id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
spir-13049	1	1	the	the	DET
spir-13049	1	2	23rd	23rd	ADJ
spir-13049	1	3	annual	annual	ADJ
spir-13049	1	4	conference	conference	NOUN
spir-13049	1	5	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	1	6	the	the	DET
spir-13049	1	7	association	association	NOUN
spir-13049	1	8	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	1	9	internet	internet	NOUN
spir-13049	1	10	researchers	researcher	NOUN
spir-13049	1	11	dublin	dublin	PROPN
spir-13049	1	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	13	ireland	ireland	PROPN
spir-13049	1	14	/	/	SYM
spir-13049	1	15	2	2	NUM
spir-13049	1	16	-	-	SYM
spir-13049	1	17	5	5	NUM
spir-13049	1	18	nov	nov	PROPN
spir-13049	1	19	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	1	20	suggested	suggest	VERB
spir-13049	1	21	citation	citation	NOUN
spir-13049	1	22	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	23	apa	apa	PROPN
spir-13049	1	24	):	):	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	25	mahl	mahl	PROPN
spir-13049	1	26	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	27	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	1	28	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	29	zeng	zeng	PROPN
spir-13049	1	30	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	31	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	1	32	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	33	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	1	34	schäfer	schäfer	PROPN
spir-13049	1	35	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	36	m.s	m.s	PROPN
spir-13049	1	37	.	.	PROPN
spir-13049	1	38	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	39	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	1	40	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	41	november	november	PROPN
spir-13049	1	42	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	1	43	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	2	1	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	2	2	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	2	3	conspiracism	conspiracism	NOUN
spir-13049	2	4	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	2	5	introducing	introduce	VERB
spir-13049	2	6	a	a	DET
spir-13049	2	7	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
spir-13049	2	8	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	2	9	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	2	10	investigating	investigate	VERB
spir-13049	2	11	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	2	12	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	2	13	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	2	14	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	2	15	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	2	16	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	2	17	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	2	18	using	use	VERB
spir-13049	2	19	a	a	DET
spir-13049	2	20	case	case	NOUN
spir-13049	2	21	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	2	22	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	2	23	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	2	24	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	2	25	gab	gab	PROPN
spir-13049	2	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	3	1	paper	paper	NOUN
spir-13049	3	2	presented	present	VERB
spir-13049	3	3	at	at	ADP
spir-13049	3	4	aoir	aoir	NOUN
spir-13049	3	5	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	3	6	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	3	7	the	the	DET
spir-13049	3	8	23rd	23rd	ADJ
spir-13049	3	9	annual	annual	ADJ
spir-13049	3	10	conference	conference	NOUN
spir-13049	3	11	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	3	12	the	the	DET
spir-13049	3	13	association	association	NOUN
spir-13049	3	14	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	3	15	internet	internet	NOUN
spir-13049	3	16	researchers	researcher	NOUN
spir-13049	3	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	1	dublin	dublin	PROPN
spir-13049	4	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	3	ireland	ireland	PROPN
spir-13049	4	4	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	5	aoir	aoir	NOUN
spir-13049	4	6	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	7	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
spir-13049	4	8	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	4	9	http://spir.aoir.org	http://spir.aoir.org	PROPN
spir-13049	4	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	11	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	4	12	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	13	conspiracism	conspiracism	NOUN
spir-13049	4	14	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	15	introducing	introduce	VERB
spir-13049	4	16	a	a	DET
spir-13049	4	17	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
spir-13049	4	18	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	4	19	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	4	20	investigating	investigate	VERB
spir-13049	4	21	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	4	22	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	4	23	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	4	24	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	25	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	4	26	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	27	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	4	28	using	use	VERB
spir-13049	4	29	a	a	DET
spir-13049	4	30	case	case	NOUN
spir-13049	4	31	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	4	32	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	33	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	4	34	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	4	35	gab	gab	PROPN
spir-13049	4	36	daniela	daniela	PROPN
spir-13049	4	37	mahl	mahl	PROPN
spir-13049	4	38	university	university	PROPN
spir-13049	4	39	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	40	zurich	zurich	PROPN
spir-13049	4	41	jing	jing	PROPN
spir-13049	4	42	zeng	zeng	PROPN
spir-13049	4	43	university	university	PROPN
spir-13049	4	44	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	45	zurich	zurich	PROPN
spir-13049	4	46	mike	mike	PROPN
spir-13049	4	47	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	4	48	schäfer	schäfer	PROPN
spir-13049	4	49	university	university	PROPN
spir-13049	4	50	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	51	zurich	zurich	PROPN
spir-13049	4	52	digital	digital	PROPN
spir-13049	4	53	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	4	54	have	have	AUX
spir-13049	4	55	impacted	impact	VERB
spir-13049	4	56	the	the	DET
spir-13049	4	57	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	4	58	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	59	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	4	60	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	4	61	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	62	defined	define	VERB
spir-13049	4	63	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	4	64	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	4	65	explanations	explanation	NOUN
spir-13049	4	66	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	4	67	events	event	NOUN
spir-13049	4	68	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	4	69	practices	practice	NOUN
spir-13049	4	70	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	4	71	referring	refer	VERB
spir-13049	4	72	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	4	73	individuals	individual	NOUN
spir-13049	4	74	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	4	75	groups	group	NOUN
spir-13049	4	76	acting	act	VERB
spir-13049	4	77	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	4	78	secret	secret	ADJ
spir-13049	4	79	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	80	mahl	mahl	PROPN
spir-13049	4	81	et	et	PROPN
spir-13049	4	82	al	al	PROPN
spir-13049	4	83	.	.	PROPN
spir-13049	4	84	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	85	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	4	86	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	87	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	88	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	4	89	multiple	multiple	ADJ
spir-13049	4	90	ways	way	NOUN
spir-13049	4	91	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	92	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	4	93	enable	enable	VERB
spir-13049	4	94	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	4	95	to	to	PART
spir-13049	4	96	publicly	publicly	ADV
spir-13049	4	97	share	share	VERB
spir-13049	4	98	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	4	99	support	support	NOUN
spir-13049	4	100	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	4	101	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	4	102	claims	claim	NOUN
spir-13049	4	103	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	104	to	to	PART
spir-13049	4	105	connect	connect	VERB
spir-13049	4	106	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	4	107	each	each	DET
spir-13049	4	108	other	other	ADJ
spir-13049	4	109	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	110	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	4	111	to	to	PART
spir-13049	4	112	form	form	VERB
spir-13049	4	113	like	like	ADJ
spir-13049	4	114	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	115	minded	minded	ADJ
spir-13049	4	116	communities	community	NOUN
spir-13049	4	117	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	118	cf	cf	NOUN
spir-13049	4	119	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	120	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	121	dewitt	dewitt	PROPN
spir-13049	4	122	et	et	PROPN
spir-13049	4	123	al	al	PROPN
spir-13049	4	124	.	.	PROPN
spir-13049	4	125	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	126	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	4	127	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	4	128	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	1	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	5	2	a	a	DET
spir-13049	5	3	result	result	NOUN
spir-13049	5	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	5	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	5	6	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	5	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	8	along	along	ADP
spir-13049	5	9	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	5	10	other	other	ADJ
spir-13049	5	11	forms	form	NOUN
spir-13049	5	12	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	5	13	deceptive	deceptive	ADJ
spir-13049	5	14	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	5	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	16	often	often	ADV
spir-13049	5	17	spread	spread	VERB
spir-13049	5	18	faster	fast	ADV
spir-13049	5	19	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	20	deeper	deep	ADJ
spir-13049	5	21	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	22	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	5	23	wider	wide	ADJ
spir-13049	5	24	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	5	25	the	the	DET
spir-13049	5	26	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	5	27	ecosystem	ecosystem	NOUN
spir-13049	5	28	than	than	SCONJ
spir-13049	5	29	verified	verify	VERB
spir-13049	5	30	information	information	NOUN
spir-13049	5	31	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	32	vosoughi	vosoughi	PROPN
spir-13049	5	33	et	et	PROPN
spir-13049	5	34	al	al	PROPN
spir-13049	5	35	.	.	PROPN
spir-13049	5	36	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	37	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	5	38	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	39	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	40	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	5	41	new	new	ADJ
spir-13049	5	42	conventions	convention	NOUN
spir-13049	5	43	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	5	44	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	5	45	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	5	46	have	have	AUX
spir-13049	5	47	emerged	emerge	VERB
spir-13049	5	48	out	out	ADP
spir-13049	5	49	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	5	50	the	the	DET
spir-13049	5	51	interaction	interaction	NOUN
spir-13049	5	52	between	between	ADP
spir-13049	5	53	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	5	54	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	5	55	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	5	56	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	57	tuters	tuter	NOUN
spir-13049	5	58	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	5	59	hagen	hagen	PROPN
spir-13049	5	60	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	61	2020	2020	NUM
spir-13049	5	62	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	5	63	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	1	however	however	ADV
spir-13049	6	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	6	4	volume	volume	NOUN
spir-13049	6	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	6	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
spir-13049	6	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	8	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	6	9	impacts	impact	NOUN
spir-13049	6	10	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	6	11	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	6	12	discourses	discourse	NOUN
spir-13049	6	13	can	can	AUX
spir-13049	6	14	differ	differ	VERB
spir-13049	6	15	greatly	greatly	ADV
spir-13049	6	16	between	between	ADP
spir-13049	6	17	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	6	18	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	19	zeng	zeng	PROPN
spir-13049	6	20	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	6	21	schäfer	schäfer	PROPN
spir-13049	6	22	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	23	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	6	24	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	25	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	6	26	especially	especially	ADV
spir-13049	6	27	considering	consider	VERB
spir-13049	6	28	that	that	SCONJ
spir-13049	6	29	major	major	ADJ
spir-13049	6	30	tech	tech	NOUN
spir-13049	6	31	companies	company	NOUN
spir-13049	6	32	have	have	AUX
spir-13049	6	33	increasingly	increasingly	ADV
spir-13049	6	34	cracked	crack	VERB
spir-13049	6	35	down	down	ADP
spir-13049	6	36	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	6	37	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	6	38	propagating	propagate	VERB
spir-13049	6	39	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	6	40	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	6	41	extremist	extremist	ADJ
spir-13049	6	42	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	6	43	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	1	using	use	VERB
spir-13049	7	2	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	7	3	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	4	the	the	DET
spir-13049	7	5	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	6	censorship	censorship	NOUN
spir-13049	7	7	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	8	free	free	ADJ
spir-13049	7	9	alternative	alternative	NOUN
spir-13049	7	10	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	11	to	to	PART
spir-13049	7	12	youtube	youtube	VERB
spir-13049	7	13	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	14	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	7	15	gab	gab	NOUN
spir-13049	7	16	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	17	an	an	DET
spir-13049	7	18	alt	alt	ADJ
spir-13049	7	19	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	20	right	right	ADJ
spir-13049	7	21	equivalent	equivalent	ADJ
spir-13049	7	22	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	7	23	twitter	twitter	NOUN
spir-13049	7	24	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	25	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	26	this	this	DET
spir-13049	7	27	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	7	28	illuminates	illuminate	VERB
spir-13049	7	29	the	the	DET
spir-13049	7	30	interdependence	interdependence	NOUN
spir-13049	7	31	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	7	32	interplay	interplay	NOUN
spir-13049	7	33	between	between	ADP
spir-13049	7	34	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	35	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	7	36	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	7	37	social	social	ADJ
spir-13049	7	38	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	7	39	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	7	40	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	7	41	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	7	42	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	7	43	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	7	44	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	8	1	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	8	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	8	3	one	one	NUM
spir-13049	8	4	hand	hand	NOUN
spir-13049	8	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	8	6	these	these	DET
spir-13049	8	7	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	8	8	tolerate	tolerate	VERB
spir-13049	8	9	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	8	10	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
spir-13049	8	11	the	the	DET
spir-13049	8	12	propagation	propagation	NOUN
spir-13049	8	13	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	8	14	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	8	15	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	8	16	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	8	17	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	8	18	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	8	19	architecture	architecture	NOUN
spir-13049	8	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	8	21	governance	governance	NOUN
spir-13049	8	22	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	8	23	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	8	24	user	user	NOUN
spir-13049	8	25	culture	culture	NOUN
spir-13049	8	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	9	1	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	9	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	9	3	other	other	ADJ
spir-13049	9	4	hand	hand	NOUN
spir-13049	9	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	9	6	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	9	7	profit	profit	VERB
spir-13049	9	8	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	9	9	hosting	host	VERB
spir-13049	9	10	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	9	11	propagators	propagator	NOUN
spir-13049	9	12	to	to	PART
spir-13049	9	13	attract	attract	VERB
spir-13049	9	14	traffic	traffic	NOUN
spir-13049	9	15	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	9	16	to	to	PART
spir-13049	9	17	recruit	recruit	VERB
spir-13049	9	18	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	9	19	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	10	1	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	10	2	describe	describe	VERB
spir-13049	10	3	this	this	DET
spir-13049	10	4	mutual	mutual	ADJ
spir-13049	10	5	shaping	shaping	NOUN
spir-13049	10	6	between	between	ADP
spir-13049	10	7	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-13049	10	8	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	10	9	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	10	10	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	10	11	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	10	12	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	10	13	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	10	14	the	the	DET
spir-13049	10	15	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	10	16	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	10	17	conspiracism	conspiracism	NOUN
spir-13049	10	18	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	1	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
spir-13049	11	2	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	3	analytical	analytical	ADJ
spir-13049	11	4	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	11	5	to	to	PART
spir-13049	11	6	systematically	systematically	ADV
spir-13049	11	7	discuss	discuss	VERB
spir-13049	11	8	the	the	DET
spir-13049	11	9	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	11	10	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	11	11	conspiracism	conspiracism	NOUN
spir-13049	11	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	13	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	11	14	draw	draw	VERB
spir-13049	11	15	inspiration	inspiration	NOUN
spir-13049	11	16	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	11	17	critical	critical	ADJ
spir-13049	11	18	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	11	19	studies	study	NOUN
spir-13049	11	20	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	21	nieborg	nieborg	PROPN
spir-13049	11	22	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	23	poell	poell	PROPN
spir-13049	11	24	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	25	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	11	26	;	;	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	27	van	van	PROPN
spir-13049	11	28	dijck	dijck	NOUN
spir-13049	11	29	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	30	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	11	31	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	32	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	33	introduce	introduce	VERB
spir-13049	11	34	a	a	DET
spir-13049	11	35	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
spir-13049	11	36	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	37	analytical	analytical	ADJ
spir-13049	11	38	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	11	39	that	that	PRON
spir-13049	11	40	integrates	integrate	VERB
spir-13049	11	41	four	four	NUM
spir-13049	11	42	interconnected	interconnected	ADJ
spir-13049	11	43	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
spir-13049	11	44	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	45	1	1	X
spir-13049	11	46	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	47	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
spir-13049	11	48	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	11	49	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	11	50	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	51	this	this	DET
spir-13049	11	52	dimension	dimension	NOUN
spir-13049	11	53	is	be	AUX
spir-13049	11	54	interested	interested	ADJ
spir-13049	11	55	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	11	56	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	11	57	features	feature	NOUN
spir-13049	11	58	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	11	59	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	11	60	which	which	PRON
spir-13049	11	61	shape	shape	VERB
spir-13049	11	62	participation	participation	NOUN
spir-13049	11	63	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	64	discourse	discourse	NOUN
spir-13049	11	65	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	66	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	11	67	instance	instance	NOUN
spir-13049	11	68	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	69	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	11	70	allowing	allow	VERB
spir-13049	11	71	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	11	72	to	to	PART
spir-13049	11	73	stay	stay	VERB
spir-13049	11	74	blow	blow	VERB
spir-13049	11	75	the	the	DET
spir-13049	11	76	radar	radar	NOUN
spir-13049	11	77	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	11	78	to	to	PART
spir-13049	11	79	build	build	VERB
spir-13049	11	80	a	a	DET
spir-13049	11	81	sense	sense	NOUN
spir-13049	11	82	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	11	83	community	community	NOUN
spir-13049	11	84	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	85	e.g.	e.g.	ADV
spir-13049	11	86	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	87	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	11	88	signifying	signify	VERB
spir-13049	11	89	political	political	ADJ
spir-13049	11	90	identity	identity	NOUN
spir-13049	11	91	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	11	92	hashtags	hashtag	NOUN
spir-13049	11	93	such	such	ADJ
spir-13049	11	94	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	11	95	#	#	SYM
spir-13049	11	96	maga	maga	NOUN
spir-13049	11	97	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	11	98	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	1	2	2	X
spir-13049	12	2	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	3	economic	economic	ADJ
spir-13049	12	4	model	model	NOUN
spir-13049	12	5	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	12	6	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	12	7	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	8	this	this	DET
spir-13049	12	9	dimension	dimension	NOUN
spir-13049	12	10	interrogates	interrogate	VERB
spir-13049	12	11	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	12	12	’	'	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	13	business	business	NOUN
spir-13049	12	14	model	model	NOUN
spir-13049	12	15	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	12	16	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	12	17	user	user	NOUN
spir-13049	12	18	activities	activity	NOUN
spir-13049	12	19	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	12	20	transactions	transaction	NOUN
spir-13049	12	21	are	be	AUX
spir-13049	12	22	commodified	commodified	ADJ
spir-13049	12	23	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	24	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	12	25	instance	instance	NOUN
spir-13049	12	26	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	12	27	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	12	28	donations	donation	NOUN
spir-13049	12	29	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	12	30	investments	investment	NOUN
spir-13049	12	31	which	which	PRON
spir-13049	12	32	can	can	AUX
spir-13049	12	33	indicate	indicate	VERB
spir-13049	12	34	a	a	DET
spir-13049	12	35	strong	strong	ADJ
spir-13049	12	36	commitment	commitment	NOUN
spir-13049	12	37	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	12	38	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	12	39	purchased	purchase	VERB
spir-13049	12	40	accounts	account	NOUN
spir-13049	12	41	which	which	PRON
spir-13049	12	42	entail	entail	VERB
spir-13049	12	43	specific	specific	ADJ
spir-13049	12	44	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	12	45	features	feature	NOUN
spir-13049	12	46	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	1	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	13	2	addition	addition	NOUN
spir-13049	13	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	4	it	it	PRON
spir-13049	13	5	focuses	focus	VERB
spir-13049	13	6	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	13	7	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	13	8	’	'	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	9	ability	ability	NOUN
spir-13049	13	10	to	to	PART
spir-13049	13	11	use	use	VERB
spir-13049	13	12	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	13	13	to	to	PART
spir-13049	13	14	monetize	monetize	VERB
spir-13049	13	15	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	13	16	influence	influence	NOUN
spir-13049	13	17	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	13	18	visibility	visibility	NOUN
spir-13049	13	19	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	13	20	to	to	PART
spir-13049	13	21	operate	operate	VERB
spir-13049	13	22	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	13	23	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	24	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	13	25	entrepreneurs	entrepreneur	NOUN
spir-13049	13	26	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	27	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	28	sunstein	sunstein	PROPN
spir-13049	13	29	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	13	30	vermeule	vermeule	NOUN
spir-13049	13	31	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	32	2009	2009	NUM
spir-13049	13	33	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	13	34	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	1	3	3	X
spir-13049	14	2	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	3	governance	governance	NOUN
spir-13049	14	4	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	14	5	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	14	6	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	7	this	this	DET
spir-13049	14	8	dimension	dimension	NOUN
spir-13049	14	9	considers	consider	VERB
spir-13049	14	10	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	14	11	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	14	12	are	be	AUX
spir-13049	14	13	governed	govern	VERB
spir-13049	14	14	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	14	15	terms	term	NOUN
spir-13049	14	16	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	14	17	service	service	NOUN
spir-13049	14	18	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	19	tos	tos	NOUN
spir-13049	14	20	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	21	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	22	developer	developer	NOUN
spir-13049	14	23	guidelines	guideline	NOUN
spir-13049	14	24	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	14	25	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	14	26	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	14	27	moderation	moderation	NOUN
spir-13049	14	28	practices	practice	NOUN
spir-13049	14	29	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	14	30	whether	whether	SCONJ
spir-13049	14	31	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	14	32	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	14	33	this	this	PRON
spir-13049	14	34	enables	enable	VERB
spir-13049	14	35	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	14	36	to	to	PART
spir-13049	14	37	propagate	propagate	VERB
spir-13049	14	38	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	14	39	narratives	narrative	NOUN
spir-13049	14	40	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	15	1	4	4	X
spir-13049	15	2	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	15	3	user	user	NOUN
spir-13049	15	4	culture	culture	NOUN
spir-13049	15	5	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	15	6	this	this	DET
spir-13049	15	7	dimension	dimension	NOUN
spir-13049	15	8	is	be	AUX
spir-13049	15	9	concerned	concern	VERB
spir-13049	15	10	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	15	11	user	user	NOUN
spir-13049	15	12	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
spir-13049	15	13	like	like	ADP
spir-13049	15	14	sociodemographic	sociodemographic	ADJ
spir-13049	15	15	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
spir-13049	15	16	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	15	17	ideological	ideological	ADJ
spir-13049	15	18	sympathies	sympathy	NOUN
spir-13049	15	19	indicated	indicate	VERB
spir-13049	15	20	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	15	21	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	15	22	’	’	PART
spir-13049	15	23	profiles	profile	NOUN
spir-13049	15	24	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	16	1	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	16	2	addition	addition	NOUN
spir-13049	16	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	16	4	it	it	PRON
spir-13049	16	5	is	be	AUX
spir-13049	16	6	interested	interested	ADJ
spir-13049	16	7	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	16	8	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	16	9	’	’	PART
spir-13049	16	10	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	16	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	16	12	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	16	13	instance	instance	NOUN
spir-13049	16	14	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	16	15	whether	whether	SCONJ
spir-13049	16	16	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	16	17	construct	construct	VERB
spir-13049	16	18	unique	unique	ADJ
spir-13049	16	19	forms	form	NOUN
spir-13049	16	20	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	16	21	vernacular	vernacular	ADJ
spir-13049	16	22	subcultures	subculture	NOUN
spir-13049	16	23	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	16	24	using	use	VERB
spir-13049	16	25	memes	meme	NOUN
spir-13049	16	26	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	16	27	slang	slang	ADJ
spir-13049	16	28	expressions	expression	NOUN
spir-13049	16	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	17	1	empirical	empirical	ADJ
spir-13049	17	2	case	case	NOUN
spir-13049	17	3	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	17	4	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	17	5	line	line	NOUN
spir-13049	17	6	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	17	7	our	our	PRON
spir-13049	17	8	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	17	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	17	10	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	17	11	examine	examine	VERB
spir-13049	17	12	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	17	13	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	17	14	gab	gab	VERB
spir-13049	17	15	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	17	16	the	the	DET
spir-13049	17	17	context	context	NOUN
spir-13049	17	18	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	17	19	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	17	20	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	17	21	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	17	22	along	along	ADP
spir-13049	17	23	the	the	DET
spir-13049	17	24	following	follow	VERB
spir-13049	17	25	research	research	NOUN
spir-13049	17	26	questions	question	NOUN
spir-13049	17	27	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	17	28	rq	rq	NOUN
spir-13049	17	29	):	):	PUNCT
spir-13049	17	30	rq1	rq1	NOUN
spir-13049	17	31	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	18	1	what	what	PRON
spir-13049	18	2	are	be	AUX
spir-13049	18	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	18	4	main	main	ADJ
spir-13049	18	5	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	18	6	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	18	7	features	feature	VERB
spir-13049	18	8	that	that	PRON
spir-13049	18	9	shape	shape	NOUN
spir-13049	18	10	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	18	11	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	18	12	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	18	13	?	?	PUNCT
spir-13049	19	1	rq2	rq2	NOUN
spir-13049	19	2	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	20	1	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	20	2	does	do	AUX
spir-13049	20	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	20	4	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	20	5	’s	’s	PART
spir-13049	20	6	business	business	NOUN
spir-13049	20	7	model	model	NOUN
spir-13049	20	8	affect	affect	VERB
spir-13049	20	9	the	the	DET
spir-13049	20	10	propagation	propagation	NOUN
spir-13049	20	11	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	20	12	conspiratorial	conspiratorial	ADJ
spir-13049	20	13	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	20	14	?	?	PUNCT
spir-13049	21	1	rq3	rq3	PROPN
spir-13049	21	2	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	22	1	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	22	2	does	do	AUX
spir-13049	22	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	22	4	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	22	5	’s	’s	PART
spir-13049	22	6	governance	governance	NOUN
spir-13049	22	7	practice	practice	NOUN
spir-13049	22	8	impact	impact	NOUN
spir-13049	22	9	the	the	DET
spir-13049	22	10	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	22	11	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	22	12	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	22	13	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	22	14	?	?	PUNCT
spir-13049	23	1	rq4	rq4	VERB
spir-13049	23	2	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	24	1	what	what	PRON
spir-13049	24	2	are	be	AUX
spir-13049	24	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	24	4	key	key	ADJ
spir-13049	24	5	characteristics	characteristic	NOUN
spir-13049	24	6	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	24	7	monetizing	monetizing	NOUN
spir-13049	24	8	strategies	strategy	NOUN
spir-13049	24	9	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	24	10	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	24	11	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	24	12	propagators	propagator	NOUN
spir-13049	24	13	?	?	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	1	to	to	PART
spir-13049	25	2	investigate	investigate	VERB
spir-13049	25	3	the	the	DET
spir-13049	25	4	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	25	5	'	'	PART
spir-13049	25	6	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	25	7	features	feature	NOUN
spir-13049	25	8	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	9	rq1	rq1	NOUN
spir-13049	25	10	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	12	business	business	NOUN
spir-13049	25	13	model	model	NOUN
spir-13049	25	14	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	15	rq2	rq2	NOUN
spir-13049	25	16	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	17	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	18	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	25	19	governance	governance	NOUN
spir-13049	25	20	practices	practice	NOUN
spir-13049	25	21	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	22	rq3	rq3	PROPN
spir-13049	25	23	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	24	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	25	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	25	26	conduct	conduct	VERB
spir-13049	25	27	a	a	DET
spir-13049	25	28	documentation	documentation	NOUN
spir-13049	25	29	analysis	analysis	NOUN
spir-13049	25	30	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	25	31	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	25	32	reports	report	NOUN
spir-13049	25	33	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	25	34	the	the	DET
spir-13049	25	35	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	25	36	own	own	VERB
spir-13049	25	37	news	news	NOUN
spir-13049	25	38	updates	update	NOUN
spir-13049	25	39	alongside	alongside	ADP
spir-13049	25	40	an	an	DET
spir-13049	25	41	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	25	42	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	25	43	depth	depth	NOUN
spir-13049	25	44	examination	examination	NOUN
spir-13049	25	45	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	25	46	each	each	DET
spir-13049	25	47	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	25	48	's	's	PART
spir-13049	25	49	functionality	functionality	NOUN
spir-13049	25	50	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	25	51	interface	interface	NOUN
spir-13049	25	52	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	26	1	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	26	2	example	example	NOUN
spir-13049	26	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	26	4	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	26	5	collected	collect	VERB
spir-13049	26	6	200	200	NUM
spir-13049	26	7	newsletters	newsletter	NOUN
spir-13049	26	8	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	26	9	gab	gab	PROPN
spir-13049	26	10	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	26	11	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	26	12	-	-	SYM
spir-13049	26	13	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	26	14	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	26	15	that	that	PRON
spir-13049	26	16	offer	offer	VERB
spir-13049	26	17	valuable	valuable	ADJ
spir-13049	26	18	insights	insight	NOUN
spir-13049	26	19	into	into	ADP
spir-13049	26	20	key	key	ADJ
spir-13049	26	21	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	26	22	developments	development	NOUN
spir-13049	26	23	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	26	24	the	the	DET
spir-13049	26	25	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	26	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	27	1	to	to	PART
spir-13049	27	2	answer	answer	VERB
spir-13049	27	3	rq4	rq4	NOUN
spir-13049	27	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	27	5	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	27	6	rely	rely	VERB
spir-13049	27	7	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	27	8	data	datum	NOUN
spir-13049	27	9	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	27	10	our	our	PRON
spir-13049	27	11	larger	large	ADJ
spir-13049	27	12	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	27	13	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	27	14	research	research	NOUN
spir-13049	27	15	project	project	NOUN
spir-13049	27	16	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	27	17	identified	identify	VERB
spir-13049	27	18	20	20	NUM
spir-13049	27	19	prominent	prominent	ADJ
spir-13049	27	20	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	27	21	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	27	22	channels	channel	NOUN
spir-13049	27	23	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	27	24	profiles	profile	NOUN
spir-13049	27	25	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	27	26	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	27	27	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	27	28	gab	gab	NOUN
spir-13049	27	29	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	27	30	respectively	respectively	ADV
spir-13049	27	31	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	1	to	to	PART
spir-13049	28	2	gain	gain	VERB
spir-13049	28	3	insights	insight	NOUN
spir-13049	28	4	into	into	ADP
spir-13049	28	5	these	these	DET
spir-13049	28	6	actors	actor	NOUN
spir-13049	28	7	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	28	8	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	28	9	monetization	monetization	NOUN
spir-13049	28	10	strategies	strategy	NOUN
spir-13049	28	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	12	this	this	DET
spir-13049	28	13	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	28	14	creates	create	VERB
spir-13049	28	15	comprehensive	comprehensive	ADJ
spir-13049	28	16	profiles	profile	NOUN
spir-13049	28	17	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	28	18	each	each	DET
spir-13049	28	19	user	user	NOUN
spir-13049	28	20	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	28	21	•	•	NOUN
spir-13049	28	22	investigating	investigate	VERB
spir-13049	28	23	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	28	24	posts	post	NOUN
spir-13049	28	25	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	28	26	videos	video	NOUN
spir-13049	28	27	to	to	PART
spir-13049	28	28	identify	identify	VERB
spir-13049	28	29	the	the	DET
spir-13049	28	30	most	most	ADV
spir-13049	28	31	reoccurring	reoccurring	ADJ
spir-13049	28	32	themes	theme	NOUN
spir-13049	28	33	;	;	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	34	•	•	ADV
spir-13049	28	35	tracking	tracking	NOUN
spir-13049	28	36	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	28	37	examining	examine	VERB
spir-13049	28	38	the	the	DET
spir-13049	28	39	web	web	NOUN
spir-13049	28	40	urls	url	NOUN
spir-13049	28	41	presented	present	VERB
spir-13049	28	42	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	28	43	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	28	44	page	page	NOUN
spir-13049	28	45	that	that	PRON
spir-13049	28	46	lead	lead	VERB
spir-13049	28	47	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	28	48	personal	personal	ADJ
spir-13049	28	49	websites	website	NOUN
spir-13049	28	50	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	51	donation	donation	NOUN
spir-13049	28	52	pages	page	NOUN
spir-13049	28	53	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	54	merchandising	merchandising	NOUN
spir-13049	28	55	/	/	SYM
spir-13049	28	56	publications	publication	NOUN
spir-13049	28	57	;	;	PUNCT
spir-13049	28	58	•	•	NUM
spir-13049	28	59	analyzing	analyze	VERB
spir-13049	28	60	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	28	61	interaction	interaction	NOUN
spir-13049	28	62	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	28	63	other	other	ADJ
spir-13049	28	64	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	28	65	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	28	66	the	the	DET
spir-13049	28	67	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	28	68	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	29	1	findings	finding	NOUN
spir-13049	29	2	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	29	3	our	our	PRON
spir-13049	29	4	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	29	5	shed	shed	VERB
spir-13049	29	6	light	light	NOUN
spir-13049	29	7	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	29	8	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	29	9	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	29	10	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	29	11	gab	gab	NOUN
spir-13049	29	12	have	have	AUX
spir-13049	29	13	positioned	position	VERB
spir-13049	29	14	themselves	themselves	PRON
spir-13049	29	15	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	29	16	technological	technological	ADJ
spir-13049	29	17	equivalents	equivalent	NOUN
spir-13049	29	18	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	29	19	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	29	20	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	29	21	mainstream	mainstream	NOUN
spir-13049	29	22	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	29	23	counterparts	counterpart	NOUN
spir-13049	29	24	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	29	25	offering	offer	VERB
spir-13049	29	26	similar	similar	ADJ
spir-13049	29	27	features	feature	NOUN
spir-13049	29	28	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	29	29	interfaces	interface	NOUN
spir-13049	29	30	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	30	1	rhetorically	rhetorically	ADV
spir-13049	30	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	30	3	however	however	ADV
spir-13049	30	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	30	5	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	30	6	differ	differ	VERB
spir-13049	30	7	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	30	8	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	30	9	big	big	ADJ
spir-13049	30	10	tech	tech	NOUN
spir-13049	30	11	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	30	12	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	30	13	that	that	SCONJ
spir-13049	30	14	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	30	15	present	present	VERB
spir-13049	30	16	themselves	themselves	PRON
spir-13049	30	17	as	as	ADP
spir-13049	30	18	defenders	defender	NOUN
spir-13049	30	19	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	30	20	free	free	ADJ
spir-13049	30	21	speech	speech	NOUN
spir-13049	30	22	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	30	23	fighters	fighter	NOUN
spir-13049	30	24	against	against	ADP
spir-13049	30	25	censorship	censorship	NOUN
spir-13049	30	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	31	1	however	however	ADV
spir-13049	31	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	31	3	these	these	DET
spir-13049	31	4	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	31	5	do	do	AUX
spir-13049	31	6	not	not	PART
spir-13049	31	7	operate	operate	VERB
spir-13049	31	8	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	31	9	a	a	DET
spir-13049	31	10	lawless	lawless	ADJ
spir-13049	31	11	zone	zone	NOUN
spir-13049	31	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	31	13	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	31	14	moderate	moderate	VERB
spir-13049	31	15	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	31	16	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	31	17	especially	especially	ADV
spir-13049	31	18	violent	violent	ADJ
spir-13049	31	19	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	31	20	pornographic	pornographic	ADJ
spir-13049	31	21	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	31	22	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	31	23	to	to	PART
spir-13049	31	24	legitimize	legitimize	VERB
spir-13049	31	25	themselves	themselves	PRON
spir-13049	31	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	32	1	at	at	ADP
spir-13049	32	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	32	3	actor	actor	NOUN
spir-13049	32	4	level	level	NOUN
spir-13049	32	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	32	6	our	our	PRON
spir-13049	32	7	preliminary	preliminary	ADJ
spir-13049	32	8	findings	finding	NOUN
spir-13049	32	9	suggest	suggest	VERB
spir-13049	32	10	that	that	SCONJ
spir-13049	32	11	both	both	DET
spir-13049	32	12	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	32	13	provide	provide	VERB
spir-13049	32	14	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	32	15	propagators	propagator	NOUN
spir-13049	32	16	a	a	DET
spir-13049	32	17	fertile	fertile	ADJ
spir-13049	32	18	refuge	refuge	NOUN
spir-13049	32	19	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	32	20	which	which	PRON
spir-13049	32	21	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	32	22	can	can	AUX
spir-13049	32	23	maintain	maintain	VERB
spir-13049	32	24	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	32	25	presence	presence	NOUN
spir-13049	32	26	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	32	27	connection	connection	NOUN
spir-13049	32	28	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	32	29	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	32	30	followers	follower	NOUN
spir-13049	32	31	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	32	32	which	which	PRON
spir-13049	32	33	also	also	ADV
spir-13049	32	34	allows	allow	VERB
spir-13049	32	35	them	they	PRON
spir-13049	32	36	to	to	PART
spir-13049	32	37	profit	profit	VERB
spir-13049	32	38	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	32	39	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	32	40	visibility	visibility	NOUN
spir-13049	32	41	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	32	42	receiving	receive	VERB
spir-13049	32	43	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	32	44	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	32	45	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	32	46	monetary	monetary	ADJ
spir-13049	32	47	rewards	reward	NOUN
spir-13049	32	48	or	or	CCONJ
spir-13049	32	49	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	32	50	directing	direct	VERB
spir-13049	32	51	followers	follower	NOUN
spir-13049	32	52	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	32	53	external	external	ADJ
spir-13049	32	54	websites	website	NOUN
spir-13049	32	55	where	where	SCONJ
spir-13049	32	56	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	32	57	can	can	AUX
spir-13049	32	58	support	support	VERB
spir-13049	32	59	them	they	PRON
spir-13049	32	60	financially	financially	ADV
spir-13049	32	61	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	33	1	consistent	consistent	ADJ
spir-13049	33	2	with	with	ADP
spir-13049	33	3	previous	previous	ADJ
spir-13049	33	4	research	research	NOUN
spir-13049	33	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	33	6	our	our	PRON
spir-13049	33	7	study	study	NOUN
spir-13049	33	8	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	33	9	individual	individual	ADJ
spir-13049	33	10	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	33	11	propagandists	propagandist	NOUN
spir-13049	33	12	suggests	suggest	VERB
spir-13049	33	13	that	that	SCONJ
spir-13049	33	14	de	de	NOUN
spir-13049	33	15	-	-	NOUN
spir-13049	33	16	platforming	platforming	NOUN
spir-13049	33	17	effectively	effectively	ADV
spir-13049	33	18	minimizes	minimize	VERB
spir-13049	33	19	the	the	DET
spir-13049	33	20	reach	reach	NOUN
spir-13049	33	21	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	33	22	disinformation	disinformation	NOUN
spir-13049	33	23	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	33	24	extreme	extreme	ADJ
spir-13049	33	25	speech	speech	NOUN
spir-13049	33	26	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	33	27	rauchfleisch	rauchfleisch	PROPN
spir-13049	33	28	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	33	29	kaiser	kaiser	PROPN
spir-13049	33	30	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	33	31	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	33	32	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	33	33	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	1	however	however	ADV
spir-13049	34	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	3	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	34	4	also	also	ADV
spir-13049	34	5	argue	argue	VERB
spir-13049	34	6	that	that	SCONJ
spir-13049	34	7	these	these	PRON
spir-13049	34	8	may	may	AUX
spir-13049	34	9	merely	merely	ADV
spir-13049	34	10	be	be	AUX
spir-13049	34	11	short	short	ADJ
spir-13049	34	12	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	13	term	term	NOUN
spir-13049	34	14	effects	effect	NOUN
spir-13049	34	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	16	as	as	SCONJ
spir-13049	34	17	it	it	PRON
spir-13049	34	18	takes	take	VERB
spir-13049	34	19	time	time	NOUN
spir-13049	34	20	for	for	SCONJ
spir-13049	34	21	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	34	22	propagandists	propagandist	NOUN
spir-13049	34	23	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	34	24	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	25	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	34	26	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	27	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	34	28	to	to	PART
spir-13049	34	29	establish	establish	VERB
spir-13049	34	30	an	an	DET
spir-13049	34	31	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	32	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-13049	34	33	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	34	34	ecology	ecology	NOUN
spir-13049	34	35	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	1	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	35	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	35	3	long	long	ADJ
spir-13049	35	4	run	run	NOUN
spir-13049	35	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	6	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	35	7	propagandists	propagandist	NOUN
spir-13049	35	8	can	can	AUX
spir-13049	35	9	rebuild	rebuild	VERB
spir-13049	35	10	their	their	PRON
spir-13049	35	11	network	network	NOUN
spir-13049	35	12	through	through	ADP
spir-13049	35	13	cross	cross	ADJ
spir-13049	35	14	-	-	ADJ
spir-13049	35	15	platform	platform	ADJ
spir-13049	35	16	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	35	17	distribution	distribution	NOUN
spir-13049	35	18	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	35	19	as	as	ADV
spir-13049	35	20	long	long	ADV
spir-13049	35	21	as	as	SCONJ
spir-13049	35	22	the	the	DET
spir-13049	35	23	financial	financial	ADJ
spir-13049	35	24	rewards	reward	NOUN
spir-13049	35	25	remain	remain	VERB
spir-13049	35	26	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	27	the	the	DET
spir-13049	35	28	reduced	reduce	VERB
spir-13049	35	29	reach	reach	NOUN
spir-13049	35	30	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	35	31	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	32	mainstream	mainstream	ADJ
spir-13049	35	33	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	34	social	social	ADJ
spir-13049	35	35	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	35	36	users	user	NOUN
spir-13049	35	37	does	do	AUX
spir-13049	35	38	not	not	PART
spir-13049	35	39	deter	deter	VERB
spir-13049	35	40	profit	profit	NOUN
spir-13049	35	41	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	35	42	driven	drive	VERB
spir-13049	35	43	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	35	44	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	35	45	entrepreneurs	entrepreneur	NOUN
spir-13049	35	46	from	from	ADP
spir-13049	35	47	producing	produce	VERB
spir-13049	35	48	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	35	49	disseminating	disseminate	VERB
spir-13049	35	50	content	content	NOUN
spir-13049	35	51	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	36	1	significance	significance	NOUN
spir-13049	36	2	conceptually	conceptually	ADV
spir-13049	36	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	36	4	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	36	5	advance	advance	VERB
spir-13049	36	6	research	research	NOUN
spir-13049	36	7	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	36	8	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	36	9	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	36	10	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	36	11	platform	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	36	12	environments	environment	NOUN
spir-13049	36	13	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	36	14	introducing	introduce	VERB
spir-13049	36	15	a	a	DET
spir-13049	36	16	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-13049	36	17	that	that	PRON
spir-13049	36	18	allows	allow	VERB
spir-13049	36	19	scholars	scholar	NOUN
spir-13049	36	20	to	to	PART
spir-13049	36	21	interrogate	interrogate	VERB
spir-13049	36	22	why	why	SCONJ
spir-13049	36	23	certain	certain	ADJ
spir-13049	36	24	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	36	25	seem	seem	VERB
spir-13049	36	26	to	to	PART
spir-13049	36	27	be	be	AUX
spir-13049	36	28	more	more	ADV
spir-13049	36	29	attractive	attractive	ADJ
spir-13049	36	30	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	36	31	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	36	32	communities	community	NOUN
spir-13049	36	33	than	than	ADP
spir-13049	36	34	others	other	NOUN
spir-13049	36	35	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	37	1	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	37	2	addition	addition	NOUN
spir-13049	37	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	37	4	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	37	5	inform	inform	VERB
spir-13049	37	6	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	37	7	studies	study	NOUN
spir-13049	37	8	by	by	ADP
spir-13049	37	9	applying	apply	VERB
spir-13049	37	10	a	a	DET
spir-13049	37	11	widely	widely	ADV
spir-13049	37	12	used	use	VERB
spir-13049	37	13	concept	concept	NOUN
spir-13049	37	14	to	to	ADP
spir-13049	37	15	a	a	DET
spir-13049	37	16	specific	specific	ADJ
spir-13049	37	17	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	37	18	timely	timely	ADJ
spir-13049	37	19	phenomenon	phenomenon	NOUN
spir-13049	37	20	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	38	1	empirically	empirically	ADV
spir-13049	38	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	38	3	we	we	PRON
spir-13049	38	4	shed	shed	VERB
spir-13049	38	5	light	light	NOUN
spir-13049	38	6	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	38	7	two	two	NUM
spir-13049	38	8	under	under	ADV
spir-13049	38	9	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	38	10	researched	research	VERB
spir-13049	38	11	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	38	12	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	38	13	the	the	DET
spir-13049	38	14	context	context	NOUN
spir-13049	38	15	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	38	16	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	38	17	theory	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	38	18	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-13049	38	19	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	1	references	reference	NOUN
spir-13049	39	2	dewitt	dewitt	PROPN
spir-13049	39	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	4	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	39	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	6	atkinson	atkinson	PROPN
spir-13049	39	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	8	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-13049	39	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	10	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	39	11	wegner	wegner	PROPN
spir-13049	39	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	13	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	39	14	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	15	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	39	16	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	39	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	40	1	how	how	SCONJ
spir-13049	40	2	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	40	3	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	40	4	spread	spread	VERB
spir-13049	40	5	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	1	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	41	2	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	41	3	e.	e.	PROPN
spir-13049	41	4	uscinski	uscinski	PROPN
spir-13049	41	5	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	6	ed	ed	NOUN
spir-13049	41	7	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	8	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	10	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	41	11	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	41	12	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	41	13	the	the	DET
spir-13049	41	14	people	people	NOUN
spir-13049	41	15	who	who	PRON
spir-13049	41	16	believe	believe	VERB
spir-13049	41	17	them	they	PRON
spir-13049	41	18	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	19	pp	pp	ADJ
spir-13049	41	20	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	21	319	319	NUM
spir-13049	41	22	–	–	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	23	336	336	NUM
spir-13049	41	24	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	41	25	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	42	1	oxford	oxford	PROPN
spir-13049	42	2	university	university	PROPN
spir-13049	42	3	press	press	NOUN
spir-13049	42	4	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	1	mahl	mahl	PROPN
spir-13049	43	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	3	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	43	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	5	schäfer	schäfer	NOUN
spir-13049	43	6	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	7	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-13049	43	8	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	43	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	10	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	43	11	zeng	zeng	PROPN
spir-13049	43	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	13	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	43	14	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	15	2022	2022	NUM
spir-13049	43	16	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	43	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	44	1	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	44	2	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	44	3	in	in	ADP
spir-13049	44	4	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-13049	44	5	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	44	6	environments	environment	NOUN
spir-13049	44	7	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	44	8	an	an	DET
spir-13049	44	9	interdisciplinary	interdisciplinary	ADJ
spir-13049	44	10	literature	literature	NOUN
spir-13049	44	11	review	review	NOUN
spir-13049	44	12	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	44	13	agenda	agenda	NOUN
spir-13049	44	14	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	44	15	future	future	ADJ
spir-13049	44	16	research	research	NOUN
spir-13049	44	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	45	1	new	new	ADJ
spir-13049	45	2	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	45	3	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	45	4	society	society	NOUN
spir-13049	45	5	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	1	nieborg	nieborg	PROPN
spir-13049	46	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	3	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	46	4	b.	b.	PROPN
spir-13049	46	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	6	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	46	7	poell	poell	PROPN
spir-13049	46	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	9	t.	t.	PROPN
spir-13049	46	10	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	11	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	46	12	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	46	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	47	1	the	the	DET
spir-13049	47	2	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	47	3	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	47	4	cultural	cultural	ADJ
spir-13049	47	5	production	production	NOUN
spir-13049	47	6	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	47	7	theorizing	theorize	VERB
spir-13049	47	8	the	the	DET
spir-13049	47	9	contingent	contingent	ADJ
spir-13049	47	10	cultural	cultural	ADJ
spir-13049	47	11	commodity	commodity	NOUN
spir-13049	47	12	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	48	1	new	new	ADJ
spir-13049	48	2	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	48	3	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	48	4	society	society	NOUN
spir-13049	48	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	48	6	20(11	20(11	NUM
spir-13049	48	7	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	48	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	48	9	4275–4292	4275–4292	NUM
spir-13049	48	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	1	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444818769694	PROPN
spir-13049	49	2	rauchfleisch	rauchfleisch	PROPN
spir-13049	49	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	4	a.	a.	PROPN
spir-13049	49	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	6	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	49	7	kaiser	kaiser	PROPN
spir-13049	49	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	9	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	49	10	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	11	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	49	12	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	49	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	50	1	deplatforming	deplatforme	VERB
spir-13049	50	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	50	3	far	far	ADV
spir-13049	50	4	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	50	5	right	right	NOUN
spir-13049	50	6	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	50	7	an	an	DET
spir-13049	50	8	analysis	analysis	NOUN
spir-13049	50	9	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	50	10	youtube	youtube	NOUN
spir-13049	50	11	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	50	12	bitchute	bitchute	NOUN
spir-13049	50	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	1	http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867818	http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867818	VERB
spir-13049	51	2	https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867818	https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3867818	PROPN
spir-13049	51	3	sunstein	sunstein	PROPN
spir-13049	51	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	5	c.	c.	PROPN
spir-13049	51	6	r.	r.	PROPN
spir-13049	51	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	8	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	51	9	vermeule	vermeule	PROPN
spir-13049	51	10	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	11	a.	a.	NOUN
spir-13049	51	12	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	13	2009	2009	NUM
spir-13049	51	14	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	51	15	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	52	1	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	52	2	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	52	3	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	52	4	causes	cause	NOUN
spir-13049	52	5	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	52	6	cures	cure	NOUN
spir-13049	52	7	journal	journal	PROPN
spir-13049	52	8	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	52	9	political	political	ADJ
spir-13049	52	10	philosophy	philosophy	NOUN
spir-13049	52	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	52	12	17(2	17(2	NUM
spir-13049	52	13	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	52	14	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	52	15	202–227	202–227	NUM
spir-13049	52	16	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	1	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679760.2008.00325.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14679760.2008.00325.x	VERB
spir-13049	53	2	tuters	tuter	NOUN
spir-13049	53	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	4	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-13049	53	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	6	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	53	7	hagen	hagen	PROPN
spir-13049	53	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	9	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	53	10	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	11	2020	2020	NUM
spir-13049	53	12	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	53	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	1	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	2	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	3	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	4	they	they	PRON
spir-13049	54	5	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	6	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	54	7	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	55	1	rule	rule	NOUN
spir-13049	55	2	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	55	3	memetic	memetic	ADJ
spir-13049	55	4	antagonism	antagonism	NOUN
spir-13049	55	5	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	55	6	nebulous	nebulous	ADJ
spir-13049	55	7	othering	othering	NOUN
spir-13049	55	8	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	55	9	4chan	4chan	NUM
spir-13049	55	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	56	1	new	new	ADJ
spir-13049	56	2	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	56	3	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	56	4	society	society	NOUN
spir-13049	56	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	56	6	22(12	22(12	NUM
spir-13049	56	7	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	56	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	56	9	2218–2237	2218–2237	NUM
spir-13049	56	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	57	1	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888746	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819888746	PROPN
spir-13049	57	2	van	van	PROPN
spir-13049	57	3	dijck	dijck	NOUN
spir-13049	57	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	57	5	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	57	6	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	57	7	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	57	8	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	57	9	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	58	1	seeing	see	VERB
spir-13049	58	2	the	the	DET
spir-13049	58	3	forest	forest	NOUN
spir-13049	58	4	for	for	ADP
spir-13049	58	5	the	the	DET
spir-13049	58	6	trees	tree	NOUN
spir-13049	58	7	:	:	PUNCT
spir-13049	58	8	visualizing	visualize	VERB
spir-13049	58	9	platformization	platformization	NOUN
spir-13049	58	10	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	58	11	its	its	PRON
spir-13049	58	12	governance	governance	NOUN
spir-13049	58	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	59	1	new	new	ADJ
spir-13049	59	2	media	medium	NOUN
spir-13049	59	3	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	59	4	society	society	NOUN
spir-13049	59	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	59	6	23(9	23(9	NUM
spir-13049	59	7	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	59	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	59	9	2801–2819	2801–2819	NUM
spir-13049	59	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	1	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293	https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293	X
spir-13049	60	2	vosoughi	vosoughi	PROPN
spir-13049	60	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	4	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	60	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	6	roy	roy	PROPN
spir-13049	60	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	8	d.	d.	PROPN
spir-13049	60	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	10	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	60	11	aral	aral	PROPN
spir-13049	60	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	13	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	60	14	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	15	2018	2018	NUM
spir-13049	60	16	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	60	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	61	1	the	the	DET
spir-13049	61	2	spread	spread	NOUN
spir-13049	61	3	of	of	ADP
spir-13049	61	4	true	true	ADJ
spir-13049	61	5	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	61	6	false	false	ADJ
spir-13049	61	7	news	news	NOUN
spir-13049	61	8	online	online	NOUN
spir-13049	61	9	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	62	1	science	science	NOUN
spir-13049	62	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	62	3	359(6380	359(6380	NUM
spir-13049	62	4	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	62	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	62	6	1146–1151	1146–1151	NUM
spir-13049	62	7	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	1	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559	PROPN
spir-13049	63	2	zeng	zeng	PROPN
spir-13049	63	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	4	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-13049	63	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	6	&	&	CCONJ
spir-13049	63	7	schäfer	schäfer	NOUN
spir-13049	63	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	9	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-13049	63	10	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-13049	63	11	(	(	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	12	2021	2021	NUM
spir-13049	63	13	)	)	PUNCT
spir-13049	63	14	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	64	1	conceptualizing	conceptualize	VERB
spir-13049	64	2	“	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	64	3	dark	dark	ADJ
spir-13049	64	4	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-13049	64	5	”	"	PUNCT
spir-13049	64	6	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	65	1	covid-19	covid-19	PROPN
spir-13049	65	2	-	-	PUNCT
spir-13049	65	3	related	relate	VERB
spir-13049	65	4	conspiracy	conspiracy	NOUN
spir-13049	65	5	theories	theory	NOUN
spir-13049	65	6	on	on	ADP
spir-13049	65	7	8kun	8kun	PROPN
spir-13049	65	8	and	and	CCONJ
spir-13049	65	9	gab	gab	NOUN
spir-13049	65	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	66	1	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-13049	66	2	journalism	journalism	NOUN
spir-13049	66	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-13049	66	4	1–23	1–23	PROPN
spir-13049	66	5	.	.	PUNCT
spir-13049	66	6	https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165	https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165	PUNCT