportunities11. Life satisfaction is an integral 
part of life. Many internal and external 
factors affect a person's moral and health 
satisfaction10. Satisfaction with life includes a 
positive attitude toward one's health rather 
than examining current feelings. Satisfaction 



 
 

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with life is measured in economic status, 
education, knowledge, accommodation, and 
many other domains10. 
 
Differences in experiences can significantly 
shape the way we view and interact with the 
world around us. These experiences shape 
the way we think about the world around us 
affect our satisfaction in life. A person who 
has a habit of seeing the world in poor light 
can have a completely different level of 
satisfaction compared to the one who always 
admits the beauty of their place. People who 
suffer from moderate stress are more likely 
to have high levels of satisfaction12.  
 
A study conducted in Islamabad, 
Rawalpindi, and WahCantt, Pakistan, 
showed similar findings where people living 
in an extended/joint family system have 
significantly higher social support and 
quality of life (p<0.001) compared to people 
living in a nuclear family13. Differing family 
structures appear to exert disparate effects 
for life satisfaction on adolescents due to race 
and/or gender14. Researchers found 
approximately consistent findings 
previously regarding the link between 
feeling good and functioning effectively in 
any family system. This paper intended to 
better admiration in Pakistani culture the 
importance of family structure impact on 
psychological well-being and life satisfaction 
of individuals. Therefore, research into adult 
family structure and function and mental 
health has significant implications, 
especially in developing countries. A 
significant relationship was found between 
the family system and the psychological 
well-being of individuals in later life7. 
 
The effect of family structure and function 
on mental health has multivariate analysis 
showed that better family performance is 
associated with better mood. And previous 
studies on specialized people such as 
children, adolescents, and immigrants have 

shown that family functioning has a 
protective effect on mental health15. It is 
noteworthy that the impact of family 
formation on mental health, whether urban 
or rural, was not statistically significant. 
When looking at the combined effects of 
structural and family function, the external 
form of the family (family structure) may be 
insignificant. In contrast, the internal 
suitability of the role (family function) may 
be essential16. 
 
Ryff (1989) believes that the best subjective 
social indicators of quality of life are: the 
feeling of belonging to a community, safety, 
happiness, life satisfaction, family bond, 
working place, justice distribution, 
identification with a social class, and 
hobbies6. And there, in the words of Eitzen 
(2008), the family is a lift-up of meaningful 
relationships, so the feeling of belonging, 
family, and its system seems too high 
contributor to quality of life and well-
being17. 
 
The extended/joint family is one such thing 
that can ensure the sustainability of life and 
natural recourses18. Correspondingly, in 
African Americans, frequent contact with 
family was associated with using informal 
support as the sole source of help19. In the 
same manner, Thoits suggested that family 
social support anticipates the need for care 
because it benefits mental health, so frequent 
contact was also associated with care and the 
need for help which uplift psychological 
well-being20. 
 
The level of satisfaction is a concern for 
nuclear families and extended families. It is 
a broad feature and can be measured by 
different parameters. They are better 
economic conditions, better health for a 
young married woman, better family 
relationships, better peace of mind, and 
better understanding. In a close-knit family 
environment, children often grow up under 



 
 

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the attentive supervision of parents, 
grandparents, and other adult relatives. 
There is a connection between groups of 
different ages. This creates a better 
understanding of each other. This makes a 
better mutual understanding, so the 
adjustment problems are fewer21. Some 
disadvantages are associated with 
extended/joint family type, but it also has 
many advantages. Extended/Joint families 
usually have considerable assets. They also 
have better living conditions, including 
electricity, sanitation facilities, piped water, 
and higher-quality housing materials22.  
 
A study sought to assess the quality of life of 
young people in the family environment, 
using data from the 2006 HBSC: Study-in 
collaboration with World Health 
Organization (WHO) in Scotland (N = 5,126). 
The study found that there was a correlation 
between family structure and health 
satisfaction for males and females.  For males 
and females of all ages, life satisfaction was 
more closely linked to parental contact with 
the child than family formation or family 
wealth. After adjusting for risky 
behaviors/health and attitudes toward 
peers and school, family formation remained 
important for males only 13 years old. While 
difficult parent-child communication is a 
risk factor for lower satisfaction for males 
and females, simple communication has 
been protected only for females23. 
 
The individuals who live in extended/joint 
families have to deal with different 
expectations than individuals who live in 
nuclear families. It was generally believed 
that those individuals who live in an 
extended/joint family situation would have 
to face more significant restrictions and 
fewer independent choices. As a result, they 
would have lesser satisfaction levels. The 
experience of autonomy would be higher in 
a nuclear family since the members would be 
acting out of their own volition without 

regard to specific family dynamics and 
would be enjoying more satisfaction levels24. 
 
This study attempted to compare 
psychological well-being and the level of 
satisfaction of nuclear and extended families. 
Gender differences and demographics 
variables also affects the impact of family 
system on individual’s psychological and 
social well-being. In this regard, the 
hypothesis of this study is the psychological 
well-being of individuals in extended family 
system would be differing from the nuclear 
family system. Life satisfaction would be 
higher in the extended family system as 
compared to the nuclear family system.  
 

Methodology 
Participants 
The current study used a sample of 467 
college students, a randomly selected sample 
size at registered colleges located in Karachi, 
Pakistan. There were 204 males, and 263 
were females (153 from the extended family 
system while 314 from the nuclear family 
system). Participants' age ranged from 16 to 
24 years. 
 
Measures 
Demographic Information  
It was used for this study to acquire 
applicable information about the 
participants. The measures includes 
personal and demographic information such 
as gender, age, number of siblings, 
residential area, and family systems. 
 
Family System 
The family system was assessed with one 
closed‐ended item, which asked students to 
indicate with whom they lived. A possible 
response includes the extended family 
system and Nuclear family system. A total of 
(n = 153) from the extended/joint family 
system, while (n= 314) from the nuclear 
family system. 
 



 
 

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Psychological Wellbeing (PWB) 
Inventory is 84 items and consists of a series 
of statements reflecting the six areas of the 
PWB: autonomy, environmental mastery, 
personal growth, positive relations with 
others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance. 
Respondents rate statements on a scale of 1 
to 6, with 1 indicating strong disagreement 
and 6 indicating strong agreement (Ryff, 
1989). 
 
Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) 
Diener et al. (1985) developed five items that 
can measure an individual's global judgment 
of life satisfaction as a whole. The SWLS 
measures the cognitive component of SWB 
and provides an integrated assessment of 
how a person's life as a whole is going. In 
completing the SWLS, participants rated five 
statements on a seven-point Likert scale, 
ranging from (1) "strongly disagree" to (4) 
"neither agree nor disagree" to (7) "strongly 
agree." The SWLS has been used in 
numerous studies and has demonstrated 
good psychometric properties. 
 
Procedure 
A list of colleges in Karachi was compiled. 
After getting permission from the college 
authorities, participants asked for help from 
their classroom teacher and were given a 
separate room. Initially, students were 
assured that information collected during 
the study would be kept confidential and 
only be used for research purposes. After 
inquiry of the participants as per 
predetermine research criteria were required 
to fill the demographic form and provide the 

research questionnaires. Participants rated 
each item of the PWB scale by using6 points 
scales from strongly disagree to strongly 
agree. And the satisfaction with life scale in 
completing the SWLS, participants rated five 
statements on a seven-point Likert scale, 
ranging from strongly disagree to strongly 
agree. 
 
In the last step, completion of the 
questionnaire followed by a thankful note 
for the participant for his/her contribution. 
The same procedure was used with all 
research participants in an individual setting 
as well. 
 
Statistical Analysis 
After data collection, the answer sheets were 
scored according to standardized 
procedures. T-test was used to see the 
difference in psychological well-being 
between extended/ joint and nuclear family 
systems and gender differences. 
Furthermore, Descriptive statistics 
(frequencies, mean, percentages, standard 
deviations, variance, and standard error of 
mean) were used for getting a deep statistical 
analysis of characteristics of the sample in a 
summarized way. All statistical 
computations were completed through SPSS 
version 16.0. 
 

Result 
Out of the total 467 subjects, the majority 

were females (56.3%) and were living in a 

joint family system (67.2%).  

 

 

Table 1: Summary of demographics variables (N = 467). 

 

Variables   n(%) 

Gender 
Male 204(43.7) 

Female 263(56.3) 

Family System 
Nuclear 314(32.8) 

Joint 153(67.2) 



 
 

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Academic Year 

Intermediate 104(22.3) 

Graduate 122(26.1) 

BS 241(51.1) 
 

There was no significant difference among family systems, i.e., Nuclear and joint, in psychological 

well-being and life satisfaction. 

 

Table 2: Effect of family system on psychological well-being and life satisfaction. 

 

Variables  
Joint 

(n=153) 
Nuclear 
(n= 314) T p-value 95% CI 

Mean ± SD 

PWB 343.45±2.74 339.67±1.90 1.062 0.289 -3.005 10.079 

SWL 1.056±5.64 1.05±5.60 1.907 0.998 -0.32 2.145 

 

There was no significant gender difference in satisfaction with life (p=0.268) while females had 

higher PWB scores than males, i.e., 346.71 ± 29.57 vs. 333.80± 37.35 (p=0.000).  

 

Table 3: Gender differences in satisfaction with life and psychological well-being. 

 

Variables 

Male 

(n=204) 

Female 

(n= 263) T p-value 95% CI 

Mean ± SD 
SWL 22.58(5.46) 22(5.75) 1.108 .268 -.450 1.165 

PWB 333.80(37.35) 346.71(29.57) -4.048 .000 -19.176 -6.638 

 

Discussion 
The present study was conducted to find 
psychological well-being and satisfaction 
with life between extended and nuclear 
family systems. The results show that there 
are no significant means differences in the 
psychological well-being of participants of 
the nuclear and extended family system. 
Similarly, no significant difference was 
found in satisfaction with life between both 
family systems. While differences in the 
results found on the basis of gender only in 
psychological well-being. In another study, 
the level of satisfaction was higher among 
people living in the extended/ joint family 
group, i.e., 87.5% v/s 81% in the nuclear 
family. It was observed that the satisfaction 

level was overall high in both types of family 
systems. Similar results were found in a 
study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, by 
Itrat et al., which concluded that almost 96% 
of people were satisfied in extended/joint 
families and 85% in the nuclear family 
system25. 
 
Gender differences are present for the 
majority of health-related quality of life of 
children and adolescents26. Prior research on 
gender differences in psychological well-
being has not yielded conclusive results, but 
few studies have shown lower psychological 
well-being for young females compared to 
males27. 



 
 

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There might be many contributing factors in 
which some of them are family background, 
variables as parent's profound mental 
health, education, and emotional stabilities 
that enable them to give a sound healthy 
environment to their children. Whatever the 
family system is, a child's healthy 
development is most associated with the 
quality of parenting, which is itself enhanced 
by the availability to the family of strong 
community and social support28. A parent's 
higher marital happiness and lower parental 
conflicts may also contribute the 
psychological well-being. Similarly, parents' 
education is important because they can 
understand the physical and psychological 
needs of their children. Parent-child relation 
is a key factor there, and theorist believes 
that the effect of family structure on children 
can be mediated by the family processes 
occurring within families such as the quality 
of the parent-child relationship. In addition, 
the degree of closeness to mother and father 
appeared to be the most influential 
predictors of children's psychological well-
being7. 
 
The differences in children’s well-being were 
small across the family structure. These 
differences support other researchers 
finding that most children grow up fine in all 
family structure27. However, the difference 
in psychological well-being across the family 
structure is not completely clear, and several 
factors have been seen to reduce the effects 
of family structure on psychological well-
being. With long-term changes in the family, 
the structure can affect family functioning, 
thus affecting the mental health of family 
members. Research analysis related to family 
structure on other cultures as Chinese 
families provide not only productivity, 
education, childbirth, and pensions, but also 
psychological comfort and support, which 
includes the health of all family members, 
and the stability and development of society 
as a whole14. Researches provide more 

support for family process perspectives 
rather than a family structure for 
psychological well-being. We conclude that 
the external form of the family, which is the 
family structure, may not be important. Still, 
the internal quality of role family function 
might be key for psychological well-being29. 
When faced with social change and health 
problems, individuals and families may 
become less powerful. Therefore, all sectors 
of society must work together. 
 
 This study has few limitations, such as the 
factor of the family system could not be 
explored in-depth due to the quantitative 
design of the study; therefore, the in-depth 
study is recommended to find the impact of 
extended/nuclear family systems on the 
psychological well-being of the students. 
Pakistani culture mostly contains these two 
kinds of extended and nuclear family 
systems, so the participants of this study 
were from these two kinds of family systems. 
Furthermore, the forms and functions of the 
family have varied around the world over 
countries30. So, the other diverse groups of 
family systems could be studied. Larger 
sample size is recommended to increase the 
generalizability. 
 

Conclusion 
Results show no significant mean difference 
in the psychological well-being of 
participants of nuclear and extended family 
systems. Similarly, no significant difference 
was found in satisfaction with life between 
both family systems. Gender difference in 
PWB was found as women scored higher 
than men, while there was no gender 
difference among students in satisfaction 
with life.  
 

Acknowledgment  
We are thankful to all academics institutes' 
authorities, participants of the research, and 
our colleagues, for helping in data collection. 



 
 

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Moreover highly grateful to the authors of 
the scales for providing the scales free of 
cost.  
 

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