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Ann. psychophysiol. 
ISSN 2412-3188 (Online)|2410-1354 (Print) 

APP| Published By AEIRC| https://doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v9.i2.2022.85-94 

Original Article 

Be aware and grateful for little things: The 
Relative Contribution of Mindfulness and 
Gratitude in Predicting Satisfaction. 
Aisha Rais Ahmed1  & Saima Ali Masoom2

1Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, Karachi-Pakistan 
2University of Karachi, Karachi-Pakistan 

Abstract 
Background: Indeed, both Mindfulness and Gratitude go hand in hand. As one 
goes into a state of mindfulness and opens their heart to gratitude, one may 
experience more positive feelings toward life and make choices of all types of 
events with an open-eyed sense in a nonjudgmental way. That may be leading to 
being overly focused on life circumstances in a constructive way and enhancing 
people's life satisfaction. The present study aims to recognize the different 
influences of gratitude and mindfulness in contributing to life satisfaction; and 
investigate the levels of mindfulness, gratitude, and life satisfaction among 
university students. 
Methodology: In the study, 256 young adults were drafted from 4 educational 
institutes in Karachi. However, the random sampling method was used to recruit 
them. The mean age of the sample was 20 years, with the range of 18-25. The 
research tools included Mindful Attention Awareness Scale1, Gratitude 
Questionnaire-Six Item Form (GQ-6)2, and Satisfaction with Life Scale3 by using a 
brief demographic sheet and consent form, through which data was obtained.   
Results: Descriptive statistics and regression analysis was used to clarify the 
pattern of the result, and the findings were highly significant at p< .001. The 
outcomes demonstrated that the level of mindfulness comes in the low range 
(49.6%) of the study sample, while the range of gratitude was moderate (52.5%) to 
high levels (42.3%) correspondingly. Almost half of the participants reported a 
moderate level (49.3%) of life satisfaction. Further, the results showed that 
mindfulness and gratitude are the highest contributors to Life Satisfaction. As 
gratitude pointed out, 42% and mindfulness predicted 23% to expect contentment. 
Conclusion: The study proposed a theoretical paradigm that mindfulness impacts 
satisfaction cognitively, while gratitude influences satisfaction emotionally. Thus, 
the benefits of both constructs are evident and improve people's lives. 

Keywords 
Mindfulness, Gratitude, Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Positive Psychology. 

Citation: Ahmed AR, Masoom SA. Be 
aware and grateful for little things: The 
Relative Contribution of Mindfulness and 
Gratitude in Predicting Satisfaction. APP. 
2022; 9(2): 85-94 

Corresponding Author Email: 
ahmed.aesh@gmail.com 

DOI: 10.29052/2412-3188.v9.i2.2022.85-94 

Received 06/09/2022 

Accepted 14/10/2022 

Published 01/12/2022 

Copyright © The Author(s). 2022. This is 
an open-access article distributed under 
the terms of the Creative Commons 
Attribution 4.0 International License, 
which permits unrestricted use, 
distribution, and reproduction in any 
medium, provided the original author and 
source are credited.  

Funding: The author(s) received no 
specific funding for this work. 

Conflicts of Interests: The authors have 
declared that no competing interests 
exist. 

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Introduction 
Professionals raise contemporary questions, 
such as defining the good life or wellbeing 
and how to achieve it. Thus, Philosophers' 
academic and intellectual curiosity or 
developing deep understanding drives them 
to figure out whether it is human virtue, 
subjective feeling, or an objective condition. 
So that it can be accumulated and an 
effective intrusion can be developed. On the 
other hand, policymakers are curious about 
how they may incorporate the functional 
idea of containment into the public policy 
design. From their point of view, the general 
public is less concerned with technical 
details and more focused on improving 
living quality or the characteristics that 
contribute to a happy life in both public and 
private spheres. Furthermore, elements 
affecting mental health and wellbeing are 
widespread, yet many words are frequently 
used in literature4. This field has a rich 
theoretical foundation and a lengthy history, 
and Bradburn's5 provided the initial idea. 

Positive psychology is a well-known area of 
psychology that scientifically identifies 
positive traits within a person scientifically6, 
along with studies on well-being. The goal is 
to assist people in flourishing and 
developing into fully functioning, shifting 
the emphasis from fixing the mistake to 
identifying inner potential and strengths. 
This will help people avoid developing 
severe mental health disorders. Over the 
past 20 years, much research has been done 
on positive emotions, optimism, learned 
optimism, hope, courage, wisdom, 
forgiveness, flow, and spirituality. Similarly, 
gratitude and mindfulness are consistent 
and positively related to each other in 
different populations. New emerging topics 
examine mindfulness and gratitude as 
variables that aid containment in 
relationships7. 

In simple terms, mindfulness is the 
purposeful and unbiased attention to 
nonjudgmental thoughts, feelings, and 
sensations an individual experiences in each 
moment. Being both a quality and a state, 
mindfulness can be both a process and a 
consequence. As such, it is a broad phrase 
that can be used in various contexts. 
However, it can be a psychological process 
and a theoretical notion (Mindfulness; the 
endeavor of obtaining) (Mindfulness). 
Instead of categorizing mindfulness as a 
quality or condition, Bishop and colleagues 
(2004)8 contend it might be an acquired 
process. 

The experience of mindfulness might be 
challenging to express. Moreover, Kabat-
Zinn has offered a working definition of 
mindfulness that includes acknowledging 
the present moment and unintentionally 
concealing the experience of the present 
moment. Tremendous progress has been 
made in teaching mindfulness as a secular 
subject and in enhancing one's spirituality24 
apart from any faith, tradition, or religion, as 
mindful procedures improve mental health 
and achieve the purpose of life1,9. The meta-
analysis shows an overall effect size of 27 
between mindfulness and satisfaction7. 
Mindfulness is directly and indirectly linked 
with contentment, enabling individuals with 
skilled emotional repertoires to improve 
martial quality. 
Moreover, mindful training significantly 
impacts people's wellbeing, coping skills, 
and relationship containment. According to  
Carson et al., Preventive mindfulness can 
improve overall health and wellbeing in 
recent studies1,10. It may be argued that while 
mindfulness does not directly contribute, it 
does link to unique adaptive coping 
mechanisms. 

On the other hand, positive psychologist 
state that gratitude is more complex than 
mood or state as it is a more profound sense 



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of acknowledging things or individuals that 
brings endure positivity. If we look at the 
more straightforward definition, it can be a 
feeling or an emotion that senses our 
appreciation level in return when we receive 
favor from others. The scientific approach 
states that gratitude is not an act but a 
positive emotion, which is essential because 
it can be an instrument of fulfillment and 
association with well-being. The topic of 
gratitude has been focused on research for 
many years, and no one can refuse its role in 
promoting contentment. It is one of the 
significant strengths of character and has an 
association with contentment, prosperity, 
and feeling of gladness and has a significant 
effect on wellbeing and satisfying 
relationships11. However, gratitude and 
mindfulness share a close connection with 
mindfulness as one should be completely 
aware of a favor, they received to experience 
it7. 

However, Wood et al.12 suggested that 
gratitude has the same potential benefits as 
mindfulness. Gratitude positively correlates 
with an outstanding level of eudemonic 
wellbeing and post-traumatic growth, and it 
negatively links with many 
psychopathology forms, such as depression 
and generalized anxiety disorder. Moreover, 
being mindful creates unbiased awareness of 
the present moment and the value of positive 
and negative emotions, and gratitude creates 
a sense among the individual to cherish 
joyous moments.   

Thus, mindfulness and gratitude parallel 
each other when an individual goes into the 
state of mindfulness; they adopt to be aware 
of their surroundings. They may look at 
themselves and their surrounding with 
curiosity unbiasedly and accept it. This will 
help cultivate gratitude and become aware 
of a more positive quality of themselves and 
the world and then thankful for that; when 
looking around the world, most of the time, 

view it from their perspective. Many of us 
only focus on the negative aspects, which 
leads us to view reality distortedly. Being 
mindful takes away from a judgmental view 
of life and equips individuals with 
observation skills to take life with full 
awareness. Furthermore, when they 
appreciate things around them mindfully, 
they have a different perspective of the 
world.   

Thus, mindfulness and gratitude go parallel 
when an individual goes into the state of 
mindfulness; individuals adapt to their 
surroundings. He looks at himself and his 
surroundings with curiosity unbiasedly and 
accepts it. It will help cultivate gratitude and 
become aware of a more positive quality of 
him and the world and then be thankful for 
that; when we look around the world, we 
often view it from our perspective. Many of 
us only focus on the negative aspects, which 
leads us to view reality distortedly. Being 
mindful removes a judgmental view of life 
and equips individuals with observation 
skills to take life with full awareness. 
Furthermore, when we appreciate things 
around us mindfully, we have a different 
perspective of the world.   

Youngsters must develop gratitude, bliss, 
and mindfulness due to many factors, 
including creating a link with personal 
growth. However, satisfied individuals have 
increased self-esteem, relief from anxiety, 
functional morale, and modesty in either 
males or females13. In the American sample, 
gratitude is a significant predictor of life 
satisfaction. In addition to that gratitude and 
mindfulness, therapeutic interventions help 
lessen depression and increase contentment. 
This idea is further supported by Swain et 
al.14 suggested that mindfulness and 
gratitude are wonderful intrusions that 
demonstrate their practical implication. 
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al.15 conducted an 
experimental study in which the 



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intervention group watched brief videos in 
succession (e.g., gratefulness-related, 
relaxation tasks, and breathing exercises). It 
shows that the compression intervention 
group receives greater body satisfaction.   

The broaden-and-Build Model proposed 
that positive feelings extend individual 
reasoning capacity and build social, 
psychological, and intellectual resources. 
Positive emotions, specifically gratitude, 
stimulate participation in positive acts, 
which lead to betterment16. More, grateful 
thoughts make a healthier temperament, 
while the study shows that gratitude was 
rated as a 58% of predictive variable among 
university students17. 

Thus, the above studies show that 
mindfulness and gratitude are crucial in 
achieving individual contentment and 
welfare. Moreover, the findings support the 
betterment and development of personal 
growth programs for university students. 
Therefore, this study aims to find out 
separate inputs of gratitude (feelings) and 
mindfulness (cognition) to predict 
satisfaction in undergraduates. Moreover, 
the second objective is to determine 
university students' mindfulness, gratitude, 
and satisfaction levels.  

Questions 
1. Determine the levels of Mindfulness,

Gratitude, and Life satisfaction levels
among university students.

2. Is gratitude contributing to predicting life
satisfaction among university students?

3. Is mindfulness contributing to predicting
life satisfaction among university
students?

Methodology 
Participants 
In the study, 256 young adults were drafted 
from 4 educational institutes in Karachi. 
However, the random sampling method was 

used to recruit them. The mean age of the 
sample was 20 years, with the range of 18-25. 
Though 174 were females and 82 were males 
in the sample, nearly all were undergrads. 
Furthermore, each participant signed the 
consent, was informed about voluntary 
participation, and maintained 
confidentiality.  

Procedure 
In the meantime, the study examines the 
percentage of mindfulness, gratitude, and 
satisfaction of life. More to examine the 
different influences of mindfulness and 
gratitude to contributing life satisfaction of 
undergraduates. Although, the descriptive 
and inferential method is considered the 
most applicable for the aims of the present 
study, including assessing and validating its 
hypotheses. The technique quantitatively 
illustrates the determined phenomenon by 
defining the contribution between variables. 
The surveys were completed in one sitting, 
and this method was used successfully to 
collect data.  

Instruments: Psychometric properties 
Mindful Attention Awareness Scale 
(MAAS)1: The most popular scale for 
measuring mindfulness in positive 
psychology is the Mindful Attention 
Awareness Scale, developed by Kirk Warren 
Brown and Richard M. Ryan in 2003. The 
state MAAS is a 5-item scale designed to 
assess the short-term or current expression 
of a core characteristic of mindfulness, 
namely, a receptive state of mind in which 
attention, informed by a sensitive awareness 
of what is occurring in the present, observes 
what is taking place. MAAS scores can range 
from 0 to 6, and higher scores indicate 
greater mindfulness. Researchers generally 
agree that the MAAS is a valid and reliable 
method of measuring mindfulness, and it is 
both simple to score and easy to interpret. 



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Gratitude Questionnaire-Six-Item Form 
(GQ-6)2: which is designed to evaluate the 
proneness to experience gratitude in daily 
life; responses to items are measured on the 
basis of a 7-point Likert-style response scale, 
where participant rate their level of 
agreement on each item ranging from 1 = 
strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree). 
There was a reverse scoring for items 3 and 6 
to get the total sum. That was our total GQ-6 
score. This range of scoring was between 6 
and 42. McCullough et al. (2001) reported the 
GQ-6 to have high internal consistency. 
Cronbach's alphas were .77. Satisfaction with 
life scale (SWLS) The scale constructed by 

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & 
Griffin, S., 19853. The instrument is designed 
to measure universal cognitive gauging of 
satisfaction with one's life. It is a brief 
questionnaire that contains only five items 
measured by a 7-point Likert-type scale; the 
probable range of scoring is 5-35, and a score 
of 20 indicates a neutral point on the scale. 
Diener et al. (1985) found that the SWLS has 
favorable psychometrics properties with a 
0.87 coefficient alpha and 2 -a months test-
retest stability coefficient of 0.82. In contrast, 
Factor analysis of the SWLS revealed that it 
is unidimensional. 

Result 
Table 1 shows the normality of the 

distribution of participants’ scores to the 

Mindfulness total score, Gratitude total 

score, SWLS total score, and Positive and 

Negative effects total score.

Table 1: The Statistical Description of the Mindfulness, Gratitude, and Life Satisfaction 

levels among university students (n=170). 

Statistical 
indicators scales 

M S.D Skewness 
The 

Highest 
score 

The Lowest 
Score 

The 
maximum 

score in 
the sample 

The 
minimum 

score in 
the 

sample 

Mindfulness 33.6941 7.67078 .128 51.00 17.00 90.00 15.00 

Gratitude 31.3176 4.94517 -.913 40.00 16.00 42.00 6.00 

SWLS 23.1882 6.03833 -.523 34.00 6.00 35.00 5.00 

Positive effects 11.9294 2.57336 .180 18.00 10.00 50.00 10.00 

Negative effects 18.5294 3.65555 .243 27.00 12.00 50.00 10.00 

Mindfulness is low, while gratitude and life satisfaction are moderate among university students. 

The Mindfulness total score extended from 15 to 90 (M = 33.6941; SD = 7.67078). The outcome 

indicated that most participants (49.6%) scored low on mindfulness. In comparison, 15.3% came 

under the high level of mindfulness, even though 33.9% pointed out the moderate level of the 

range. The overall gratitude score extended from 6 to 42 (M = 31.317; SD = 4.945). The findings 

showed that 52.5% of the students informed an average level of gratitude, while 42.3% stated an 

above-average range, and only 5.12% reported a low level of gratitude. The students were split 



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into 3 groupings regarding the total life satisfaction score: High, Moderate, and Low, with a mean 

of 23.188; nearly half of the population (49.3%) stated a modest level of life satisfaction. However, 

the others (35.2%) informed a high level, and (15.3%) reported a low level of life satisfaction (Table 

2). 

Table 2: Level of Mindfulness, Gratitude & Life Satisfaction (n=170). 

Level 
Variable 

Low Moderate High 

Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage 

Mindfulness 79 49.6% 53 33.9% 24 15.3 

Gratitude 8 5.12% 82 52.5% 66 42.3 

SWLS 24 15.3% 77 49.3% 55 35.2 

A simple linear regression analysis was performed to analyze the assumption by determining 

the influence of the Gratitude and Mindfulness aggregate scores on contributing Satisfaction 

with Life in undergraduates. Results reveal that mindfulness projected 23.5% of the variance in 

life satisfaction. At the same time, the Gratitude domain accounted for a 42.1% variance in 

satisfaction with life score in the research sample. The result pointed out that the rise in 

gratitude and mindfulness among university students increases their likelihood of Satisfaction 

with Life. 

Table 3: The contribution of Gratitude & Mindfulness to predicting Satisfaction with Life 

among university students. 

Dependent 

Variable 

Predictive 

models 

R2-

Value 

Regression 

Coefficient B 

Standard 

regression 

coefficient Beta 

Fixed 

value 

F-

value 
Sig. 

t-

value 
Sig. 

Satisfaction 

with Life 

(N=171) 

Mindfulness 0.234 2.001 0.484 56.297 136.188 0.000 11.670 0.000 

Gratitude 0.421 .633 .083 5.214 219.341 0.000 7.648 0.000 

Discussion 
In this portion, the outcomes consider the 
previous literature. It is to be observed that 
two hypotheses were investigated in the 
present study. Both hypotheses were 
accepted. The findings regarding 
assumption 1, as demonstrated in table 1.2, 
show that the level of mindfulness was low 
(49.6%) in the study sample, and the 
gratitude score ranged from moderate to 
high in 52.5% and 42.3%, respectively. While 
almost half participants reported a moderate 
level (49.3%) of life satisfaction 

The aggregate Mindfulness score extended 
from 15 to 90 (M = 33.6941; SD = 7.67078). 
Most participants (49.6%) have a low level of 
mindfulness, although 15.3% come under a 
high level of mindfulness, while 33.9% 
reported the average range. The gratitude 
score fluctuated from 6 to 42 (M = 31.317; SD 
= 4.945). Though, 52.5% stated a moderate 
level of gratitude in the research sample, 
while less than half (42.3%) stated an above-
average score and only 5.12% reported a low 
level of gratitude. The sample was allocated 
into High, moderate, and Low categories 



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regarding the total life satisfaction score: 
with a mean of 23.188. The finding exhibited 
that almost half of the sample (49.3%) had a 
moderate level of satisfaction. In 
comparison, the remaining (35.2%) reported 
a high level, while (and 15.3%) had a low 
level of life satisfaction.  

This result indicates that the level of 
mindfulness fluctuated from low to 
moderate levels, while the score of gratitude 
and life satisfaction was reported from 
moderate to high among university 
students. The growing phase of participants 
can support the average level of mindfulness 
as they seem to discover their characters and 
way of life in this stage, As assuming to grow 
into adults and heighten their understanding 
of the inner self and towards life. That is a 
term called 'productivity' by Eriksson. The 
results are coherent with the previous study 
of Hj Ramli, Alavi, Mehrinezhad, and 
Ahmadi18, which shows moderate levels of 
mindfulness were found in the sample aged 
18-30 years. On the contrary, other studies
also show a good level of mindfulness in
undergraduate students. As students enjoy
university life, they get moderate to high
scores on the level of gratitude and life
satisfaction clarified by scholastic, health, or
societal services. The results are coherent
with other studies as well19. When other
members of society contribute to wellbeing,
it ultimately makes them feel more grateful
and may develop feelings of appreciation
and contentment. That may lead an
individual towards positive feelings.
Another critical point is that undergraduate
students usually have a positive attitude
toward their life goals and achievement. So,
the positive intention leads them to
moderate to high satisfaction towards life20.
This result is also consistent with Shawaqfeh
and Almahaireh’s study (2019)20, which
found a moderate to high level of life
satisfaction among university students.

The second and third objectives were also 
hypothesized and an extensive literature 
base indicated a causal relationship between 
Mindfulness and Gratitude toward life 
satisfaction. Therefore, In the second and 
third hypotheses, our investigation is to 
examine the contribution of mindfulness and 
gratitude to life satisfaction separately. We 
found a statistically significant contribution 
to life satisfaction as shown by Table 1.3, that 
declared both variables (Mindfulness & 
gratitude) are towering contributors to 
contentment. Even gratitude comes up with 
42%, and mindfulness comes up with 23% 
contributing contentment. That shows that if 
the level of gratitude and mindfulness is 
elevated, it ultimately increases the life 
satisfaction score of the participants 
observed. Chavan, Deshmukh, and Singh's 
results are consistent with the above studies. 
They discovered that both constructs are the 
higher contributors and assistance pleasure, 
where gratitude determined 36% and 
mindfulness affected 13% of the variance for 
contentment. Simultaneously, the more 
affirmative the person's feelings are, it would 
be convenient to emphasize the positive face 
of one's life and experience contented with it. 
Finally, life satisfaction can be improved21. 

Instead, a person can be grateful mindfully 
for various things such as financial gain, job 
constancy, perceived autonomy, fitness, and 
life expectancy, which may signify "things" 
to be grateful for22. Thus, it was essential to 
examine whether being grateful mindfully 
would predict a person's levels of life 
satisfaction. Undoubtedly, relevance 
deriving demonstrated its strong and unique 
predicting relationship over time and 
develops the significance of expressing 
gratitude, which tends to satisfy them. 
Besides, both elements are indispensable for 
improving people's quality of life and 
depending on each other. Here, the 
researcher will discuss the predicting role of 



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both (Mindfulness and Gratitude) toward 
satisfaction separately. 

Certainly, Mindful individuals are more 
likely to notice positive life experiences and 
be grateful for them, which eventually 
increases their life satisfaction23. Extensive 
published studies exposed that gratitude 
and life satisfaction are associated with 
numerous pointers of a better life12,24. So, 
gratitude is a predictor of contentment, 
boosts artistic reciprocity, and forms 
psychological, social, spiritual, and positive 
resources. Eventually, all these resources 
would directly boost the likelihood of 
satisfaction with life. Furthermore, gratitude 
significantly predicted satisfaction by 18%25.  

Previous literature exhibited a positive 
correlation between these two components, 
and studies support this interpretation. 
McCullough, Emmons & Tsang2 found that 
those who are high in gratitude likely to 
experience higher levels of life satisfaction. 
One more well-known study was conducted 
by Froh et al., which divided 221 participants 
into gratitude and control conditions. In 
gratitude, condition participants were 
supposed to count their blessings as they 
uncovered that gratitude is a significant 
predictor of life satisfaction, and both are 
positively associated with each other. 
Moreover, these are the key element of 
people's good mental health.  

Besides the fellow of gratitude, mindfulness 
also predicted 23.4% of the variance in 
satisfaction appearances among 
undergraduates. This result suggests that a 
greater level of mindfulness would raise the 
probability of being satisfied. This finding is 
consistent with the existing studies26. and the 
Mindfulness-to-Meaning theory27. 
Individuals with a high level of mindfulness 
are more willing to accept themselves and 
the events that happen to them actively, and 
they are more aware of their internal and 

external environments; the higher their 
evaluations of their lives are, the more they 
are prone to accept things that they cannot 
change, such as appearance and thoughts 
than individuals with low mindfulness. 
These findings are more like the study of 
Kavaklı and Özteke Kozan, Kesici28. That 
demonstrates a strong and positive link 
between mindfulness, forgiveness, and 
contentment29. Likewise, a classified 
regression analysis examined mindfulness to 
determine pleasure. Another study reveals 
that mindfulness, healthy growth, and 
forgiveness have a positive relationship30. 
Thus, the benefits of both constructs are 
evident and improve people’s life and 
contentment. 

Conclusion 
In short, the above article assumes that 
mindfulness influences cognitive 
satisfaction. At the same time, the effect of 
gratitude on satisfaction is mainly related to 
emotional traits and disposition. Although, 
relevant literature discloses that both 
variables (Mindfulness and gratitude) 
significantly contribute to university 
students' life satisfaction. Conclusively, a 
person with a magical feeling of gratitude 
and thinking in a way to be aware and use 
all their senses make them more attentive, 
have good energy, and have better physical 
and psychological health; ultimately, all 
these elements may lead to a high level of 
satisfaction with life. Thus, the benefits of 
both constructs are evident and improve 
people's lives.  

Acknowledgment 
We acknowledge every study participant 
who voluntarily contributed to the project.  

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