() @ Applied General Topology c© Universidad Politécnica de Valencia Volume 14, no. 1, 2013 pp. 115-134 Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, Jeetendra Aggarwal and Manoj Rana Abstract A new class of functions called ‘pseudo perfectly continuous’ functions is introduced. Their place in the hierarchy of variants of continuity which already exist in the literature is highlighted. The interplay between topological properties and pseudo perfect continuity is investigated. Function spaces of pseudo perfectly continuous functions are considered and sufficient conditions for their closedness and compactness in the topology of pointwise convergence are formulated. 2010 MSC: 54C05, 54C10, 54C35, 54G15, 54G20,54D10 Keywords: (quasi) perfectly continuous function, Dδ-supercontinuous func- tion, dδ-map, slightly continuous function, pseudo-partition topology, DδT0-space, δ-completely regular space, Alexandroff space (≡ saturated space). 1. Introduction The class of pseudo perfectly continuous functions properly contains the class of quasi perfectly continuous functions [36] which in its turn strictly contains the class of δ-perfectly continuous functions [27] and so includes all perfectly continuous functions due to Noiri [48] and hence contains all strongly continu- ous functions of Levine [37]. It is well known that the set C(X, Y ) of all continuous functions from a space X into a space Y is not closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. However, Naimpally [46] showed that in contrast to continuous functions the set S(X, Y ) of strongly continuous functions is closed in Y X in the topology 116 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana of pointwise convergence if X is locally connected and Y is Hausdorff. Naim- pally’s result is extended in ([25], [27], [36], [55]) for larger classes of functions and spaces. The main purpose of this paper is to further strengthen these re- sults to show that if X is sum connected and Y is a DδT0-space, then several classes of functions are identical and closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. Moreover, conditions are formulated for these classes of func- tions to be compact Hausdorff subspaces of Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 is devoted to prelim- inaries and basic definitions. In Section 3 examples are included to ascertain the distinctiveness of the notion so defined from the existing notions in the mathematical literature. Section 4 is devoted to the study of basic properties of pseudo perfectly continuous functions wherein, in particular, it is shown that (i) pseudo perfect continuity is preserved under compositions and expansion of range (ii) sufficient conditions are formulated for the preservation of pseudo perfect continuity in the passage to the graph function and under restriction of range. The notion of pseudo partition topology is introduced and sufficient conditions are given for its direct and inverse preservation under mappings. A sum theorem is proved showing when the presence of pseudo perfect continuity on parts of a function implies pseudo perfect continuity on the whole space. In Section 5 we discuss the interplay between topological properties and pseudo perfectly continuous functions. Section 6 is devoted to function spaces wherein it is shown that if X is sum connected [16] (e.g. connected or locally connected) and Y is a DδT0-space, then the function space Pp(X, Y ) of all pseudo perfectly continuous functions from X to Y is closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. Moreover, if Y is a compact DδT0-space, then Pp(X, Y ) and sev- eral other function spaces are shown to be compact Hausdorff in the topology of pointwise convergence. 2. Preliminaries and Basic Definitions A collection β of subsets of a space X is called an open complementary system [12] if β consists of open sets such that for every B ∈ β, there exist B1, B2, . . . ∈ β with B = ∪{X \ Bi : i ∈ N}. A subset A of a space X is called a strongly open Fσ-set [12] if there exists a countable open complementary system β(A) with A ∈ β(A). The complement of a strongly open Fσ-set is called strongly closed Gδ-set. A subset A of a space X is called a regular Gδ-set [42] if A is an intersection of a sequence of closed sets whose interiors contain A, i.e., if A = ∞⋂ n=1 Fn = ∞⋂ n=1 F 0n, where each Fn is a closed subset of X (here F 0n denotes the interior of Fn). The complement of a regular Gδ-set is called a regular Fσ-set. A point x ∈ X is called a θ-adherent point [59] of A ⊂ X if every closed neigbourhood of x intersects A. Let clθA denote the set of all θ-adherent points of A. The set A is called θ-closed if A = clθA. The complement of a θ-closed set is referred to as a θ-open set. A subset A of a Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces117 space X is said to be regular open if it is the interior of its closure, i.e., A = A 0 . The complement of a regular open set is referred to as a regular closed set. Any union of regular open sets is called δ-open [59]. The complement of a δ-open set is referred to as a δ-closed set. An open subset U of a space X is said to be r-open [30] if for each x ∈ U there exists a closed set B such that x ∈ B ⊂ U or equivalently, if U is expressible as a union of closed sets.The complement of an r-open set is called r-closed set. A subset A of a space X is said to be cl-open [54] if for each x ∈ A there exists a clopen set H such that x ∈ H ⊂ A ; or equivalently A is expressible as a union of clopen sets. The complement of a cl-open set is referred to as a cl-closed set. Definitions 2.1. A function f : X → Y from a topological space X into a topological space Y is said to be (a) strongly continuous [37] if f(Ā) ⊂ f(A) for each subset A of X. (b) perfectly continuous ([32], [48]) if f−1(V ) is clopen in X for every open set V ⊂ Y . (c) cl-supercontinuous [54] (≡ clopen continuous [51])if for each x ∈ X and each open set V containing f(x) there is a clopen set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (d) z-supercontinuous [20] (respectively Dδ-supercontinuous [21], respec- tively supercontinuous [45]) if for each x ∈ X and for each open set V containing f(x), there exists a cozero set (respectively regular Fσ-set, re- spectively regular open set) U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (e) strongly θ-continuous ([39], [47]) if for each x ∈ X and for each open set V containing f(x), there exists an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . Definitions 2.2. A function f : X → Y from a topological space X into a topological space Y is said to be (a) Dδ-continuous [22] (respectively D-continuous [18], respectively z-conti- nuous [52]) if for each point x ∈ X and each regular Fσ-set (respectively open Fσ-set, respectively cozero set) V containing f(x) there is an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (b) almost continuous [53] (respectively faintly continuous [40], respec- tively R-continuous [35]) if for each x ∈ X and each regular open set (respectively θ-open set, respectively r-open set) V containing f(x) there is an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (c) dδ-map [23] if for each regular Fσ-set U in Y , f −1(U) is a regular Fσ-set in X. (d) θ-continuous [10] if for each x ∈ X and each open set V containing f(x) there is an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (e) weakly continuous [38] if for each x ∈ X and each open set V containing f(x) there exists an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (f) quasi θ-continuous function [50] if for each x ∈ X and each θ-open set V containing f(x) there exists a θ-open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . 118 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana (g) slightly continuous1[13] if f−1(V ) is open in X for every clopen set V ⊂ Y . Definitions 2.3. A function f : X → Y from a topological space X into a topological space Y is said to be (a) δ-perfectly continuous [27] if for each δ-open set V in Y , f−1(V ) is a clopen set in X. (b) almost perfectly continuous [55] (≡ regular set connected [7]) if f−1(V ) is clopen for every regular open set V in Y . (c) almost cl-supercontinuous [26] (≡ almost clopen continuous [9]) if for each x ∈ X and each regular open set V containing f(x), there is a clopen set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (d) almost z-supercontinuous [34] (almost Dδ-supercontinuous) if for each x ∈ X and for each regular open set V containing f(x), there exists a cozero set (regular Fσ-set) U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (e) almost strongly θ-continuous [49] if for each x ∈ X and for each regular open set V containing f(x), there exists an open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (f) quasi perfectly continuous [36] if f−1(V ) is clopen in X for every θ-open set V in Y . (g) quasi z-supercontinuous [33] (quasi cl-supercontinuos [19]) if for each x ∈ X and each θ-open set V containing f(x), there exists a coz- ero (clopen) set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (h) pseudo z-supercontinuous [33] (pseudo cl-supercontinuos [31]) if for each x ∈ X and each regular Fσ-set V containing f(x), there exists a cozero (clopen) set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . (i) δ-continuous [47] if for each x ∈ X and for each regular open set V containing f(x), there exists a regular open set U containing x such that f(U) ⊂ V . 3. Pseudo Perfectly Continuous Functions We call a function f : X → Y from a topological space X into a topological space Y pseudo perfectly continuous if f−1(V ) is clopen in X for every regular Fσ-set V in Y . The adjoining diagram (Figure 1) well exhibits the interrelations that exist among pseudo perfect continuity and other variants of continuity that already exist in the literature and are related to the theme of the present paper and thus well reflects the place of pseudo perfect continuity in the hierarchy of known variants of continuity. Examples. 3.1. Let X denote the real line with usual topology and let Y be the real line with cofinite (or cocountable) topology. Then the identity function f : X → Y is quasi perfectly continuous but not continuous. 1Slightly continuous functions have been referred to as cl-continuous in ([22], [35]). P se u d o p e rfe c tly c o n tin u o u s fu n c tio n s a n d c lo se d n e ss/ c o m p a c tn e ss o f th e ir fu n c tio n sp a c e s1 1 9 strongly continuous perfectly continuous cl-supercontinuous z-supercontinuous -supercontinuous strongly -continuous supercontinuous continuous -perfectly continuous almost perfectly continuous almost cl-supercontinuous almost z-supercontinuous almost -supercontinuous almost strongly -continuous -continuous almost continuous -continuous weakly continuous quasi perfectly continuous quasi cl-supercontinuous quasi z-supercontinuous quasi -supercontinuous quasi -continuous quasi faintly continuous supercontinuous [28] -continuous pseudo perfectly continuous pseudo cl-supercontinuous pseudo z-supercontinuous pseudo -supercontinuous pseudo pseudo supercontinuous [28] strongly -continuous [29] z-continuous D D D D D d d d d d q d q d q q q slightly continuous Figure 1. 120 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana 3.2. Let X be the real line endowed with usual topology. Then the identity function defined on X is continuous as well as z-supercontinuous but not pseudo perfectly continuous. The space E0 in the following example is due to Misra [44, Example 3.1, p. 352]. 3.3. Let w1 be the first uncountable ordinal. Let the space E0 be the union of disjoint sets {a, b}, {aαβ : 0 ≤ α, β < w1}, {bαβ : 0 ≤ α, β < w1} and {cγ : 0 ≤ γ < w1}. The basic neighbourhoods of various points be as follows: all the points aαβ and bαβ, 0 ≤ α, β < w1 are isolated; for each fixed γ, a typical basic neighbourhood of the point cγ contains the points aγβ and bγβ for all but countably many indices β, 0 ≤ β < w1; a typical basic neighbourhood of a (respectively b) contains for every α greater than some ordinal δ < w1, all but countably many points aαβ (respectively bαβ). Then E0 is a Hausdorff, non Urysohn P-space and every real valued continuous function defined on E0 takes the same value at the points a and b. It is easily verified that in the space E0 every Fσ-set and hence every regular Fσ-set is clopen. Thus the identity mapping IE0 : E0 → E0 is pseudo perfectly continuous. However, it is not a quasi perfectly continuous function, since the inverse image of θ-closed set {a} is not clopen. 4. Basic Properties of Pseudo Perfectly Continuous Functions Proposition 4.1. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function and g : Y → Z is a dδ-map, then g ◦ f is a pseudo perfectly continuous function. In particular, composition of two pseudo perfectly continuous functions is pseudo perfectly continuous. Corollary 4.2. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function and g : Y → Z is a continuous function, then g ◦ f is a pseudo perfectly continuous function. Proof. Every continuous map is a dδ-map. � Proposition 4.3. Let f : X → Y be a slightly continuous function and let g : Y → Z be a pseudo perfectly continuous function. Then g ◦ f is pseudo perfectly continuous. Remark 4.4. The hypothesis of ‘slightly continuity’ in Proposition 4.3 can be traded of by any one of the weak variants of continuity in the following diagram, since each one of them implies slight continuity. Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces121 continuous almost continuous θ -continuous R-continuous -continuous quasi -continuous weakly continuous slightly continuous z-continuous continuous faintly continuous q D q D d - Figure 2. Definition 4.5. A space X is said to be endowed with a (a) pseudo partition topology if every regular Fσ-set in X is closed; or equivalently every regular Gδ-set in X is open. (b) partition topology [58] if every open set in X is closed. (c) δ-partition topology [27] if every δ-open set in X is closed. (d) almost partition topology [55] (≡extremally disconnected topol- ogy [58]) if every regular open set in X is closed. (e) quasi partition topology [36] if every θ-open set in X is closed. The following implications are immediate from definitions. partition topology -partition topology quasi partition topology almost partition topology ( extremally disconnected topology) pseudo partition topology ! º Figure 3. However, none of the above implications is reversible as shown in ([27], [55]) and the following examples. Example 4.6 ([43, Example 3.20]). Consider the space R of reals with count- able complement extension topology τ [58, Example 63, p. 85]. Let R \ Q be the quotient space obtained from (R, τ) by identifying the set Q of rationals to a point. Since Q is closed in (R, τ), the space R \ Q is T1 and the quotient map p : (R, τ) → R \ Q is a closed map. Let z be an irrational and let a and b be any rationals such that a < z < b. Then G = {[x] : x ∈ (a, b), x irrational} is a regular open set containing [z] in R \ Q. The quotient topology on R \ Q is not an almost partition topology and hence not a δ-partition topology since G is a regular open set but not closed in R \ Q. On the other hand R \ Q is the only θ-open set in R \ Q so it is equipped with a quasi partition topology. Example 4.7. The Hausdorff space E0 also discussed in Example 3.3 which is due to Misra [44, Example 3.1] has a pseudo partition topology since every regular Fσ-set is clopen in E0 but it is not endowed with a quasi partition topology. 122 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana Theorem 4.8. Let f : X → Y be a function and g : X → X × Y , defined by g(x) = (x, f(x)) for each x ∈ X, be the graph function. If g is pseudo perfectly continuous, then so is f and the space X is endowed with a pseudo partition topology. Further, if X has a pseudo partition topology and f is pseudo perfectly continuous, then g is pseudo cl-supercontinuous. Proof. Suppose that the graph function g : X → X × Y is pseudo perfectly continuous. Consider the projection map py : X × Y → Y . Since it is continu- ous, it is a dδ-map. Hence in view of Proposition 4.1, the function f = py ◦ g is pseudo perfectly continuous. To prove that the space X possesses a pseudo partition topology, let U be a regular Fσ-set in X. Then U × Y is a regular Fσ-set in X × Y . Since g is pseudo perfectly continuous, g −1(U × Y ) = U is clopen in X and so the topology of X is a pseudo partition topology. Finally, suppose that X has pseudo partition topology and f is a pseudo perfectly continuous function. To show that g is pseudo cl-supercontinuous, let U × V be a basic regular Fσ-set in X × Y . Then g −1(U × V ) = U ∩ f−1(V ) is a clopen set in X and so g is pseudo cl-supercontinuous. � The following result gives sufficient conditions on mappings for domain or range of the mapping to be endowed with pseudo partition topology. Theorem 4.9. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous surjection which maps clopen sets to closed (open) sets. Then Y is endowed with a pseudo partition topology. Moreover, if f is a bijection which maps regular Fσ-sets (regular Gδ-sets) to regular Fσ-sets (regular Gδ-sets), then X is also equipped with a pseudo partition topology. Proof. Suppose f maps clopen sets to closed (open) sets. Let V be a regular Fσ-set (regular Gδ-set) in Y . In view of pseudo perfect continuity of f, f −1(V ) is a clopen set in X. Again, since f is a surjection which maps clopen sets to closed (open) sets, the set f(f−1(V )) = V is closed (open) in Y and hence clopen in Y . Thus Y is endowed with a pseudo partition topology. To prove the last part of the theorem assume that f is a bijection which maps regular Fσ-sets (regular Gδ-sets) to regular Fσ-sets (regular Gδ-sets) and let U be a regular Fσ-set (regular Gδ-set) in X. Then f(U) is a regular Fσ- set (regular Gδ-set) in Y . Since f is a pseudo perfectly continuous bijection, f−1(f(U)) = U is a clopen set in X and so X is endowed with a pseudo partition topology. � Remark 4.10. A space X is endowed with a pseudo partition topology if and only if every dδ-map f : X → Y is pseudo perfectly continuous. Necessity is obvious in view of definitions. To prove sufficiency, assume contrapositive and let V be a regular Fσ-set in X which is not clopen. Then the identity mapping defined on X is a dδ-map but not pseudo perfectly continuous. Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces123 Proposition 4.11. If f : X → Y is a surjection which maps clopen sets to open sets and g : Y → Z is a function such that g ◦ f is pseudo perfectly continuous, then g is a Dδ-continuous function. Moreover, if f maps clopen sets to clopen sets, then g is a pseudo perfectly continuous function. Proof. Let V be a regular Fσ-set in Z. Since g◦f is pseudo perfectly continuous, (g ◦ f)−1(V ) = f−1(g−1(V )) is clopen set in X. Again, since f is a surjection which maps clopen sets to open sets, f(f−1(g−1(V ))) = g−1(V ) is open in Y and so g is a Dδ-continuous function. The last assertion is immediate, since in this case g−1(V ) is a clopen set in Y . � Proposition 4.12. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function and g : Y → Z is a Dδ-supercontinuous function, then their composition is cl-supercontinuous. Proof. Let V be an open set in Z. In view of Dδ-supercontinuity of g, g −1(V ) is a dδ-open set in Y and so g −1(V ) = ⋃ α Vα, where each Vα is a regular Fσ-set. Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, each f−1(Vα) is a clopen set. Hence (g ◦ f)−1(V ) = f−1(g−1(V )) = f−1( ⋃ α Vα) = ⋃ α f−1(Vα) is cl-open. So g ◦ f is cl-supercontinuous. � Proposition 4.13. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function and g : Y → Z is an almost Dδ-supercontinuous function, then their composition g ◦ f is almost cl-supercontinuous. Proposition 4.14. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function and g : Y → Z is quasi Dδ-supercontinuous, then their composition g ◦ f is quasi cl-supercontinuous. Theorem 4.15. Let f : X → Y be a function and let Q = {Xα : α ∈ Λ} be a locally finite clopen cover of X. For each α ∈ Λ, let fα = f|Xα : Xα → Y denote the restriction map. Then f is pseudo perfectly continuous if and only if each fα is pseudo perfectly continuous. Proof. Necessity is immediate in view of the fact that quasi perfect continuity is preserved under the restriction of domain. To prove sufficiency, let V be a regular Fσ-set in Y . Then f −1(V ) = ⋃ α∈Λ (f|Xα) −1(V ) = ⋃ α∈Λ (f−1(V ) ∩ Xα). Since each f−1(V ) ∩ Xα is clopen in Xα and hence in X. Thus f −1(V ) is open being the union of clopen sets. Moreover, since the collection Q is locally finite, the collection {f−1(V )∩Xα : α ∈ Λ} is a locally finite collection of clopen sets. Since the union of a locally finite collection of closed sets is closed, f−1(V ) is also closed and hence clopen. � Definition 4.16. A subset S of a space X is said to be regular Gδ-embedded [6] in X if every regular Gδ-set in S is the intersection of a regular Gδ-set in X with S; or equivalently every regular Fσ-set in S is the intersection of a regular Fσ-set in X with S. 124 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana Proposition 4.17. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function. If f(X) is regular Gδ-embedded in Y , then f : X → f(X) is pseudo perfectly continuous. Proof. Let V1 be a regular Fσ-set in f(X). Since f(X) is regular Gδ-embedded in Y , there exists a regular Fσ-set V in Y such that V1 = V ∩ f(X). In view of pseudo perfect continuity of f, f−1(V ) is clopen in X. Now f−1(V ∩ f(X)) = f−1(V ) ∩ f−1(f(X)) = f−1(V ) and hence the result. � Definition 4.18. A topological space X is called an Alexandroff space [2] if any intersection of open sets in X is itself an open in X, or equivalently any union of closed sets in X is closed in X. Alexandroff spaces have been referred to as saturated spaces by Lorrain in [41]. Theorem 4.19. For each α ∈ Λ, let fα : X → Xα be a function and let f : X → ∏ α∈Λ Xα be defined by f(x) = (fα(x)) for each x ∈ X. If f is pseudo perfectly continuous, then each fα is pseudo perfectly continuous. Further, if X is an Alexandroff space and each fα is pseudo perfectly continuous, then f is pseudo perfectly continuous. Proof. Let f be pseudo perfectly continuous. Now for each α, fα = pα ◦ f, where pα : ∏ α∈Λ Xα → X denotes the projection map. Since each projection map pα is continuous and hence a dδ-map, in view of Proposition 4.1 it follows that each fα is pseudo perfectly continuous. Conversely, suppose that X is an Alexandroff space and each fα is a pseudo perfectly continuous function. Since X is Alexandroff, to show that the function f is pseudo perfectly continuous, it is sufficient to show that f−1(S) is clopen for every subbasic regular Fσ-set S in the product space ∏ α∈Λ Xα. Let Uβ × ∏ α6=β Xα be a subbasic regular Fσ-set in ∏ α∈Λ Xα, where Uβ is a regular Fσ-set in Xβ. Then f−1(Uβ × ∏ α6=β Xα) = f −1(p−1 β (Uβ)) = f −1 β (Uβ) is clopen in X and so f is pseudo perfectly continuous. � 5. Interplay between Topological Properties and Pseudo Perfectly Continuous Functions Definition 5.1. A space X is called a DδT0-space if for each pair of distinct points x, y in X, there is a regular Fσ-set U containing one of the points x and y but not the other. Definition 5.2. A space X is said to be Dδ-Hausdorff [22] (ultra Hausdorff [57]) if every pair of distinct points in X are contained in disjoint regular Fσ-sets (clopen sets). Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces125 In particular, every DδT0-space is Hausdorff. The following diagram illustrates the relationships that exist among DδT0- spaces and other strong variants of Hausdorffness. ultra Hausdorff functionally Hausdorff q-Hausdorff Hausdorff D T δ 0-space Dδ-Hausdorff Urysohn Figure 4. The following example shows that even a Hausdorff regular space need not be a DδT0-space. Example 5.3. Let X be the Skyline space due to Heldermann [12, Exam- ple 7.7]. The space X is a Hausdorff regular space. It is not a DδT0-space since X is the only regular Fσ-set containing the points p − and p+. So there exists no regular Fσ-set containing one of the points p − and p+ and missing other. Proposition 5.4. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous injection into a DδT0-space Y . Then X is an ultra Hausdorff space. Proof. Let x, y ∈ X, x 6= y. Then f(x) 6= f(y). Since Y is a DδT0-space, there exists a regular Fσ-sets V containing one of the points f(x) and f(y) but not both. To be precise, suppose that f(x) ∈ V . Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, f−1(V ) is a clopen set containing x but not y. Then f−1(V ) and X \ f−1(V ) are disjoint clopen sets containing x and y, respectively. Hence X is an ultra Hausdorff space. � The following theorem is related to a class of spaces, important in the theo- ries studying the p-adic topologies and the Stone duality for Boolean algebras, namely spaces having large inductive dimension zero or ultranormal spaces [57]. These are precisely the spaces in which each pair of nonempty disjoint closed sets can be separated by disjoint clopen sets. Theorem 5.5. Let f : X → Y be a closed, pseudo perfectly continuous injec- tion into a normal space Y . Then X is an ultranormal space. Proof. Let A and B be any two disjoint closed sets in X. Since the function f is closed and injective, f(A) and f(B) are disjoint closed subsets of Y . Again, since Y is normal, by Urysohn’s Lemma there exists a continuous function ϕ : Y → [0, 1] such that ϕ(f(A)) = 0 and ϕ(f(B)) = 1. Then V = ϕ−1([0, 1/2)) and W = ϕ−1((1/2, 1]) are disjoint cozero sets in Y containing f(A) and f(B), 126 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana respectively. Since every cozero set is a regular Fσ-set, f −1(V ) and f−1(W) are disjoint clopen sets containing A and B, respectively and so X is an ultranormal space. � Definition 5.6. A space X is said to be Dδ-compact [23] (mildly compact [57]) if every cover of X by regular Fσ-sets (clopen sets) has a finite subcover. Proposition 5.7. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function from a mildly compact space X onto a space Y . Then Y is Dδ-compact. Proof. Let Ω = {Uα : α ∈ Λ} be a cover of Y by regular Fσ-sets. Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, the collection β = {f−1(Uα) : α ∈ Λ} is a clopen cover of X. Since X is mildly compact, let {f−1(Uα1), . . . , f −1(Uαn)} be a finite subcollection of β which covers X. Then {Uα1, . . . , Uαn} is a finite subcollection of Ω which covers Y . Hence Y is Dδ-compact. � Proposition 5.8. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function from a space X onto a space Y . If (i) f is an open bijection; or (ii) f is a closed surjection, then any pair of disjoint regular Gδ-sets in Y are clopen in Y . Proof. Let A and B be disjoint regular Gδ-subsets of Y . Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous f−1(A) and f−1(B) are disjoint clopen subsets of X. (i) In case f is an open bijection, f(f−1(A)) = A and f(f−1(B)) = B are disjoint open sets and hence clopen sets in Y . (ii) In case f is a closed surjection, the sets A = Y \ f(X \ f−1(A)) and B = Y \ f(X \ f−1(B)) are disjoint clopen sets in Y . � Definition 5.9. A space X is said to be δ-completely regular space ([22], [24]) if for each regular Gδ-set F and a point x /∈ F , there exists a continuous function f : X → [0, 1] such that f(x) = 0 and f(F) = 1. Theorem 5.10. Let f : X → Y be an open closed pseudo perfectly continuous surjection. Then Y is a δ-completely regular space. Proof. Let K ⊂ Y be a regular Gδ-set and let z /∈ K. Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, f−1(K) is clopen. Let x0 ∈ f −1(z). Then x0 /∈ f −1(K). Since f−1(K) is clopen, its characteristic function φ : X → [0, 1] is continuous and φ(x0) = 0 and φ(f −1(K)) = 1. Define ϕ̂ : Y → [0, 1] by taking ϕ̂(y) = sup{φ(x) : x ∈ f−1(y)}. Then ϕ̂(z) = 0, ϕ̂(K) = 1 and by [8, Exercise 16] ϕ̂ is continuous. Hence Y is a δ-completely regular space. � Remark 5.11. There exists no open closed pseudo perfectly continuous surjec- tion from a space onto a non δ-completely regular space. Proposition 5.12. Let f, g : X → Y be pseudo perfectly continuous functions from a space X into a Dδ-Hausdorff space Y . Then the set A = {x : f(x) = g(x)} is cl-closed in X. Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces127 Proof. Let x ∈ X \ A. Then f(x) 6= g(x), and so by hypothesis on Y , there are disjoint regular Fσ-sets U and V containing f(x) and g(x), respectively. Since f and g are pseudo perfectly continuous, the sets f−1(U) and g−1(V ) are clopen and containing the point x. Let G = f−1(U) ∩ g−1(V ). Then G is a clopen set contain x and G ∩ A = ∅. Thus A is cl-closed in X. � Proposition 5.13. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function from a space X into a Dδ-Hausdorff space Y . Then the set A = {(x1, x2) ∈ X × X : f(x1) = f(x2)} is cl-closed in X × X. Proof. Let (x1, x2) ∈ X × X \ A. Then f(x1) 6= f(x2). Since Y is a Dδ- Hausdorff space, there exist disjoint regular Fσ-sets U and V containing f(x1) and f(x2), respectively. Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, f −1(U) and f−1(V ) are disjoint clopen sets in X containing x1 and x2, respectively. Let G = f−1(U)×f−1(V ). Then G is a clopen subset of X ×X containing (x1, x2) and G ∩ A = ∅. Thus A is cl-closed in X × X. � Definition 5.14. A space X is said to be (i) pseudo hyperconnected if there exists no nonempty proper regular Gδ- set in X or equivalently there exists no nonempty proper regular Fσ-set in X (≡ X is the only regular Fσ-set in X). (ii) hyperconnected ([1], [58]) if every nonempty open subset of X is dense in X (≡ X is the only regular open set in X). (iii) quasi hyperconnected [19] if there exists no nonempty proper θ-open set in X or equivalently there exists no nonempty proper θ-closed set in X (≡ X is the only θ-open set in X). Following implications are immediate from definitions. hyperconnected quasi hyperconnected pseudo hyperconnected Figure 5. Example 5.15. The space R \ Q given by Mancuso [43, Example 3.20] and also discussed in Example 4.6 is quasi hyperconnected but not hyperconnected. Proposition 5.16. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous surjection from a connected space X onto Y . Then Y is pseudo hyperconnected. Proof. Suppose Y is not pseudo hyperconnected and let V be a nonempty proper regular Fσ-set in Y . Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, f −1(V ) is a nonempty proper clopen subset of X contradicting the fact that X is connected. � Remark 5.17. There exists no pseudo perfectly continuous surjection from a connected space onto a non pseudo hyperconnected space. 128 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana Definition 5.18. The graph G(f) of a function f : X → Y is said to be (i) clopen θ-closed [19] if for each (x, y) /∈ G(f) there exists a clopen set U containing x and a θ-open set V containing y such that (U ×V ) ∩ G(f)=∅. (ii) clopen Dδ-closed if for each (x, y) /∈ G(f) there exists a clopen set U containing x and a regular Fσ-set V containing y such that (U × V ) ∩ G(f) = ∅. Proposition 5.19. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function into a Dδ-Hausdorff space Y . Then the graph G(f) of f is a clopen Dδ-closed set in X × Y . Proof. Suppose (x, y) /∈ G(f). Then f(x) 6= y. Since Y is Dδ-Hausdorff, there exist disjoint regular Fσ-sets V and W containing f(x) and y, respectively. Since f is pseudo perfectly continuous, f−1(V ) is a clopen set containing x. Clearly (f−1(V ) × W) ∩ G(f) = ∅ and so the graph G(f) of f is clopen Dδ- closed in X × Y . � Corollary 5.20. If f : X → Y is a pseudo perfectly continuous function into a Dδ-Hausdorff space Y , then the graph G(f) of f is clopen θ-closed in X × Y . 6. Function Spaces and Pseudo Perfectly Continuous Functions It is of fundamental importance in topology, analysis and other branches of mathematics to know whether a given function space is closed/compact in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. So it is of considerable signif- icance both from intrinsic interest as well as from applications viewpoint to formulate conditions on the spaces X, Y and subsets of C(X, Y ) or Y X to be closed/compact in the topology of pointwise convergence. Results of this type and Ascoli type theorems abound in the literature (see [3], [14]). Naimpally’s result [46] that in contrast to continuous functions, the set S(X, Y ) of strongly continuous functions is closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence if X is locally connected and Y is Hausdorff; is extended to a larger framework by Kohli and Singh [25] wherein it is shown that if X is sum connected and Y is Hausdorff, then the function space P(X, Y ) of all perfectly continuous func- tions as well as the function space L(X, Y ) of all cl-supercontinuous functions is closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. This result is further extended in ([27], [55], [36]) for the set P∆(X, Y ) of all δ-perfectly continuous functions as well as for the set Pδ(X, Y ) of all almost perfectly continuous (≡ regular set connected) functions and the set Pq(X, Y ) of all quasi perfectly con- tinuous functions under the same hypotheses on X and Y . Herein we further strengthen these results to show that if X is a sum connected space and Y is a DδT0-space, then all the seven classes of functions are identical, i.e. S(X, Y ) = P(X, Y ) = L(X, Y ) = P∆(X, Y ) = Pδ(X, Y ) = Pq(X, Y ) = Pp(X, Y ) and are closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces129 Proposition 6.1. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function into a DδT0-space Y . Then f is constant on each connected subset of X. In particular, if X is connected, then f is constant on X and hence strongly continuous. Proof. Assume contrapositive and let C be the connected subset of X such that f(C) is not a singleton. Let f(x), f(y) ∈ f(C), f(x) 6= f(y). Since Y is a DδT0-space, there exists a regular Fσ-set V containing one of the points f(x) and f(y) but not other. For definiteness assume f(x) ∈ V . Since f is a pseudo perfectly continuous, f−1(V ) ∩ C is a non empty proper clopen subset of C, contradicting the fact that C is connected. The last part of the theorem is immediate, since every constant function is strongly continuous. � Remark 6.2. The hypothesis of ‘DδT0-space’ in Proposition 6.1 cannot be omit- ted. For let X be the real line with usual topology and let Y denote the real line endowed with cofinite topology. Let f denote the identity mapping from X onto Y . Then f is a nonconstant pseudo perfectly continuous function. Corollary 6.3. Let f : X → Y be a pseudo perfectly continuous function from a sum connected space X into a DδT0-space Y . Then f is constant on each component of X and hence strongly continuous. Proof. Clearly, in view of Proposition 6.1 f is constant on each component of X. Since X is a sum connected space, each component of X is clopen in X. Hence it follows that any union of components of X and the complement of this union are complementary clopen sets in X. Thus f is constant on each component on X. Therefore, for every subset A of Y , f−1(A) and X \ f−1(A) are complementary clopen sets in X being the union of component of X. So f is strongly continuous. � We may recall that a space X is a δT0-space [26] if for each pair of distinct points x and y in X there exists a regular open set containing one of the points x and y but not the other. In particular, every Hausdorff space is a δT0-space. Next, we quote the following results from ([27], [36], [55]). Theorem 6.4 ([27, Theorem 5.3]). Let f : X → Y be a function from a sum connected space X into a δT0-space Y . Then the following statements are equivalent. (a) f is strongly continuous (b) f is perfectly continuous (c) f is cl-supercontinuous (d) f is δ-perfectly continuous. Theorem 6.5 ([55, Theorem 4.5]). Let f : X → Y be a function from a sum connected space X into a δT0-space Y . Then the following statements are equivalent. (a) f is strongly continuous (b) f is perfectly continuous 130 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana (c) f is cl-supercontinuous (d) f is δ-perfectly continuous (e) f is almost perfectly continuous. Theorem 6.6 ([36, Theorem 5.6]). Let f : X → Y be a function from a sum connected space X into a Hausdorff space Y . Then the following statements are equivalent. (a) f is strongly continuous (b) f is perfectly continuous (c) f is cl-supercontinuous (d) f is δ-perfectly continuous (e) f is almost perfectly continuous (f) f is quasi perfectly continuous. Theorem 6.7. Let f : X → Y be a function from a sum connected space X into a DδT0-space Y . Then the following statements are equivalent. (a) f is strongly continuous (b) f is perfectly continuous (c) f is cl-supercontinuous (d) f is δ-perfectly continuous (e) f is almost perfectly continuous (f) f is quasi perfectly continuous (g) f is pseudo perfectly continuous. Proof. Since every DδT0-space is Hausdorff, the equivalence of the assertions (a)-(f) is a consequence of Theorem 6.6. The implications (a)⇒(b)⇒(d)⇒(f) ⇒(g) are trivial and the implication (g)⇒(a) is immediate in view of Corol- lary 6.3. � Theorem 6.8. Let X be a sum connected space and let Y be a DδT0-space. Then S(X, Y ) = P(X, Y ) = L(X, Y ) = P∆(X, Y ) = Pδ(X, Y ) = Pq(X, Y ) = Pp(X, Y ) is closed in Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. Proof. It is immediate from Theorem 6.7 that the above seven classes of func- tions are identical and its closedness in Y X in the topology of pointwise con- vergence follows either from [27, Theorem 5.4] or [55, Theorem 4.6] or [36, Theorem 5.7]. The above results are important from applications view point since in partic- ular it follows that if X is sum connected (e.g. connected or locally connected) and Y is DδT0-space, then the pointwise limit of a sequence {fn : X → Y : n ∈ N} of pseudo perfectly continuous functions is pseudo perfectly continuous. � We conclude this section with the following result which seems to be of considerable significance from applications view point. Theorem 6.9. If X is a sum connected space and Y is a compact DδT0-space, then the spaces S(X, Y ) = P(X, Y ) = L(X, Y ) = P∆(X, Y ) = Pδ(X, Y ) = Pq(X, Y ) = Pp(X, Y ) are compact Hausdorff subspaces of Y X in the topology of pointwise convergence. Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and closedness/compactness of their function spaces131 7. Change of Topology The technique of change of topology of a space is prevalent all through mathematics and is of considerable significance and widely used in topology, functional analysis and several other branches of mathematics. For example, weak and weak∗ topology of a Banach space, hull kernel topology and the multitude of other topologies on Id(A) the space of all closed two sided ideals of a Banach algebra A ([4], [5], [56]). Moreover, to taste the flavour of applications of the technique in topology see ([11], [15], [17], [30], [60]). Here we show that if the range of a pseudo perfectly continuous function is retopologized in an appropriate way, then it is simply a cl-supercontinuous function. Let (X, τ) be a topological space and let Bdδ denote the collection of all regular Fσ-subsets of (X, τ). Since the intersection of two regular Fσ-sets is a regular Fσ-set, the collection Bdδ is a base for a topology τdδ on X which is coarser than τ (see [21], [22]). 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Kohli (jk kohli@yahoo.co.in) Department of Mathematics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India 134 J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana D. Singh (dstopology@rediffmail.com) Department of Mathematics, Sri Aurobindo College, University of Delhi-South Campus, Delhi 110 017, India Jeetendra Aggarwal (jitenaggarwal@gmail.com) Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India Manoj Rana (Krana 71@yahoo.co.uk) Department of Mathematics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India Pseudo perfectly continuous functions and[8pt] closedness/compactness of their function spaces. By J. K. Kohli, D. Singh, J. Aggarwal and M. Rana