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©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  17 

 

Original Article                                                                                DOI: 10.29052/2412-3188.v5.i1.2018.17-26 

Bullying; A Psychosocial Stressor 
Yusra Saleem1, Shamoon Noushad1&3, Shahana Urooj Kazmi3,  

Salman Shaikh1, Nabeela Noor2 & Mariyam Asim2 
1Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre (AEIRC) 

2Department of Physiology, University of Karachi 
3Dadabhoy Institute of Higher Education (DIHE) 

Corresponding Author Email: yusra@aeirc-edu.com 

Received 06/06/2018; Accepted 23/08/2018; Published 10/10/2018  

 

Abstract 

Background: The bullying incidences have been increasing in the past few years resulting in 

a number of psychosocial traumas including depression, anxiety, violence and many other 

health concerns. Despite being a global issue, not a large number of studies have addressed this 

distressing act. This social threat causes negativity on both sides whether the victim or the 

perpetrator. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of this psychosocial stressor, 

its associated characteristics and bullying perceptions among the study population. 

Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted for 5 months from July 

2017 to December 2017.  Data was collected from 399 victims between the age of 15-27 years 

via a structured questionnaire inquiring victim’s demographics and its associated psychosocial 

outcomes. Collected data was then analyzed using SPSS ver. 22. Results: Out of the total study 

subjects there were 204 females and 195 males with the mean age of 25.10 + 5.70 years. Around 

76% participants reported daily bullying events. Bullying incidences were found more common 

in females i.e. 48.6% of the females were bullied by called out with mean names while only 

45.8% males reported so. Majority of the bullying cases were reported from educational 

institutes. The most prominent psychological outcomes observed and reported by the victims 

in response to bullying was getting revengeful thoughts for the bully. Conclusion: In 

conclusion, the study evaluated the psychological distress resulting from bullying incidences. 

Our study indicated a high prevalence of this public health concern in both genders and majorly 

in educational sectors.  

 

Keywords 
Bullying, Aggression, Psychosocial Stressor, Adolescents Victimization, Adult Victimization 

 

Introduction 

Bullying has become a psychosocial 

stressor worldwide, with greater prevalence 

among the school aged children and young 

adults (Nansel et al., 2004). It is a repetitive 

imbalanced behavior depicted with 

aggression and using power for suppression 

and to hurt others (Carroll, 2014). The 

negative actions of the perpetrator can be 

either verbal, physical, social or racial and 

may include teasing, hitting, threatening 

and abusing (Carroll, 2014 & Nansel et al., 

2004). The increasing incidences of 

bullying have been reported in numerous 

studies, and it has been proved that this 

destructive act is linked with adverse 

outcomes for both the victim and the 

committer as it greatly affects one’s mental 

and physical health (CDC, 2017). Being a 

social threat, global bullying statistics have 

shown that it is becoming a chronic stressor 

for all age groups (CDC, 2017). Moreover, 

the victims especially adolescents rate 

bullying to be a stressful stimulator of 

depression and self-hate (Carroll, 2014).  

 

If these stress events resolve over time there 

may be a chance for early recovery and 

retrieval of self-esteem and confidence but 

those who undergo through such events 

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  18 

 

continuously are more likely to develop 

stress-related disorders (Hjern et al., 2008; 

Laftman et al., 2006 & Due et al., 2005) like 

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) 

(Crosbyet al., 2010 & Mynard et al., 2000). 

However, there are different coping 

strategies and resources that might be 

helpful for the victim on an individual level 

as well as collectively in managing such 

stressors (Compas et al., 2001). It is evident 

from the previous literature that social 

support plays a significant role in dealing 

with bullying (Grant et al., 2006). The 

bullied victim is mostly lacking in social 

circles and is much likely to be introvert 

(Östberg et al., 2018 & O'Brennan et al., 

2009).  Additionally, people who are 

bullied are actually less convinced with 

seeking support (Barchia & Bussey, 2010).  

 

The health hazards caused by bullying 

include poor adjustments, declined self-

confidence, increased hesitations, social 

isolation, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, sleep 

difficulties, lack of concentration and 

vengeful thoughts and activities are also 

expected from the victim (CDC, 2015). 

According to the National Center for 

Educational Statistics 1 out of every 5, 

students report bullying at least once or 

twice in a month (National Center for 

Educational Statistics, 2016). Victimized 

students gradually involve in self-blaming 

for such an event and undergo severe 

depression and prolonged maladjustments 

(Perren et al., 2013; Shelley & Craig, 

2010).  

 

With the advancement in technology and 

increased prominence and use of these 

electronic media by the young population 

has given a new direction to bullying. 

Cyber or electronic bullying has given a 

way to propagate aggression via emails, 

messages, and victimization on social 

media (Smith et al., 2008). The 

cyberbullying incidences have nearly 

doubled overtime and the victim merely 

knows the identity of the perpetrator 

(Patchin & Hinduja, 2016).  

Among all the adverse effects related to 

bullying suicidal tendencies and attempts 

have been the fatalist (Reed et al., 2015). 

Previous studies suggest that there exist a 

strong inter-connection between bullying 

and suicide related behaviors (Reed et al., 

2015). The victims, bullies and even the 

observers are likely to develop these 

suicidal tendencies due to affected mental 

health (CDC, 2015). It is evident that this 

psychosocial stressor not only causes 

adverse impacts on the victim but also the 

bully (Espelage & Holt, 2013). According 

to a meta-analysis students are 2.2 times 

more prone to suicide ideation when facing 

peer-victimization as compared to those 

who are not exposed to such an event and 

such students are 2.6 times more likely to 

attempt suicide (Gini & Espelage, 2014). A 

false concept has been promoted in the 

society that has made suicide as a general 

response to being bullied and hence, 

generating an imitating behavior among 

youth (CDC, 2014). 

 

The current study aims to investigate the 

association of bullying with the resulting 

health hazards and psychosocial responses. 

And to prompt different aspects and 

perception regarding this psychosocial 

trauma. Despite, of being globally 

escalating issue there are still many 

undiscovered facts about bullying, 

specifically about what factors are actually 

motivating this aggressive behavior and 

also the related coping interventions.  

 

Methodology 

This Cross-sectional, observational study 

was conducted from July 2017 to December 

2017. Data was collected with informed 

consent from study population by 

structured questionnaire inquiring 

participant's demographics (age and 

gender, etc.) and factors assessing bullying 

(previous bullying events, the frequency of 

bullying and its impacts, etc.). Total 399 

victims (195 males and 204 females) with 

15-27 years of age from various sectors 

http://www.aeirc-edu.com/
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying_factsheet.pdf
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915001656
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915001656
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190740915001656
http://www.ncdsv.org/images/JAH_Suicidal-ideation-and-school-bullying_7-2013.pdf
http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/1892227
http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying-suicide-translation-final-a.pdf


Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  19 

 

(educational institutes, hostels, home and 

public places) of Karachi, Pakistan were 

enrolled in the study. All victims were 

included while we did not include any of 

the perpetrators. The collected data was 

then analyzed using SPSS ver. 22. All 

quantitative variables are presented as 

Mean+SD while all qualitative variables 

with frequency and percentages. Chi-

square test was used to depict the 

association of bullying with various socio-

demographic variables among the study 

subjects. P<0.05 was considered 

significant.  

 

 

 

 

Result 

Out of 399, 195 males and 204 females 

were included in the study with the mean 

age of 25.10 + 5.70 years i.e. around 57.6% 

participants were >25 years of age while 

42.4% were <25 years. The frequency of 

bullying among these participants was also 

assessed. According to the results, as shown 

in table 1, 4.76% participants reported daily 

bullying events while 3.8% reported it for 

5-10 times a week. Around 40% of the 

study population complained about vivid 

memories and nightmares associated with 

previous bullying experience. Moreover, 

188 out of total 195 males were bullying 

victims while 195 out of 204 females also 

reported being bullied. 

 

Table 1: Demographic and other related characteristics of the study participants 

 

Variable Categories N (%) 

Age 

>25 years 230(57.6) 

<25 years 169(42.4) 

Gender 

 

Male 195(48.9) 

Female 204(51.1) 

Bullying Victims 
Yes 383(96) 

No 16(4) 

Bullying Incidences   
Males  188(96.41) 

Females 195(95.58) 

Bullying Frequency 

Twice a month 365(91.5) 

5-10 times a week 15(3.8) 

Daily 19(4.76) 

Altered Routine  
Yes 212(53.1) 

No 187(46.9) 

Vivid memories Yes 162(40.6) 

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  20 

 

No 237(59.4) 

*N=frequency

 

 

 

 
Figure 1: Nature of bullying reported by study participants 

 

Figure 1 shows gender wise variation in bullying nature. It is quite clear that no matter what 

the nature ,of bullying is, these incidences are more common among females as compared to 

males. 48.6% of the females and 45.8% males were bullied by called out with mean names, 

36.5% females and 33.3% males opted for ignorance while 14.2% females and 15.20% males 

voted for physical bullying. 

 
Figure 2: Form of bullying reported by study participants 

 

Out of all, 52.06% of the study subjects reported being bullied verbally, 29.73% opted gender-

based bullying while a few cases of physical and racial bullying were also observed. Cyber-

bullying despite being very common nowadays was rarely reported.     

 

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

called mean
names

left out of things
on purpose

hit, kicked or
pushed

spread false
rumors

45.80%

33.30%

15.20%

32.58%

48.60%

36.59%

14.20%

32.83%

males females

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

physical verbal Cyber racial Gender based

9.76%

52.06%

7.58%

2.00%

29.73%

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  21 

 

 
Figure 3: Major reported sites of victimization 

 

Educational institutes remain the major site for bullying, the results in figure 4 show that 79% 

of the study subjects reported being bullied at school while 17% at home followed by hostels 

and public places. 

 

 
Figure 4: Perception of victims regarding the reasons of them being bullied 

 

Figure 4 shows that 19.5% of victims believed that they were mostly bullied due to their 

appearance, 17.3% thought that they were bullied for their activities, 5.3% said that they were 

bullied for their way of talking while a huge number of participants gave several different 

reasons for them being bullied. 

Home
17%

Educational 
Institutes

79%

public places
1%

hostels
3%

0 10 20 30 40 50

way you look

way you sound

what you do

how you behave

what you wear

others

19.5%

5.3%

17.3%

7.0%

4.5%

46.4%

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
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ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  22 

 

 
Figure 5: Percentage of bullying victims suffering from psychological distress 

 

As shown in above figure, 16.8% of the study subjects agreed that they usually get revengeful 

thoughts for the bully, 12.8% faced social isolation, and 9.8% reported that they feel to bully 

others in response to past victimization followed by poor academic achievements and health 

issues.   

 

Discussion 

It has been established from the previous 

research that bullying is a strong risk factor 

for the development of adolescence 

depression (Klomek et al., 2007). It is 

evident that the depressive symptoms are 

more common among the bullying victims 

as compared to those who are not exposed 

to any such events. The aim of this study 

was to evaluate the overall occurrence of 

bullying events locally among different 

sectors of Karachi and also to highlight the 

forms and sites of bullying and the resulting 

psychosocial symptoms.   

 

One of the most prominent outcomes of 

bullying is suicide that is the victims of 

bullying are more likely to consider suicide 

as the best way out as compared to non-

victims. The recent literature regarding 

suicide suggests that bullying has become 

the third leading cause of adolescence and 

adult deaths worldwide. According to 

Center of disease control and Prevention 

(CDC), around 14% of the school going 

students usually consider suicide and 7 % 

out of them attempted it due to high 

psychological distress and declined coping 

capabilities (CDC, 2017). Reports of 

International research network Health 

Behavior in School-aged Children (HBSC) 

suggest bullying as the global mental health 

problem especially affecting youth i.e. 11% 

of the school aged children complained of 

being bullied more than 2 to 3 times/month 

(Inchley & Currie, 2013). Our findings 

were in parallel to the reports i.e. a major 

proportion of our study population 

belonged to the educational sector (Figure 

3).   Moreover, 91.5% of them complained 

of being bullied twice a month (Table 1). 

   

Moreover, the statistics provided by ABC 

News shows that around 30% of the 

teenage students are involved in bullying 

either being victim or bullies i.e. 160,000 

kids mostly skip going school just to avoid 

bullying (Matt, 2010). Around 96% of 

study participants reported bullying as a 

common issue according to our results and 

of them, more than 50% were usually 

involved in rushing away from routine 

activities (Table 1).  

Social Isolation, 
12.80%

Suicide Ideation, 
4.00%

Bully Others, 
9.80%

Revengeful 
Desires, 16.80%

Poor Academic 
Achievements, 

3.30%

Health Problems, 
2.00%

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
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ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  23 

 

When comparing the nature of bullying and 

its variation between the two genders the 

most prevalent were called with mean 

names and left out or ignored (Figure 1). 

Similar results have been revealed in a 

previous study reporting that the most 

common type of victimization was calling 

out mean names and in contrast to our 

findings spreading rumors was the second 

leading bullying behavior (Wang et al., 

2009). Moreover, according to the bullying 

statistics by National Bullying Prevention 

Center, 13% of all bullying victims report 

being insulted, called mean names and 

made fun of followed by false rumors 

regarding the victim and 5% get physically 

hurt (National Center for Educational 

Statistics, 2016).  

 

Among all forms of bullying, verbal 

bullying is the most noticeable and 

prevalent i.e. a previous study reported 

36.5% subjects reported being bullied 

verbally, 41.0% for relational, and 9.8% for 

cyberbullying (Wang et al., 2009). Our 

results were parallel with the results of the 

mentioned study (Figure 2).   

 

Vast data is available on the miseries 

associated with bullying that leads to 

loneliness, social isolation, suicidal 

tendencies, and absenteeism (Klomek et al., 

2010; Hazemba et al., 2008; Siziya, et al., 

2007 & Kim et al., 2005). Similar outcomes 

are observed in the current study, the 

victims reported suffering from social 

isolation, suicidal thoughts and associated 

health issues (Figure 5). It is evident that the 

victims soon develop into a bully and get 

involve in bullying activities due to the 

irresistible revengeful thoughts.    

 

The common sites for victimization as 

reported in a study were home and schools, 

87% of the bullying victims according to 

their data were bullied at home while 44% 

reported the incidences occurring more 

often at school and mainly with males as 

compared to females (Raskauskas, 2010). 

In contrast, our results suggest that bullying 

was more common in educational institutes 

(either school, colleges or universities) as 

compared to home (Figure 3). These 

victims percept that they were bullied 

mainly for the way they look, the way they 

sound or for their activities while a huge 

proportion gave different reasons including 

their religion, cast, color, body structure or 

sexual orientation (Figure 4). That is also 

supported by a published study which 

reports that major reasons behind bullying 

mainly include physical appearance 

(National Center for Educational Statistics, 

2016). 

 

Gerlsma and his colleague demonstrated 

the responsiveness and behaviors of the 

victim totally depends upon the offense 

type i.e. more forgiving nature is observed 

in such noncriminal offenses (Gerlsma & 

Lugtmeyer, 2016). In contrast, our results 

suggested that revengeful thought was 

mostly reported the outcome of the bullying 

event followed by social isolation, health 

issues and suicide ideation (Figure 5).  

According to a fact sheet published in 2017, 

among psychological suppressors of 

bullying anxiety, depression, decreased 

self-confidence, feelings of self-harm and 

drug abuse are the commonest. While 

declined academic achievements and health 

issues remain on the forefront 

(stopbullying.gov, Fact Sheet, 2017).  

In addition to the evidence provided by this 

study regarding the increasing prevalence 

of bullying incidences in our society and its 

devastating psychological outcomes, our 

study had several limitations i.e. this study 

only focused on the victim and not the 

bullies, we did not consider the role of 

bullies and their knowledge and 

understanding about the issue. Moreover, 

we did not evaluate the role of parents, 

friends and school environment in 

preventing bullying activities in our 

society.  

Despite of these limiting factors, the study 

had some strength, i.e. the data was 

collected from diverse groups and we didn’t 

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Annals of Psychophysiology 
©Advance Educational Institute & Research Centre 

Volume 5, October 2018  
www.aeirc-edu.com 

ISSN 2412 - 3188 
  

Yusra Saleem  24 

 

focus on just school based bullying 

incidences. The data was collected from all 

possible institutes, home and different 

public places were covered during the 

course of the study to get responses that can 

depict not whole but at least a part of the 

population and their perceptions regarding 

this psychosocial stressor.  

  

Conclusion 

It can be concluded from the study results 

that this distressing issue is burning up way 

too rapidly, especially affecting the schools 

and colleges and taking many life’s as it 

promotes suicide and triggers such harming 

tendencies among the victims. Our study 

provides an overview of different aspects of 

bullying, results indicate that there is a dire 

need to address all forms of bullying 

victimization and the resulting health 

outcomes. As it is not only an issue that 

affects an individual on the personal level 

but collectively cause harm to the 

community and surroundings which 

therefore makes it a public health concern 

that is to be addressed on the universal 

level.  

 

Conflicts of Interest 

None. 

 

Acknowledgment 

I would like to acknowledge all the study 

participants for providing us with all 

beneficial information for the study. 

 

Funding 

None.  

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http://www.aeirc-edu.com/
http://cyberbullying.org/summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research
http://cyberbullying.org/summary-of-our-cyberbullying-research

