id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
spir-8732	1	1	selected	select	VERB
spir-8732	1	2	papers	paper	NOUN
spir-8732	1	3	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	1	4	internet	internet	NOUN
spir-8732	1	5	research	research	NOUN
spir-8732	1	6	14.0	14.0	NUM
spir-8732	1	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	8	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	1	9	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	10	denver	denver	PROPN
spir-8732	1	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	12	usa	usa	PROPN
spir-8732	1	13	1	1	NUM
spir-8732	1	14	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	1	15	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	1	16	the	the	DET
spir-8732	1	17	open	open	ADJ
spir-8732	1	18	web	web	NOUN
spir-8732	1	19	alexander	alexander	PROPN
spir-8732	1	20	halavais	halavais	PROPN
spir-8732	1	21	arizona	arizona	PROPN
spir-8732	1	22	state	state	PROPN
spir-8732	1	23	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	1	24	phoenix	phoenix	PROPN
spir-8732	1	25	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	26	arizona	arizona	PROPN
spir-8732	1	27	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	28	united	united	PROPN
spir-8732	1	29	states	states	PROPN
spir-8732	1	30	alexander.halavais@asu.edu	alexander.halavais@asu.edu	PROPN
spir-8732	1	31	abstract	abstract	ADJ
spir-8732	1	32	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	1	33	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	34	alternative	alternative	ADJ
spir-8732	1	35	credentials	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	1	36	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	1	37	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	1	38	both	both	ADV
spir-8732	1	39	highly	highly	ADV
spir-8732	1	40	granular	granular	ADJ
spir-8732	1	41	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	1	42	easily	easily	ADV
spir-8732	1	43	shared	share	VERB
spir-8732	1	44	online	online	ADV
spir-8732	1	45	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	46	should	should	AUX
spir-8732	1	47	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	1	48	collected	collect	VERB
spir-8732	1	49	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	1	50	observed	observe	VERB
spir-8732	1	51	online	online	ADV
spir-8732	1	52	to	to	PART
spir-8732	1	53	see	see	VERB
spir-8732	1	54	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	1	55	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	1	56	tell	tell	VERB
spir-8732	1	57	us	we	PRON
spir-8732	1	58	about	about	ADP
spir-8732	1	59	credibility	credibility	NOUN
spir-8732	1	60	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	61	experience	experience	NOUN
spir-8732	1	62	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	1	63	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	1	64	social	social	ADJ
spir-8732	1	65	boundaries	boundary	NOUN
spir-8732	1	66	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	1	keywords	keyword	VERB
spir-8732	2	2	identity	identity	NOUN
spir-8732	2	3	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	4	reputation	reputation	NOUN
spir-8732	2	5	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	6	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	2	7	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	8	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	2	9	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	10	learning	learn	VERB
spir-8732	2	11	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	12	recruiting	recruit	VERB
spir-8732	2	13	beyond	beyond	ADP
spir-8732	2	14	canine	canine	NOUN
spir-8732	2	15	online	online	ADJ
spir-8732	2	16	identity	identity	NOUN
spir-8732	2	17	the	the	DET
spir-8732	2	18	online	online	ADJ
spir-8732	2	19	world	world	NOUN
spir-8732	2	20	provides	provide	VERB
spir-8732	2	21	a	a	DET
spir-8732	2	22	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	2	23	context	context	NOUN
spir-8732	2	24	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	2	25	the	the	DET
spir-8732	2	26	presentation	presentation	NOUN
spir-8732	2	27	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	2	28	self	self	NOUN
spir-8732	2	29	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	2	30	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	2	31	a	a	DET
spir-8732	2	32	number	number	NOUN
spir-8732	2	33	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	2	34	technologies	technology	NOUN
spir-8732	2	35	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	2	36	the	the	DET
spir-8732	2	37	social	social	ADJ
spir-8732	2	38	web	web	NOUN
spir-8732	2	39	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	2	40	built	build	VERB
spir-8732	2	41	around	around	ADP
spir-8732	2	42	the	the	DET
spir-8732	2	43	process	process	NOUN
spir-8732	2	44	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	2	45	introducing	introduce	VERB
spir-8732	2	46	oneself	oneself	PRON
spir-8732	2	47	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	2	48	others	other	NOUN
spir-8732	2	49	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	1	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	3	2	fact	fact	NOUN
spir-8732	3	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	4	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	5	history	history	NOUN
spir-8732	3	6	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	3	7	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	8	social	social	ADJ
spir-8732	3	9	web	web	NOUN
spir-8732	3	10	might	might	AUX
spir-8732	3	11	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	3	12	summarized	summarize	VERB
spir-8732	3	13	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	3	14	a	a	DET
spir-8732	3	15	progression	progression	NOUN
spir-8732	3	16	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	3	17	systems	system	NOUN
spir-8732	3	18	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	3	19	self	self	NOUN
spir-8732	3	20	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	21	presentation	presentation	NOUN
spir-8732	3	22	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	23	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	24	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	25	home	home	NOUN
spir-8732	3	26	page	page	NOUN
spir-8732	3	27	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	28	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	29	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	30	myspace	myspace	PROPN
spir-8732	3	31	page	page	NOUN
spir-8732	3	32	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	33	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	34	second	second	ADJ
spir-8732	3	35	life	life	NOUN
spir-8732	3	36	avatar	avatar	NOUN
spir-8732	3	37	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	38	the	the	DET
spir-8732	3	39	twitter	twitter	NOUN
spir-8732	3	40	blurb	blurb	NOUN
spir-8732	3	41	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	42	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	3	43	many	many	ADJ
spir-8732	3	44	stops	stop	NOUN
spir-8732	3	45	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	3	46	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	3	47	between	between	NOUN
spir-8732	3	48	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	1	these	these	DET
spir-8732	4	2	indications	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	4	3	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	4	4	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	4	5	tacit	tacit	ADJ
spir-8732	4	6	—	—	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	7	a	a	DET
spir-8732	4	8	head	head	NOUN
spir-8732	4	9	shot	shot	NOUN
spir-8732	4	10	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	4	11	friends	friend	NOUN
spir-8732	4	12	list	list	NOUN
spir-8732	4	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	14	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	4	15	example	example	NOUN
spir-8732	4	16	—	—	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	17	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	4	18	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	4	19	rarely	rarely	ADV
spir-8732	4	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	21	explicit	explicit	ADJ
spir-8732	4	22	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	4	23	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	4	24	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	4	25	the	the	DET
spir-8732	4	26	case	case	NOUN
spir-8732	4	27	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	4	28	klout	klout	NOUN
spir-8732	4	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	5	1	particularly	particularly	ADV
spir-8732	5	2	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	5	3	those	those	PRON
spir-8732	5	4	seeking	seek	VERB
spir-8732	5	5	employment	employment	NOUN
spir-8732	5	6	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	5	7	admission	admission	NOUN
spir-8732	5	8	into	into	ADP
spir-8732	5	9	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	5	10	formal	formal	ADJ
spir-8732	5	11	organizations	organization	NOUN
spir-8732	5	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	5	13	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	5	14	is	be	VERB
spir-8732	5	15	a	a	DET
spir-8732	5	16	need	need	NOUN
spir-8732	5	17	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	5	18	certifications	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	5	19	not	not	PART
spir-8732	5	20	just	just	ADV
spir-8732	5	21	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	5	22	identity	identity	NOUN
spir-8732	5	23	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	5	24	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	5	25	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	5	26	expertise	expertise	NOUN
spir-8732	5	27	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	5	28	achievement	achievement	NOUN
spir-8732	5	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	6	1	the	the	DET
spir-8732	6	2	classic	classic	ADJ
spir-8732	6	3	example	example	NOUN
spir-8732	6	4	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	6	5	this	this	PRON
spir-8732	6	6	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	6	7	the	the	DET
spir-8732	6	8	university	university	NOUN
spir-8732	6	9	diploma	diploma	NOUN
spir-8732	6	10	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	6	11	transcript	transcript	NOUN
spir-8732	6	12	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	7	1	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	7	2	while	while	SCONJ
spir-8732	7	3	other	other	ADJ
spir-8732	7	4	markers	marker	NOUN
spir-8732	7	5	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	7	6	ability	ability	NOUN
spir-8732	7	7	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	7	8	identity	identity	NOUN
spir-8732	7	9	move	move	NOUN
spir-8732	7	10	easily	easily	ADV
spir-8732	7	11	through	through	ADP
spir-8732	7	12	the	the	DET
spir-8732	7	13	social	social	ADJ
spir-8732	7	14	web	web	NOUN
spir-8732	7	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	7	16	the	the	DET
spir-8732	7	17	process	process	NOUN
spir-8732	7	18	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	7	19	obtaining	obtain	VERB
spir-8732	7	20	proof	proof	NOUN
spir-8732	7	21	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	7	22	completing	complete	VERB
spir-8732	7	23	a	a	DET
spir-8732	7	24	university	university	NOUN
spir-8732	7	25	degree	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	7	26	usually	usually	ADV
spir-8732	7	27	involves	involve	VERB
spir-8732	7	28	a	a	DET
spir-8732	7	29	mailed	mail	VERB
spir-8732	7	30	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	7	31	signed	sign	VERB
spir-8732	7	32	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	7	33	physical	physical	ADJ
spir-8732	7	34	document	document	NOUN
spir-8732	7	35	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	8	1	understanding	understand	VERB
spir-8732	8	2	the	the	DET
spir-8732	8	3	shift	shift	NOUN
spir-8732	8	4	from	from	ADP
spir-8732	8	5	implicit	implicit	ADJ
spir-8732	8	6	trust	trust	NOUN
spir-8732	8	7	online	online	ADV
spir-8732	8	8	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	8	9	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	8	10	explicit	explicit	ADJ
spir-8732	8	11	markers	marker	NOUN
spir-8732	8	12	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	8	13	trust	trust	NOUN
spir-8732	8	14	requires	require	VERB
spir-8732	8	15	a	a	DET
spir-8732	8	16	mechanism	mechanism	NOUN
spir-8732	8	17	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	8	18	monitoring	monitor	VERB
spir-8732	8	19	the	the	DET
spir-8732	8	20	growth	growth	NOUN
spir-8732	8	21	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	8	22	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	8	23	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	8	24	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	8	25	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	9	1	elements	element	NOUN
spir-8732	9	2	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	9	3	a	a	DET
spir-8732	9	4	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	9	5	the	the	DET
spir-8732	9	6	term	term	NOUN
spir-8732	9	7	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	9	8	microcredential	microcredential	ADJ
spir-8732	9	9	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	9	10	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	9	11	relatively	relatively	ADV
spir-8732	9	12	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	9	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	9	14	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	9	15	has	have	AUX
spir-8732	9	16	been	be	AUX
spir-8732	9	17	mentioned	mention	VERB
spir-8732	9	18	mainly	mainly	ADV
spir-8732	9	19	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	9	20	passing	pass	VERB
spir-8732	9	21	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	9	22	the	the	DET
spir-8732	9	23	literature	literature	NOUN
spir-8732	9	24	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	10	1	khan	khan	PROPN
spir-8732	10	2	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	10	3	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	10	4	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	10	5	provides	provide	VERB
spir-8732	10	6	an	an	DET
spir-8732	10	7	indication	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	10	8	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	10	9	how	how	SCONJ
spir-8732	10	10	the	the	DET
spir-8732	10	11	microcredential	microcredential	ADJ
spir-8732	10	12	might	might	AUX
spir-8732	10	13	work	work	VERB
spir-8732	10	14	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	10	15	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	10	16	an	an	DET
spir-8732	10	17	indication	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	10	18	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	10	19	expertise	expertise	NOUN
spir-8732	10	20	within	within	ADP
spir-8732	10	21	a	a	DET
spir-8732	10	22	narrow	narrow	ADJ
spir-8732	10	23	area	area	NOUN
spir-8732	10	24	most	most	ADV
spir-8732	10	25	closely	closely	ADV
spir-8732	10	26	related	relate	VERB
spir-8732	10	27	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	10	28	a	a	DET
spir-8732	10	29	single	single	ADJ
spir-8732	10	30	course	course	NOUN
spir-8732	10	31	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	10	32	rather	rather	ADV
spir-8732	10	33	than	than	ADP
spir-8732	10	34	a	a	DET
spir-8732	10	35	full	full	ADJ
spir-8732	10	36	curriculum	curriculum	NOUN
spir-8732	10	37	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	1	others	other	NOUN
spir-8732	11	2	see	see	VERB
spir-8732	11	3	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	11	4	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	11	5	a	a	DET
spir-8732	11	6	way	way	NOUN
spir-8732	11	7	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	11	8	indicating	indicate	VERB
spir-8732	11	9	professional	professional	ADJ
spir-8732	11	10	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	11	11	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	11	12	licensure	licensure	NOUN
spir-8732	11	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	14	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	11	15	a	a	DET
spir-8732	11	16	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	11	17	formal	formal	ADJ
spir-8732	11	18	version	version	NOUN
spir-8732	11	19	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	11	20	the	the	DET
spir-8732	11	21	less	less	ADV
spir-8732	11	22	formal	formal	ADJ
spir-8732	11	23	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	24	badge	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	11	25	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	26	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	27	crotty	crotty	PROPN
spir-8732	11	28	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	29	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	11	30	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	11	31	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	1	olneck	olneck	NOUN
spir-8732	12	2	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	3	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	12	4	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	5	suggests	suggest	VERB
spir-8732	12	6	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	12	7	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	12	8	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	12	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	10	less	less	ADV
spir-8732	12	11	restrictive	restrictive	ADJ
spir-8732	12	12	forms	form	NOUN
spir-8732	12	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	12	14	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	12	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	16	we	we	PRON
spir-8732	12	17	might	might	AUX
spir-8732	12	18	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	12	19	seeing	see	VERB
spir-8732	12	20	the	the	DET
spir-8732	12	21	first	first	ADJ
spir-8732	12	22	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	23	insurgent	insurgent	NOUN
spir-8732	12	24	credentials	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	12	25	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	26	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	12	27	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	12	28	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	12	29	capable	capable	ADJ
spir-8732	12	30	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	12	31	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	12	32	some	some	DET
spir-8732	12	33	sense	sense	NOUN
spir-8732	12	34	breaking	break	VERB
spir-8732	12	35	the	the	DET
spir-8732	12	36	traditional	traditional	ADJ
spir-8732	12	37	institutional	institutional	ADJ
spir-8732	12	38	hold	hold	NOUN
spir-8732	12	39	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	12	40	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
spir-8732	12	41	production	production	NOUN
spir-8732	12	42	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	12	43	recognition	recognition	NOUN
spir-8732	12	44	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	13	1	to	to	PART
spir-8732	13	2	reach	reach	VERB
spir-8732	13	3	a	a	DET
spir-8732	13	4	better	well	ADJ
spir-8732	13	5	understanding	understanding	NOUN
spir-8732	13	6	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	13	7	the	the	DET
spir-8732	13	8	term	term	NOUN
spir-8732	13	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	13	10	we	we	PRON
spir-8732	13	11	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	13	12	examine	examine	VERB
spir-8732	13	13	its	its	PRON
spir-8732	13	14	constituent	constituent	NOUN
spir-8732	13	15	pieces	piece	NOUN
spir-8732	13	16	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	13	17	beginning	begin	VERB
spir-8732	13	18	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	13	19	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	13	20	constitutes	constitute	VERB
spir-8732	13	21	a	a	DET
spir-8732	13	22	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	13	23	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	13	24	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	13	25	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	1	elkordy	elkordy	ADJ
spir-8732	14	2	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	3	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	14	4	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	5	suggests	suggest	VERB
spir-8732	14	6	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	14	7	at	at	ADP
spir-8732	14	8	its	its	PRON
spir-8732	14	9	most	most	ADV
spir-8732	14	10	basic	basic	ADJ
spir-8732	14	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	12	a	a	DET
spir-8732	14	13	microcredential	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	14	14	provides	provide	VERB
spir-8732	14	15	an	an	DET
spir-8732	14	16	indication	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	14	17	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	14	18	someone	someone	PRON
spir-8732	14	19	has	have	AUX
spir-8732	14	20	met	meet	VERB
spir-8732	14	21	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	22	established	establish	VERB
spir-8732	14	23	performance	performance	NOUN
spir-8732	14	24	criteria	criterion	NOUN
spir-8732	14	25	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	14	26	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	15	1	these	these	DET
spir-8732	15	2	criteria	criterion	NOUN
spir-8732	15	3	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	15	4	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	15	5	as	as	ADV
spir-8732	15	6	simple	simple	ADJ
spir-8732	15	7	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	15	8	showing	show	VERB
spir-8732	15	9	up	up	ADP
spir-8732	15	10	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	15	11	a	a	DET
spir-8732	15	12	meeting	meeting	NOUN
spir-8732	15	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	15	14	a	a	DET
spir-8732	15	15	local	local	ADJ
spir-8732	15	16	knitting	knitting	NOUN
spir-8732	15	17	circle	circle	NOUN
spir-8732	15	18	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	15	19	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	15	20	voicing	voice	VERB
spir-8732	15	21	your	your	PRON
spir-8732	15	22	undying	undying	ADJ
spir-8732	15	23	love	love	NOUN
spir-8732	15	24	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	15	25	a	a	DET
spir-8732	15	26	particular	particular	ADJ
spir-8732	15	27	fictional	fictional	ADJ
spir-8732	15	28	vampire	vampire	NOUN
spir-8732	15	29	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	15	30	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	15	31	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	15	32	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	15	33	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	15	34	as	as	ADV
spir-8732	15	35	involved	involve	VERB
spir-8732	15	36	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	15	37	demonstrating	demonstrate	VERB
spir-8732	15	38	the	the	DET
spir-8732	15	39	requisite	requisite	ADJ
spir-8732	15	40	training	training	NOUN
spir-8732	15	41	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	15	42	experience	experience	NOUN
spir-8732	15	43	to	to	PART
spir-8732	15	44	effectively	effectively	ADV
spir-8732	15	45	perform	perform	VERB
spir-8732	15	46	brain	brain	NOUN
spir-8732	15	47	surgery	surgery	NOUN
spir-8732	15	48	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	16	1	a	a	DET
spir-8732	16	2	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	16	3	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
spir-8732	16	4	the	the	DET
spir-8732	16	5	performance	performance	NOUN
spir-8732	16	6	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	16	7	some	some	DET
spir-8732	16	8	normalized	normalize	VERB
spir-8732	16	9	task	task	NOUN
spir-8732	16	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	1	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	17	2	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	17	3	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	17	4	questions	question	NOUN
spir-8732	17	5	about	about	ADP
spir-8732	17	6	whether	whether	SCONJ
spir-8732	17	7	those	those	DET
spir-8732	17	8	criteria	criterion	NOUN
spir-8732	17	9	represent	represent	VERB
spir-8732	17	10	a	a	DET
spir-8732	17	11	good	good	ADJ
spir-8732	17	12	demonstration	demonstration	NOUN
spir-8732	17	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	17	14	the	the	DET
spir-8732	17	15	stated	state	VERB
spir-8732	17	16	certificate	certificate	NOUN
spir-8732	17	17	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	18	consider	consider	VERB
spir-8732	17	19	the	the	DET
spir-8732	17	20	controversy	controversy	NOUN
spir-8732	17	21	over	over	ADP
spir-8732	17	22	conditions	condition	NOUN
spir-8732	17	23	under	under	ADP
spir-8732	17	24	which	which	PRON
spir-8732	17	25	the	the	DET
spir-8732	17	26	purple	purple	ADJ
spir-8732	17	27	heart	heart	NOUN
spir-8732	17	28	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	17	29	awarded	award	VERB
spir-8732	17	30	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	17	31	members	member	NOUN
spir-8732	17	32	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	17	33	the	the	DET
spir-8732	17	34	us	us	PROPN
spir-8732	17	35	military	military	NOUN
spir-8732	17	36	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	37	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	38	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	17	39	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	17	40	is	be	VERB
spir-8732	17	41	some	some	DET
spir-8732	17	42	understanding	understanding	NOUN
spir-8732	17	43	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	17	44	the	the	DET
spir-8732	17	45	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	17	46	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	17	47	consistent	consistent	ADJ
spir-8732	17	48	across	across	ADP
spir-8732	17	49	earners	earner	NOUN
spir-8732	17	50	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	51	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	17	52	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	17	53	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	17	54	represents	represent	VERB
spir-8732	17	55	selected	select	VERB
spir-8732	17	56	papers	paper	NOUN
spir-8732	17	57	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	17	58	internet	internet	NOUN
spir-8732	17	59	research	research	NOUN
spir-8732	17	60	14.0	14.0	NUM
spir-8732	17	61	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	62	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	17	63	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	64	denver	denver	PROPN
spir-8732	17	65	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	17	66	usa	usa	PROPN
spir-8732	17	67	2	2	NUM
spir-8732	17	68	a	a	DET
spir-8732	17	69	certain	certain	ADJ
spir-8732	17	70	standard	standard	NOUN
spir-8732	17	71	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	18	1	every	every	DET
spir-8732	18	2	graduate	graduate	NOUN
spir-8732	18	3	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	18	4	stanford	stanford	PROPN
spir-8732	18	5	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	18	6	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	18	7	not	not	PART
spir-8732	18	8	have	have	VERB
spir-8732	18	9	identical	identical	ADJ
spir-8732	18	10	skills	skill	NOUN
spir-8732	18	11	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	18	12	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
spir-8732	18	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	18	14	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	18	15	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	18	16	have	have	AUX
spir-8732	18	17	managed	manage	VERB
spir-8732	18	18	to	to	PART
spir-8732	18	19	pass	pass	VERB
spir-8732	18	20	through	through	ADP
spir-8732	18	21	a	a	DET
spir-8732	18	22	set	set	NOUN
spir-8732	18	23	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	18	24	filters	filter	NOUN
spir-8732	18	25	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	18	26	determine	determine	VERB
spir-8732	18	27	their	their	PRON
spir-8732	18	28	ability	ability	NOUN
spir-8732	18	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	19	1	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	19	2	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	19	3	also	also	ADV
spir-8732	19	4	inherently	inherently	ADV
spir-8732	19	5	an	an	DET
spir-8732	19	6	assignment	assignment	NOUN
spir-8732	19	7	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	19	8	credibility	credibility	NOUN
spir-8732	19	9	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	20	1	when	when	SCONJ
spir-8732	20	2	stanford	stanford	PROPN
spir-8732	20	3	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	20	4	endorses	endorse	VERB
spir-8732	20	5	your	your	PRON
spir-8732	20	6	abilities	ability	NOUN
spir-8732	20	7	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	20	8	granting	grant	VERB
spir-8732	20	9	a	a	DET
spir-8732	20	10	degree	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	20	11	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	20	12	diploma	diploma	NOUN
spir-8732	20	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	20	14	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	20	15	suggests	suggest	VERB
spir-8732	20	16	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	20	17	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	20	18	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	20	19	something	something	PRON
spir-8732	20	20	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	20	21	an	an	DET
spir-8732	20	22	authority	authority	NOUN
spir-8732	20	23	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	20	24	the	the	DET
spir-8732	20	25	area	area	NOUN
spir-8732	20	26	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	20	27	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	20	28	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	20	29	their	their	PRON
spir-8732	20	30	rubric	rubric	NOUN
spir-8732	20	31	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	20	32	granting	grant	VERB
spir-8732	20	33	degrees	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	20	34	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	20	35	held	hold	VERB
spir-8732	20	36	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	20	37	some	some	DET
spir-8732	20	38	esteem	esteem	NOUN
spir-8732	20	39	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	21	1	traditionally	traditionally	ADV
spir-8732	21	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	21	3	this	this	DET
spir-8732	21	4	authority	authority	NOUN
spir-8732	21	5	has	have	AUX
spir-8732	21	6	been	be	AUX
spir-8732	21	7	via	via	ADP
spir-8732	21	8	institutional	institutional	ADJ
spir-8732	21	9	credibility	credibility	NOUN
spir-8732	21	10	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	21	11	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	21	12	although	although	SCONJ
spir-8732	21	13	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	21	14	is	be	VERB
spir-8732	21	15	mixed	mixed	ADJ
spir-8732	21	16	evidence	evidence	NOUN
spir-8732	21	17	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	21	18	certified	certify	VERB
spir-8732	21	19	doctors	doctor	NOUN
spir-8732	21	20	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	21	21	teachers	teacher	NOUN
spir-8732	21	22	tend	tend	VERB
spir-8732	21	23	to	to	PART
spir-8732	21	24	perform	perform	VERB
spir-8732	21	25	better	well	ADV
spir-8732	21	26	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	21	27	their	their	PRON
spir-8732	21	28	work	work	NOUN
spir-8732	21	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	22	1	just	just	ADV
spir-8732	22	2	as	as	SCONJ
spir-8732	22	3	other	other	ADJ
spir-8732	22	4	processes	process	NOUN
spir-8732	22	5	have	have	AUX
spir-8732	22	6	been	be	AUX
spir-8732	22	7	crowdsourced	crowdsource	VERB
spir-8732	22	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	22	9	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	22	10	are	be	VERB
spir-8732	22	11	some	some	DET
spir-8732	22	12	experiments	experiment	NOUN
spir-8732	22	13	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	22	14	creating	create	VERB
spir-8732	22	15	processes	process	NOUN
spir-8732	22	16	based	base	VERB
spir-8732	22	17	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	22	18	peeror	peeror	NOUN
spir-8732	22	19	community	community	NOUN
spir-8732	22	20	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	22	21	endorsement	endorsement	NOUN
spir-8732	22	22	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	23	1	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	23	2	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	23	3	a	a	DET
spir-8732	23	4	microformat	microformat	NOUN
spir-8732	23	5	the	the	DET
spir-8732	23	6	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	23	7	micro	micro	NOUN
spir-8732	23	8	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	23	9	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	23	10	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	23	11	attempts	attempt	VERB
spir-8732	23	12	to	to	PART
spir-8732	23	13	address	address	VERB
spir-8732	23	14	the	the	DET
spir-8732	23	15	issues	issue	NOUN
spir-8732	23	16	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	23	17	traditional	traditional	ADJ
spir-8732	23	18	credentials	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	23	19	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	23	20	two	two	NUM
spir-8732	23	21	ways	way	NOUN
spir-8732	23	22	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	24	1	first	first	ADV
spir-8732	24	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	24	3	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	24	4	providing	provide	VERB
spir-8732	24	5	a	a	DET
spir-8732	24	6	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	24	7	granular	granular	ADJ
spir-8732	24	8	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	24	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	24	10	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	24	11	clearly	clearly	ADV
spir-8732	24	12	indicating	indicate	VERB
spir-8732	24	13	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	24	14	the	the	DET
spir-8732	24	15	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	24	16	indicates	indicate	VERB
spir-8732	24	17	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	1	second	second	ADV
spir-8732	25	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	3	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	25	4	placing	place	VERB
spir-8732	25	5	the	the	DET
spir-8732	25	6	credential	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	25	7	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	25	8	a	a	DET
spir-8732	25	9	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-8732	25	10	microformat	microformat	NOUN
spir-8732	25	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	12	making	make	VERB
spir-8732	25	13	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	25	14	potentially	potentially	ADV
spir-8732	25	15	much	much	ADV
spir-8732	25	16	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	25	17	easily	easily	ADV
spir-8732	25	18	shared	share	VERB
spir-8732	25	19	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	20	compared	compare	VERB
spir-8732	25	21	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	22	aggregated	aggregate	VERB
spir-8732	25	23	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	25	24	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	25	25	investigated	investigate	VERB
spir-8732	25	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	26	1	at	at	ADP
spir-8732	26	2	present	present	ADJ
spir-8732	26	3	a	a	DET
spir-8732	26	4	university	university	NOUN
spir-8732	26	5	degree	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	26	6	conflates	conflate	VERB
spir-8732	26	7	at	at	ADP
spir-8732	26	8	a	a	DET
spir-8732	26	9	range	range	NOUN
spir-8732	26	10	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	26	11	potential	potential	ADJ
spir-8732	26	12	skills	skill	NOUN
spir-8732	26	13	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	26	14	abilities	ability	NOUN
spir-8732	26	15	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	27	1	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	27	2	’s	’	VERB
spir-8732	27	3	difficult	difficult	ADJ
spir-8732	27	4	—	—	PUNCT
spir-8732	27	5	aside	aside	ADV
spir-8732	27	6	from	from	ADP
spir-8732	27	7	an	an	DET
spir-8732	27	8	indication	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	27	9	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	27	10	usually	usually	ADV
spir-8732	27	11	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	27	12	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	27	13	a	a	DET
spir-8732	27	14	certain	certain	ADJ
spir-8732	27	15	number	number	NOUN
spir-8732	27	16	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	27	17	hours	hour	NOUN
spir-8732	27	18	have	have	AUX
spir-8732	27	19	been	be	AUX
spir-8732	27	20	spent	spend	VERB
spir-8732	27	21	attending	attend	VERB
spir-8732	27	22	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	27	23	studies	study	NOUN
spir-8732	27	24	—	—	PUNCT
spir-8732	27	25	to	to	PART
spir-8732	27	26	know	know	VERB
spir-8732	27	27	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	27	28	graduates	graduate	NOUN
spir-8732	27	29	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	27	30	a	a	DET
spir-8732	27	31	given	give	VERB
spir-8732	27	32	university	university	NOUN
spir-8732	27	33	have	have	VERB
spir-8732	27	34	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	27	35	common	common	ADJ
spir-8732	27	36	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	28	1	as	as	SCONJ
spir-8732	28	2	noted	note	VERB
spir-8732	28	3	above	above	ADV
spir-8732	28	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	28	5	the	the	DET
spir-8732	28	6	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-8732	28	7	badge	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	28	8	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	28	9	often	often	ADV
spir-8732	28	10	proffered	proffer	VERB
spir-8732	28	11	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	28	12	a	a	DET
spir-8732	28	13	way	way	NOUN
spir-8732	28	14	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	28	15	bypassing	bypass	VERB
spir-8732	28	16	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	28	17	traditional	traditional	ADJ
spir-8732	28	18	degrees	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	28	19	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	28	20	a	a	DET
spir-8732	28	21	portable	portable	ADJ
spir-8732	28	22	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	28	23	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	28	24	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
spir-8732	28	25	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	28	26	discrete	discrete	ADJ
spir-8732	28	27	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
spir-8732	28	28	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	28	29	ability	ability	NOUN
spir-8732	28	30	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	29	1	not	not	PART
spir-8732	29	2	only	only	ADV
spir-8732	29	3	does	do	AUX
spir-8732	29	4	this	this	PRON
spir-8732	29	5	provide	provide	VERB
spir-8732	29	6	the	the	DET
spir-8732	29	7	person	person	NOUN
spir-8732	29	8	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	29	9	a	a	DET
spir-8732	29	10	higher	high	ADJ
spir-8732	29	11	fidelity	fidelity	NOUN
spir-8732	29	12	record	record	NOUN
spir-8732	29	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	29	14	their	their	PRON
spir-8732	29	15	expertise	expertise	NOUN
spir-8732	29	16	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	29	17	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	29	18	frees	free	VERB
spir-8732	29	19	them	they	PRON
spir-8732	29	20	to	to	PART
spir-8732	29	21	pursue	pursue	VERB
spir-8732	29	22	a	a	DET
spir-8732	29	23	collection	collection	NOUN
spir-8732	29	24	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	29	25	experiences	experience	NOUN
spir-8732	29	26	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	29	27	learning	learn	VERB
spir-8732	29	28	opportunities	opportunity	NOUN
spir-8732	29	29	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	29	30	has	have	AUX
spir-8732	29	31	not	not	PART
spir-8732	29	32	been	be	AUX
spir-8732	29	33	sanctioned	sanction	VERB
spir-8732	29	34	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	29	35	an	an	DET
spir-8732	29	36	existing	exist	VERB
spir-8732	29	37	institution	institution	NOUN
spir-8732	29	38	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	30	1	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	30	2	represent	represent	VERB
spir-8732	30	3	smaller	small	ADJ
spir-8732	30	4	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	30	5	chunks	chunk	NOUN
spir-8732	30	6	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	30	7	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	30	8	learning	learning	NOUN
spir-8732	30	9	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	30	10	experience	experience	NOUN
spir-8732	30	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	30	12	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	30	13	therefore	therefore	ADV
spir-8732	30	14	may	may	AUX
spir-8732	30	15	provide	provide	VERB
spir-8732	30	16	more	more	ADJ
spir-8732	30	17	clarity	clarity	NOUN
spir-8732	30	18	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	30	19	criteria	criterion	NOUN
spir-8732	30	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	30	21	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	30	22	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	30	23	easier	easy	ADJ
spir-8732	30	24	to	to	PART
spir-8732	30	25	both	both	CCONJ
spir-8732	30	26	construct	construct	VERB
spir-8732	30	27	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	30	28	to	to	PART
spir-8732	30	29	earn	earn	VERB
spir-8732	30	30	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	31	1	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	31	2	many	many	ADJ
spir-8732	31	3	cases	case	NOUN
spir-8732	31	4	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	31	5	though	though	SCONJ
spir-8732	31	6	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	31	7	are	be	VERB
spir-8732	31	8	certainly	certainly	ADV
spir-8732	31	9	exceptions	exception	NOUN
spir-8732	31	10	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	31	11	traditional	traditional	ADJ
spir-8732	31	12	certifications	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	31	13	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	31	14	licenses	license	NOUN
spir-8732	31	15	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	31	16	difficult	difficult	ADJ
spir-8732	31	17	to	to	PART
spir-8732	31	18	share	share	VERB
spir-8732	31	19	digitally	digitally	ADV
spir-8732	31	20	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	32	1	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	32	2	might	might	AUX
spir-8732	32	3	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	32	4	something	something	PRON
spir-8732	32	5	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	32	6	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	32	7	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	32	8	verified	verify	VERB
spir-8732	32	9	via	via	ADP
spir-8732	32	10	mail	mail	NOUN
spir-8732	32	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	32	12	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	32	13	posted	post	VERB
spir-8732	32	14	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	32	15	a	a	DET
spir-8732	32	16	state	state	NOUN
spir-8732	32	17	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	32	18	issued	issue	VERB
spir-8732	32	19	license	license	NOUN
spir-8732	32	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	32	21	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	32	22	it	it	PRON
spir-8732	32	23	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	32	24	often	often	ADV
spir-8732	32	25	not	not	PART
spir-8732	32	26	easy	easy	ADJ
spir-8732	32	27	to	to	PART
spir-8732	32	28	share	share	VERB
spir-8732	32	29	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	32	30	find	find	VERB
spir-8732	32	31	certifications	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	32	32	online	online	ADV
spir-8732	32	33	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	1	the	the	DET
spir-8732	33	2	second	second	ADJ
spir-8732	33	3	application	application	NOUN
spir-8732	33	4	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	33	5	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	6	micro	micro	NOUN
spir-8732	33	7	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	8	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	33	9	related	relate	VERB
spir-8732	33	10	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	33	11	a	a	DET
spir-8732	33	12	collection	collection	NOUN
spir-8732	33	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	33	14	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	15	microformats	microformat	NOUN
spir-8732	33	16	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	17	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	33	18	perhaps	perhaps	ADV
spir-8732	33	19	exemplified	exemplify	VERB
spir-8732	33	20	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	33	21	the	the	DET
spir-8732	33	22	web	web	NOUN
spir-8732	33	23	syndication	syndication	NOUN
spir-8732	33	24	standard	standard	ADJ
spir-8732	33	25	rss	rss	NOUN
spir-8732	33	26	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	34	1	right	right	ADV
spir-8732	34	2	now	now	ADV
spir-8732	34	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	34	4	there	there	PRON
spir-8732	34	5	is	be	VERB
spir-8732	34	6	little	little	ADJ
spir-8732	34	7	consistency	consistency	NOUN
spir-8732	34	8	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	34	9	the	the	DET
spir-8732	34	10	way	way	NOUN
spir-8732	34	11	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	34	12	certifications	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	34	13	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	34	14	created	create	VERB
spir-8732	34	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	34	16	shared	share	VERB
spir-8732	34	17	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	34	18	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	34	19	verified	verify	VERB
spir-8732	34	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	34	21	resulting	result	VERB
spir-8732	34	22	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	34	23	an	an	DET
spir-8732	34	24	unnecessarily	unnecessarily	ADV
spir-8732	34	25	idiosyncratic	idiosyncratic	ADJ
spir-8732	34	26	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	34	27	convoluted	convoluted	ADJ
spir-8732	34	28	process	process	NOUN
spir-8732	34	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	1	mozilla	mozilla	NOUN
spir-8732	35	2	’s	’s	PART
spir-8732	35	3	open	open	ADJ
spir-8732	35	4	badge	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	35	5	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
spir-8732	35	6	represents	represent	VERB
spir-8732	35	7	a	a	DET
spir-8732	35	8	framework	framework	NOUN
spir-8732	35	9	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	35	10	making	make	VERB
spir-8732	35	11	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	35	12	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	13	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	35	14	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	35	15	icons	icon	NOUN
spir-8732	35	16	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	17	machine	machine	NOUN
spir-8732	35	18	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	19	readable	readable	ADJ
spir-8732	35	20	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	21	portable	portable	ADJ
spir-8732	35	22	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	35	23	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	35	24	verifiable	verifiable	ADJ
spir-8732	35	25	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	35	26	distributed	distribute	VERB
spir-8732	35	27	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-8732	35	28	networks	network	NOUN
spir-8732	35	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	36	1	as	as	ADP
spir-8732	36	2	an	an	DET
spir-8732	36	3	added	add	VERB
spir-8732	36	4	benefit	benefit	NOUN
spir-8732	36	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	36	6	obi	obi	NOUN
spir-8732	36	7	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	36	8	compliant	compliant	ADJ
spir-8732	36	9	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	36	10	provide	provide	VERB
spir-8732	36	11	pointers	pointer	NOUN
spir-8732	36	12	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	36	13	the	the	DET
spir-8732	36	14	original	original	ADJ
spir-8732	36	15	work	work	NOUN
spir-8732	36	16	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	36	17	demonstrates	demonstrate	VERB
spir-8732	36	18	competence	competence	NOUN
spir-8732	36	19	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	37	1	no	no	ADV
spir-8732	37	2	longer	long	ADV
spir-8732	37	3	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	37	4	the	the	DET
spir-8732	37	5	institutional	institutional	ADJ
spir-8732	37	6	endorsement	endorsement	NOUN
spir-8732	37	7	the	the	DET
spir-8732	37	8	only	only	ADJ
spir-8732	37	9	source	source	NOUN
spir-8732	37	10	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	37	11	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	37	12	;	;	PUNCT
spir-8732	37	13	interested	interested	ADJ
spir-8732	37	14	parties	party	NOUN
spir-8732	37	15	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	37	16	assess	assess	VERB
spir-8732	37	17	the	the	DET
spir-8732	37	18	work	work	NOUN
spir-8732	37	19	directly	directly	ADV
spir-8732	37	20	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	1	the	the	DET
spir-8732	38	2	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	38	3	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	38	4	the	the	DET
spir-8732	38	5	term	term	NOUN
spir-8732	38	6	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	7	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	38	8	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	9	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	38	10	used	use	VERB
spir-8732	38	11	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	38	12	widely	widely	ADV
spir-8732	38	13	right	right	ADV
spir-8732	38	14	now	now	ADV
spir-8732	38	15	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	16	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	38	17	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	18	microcertification	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	38	19	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	20	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	38	21	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	38	22	descriptive	descriptive	ADJ
spir-8732	38	23	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	24	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	38	25	provides	provide	VERB
spir-8732	38	26	a	a	DET
spir-8732	38	27	clearer	clear	ADJ
spir-8732	38	28	break	break	NOUN
spir-8732	38	29	between	between	ADP
spir-8732	38	30	this	this	DET
spir-8732	38	31	form	form	NOUN
spir-8732	38	32	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	38	33	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	38	34	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	38	35	a	a	DET
spir-8732	38	36	long	long	ADJ
spir-8732	38	37	history	history	NOUN
spir-8732	38	38	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	38	39	“	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	40	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	38	41	”	"	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	42	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	43	halavais	halavais	PROPN
spir-8732	38	44	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	45	2011	2011	NUM
spir-8732	38	46	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	38	47	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	39	1	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	39	2	course	course	ADV
spir-8732	39	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	39	4	most	most	ADJ
spir-8732	39	5	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	39	6	will	will	AUX
spir-8732	39	7	include	include	VERB
spir-8732	39	8	an	an	DET
spir-8732	39	9	iconographic	iconographic	ADJ
spir-8732	39	10	indication	indication	NOUN
spir-8732	39	11	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	39	12	completion	completion	NOUN
spir-8732	39	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	39	14	as	as	SCONJ
spir-8732	39	15	this	this	PRON
spir-8732	39	16	represents	represent	VERB
spir-8732	39	17	an	an	DET
spir-8732	39	18	easily	easily	ADV
spir-8732	39	19	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	39	20	grokked	grokke	VERB
spir-8732	39	21	representation	representation	NOUN
spir-8732	39	22	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	39	23	the	the	DET
spir-8732	39	24	certification	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	39	25	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	40	1	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	40	2	this	this	DET
spir-8732	40	3	graphic	graphic	ADJ
spir-8732	40	4	representation	representation	NOUN
spir-8732	40	5	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	40	6	a	a	DET
spir-8732	40	7	useful	useful	ADJ
spir-8732	40	8	feature	feature	NOUN
spir-8732	40	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	40	10	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	40	11	not	not	PART
spir-8732	40	12	a	a	DET
spir-8732	40	13	core	core	NOUN
spir-8732	40	14	element	element	NOUN
spir-8732	40	15	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	40	16	the	the	DET
spir-8732	40	17	microcertification	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	40	18	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	41	1	detecting	detect	VERB
spir-8732	41	2	public	public	ADJ
spir-8732	41	3	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	41	4	contexts	context	NOUN
spir-8732	41	5	although	although	SCONJ
spir-8732	41	6	most	most	ADJ
spir-8732	41	7	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	41	8	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	41	9	likely	likely	ADJ
spir-8732	41	10	to	to	PART
spir-8732	41	11	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	41	12	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	41	13	granular	granular	ADJ
spir-8732	41	14	than	than	ADP
spir-8732	41	15	the	the	DET
spir-8732	41	16	traditional	traditional	ADJ
spir-8732	41	17	university	university	NOUN
spir-8732	41	18	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	41	19	high	high	ADJ
spir-8732	41	20	school	school	NOUN
spir-8732	41	21	degree	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	41	22	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	41	23	the	the	DET
spir-8732	41	24	more	more	ADV
spir-8732	41	25	important	important	ADJ
spir-8732	41	26	element	element	NOUN
spir-8732	41	27	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	41	28	identifying	identify	VERB
spir-8732	41	29	the	the	DET
spir-8732	41	30	microcertification	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	41	31	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	41	32	the	the	DET
spir-8732	41	33	ease	ease	NOUN
spir-8732	41	34	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	41	35	sharing	sharing	NOUN
spir-8732	41	36	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	41	37	verifying	verifying	NOUN
spir-8732	41	38	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	42	1	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	42	2	definition	definition	NOUN
spir-8732	42	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	42	4	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	42	5	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	42	6	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	42	7	compliant	compliant	ADJ
spir-8732	42	8	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	42	9	the	the	DET
spir-8732	42	10	obi	obi	PROPN
spir-8732	42	11	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	42	12	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	42	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	1	other	other	ADJ
spir-8732	43	2	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-8732	43	3	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	43	4	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	5	including	include	VERB
spir-8732	43	6	those	those	PRON
spir-8732	43	7	offered	offer	VERB
spir-8732	43	8	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	43	9	foursquare	foursquare	NOUN
spir-8732	43	10	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	11	fitbit	fitbit	NOUN
spir-8732	43	12	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	13	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	43	14	others	other	NOUN
spir-8732	43	15	also	also	ADV
spir-8732	43	16	meet	meet	VERB
spir-8732	43	17	this	this	DET
spir-8732	43	18	definition	definition	NOUN
spir-8732	43	19	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	20	as	as	SCONJ
spir-8732	43	21	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	43	22	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	43	23	easily	easily	ADV
spir-8732	43	24	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	43	25	shared	share	VERB
spir-8732	43	26	outside	outside	ADP
spir-8732	43	27	the	the	DET
spir-8732	43	28	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-8732	43	29	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	43	30	which	which	PRON
spir-8732	43	31	they	they	PRON
spir-8732	43	32	were	be	AUX
spir-8732	43	33	earned	earn	VERB
spir-8732	43	34	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	43	35	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	43	36	link	link	VERB
spir-8732	43	37	back	back	ADV
spir-8732	43	38	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	43	39	those	those	DET
spir-8732	43	40	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-8732	43	41	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	43	42	verification	verification	NOUN
spir-8732	43	43	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	1	selected	select	VERB
spir-8732	44	2	papers	paper	NOUN
spir-8732	44	3	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	44	4	internet	internet	NOUN
spir-8732	44	5	research	research	NOUN
spir-8732	44	6	14.0	14.0	NUM
spir-8732	44	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	8	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	44	9	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	10	denver	denver	PROPN
spir-8732	44	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	12	usa	usa	PROPN
spir-8732	44	13	3	3	NUM
spir-8732	44	14	given	give	VERB
spir-8732	44	15	that	that	SCONJ
spir-8732	44	16	the	the	DET
spir-8732	44	17	presence	presence	NOUN
spir-8732	44	18	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	44	19	these	these	DET
spir-8732	44	20	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	44	21	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	44	22	social	social	ADJ
spir-8732	44	23	networking	networking	NOUN
spir-8732	44	24	platforms	platform	NOUN
spir-8732	44	25	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	26	one	one	NUM
spir-8732	44	27	way	way	NOUN
spir-8732	44	28	to	to	PART
spir-8732	44	29	develop	develop	VERB
spir-8732	44	30	a	a	DET
spir-8732	44	31	taxonomy	taxonomy	NOUN
spir-8732	44	32	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	44	33	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	44	34	currently	currently	ADV
spir-8732	44	35	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	44	36	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	44	37	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	44	38	to	to	PART
spir-8732	44	39	scan	scan	VERB
spir-8732	44	40	major	major	ADJ
spir-8732	44	41	spaces	space	NOUN
spir-8732	44	42	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	44	43	sharing	sharing	NOUN
spir-8732	44	44	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	44	45	looking	look	VERB
spir-8732	44	46	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	44	47	public	public	ADJ
spir-8732	44	48	presentation	presentation	NOUN
spir-8732	44	49	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	44	50	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	44	51	that	that	PRON
spir-8732	44	52	meet	meet	VERB
spir-8732	44	53	the	the	DET
spir-8732	44	54	above	above	ADJ
spir-8732	44	55	criteria	criterion	NOUN
spir-8732	44	56	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	45	1	at	at	ADP
spir-8732	45	2	present	present	ADJ
spir-8732	45	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	45	4	the	the	DET
spir-8732	45	5	number	number	NOUN
spir-8732	45	6	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	45	7	microcertifications	microcertification	NOUN
spir-8732	45	8	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	45	9	quite	quite	ADV
spir-8732	45	10	small	small	ADJ
spir-8732	45	11	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	45	12	but	but	CCONJ
spir-8732	45	13	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	45	14	establishing	establish	VERB
spir-8732	45	15	a	a	DET
spir-8732	45	16	scanning	scanning	NOUN
spir-8732	45	17	process	process	NOUN
spir-8732	45	18	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	45	19	we	we	PRON
spir-8732	45	20	do	do	AUX
spir-8732	45	21	not	not	PART
spir-8732	45	22	need	need	VERB
spir-8732	45	23	to	to	PART
spir-8732	45	24	rely	rely	VERB
spir-8732	45	25	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	45	26	issuers	issuer	NOUN
spir-8732	45	27	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	45	28	the	the	DET
spir-8732	45	29	certifications	certification	NOUN
spir-8732	45	30	to	to	PART
spir-8732	45	31	determine	determine	VERB
spir-8732	45	32	their	their	PRON
spir-8732	45	33	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	45	34	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	46	1	this	this	PRON
spir-8732	46	2	also	also	ADV
spir-8732	46	3	provides	provide	VERB
spir-8732	46	4	us	we	PRON
spir-8732	46	5	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	46	6	a	a	DET
spir-8732	46	7	structure	structure	NOUN
spir-8732	46	8	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	46	9	tracing	trace	VERB
spir-8732	46	10	the	the	DET
spir-8732	46	11	development	development	NOUN
spir-8732	46	12	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	46	13	dissemination	dissemination	NOUN
spir-8732	46	14	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	46	15	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	46	16	over	over	ADP
spir-8732	46	17	time	time	NOUN
spir-8732	46	18	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	47	1	credible	credible	ADJ
spir-8732	47	2	users	user	NOUN
spir-8732	47	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	47	4	credible	credible	ADJ
spir-8732	47	5	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	47	6	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	47	7	accumulating	accumulate	VERB
spir-8732	47	8	a	a	DET
spir-8732	47	9	history	history	NOUN
spir-8732	47	10	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	47	11	public	public	ADJ
spir-8732	47	12	use	use	NOUN
spir-8732	47	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	47	14	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	47	15	we	we	PRON
spir-8732	47	16	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	47	17	begin	begin	VERB
spir-8732	47	18	to	to	PART
spir-8732	47	19	untangle	untangle	VERB
spir-8732	47	20	the	the	DET
spir-8732	47	21	difficult	difficult	ADJ
spir-8732	47	22	question	question	NOUN
spir-8732	47	23	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	47	24	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	47	25	makes	make	VERB
spir-8732	47	26	a	a	DET
spir-8732	47	27	badge	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	47	28	credible	credible	ADJ
spir-8732	47	29	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	48	1	traditionally	traditionally	ADV
spir-8732	48	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	48	3	credentials	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	48	4	gain	gain	VERB
spir-8732	48	5	credibility	credibility	NOUN
spir-8732	48	6	only	only	ADV
spir-8732	48	7	through	through	ADP
spir-8732	48	8	institutional	institutional	ADJ
spir-8732	48	9	endorsement	endorsement	NOUN
spir-8732	48	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	49	1	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	49	2	forms	form	NOUN
spir-8732	49	3	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	49	4	beginning	begin	VERB
spir-8732	49	5	to	to	PART
spir-8732	49	6	experiment	experiment	VERB
spir-8732	49	7	with	with	ADP
spir-8732	49	8	community	community	NOUN
spir-8732	49	9	endorsement	endorsement	NOUN
spir-8732	49	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	50	1	the	the	DET
spir-8732	50	2	degree	degree	NOUN
spir-8732	50	3	to	to	PART
spir-8732	50	4	which	which	PRON
spir-8732	50	5	these	these	DET
spir-8732	50	6	efforts	effort	NOUN
spir-8732	50	7	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	50	8	successful	successful	ADJ
spir-8732	50	9	rests	rest	NOUN
spir-8732	50	10	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	50	11	the	the	DET
spir-8732	50	12	success	success	NOUN
spir-8732	50	13	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	50	14	these	these	DET
spir-8732	50	15	microcredentials	microcredential	NOUN
spir-8732	50	16	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	50	17	allowing	allow	VERB
spir-8732	50	18	individuals	individual	NOUN
spir-8732	50	19	to	to	PART
spir-8732	50	20	demonstrate	demonstrate	VERB
spir-8732	50	21	experience	experience	NOUN
spir-8732	50	22	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	50	23	one	one	NUM
spir-8732	50	24	epistemic	epistemic	ADJ
spir-8732	50	25	community	community	NOUN
spir-8732	50	26	can	can	AUX
spir-8732	50	27	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	50	28	effectively	effectively	ADV
spir-8732	50	29	translated	translate	VERB
spir-8732	50	30	into	into	ADP
spir-8732	50	31	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	50	32	contexts	contexts	NOUN
spir-8732	50	33	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	51	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
spir-8732	51	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	51	3	we	we	PRON
spir-8732	51	4	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	51	5	able	able	ADJ
spir-8732	51	6	to	to	PART
spir-8732	51	7	begin	begin	VERB
spir-8732	51	8	to	to	PART
spir-8732	51	9	map	map	VERB
spir-8732	51	10	the	the	DET
spir-8732	51	11	flow	flow	NOUN
spir-8732	51	12	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	51	13	credibility	credibility	NOUN
spir-8732	51	14	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	51	15	an	an	DET
spir-8732	51	16	explicit	explicit	ADJ
spir-8732	51	17	form	form	NOUN
spir-8732	51	18	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	52	1	acknowledgments	acknowledgment	NOUN
spir-8732	52	2	this	this	DET
spir-8732	52	3	material	material	NOUN
spir-8732	52	4	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	52	5	based	base	VERB
spir-8732	52	6	on	on	ADP
spir-8732	52	7	work	work	NOUN
spir-8732	52	8	supported	support	VERB
spir-8732	52	9	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	52	10	bill	bill	PROPN
spir-8732	52	11	&	&	CCONJ
spir-8732	52	12	melinda	melinda	PROPN
spir-8732	52	13	gates	gates	PROPN
spir-8732	52	14	foundation	foundation	PROPN
spir-8732	52	15	under	under	ADP
spir-8732	52	16	prime	prime	PROPN
spir-8732	52	17	award	award	PROPN
spir-8732	52	18	no	no	INTJ
spir-8732	52	19	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	53	1	opp1049826	opp1049826	PROPN
spir-8732	53	2	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	53	3	the	the	DET
spir-8732	53	4	regents	regent	NOUN
spir-8732	53	5	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	53	6	the	the	DET
spir-8732	53	7	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	53	8	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	53	9	california	california	PROPN
spir-8732	53	10	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	54	1	any	any	DET
spir-8732	54	2	opinions	opinion	NOUN
spir-8732	54	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	54	4	findings	finding	NOUN
spir-8732	54	5	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	54	6	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	54	7	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
spir-8732	54	8	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	54	9	recommendations	recommendation	NOUN
spir-8732	54	10	expressed	express	VERB
spir-8732	54	11	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	54	12	this	this	DET
spir-8732	54	13	publication	publication	NOUN
spir-8732	54	14	are	be	AUX
spir-8732	54	15	those	those	PRON
spir-8732	54	16	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	54	17	the	the	DET
spir-8732	54	18	author(s	author(s	NOUN
spir-8732	54	19	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	54	20	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	54	21	do	do	AUX
spir-8732	54	22	not	not	PART
spir-8732	54	23	necessarily	necessarily	ADV
spir-8732	54	24	reflect	reflect	VERB
spir-8732	54	25	the	the	DET
spir-8732	54	26	views	view	NOUN
spir-8732	54	27	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	54	28	bill	bill	PROPN
spir-8732	54	29	&	&	CCONJ
spir-8732	54	30	melinda	melinda	PROPN
spir-8732	54	31	gates	gates	PROPN
spir-8732	54	32	foundation	foundation	PROPN
spir-8732	54	33	or	or	CCONJ
spir-8732	54	34	the	the	DET
spir-8732	54	35	regents	regent	NOUN
spir-8732	54	36	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	54	37	the	the	DET
spir-8732	54	38	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	54	39	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	54	40	california	california	PROPN
spir-8732	54	41	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	55	1	references	reference	NOUN
spir-8732	55	2	crotty	crotty	PROPN
spir-8732	55	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	55	4	j.	j.	PROPN
spir-8732	55	5	m.	m.	PROPN
spir-8732	55	6	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	55	7	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	55	8	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	55	9	feb	feb	PROPN
spir-8732	55	10	.	.	PROPN
spir-8732	55	11	25	25	NUM
spir-8732	55	12	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	55	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	56	1	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	56	2	lend	lend	VERB
spir-8732	56	3	gravitas	gravita	NOUN
spir-8732	56	4	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	56	5	free	free	ADJ
spir-8732	56	6	education	education	NOUN
spir-8732	56	7	revolution	revolution	NOUN
spir-8732	56	8	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	57	1	forbes	forbes	PROPN
spir-8732	57	2	.	.	PROPN
spir-8732	57	3	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
spir-8732	57	4	from	from	ADP
spir-8732	57	5	http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmarshallcrotty/2013/02/25/new-improved-badges-give-credentialmeat-to-mooc-revolution/	http://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesmarshallcrotty/2013/02/25/new-improved-badges-give-credentialmeat-to-mooc-revolution/	PROPN
spir-8732	57	6	elkordy	elkordy	PROPN
spir-8732	57	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	57	8	a.	a.	NOUN
spir-8732	57	9	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	57	10	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	57	11	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	57	12	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	58	1	the	the	DET
spir-8732	58	2	future	future	NOUN
spir-8732	58	3	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	58	4	now	now	ADV
spir-8732	58	5	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	58	6	unpacking	unpack	VERB
spir-8732	58	7	digital	digital	ADJ
spir-8732	58	8	badging	badging	NOUN
spir-8732	58	9	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	58	10	micro	micro	NOUN
spir-8732	58	11	-	-	NOUN
spir-8732	58	12	credentialing	credentiale	VERB
spir-8732	58	13	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	58	14	k-20	k-20	NOUN
spir-8732	58	15	educators	educator	NOUN
spir-8732	58	16	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	59	1	hastac	hastac	PROPN
spir-8732	59	2	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	60	1	http://hastac.org/blogs/elkorda/2012/10/24/future-now-unpacking-digital-badging-andmicro-credentialing-k-20-educators	http://hastac.org/blogs/elkorda/2012/10/24/future-now-unpacking-digital-badging-andmicro-credentialing-k-20-educator	NOUN
spir-8732	60	2	halavais	halavais	PROPN
spir-8732	60	3	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	60	4	a.	a.	NOUN
spir-8732	60	5	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-8732	60	6	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	60	7	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	60	8	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	60	9	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	61	1	a	a	DET
spir-8732	61	2	genealogy	genealogy	NOUN
spir-8732	61	3	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	61	4	badges	badge	NOUN
spir-8732	61	5	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	62	1	information	information	NOUN
spir-8732	62	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	62	3	communication	communication	NOUN
spir-8732	62	4	&	&	CCONJ
spir-8732	62	5	society	society	NOUN
spir-8732	62	6	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	62	7	15(3	15(3	NUM
spir-8732	62	8	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	62	9	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	62	10	354	354	NUM
spir-8732	62	11	-	-	SYM
spir-8732	62	12	373	373	NUM
spir-8732	62	13	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	63	1	khan	khan	PROPN
spir-8732	63	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	63	3	s.	s.	PROPN
spir-8732	63	4	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	63	5	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	63	6	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	63	7	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	64	1	what	what	PRON
spir-8732	64	2	college	college	NOUN
spir-8732	64	3	could	could	AUX
spir-8732	64	4	be	be	AUX
spir-8732	64	5	like	like	ADP
spir-8732	64	6	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	65	1	communications	communication	NOUN
spir-8732	65	2	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	65	3	the	the	DET
spir-8732	65	4	acm	acm	NOUN
spir-8732	65	5	56(1	56(1	NUM
spir-8732	65	6	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	65	7	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	65	8	41	41	NUM
spir-8732	65	9	-	-	SYM
spir-8732	65	10	43	43	NUM
spir-8732	65	11	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	66	1	doi	doi	NOUN
spir-8732	66	2	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	66	3	10.1145/2398356.2398370	10.1145/2398356.2398370	NUM
spir-8732	66	4	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	67	1	olneck	olneck	PROPN
spir-8732	67	2	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	67	3	m.	m.	NOUN
spir-8732	67	4	(	(	PUNCT
spir-8732	67	5	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	67	6	)	)	PUNCT
spir-8732	67	7	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	1	insurgent	insurgent	NOUN
spir-8732	68	2	credentials	credential	NOUN
spir-8732	68	3	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	4	a	a	DET
spir-8732	68	5	challenge	challenge	NOUN
spir-8732	68	6	to	to	ADP
spir-8732	68	7	established	establish	VERB
spir-8732	68	8	institutions	institution	NOUN
spir-8732	68	9	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	68	10	higher	high	ADJ
spir-8732	68	11	education	education	NOUN
spir-8732	68	12	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	13	presented	present	VERB
spir-8732	68	14	at	at	ADP
spir-8732	68	15	education	education	NOUN
spir-8732	68	16	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	68	17	a	a	DET
spir-8732	68	18	new	new	ADJ
spir-8732	68	19	society	society	NOUN
spir-8732	68	20	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	21	the	the	DET
spir-8732	68	22	growing	grow	VERB
spir-8732	68	23	interpenetration	interpenetration	NOUN
spir-8732	68	24	of	of	ADP
spir-8732	68	25	education	education	NOUN
spir-8732	68	26	in	in	ADP
spir-8732	68	27	modern	modern	ADJ
spir-8732	68	28	life	life	NOUN
spir-8732	68	29	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	30	radcliffe	radcliffe	PROPN
spir-8732	68	31	institute	institute	PROPN
spir-8732	68	32	for	for	ADP
spir-8732	68	33	advanced	advanced	ADJ
spir-8732	68	34	study	study	NOUN
spir-8732	68	35	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	36	harvard	harvard	PROPN
spir-8732	68	37	university	university	PROPN
spir-8732	68	38	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	39	cambridge	cambridge	PROPN
spir-8732	68	40	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	41	massachusetts	massachusetts	PROPN
spir-8732	68	42	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	43	april	april	PROPN
spir-8732	68	44	26	26	NUM
spir-8732	68	45	-	-	SYM
spir-8732	68	46	27	27	NUM
spir-8732	68	47	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	68	48	2012	2012	NUM
spir-8732	68	49	.	.	PUNCT
spir-8732	69	1	retrieved	retrieve	VERB
spir-8732	69	2	from	from	ADP
spir-8732	69	3	:	:	PUNCT
spir-8732	69	4	http://hastac.org/documents/insurgent-credentials-challenge-established-institutionshigher-education	http://hastac.org/documents/insurgent-credentials-challenge-established-institutionshigher-education	NOUN
spir-8732	69	5	license	license	NOUN
spir-8732	69	6	this	this	DET
spir-8732	69	7	article	article	NOUN
spir-8732	69	8	is	be	AUX
spir-8732	69	9	©	©	PROPN
spir-8732	69	10	2013	2013	NUM
spir-8732	69	11	alexander	alexander	NOUN
spir-8732	69	12	halavais	halavais	PROPN
spir-8732	69	13	,	,	PUNCT
spir-8732	69	14	and	and	CCONJ
spir-8732	69	15	licensed	license	VERB
spir-8732	69	16	under	under	ADP
spir-8732	69	17	cc	cc	NOUN
spir-8732	69	18	by	by	ADP
spir-8732	69	19	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	69	20	nc	nc	PROPN
spir-8732	69	21	-	-	PUNCT
spir-8732	69	22	nd	nd	NOUN
spir-8732	69	23	.	.	PUNCT