KohDasAGT.dvi


@
Applied General Topology

c© Universidad Politécnica de Valencia

Volume 7, No. 2, 2006

pp. 233-244

A class of spaces containing all generalized
absolutely closed (almost compact) spaces

J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

Abstract. The class of θ-compact spaces is introduced which prop-
erly contains the class of almost compact (generalized absolutely closed)
spaces and is strictly contained in the class of quasicompact spaces. In
the realm of almost regular spaces, the class of θ-compact spaces co-
incides with the class of nearly compact spaces. Moreover, an almost
regular θ-compact space is mildly normal (= κ-normal). A θ-closed,
θ-embedded subset of a θ-compact space is θ-compact and the prod-
uct of two θ-compact space is θ-compact if one of them is compact. A
(strongly) θ-continuous image of a θ-compact space is θ-compact (com-
pact). A space is compact if and only if it is θ-compact and θ-point
paracompact.

2000 AMS Classification: Primary: 54D10, 54D20, 54D30, Secondary:
54C08, 54C10.

Keywords: θ-compact space, almost compact (generalized absolutely closed)
space, nearly compact space, quasicompact space, θ-point paracompact space,
θ-closed (θ-open) set, θ-limit point, almost regular space, mildly normal(κ-
normal) space, almost normal space, (strongly) θ-continuous function, θ-map,
θ-closed function, θ-limit point.

1. Introduction and Preliminaries

Compactness plays a prominent role in topology, analysis and many other
branches of mathematics. Several weak variants of compactness occur in the
literature which capture partial features of compactness and are thus useful in
the topological/ analytical situations where the full force of compactness is not
required (see [25] [26]). The variants of compactness with which we shall be
dealing in this paper include almost compactness (= generalized closedness)
(see [18], [17], [8], [15]); near compactness [21]; and quasicompactness (see [8],
[1] and [25]).



234 J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

In Section 2, we introduce the class of θ-compact spaces and establish their
place in the hierarchy of compactness and certain of its variants. The class of
θ-compact spaces lies strictly between the class of almost compact spaces [3]
and quasicompact spaces. In the realm of almost regular spaces the notions
of θ-compactness and near compactness are equivalent. Interrelations between
θ-compactness and certain weak variants of normality are investigated. It is
shown that an almost regular θ-compact space is mildly normal and that a
Hausdorff almost regular θ-compact space is almost normal. Presevation under
mappings and products of θ-compact spaces are considered in Section 4. It is
shown that a (strongly) θ-continuous image of a θ-compact space is θ-compact
(compact). In Section 5, we discuss characterizations of θ-compact spaces and
conclude with a factorization theorem that a space is compact if and only if it
is both a θ-compact space and a θ-point paracompact space.

Let X be a topological space and let A ⊂ X. Throughout the present paper
the closure of a set A will be denoted by A and the interior by intA. A point
x ∈ X is called a θ-limit point [28] of A if every closed neighbourhood of x
intersects A. Let clθA denotes the set of all θ-limit point of A. The set A is
called θ-closed if A = clθA. The complement of a θ-closed set will be referred
to as a θ-open set. It is easily verified that in a topological space every cozero
set is θ-open. A set U ⊂ X is said to be regularly open [14] if U = intU .
The complement of a regularly open set is called regularly closed. A space
X is said to be almost regular [19] if every regularly closed set and a point
out side it are contained in disjoint open sets. A space X is said to be mildly
normal [22] ( or κ-normal [24]) if every pair of disjoint regularly closed sets
are contained in disjoint open sets and a space is called almost normal [20] if
every pair of disjoint closed sets one of which is regularly closed are contained
in disjoint open sets. A space X is said to be nearly compact [21] if every
open covering of X admits a finite subcollection the interiors of the closures of
whose members cover X. A space X is said to be almost compact [3] if every
open covering of X has a finite subcollection the closures of whose members
covers X. Almost compact spaces have been referred to as H(i) spaces by
Scarborough and Stone [18] and are called generalized absolutely closed spaces
by Liu [15], while Porter and Thomas [17] call them quasi-H-closed spaces. A
Hausdorff almost compact space is called an H-closed space. H-closed spaces
have many properties similar to that of compact Hausdorff spaces. A space X
is said to be quasicompact [8] if every covering of X by cozero sets admits
a finite subcollection which covers X. Functionally Hausdorff, quasicompact
spaces are precisely the spaces in which Stone-Weierstrass theorem holds ([25],
[26]).

Lemma 1.1 ([11, 13]). A subset A of a topological space X is θ-open if and
only if for each x ∈ A, there is an open set U such that x ∈ U ⊂ U ⊂ A.

Lemma 1.2. ([6, 2.4]). A space X is regular if and only if every closed set in
X is θ-closed.



A class of spaces ... 235

2. θ-compact spaces

Definition 2.1. A space X is said to be θ-compact if every open covering of
X by θ-open sets has a finite subcollection that covers X. A subset A of X is
said to be θ-compact if it is θ-compact with respect to the topology it inherits
as a subspace of X. A subset A of X is said to be a θ-set in X if every covering
of A by θ-open sets in X has a finite subcollection that covers A.

Remark 2.2. A θ-set in a topological space need not be θ-compact. For let
X = [0, 1] with every point having usual Euclidean neighbourhood except 0.
A basic neighbourhood of 0 is of the form U − K, where U is an Euclidean
neighbourhood of 0 and K = {1/n : n ∈ N}. Let A = {0} ∪K. Then A is a
θ-set in X which is not θ-compact.

The following implications are immediate from the definitions.
compact ⇒ nearly compact ⇒ almost compact ⇒ θ-compact ⇒ quasicompact.

However, none of the above implications is reversible.

Example 2.3. A θ-compact space which is not almost compact. Let
X = N, the set of positive integers. Define a topology on X by taking every
odd integer to be open and a set U is open if for every even integer p ∈ U ,
the predecessor and the successor of p are also in U . Now the collection U =
{{2k-1, 2k, 2k+1} : k ∈ N} is an open covering of X which does not possess
a finite subcollection whose closures covers X. Thus X is not almost compact.
However, it is θ-compact.

Remark 2.4. Hewitt’s example [9] of a T1-regular space on which every con-
tinuous real-valued function is constant is a quasicompact space which is
not θ-compact. Singal and Mathur [21] gave an example of a nearly compact
space which is not compact and an example of an almost compact space which
is not nearly compact.

The following characterization of almost regular spaces besides being useful
in the sequel has been extensively used in [12].

Theorem 2.5. A space X is almost regular if and only if for every open set
U in X, intU is θ-open.

Proof. Suppose that U is an open set in X. If intU = X, we are through. In
case intU 6= X and x ∈ intU , then x is not in the regularly closed set X −intU.
By almost regularity of X, there exist disjoint open sets V and W containing x
and X − intU , respectively. Then V ∩ W = ∅ and so V ⊂ X − W ⊂ intU . In
view of Lemma 1.1, it follows that intU is θ-open.

To prove the converse, let F be a regularly closed set in X and let x be
a point in X outside F . Then x ∈ X − F . Since X − F is regularly open,
X − F = intX − F , which is θ-open. So by Lemma 1.1, there exists an open
set U containing x such that U ⊂ X − F . Thus U and X − U are disjoint open
sets containing x and F , respectively. Consequently, X is almost regular. �

Theorem 2.6. An almost regular θ-compact space is nearly compact.



236 J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

Proof. Let U be an open covering of X. By Theorem 2.5, for each U ∈ U,
intU is a θ-open set containing U and hence the collection {intU : U ∈ U} is a
θ-open covering of X. Since X is θ-compact, there exist, a finite subcollection

{U1,... , Un} of U such that
n⋃

i=1

intUi = X, and so X is a nearly compact

space. �

Corollary 2.7. ([21, Theorem 2.3]). An almost regular almost compact space
is nearly compact.

Theorem 2.8. An almost regular θ-compact space is mildly normal ( = κ-
normal).

Proof. Let X be an almost regular θ-compact space. Let A and B be any
two disjoint regularly closed subsets of X. Since X is almost regular, for each
b ∈ B, there exist disjoint open sets Ub and Vb containing A and b, respectively.
Then Ub ∩Vb = ∅. So by Theorem 2.5, intVb is a θ-open set containing b which
is disjoint from Ub. Thus the collection { intVb : b ∈ B} consists of θ-open
sets and covers B. Let W =

⋃

b∈B

intVb. Then B ⊂ W . Let C = X − W .

Since B is a regularly closed set disjoint from C, by almost regularity of X,
for each c ∈ C, there exist disjoint open sets Xc and Wc containing B and
c, respectively. Again, in view of Theorem 2.5, intWc is a θ-open set which
is disjoint from B. Hence the collection C = { intVb : b ∈ B} ∪ {intWc:
c ∈ C} is a covering of X by θ-open sets. Since X is θ-compact, there exists
a finite subcollection U of C which covers X. Let G denote the members of U
which intersect B. Since for each c ∈ C, intWc ∩ B = ∅, each member of G
is of the form intVb for some b ∈ B. Suppose G = { intVbi : i = 1, .... n}.

Let U =
n⋂

i=1

Ubi and V =
n⋃

i=1

intVbi . Then U and V are disjoint open sets

containing A and B, respectively. Hence X is a mildly normal space. �

Corollary 2.9. An almost regular almost compact space is mildly normal (κ-
normal).

With the additional hypothesis of Hausdorffness Theorem 2.8 is strengthened
as follows.

Theorem 2.10. A Hausdorff θ-compact space is almost normal if and only if
it is almost regular.

Proof. Since a T1-almost normal space is almost regular, necessity is obvious.
To prove the sufficiency, let X be a Hausdorff almost regular, θ-compact space.
By Theorem 2.6, X is nearly compact and hence almost compact. Since an
almost regular Hausdorff space is Urysohn [19] and since an almost compact
Urysohn space is almost normal [20], X is almost normal. �

We may recall that a space Xis an R0-space [5] if every open set in X is the
union of closed sets. In [3], R0-spaces are referred to as S1-spaces. It is shown



A class of spaces ... 237

in [3, p. 196] that in an R0-space the closure of every singleton is compact. For
θ-closure we have the following.

Theorem 2.11. In a topological space X the θ-closure of every singleton is a
θ-set.

Proof. Let U be a covering of clθ{x} by θ-open sets in X. Let x ∈ U ∈ U. By
Lemma 1.1, there exists an open set V containing x such that V ⊂ U . In view
of [28, Lemma 2], clθ{x} ⊂ clθV = V ⊂ U . Hence clθ{x} is a θ-set. �

Remark 2.12. Theorem 2.11 cannot be strengthened to read “θ-compact”
instead of “θ-set”. For example, let X = {a}∪B ∪ C with pairwise disjoint
members and infinite sets B and C. Let the topology τ be defined by the base
{{c}, ({a}∪U ), ({b}∪U ) : b ∈ B, c ∈ C, U ⊂ C is cofinite in C}. Clearly,
cl θ({a}) = {a}∪B which is discrete and infinite in the subspace topology.

3. Subspaces

The following formulation of the notion of a θ-embedded set is useful in
studying subspaces of θ-compact spaces.

Definition 3.1. A subset Y of a topological space X is said to be θ-embedded
in X if every θ-closed set in the subspace topology of Y is the intersection of
Y with a θ-closed set in X.

Remark 3.2. Let X be the same space as in Remark 2.2. The set A therein
is a θ-closed subset of X which is not θ-embedded in X. The same example
also shows that a θ-closed subset of a θ-compact space need not be θ-compact.
However, the following is true.

Theorem 3.3. A θ-closed, θ-embedded subset of a θ-compact space is θ-compact.

Proof. Let A be a θ-closed, θ-embedded subset of a θ-compact space X. Let
U be a covering of A by sets θ-open in A. Since A is θ-embedded in X, for
each Uα ∈ U there exists a θ-open set Vα in X such that Uα = A ∩ Vα. Then
the collection V = {Vα : Uα ∈ U} ∪ {X − A} is a θ-open covering of X. By
θ-compactness of X, there is a finite subcollection {Vα1 ,...,Vαn } of V which
covers X. Then the collection {Vα1 ∩ A, ..., Vαn ∩ A} is a finite subcollection
of U which covers A and so A is θ-compact. �

Corollary 3.4. Every clopen subset of a θ-compact space is θ-compact.

A topological space X is said to be θ-Hausdorff [23] if any two distinct
points in X are contained in disjoint θ-open sets. A space X is called a locally
θ-space [4] if each x ∈ X has a neighbourhood which is a θ-set.

To conclude this section we quote the following theorem from [4].

Theorem 3.5. A non θ-compact, θ-Hausdorff, locally θ-space X has a one
point Hausdorff θ-compactification, i.e., it is a dense open subspace of a θ-
compact Hausdorff space X∗ such that X∗ − X is a singleton.



238 J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

4. Direct and inverse preservation under mappings and products.

Definition 4.1. A function f : X → Y is said to be

(i) θ-continuous [7] if for each x ∈ X and each open set U containing
f (x) there exists an open set V containing x such that f (V ) ⊂ U , and

(ii) strongly θ-continuous [16] if for each x ∈ X and each open set
U containing f (x) there exists an open set V containing x such that
f (V ) ⊂ U .

We say that a function f : X → Y is a θ-map if for every θ-open set U in
Y , f −1(U ) is θ-open in X.

Theorem 4.2. Every θ-continuous function is a θ-map.

Proof. Let f : X → Y be a θ-continuous function and let U be a θ-open set in
Y . Let x ∈ f −1(U ). Then, f (x) ∈ U . Since U is θ-open, by Lemma 1.1, there
exists an open set V in Y such that f (x) ∈ V ⊂ V ⊂ U . By θ-continuity of f ,
there exists an open set W in X containing x such that f (W ) ⊂ V ⊂ U . Thus
x ∈ W ⊂ W ⊂ f −1(U ). So in view of Lemma 1.1, f −1(U ) is θ-open and hence
f is a θ-map. �

Remark 4.3. The converse of Theorem 4.2 is not true. For let X = Y be the
set of positive integers. Let X be endowed with the cofinite topology and let
Y be equipped with the topology as defined in Example 2.3. Then the identity
mapping of X onto Y is a θ-map which is not θ-continuous.

Theorem 4.4. Let f : X → Y be a θ-map from a θ-compact space X onto Y .
Then Y is θ-compact.

Proof. Let V be a θ-open covering of Y . Then since f is a θ-map, the collection
U={f −1(U ) : U ∈ V} is a θ-open covering of X. Since X is θ-compact, there
exists a finite subcollection {f −1(Ui) : i = 1, ..., n} of U which covers X. Now
since f is onto, {Ui : i = 1, ..., n} is a finite subcollection of V which covers Y .
Hence Y is a θ-compact space. �

Corollary 4.5. Every θ-continuous image of a θ-compact space is θ-compact.

Theorem 4.6. A strongly θ-continuous image of a θ-compact space is compact.

Proof. Suppose X is a θ-compact space and let f : X → Y be a strongly θ-
continuous surjection. Let V be an open covering of Y . Let V ∈ V. We show
that f −1(V ) is θ-open. If x ∈ f −1(V ), then f (x) ∈ V . Since f is strongly
θ-continuous, there exists an open set U containing x such that f (U ) ⊂ V .
Then x ∈ U ⊂ U ⊂ f −1(V ) and so in view of Lemma 1.1, f −1(U ) is θ-open.
Thus the collection U={f −1(V ) : V ∈ V} is a θ-open covering of X and so
there is a finite subcollection {f −1(Vi) : i = 1, 2, . . . n} of U which covers X.
Hence {Vi : i = 1, 2, . . . , n} is a finite subcollection of V which covers Y and so
Y is compact. �



A class of spaces ... 239

We say that a function f : X → Y is said to be θ-closed if each θ-closed
set F in X, f (F ) is θ-closed.

The following characterization of θ-closed functions will be used in the sequel
and seems to be of interest in itself.

Theorem 4.7. A function f : X → Y is θ-closed if and only if for each set
B ⊂ Y and for each θ-open set U containing f −1(B), there is a θ-open set V
containing B such that f −1(V ) ⊂ U .

Proof. Necessity. Since U is θ-open, X − U is θ-closed and so f (X − U ) is
θ-closed in Y . Now, V = Y − f (X − U ) is θ-open, B ⊂ V and

f −1(V ) = f −1(Y − f (X − U )) = X − f −1(f (X − U )) ⊂ X − (X − U ) = U .
To prove sufficiency, let A be a θ-closed set in X. To prove that f (A) is

θ-closed, we shall show that Y − f (A) is θ-open. Let y ∈ Y − f (A). Then
f −1(y) ∩ f −1(f (A)) = φ and so f −1(y) ⊂ X − f −1(f (A)) ⊂ X − A. By
hypothesis there exists a θ-open set V containing y such that f −1(V ) ⊂ X − A.
So A ⊂ X − f −1(V ) and hence f (A) ⊂ f (X − f −1(V )) = Y − V . Thus
V ⊂ Y − f (A) and so the set Y − f (A) being the union of θ-open sets is
θ-open. �

Theorem 4.8. Let f : X → Y be a θ-closed surjection such that for each
y ∈ Y , f −1(y) is a θ-compact subset of X. If Y is θ-compact, then so is X.

Proof. Let U = {Uα : α ∈ Λ} be a θ-open covering of X. Since for each y ∈ Y ,
f −1(y) is a θ-compact subset of X, we can choose a finite subset Λy of Λ such
that {Uβ : β ∈ Λy} is a covering of f

−1(y). Now, by Theorem 4.7, there exists
a θ-open set Vy containing y such that f

−1(Vy ) ⊂ ∪ {Uβ : β ∈ Λy}. The
collection V ={Vy : y ∈ Y } is a θ-open covering of Y . In view of θ-compactness
of Y there exists a finite subcollection {Vy1 , ..., Vyn } of V which covers Y . Then
the finite subcollection {Uβ : β ∈ Λyi , i = 1, ..., n} of U covers X. Hence X is
a θ-compact space. �

Lemma 4.9. Let X be a compact space. Then the projection map py : X ×Y →
Y is a θ-closed surjection for any space Y .

Proof. Let F be a θ-closed subset of X × Y . To show that py(F ) is θ-closed,
we prove that Y − py(F ) is θ-open. Let y ∈ Y − py(F ). Then (X × {y}) ∩ F
= ∅. Since (X × Y ) − F is θ-open, for each (x, y), there is a basic open set

U (x) × Vy(x) containing (x, y) such that U (x) × Vy (x) is disjoint from F . The
collection {U (x) × Vy(x) : x ∈ X} is an open covering of the compact set
X × {y} and so has a finite subcovering {U (xi) × Vy(xi) : i = 1, ..., n}. Then

V =
n⋂

i=1

Vy (xi)is an open set containing y such that V ⊂ Y − py(F ). In view

of Lemma 1.1, Y − py(F ) is θ-open and hence py is a θ-closed surjection. �

The following corollary concerning θ-open sets in the product space X ×Y is
analogous to its counterpart for open sets which is widely used in applications.



240 J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

Corollary 4.10. Let Y be a compact space and let A ⊂ X be arbitrary. Let
U be a θ-open set in X × Y containing A × Y . Then there is a θ-open set V
containing A such that V × Y ⊂ U .

Proof. By Lemma 4.9, the projection map px : X × Y → X is a θ-closed
function. Now, p−1x (A) = A × Y ⊂ U . So an application of Theorem 4.7, yields
the desired θ-open set V containing A such that p−1x (V ) = V × Y ⊂ U . �

Theorem 4.11. Let X and Y be θ-compact spaces such that X is compact.
Then X × Y is a θ-compact space.

Proof. By Lemma 4.9, the projection map py : X × Y → Y is a θ-closed
surjection. Again, for each y ∈ Y , the fiber p−1y (y) is compact and hence
θ-compact. So the result is immediate in view of Theorem 4.8. �

5. Characterizations and a factorization of compactness.

In this section we obtain characterizations of θ-compactness analogous to
that of compactness.

In general θ-closure operator is not a Kuratowski closure operator, since
θ-closure of a set may not be θ-closed (see [10]). However, the following modi-
fication yields a Kuratowski closure operator.

Definition 5.1. Let X be a topological space and let A ⊂ X. A point x ∈ X is
called a uθ-limit point of A if every θ-open set U containing x intersects A.
The set of all uθ-limit points of A is either denoted by Auθ or by cluθA. The
set A is called uθ-closed if A = Auθ.

Lemma 5.2. The operator A → Auθ is a Kuratowski closure operator.

Proof. Clearly A ⊂ Auθ, for every subset A of X. Clearly, (Auθ ∪ Buθ) ⊂ (A ∪
B)uθ. To prove the reverse inequality (A∪B)uθ ⊂ Auθ ∪Buθ, let x ∈ (A∪B)uθ.
Suppose x /∈ Auθ ∪ Buθ. Then x /∈ Auθ and x /∈ Buθ. So there exist θ-open
sets U and V containing x such that (U ∩ A) = ∅ = (V ∩ B). Then U ∩ V is
a θ-open set containing x such that (U ∩ V ) ∩ (A ∪ B) = ∅, which contradicts
the fact that x ∈ (A ∪ B)uθ. Consequently, Auθ ∪ Buθ = (A ∪ B)uθ. To prove
(Auθ)uθ ⊂ Auθ, let x ∈ (Auθ )uθ. Then for every θ-open set U containing x,
U ∩ Auθ 6= ∅. Choose y ∈ U ∩ Auθ. Since U is a θ-open set containing y,
U ∩ A 6= ∅ and so x ∈ Auθ. Hence (Auθ)uθ = Auθ. This completes the proof
that the correspondence A → Auθ is a Kuratowski closure operator. �

Remark 5.3. For any set A ⊂ X, A ⊂ A ⊂ Aθ ⊂ Auθ and Auθ is the smallest
θ-closed set containing A.

Definition 5.4. Let ℑ be a filter on X. A point x ∈ X is said to be uθ-cluster
point of ℑ if every θ-open set containing x intersects every member of the filter
ℑ. The filter ℑ is said to uθ-converges to x if every θ-open set containing x

belongs to ℑ. In symbols ℑ
uθ
−→ x.



A class of spaces ... 241

Definition 5.5. Let {xα}α∈Λ be a net in X. A point x is said to be a uθ-
cluster point of {xα} if for every θ-open set U containing x and for each
α0 ∈ Λ there is an α ∈ Λ such that α > α0 and xα ∈ U . The net {xα} is said
to be uθ-converges to x if for each θ-open set containing x, there is some
λ0 ∈ Λ such that xλ ∈ U for all λ ≥ λ0.

Proofs of following four lemmas are not so very different from those in the
classical case of convergence and cluster points of nets and filters and hence
omitted.

Lemma 5.6. A point x is a uθ-cluster point of a filter ℑ if and only if there

is a filter ℜ finer than ℑ and ℜ
uθ
−→ x.

Lemma 5.7. An ultranet uθ-converges to each of its uθ-cluster points.

Lemma 5.8. A point x ∈ X is a uθ-cluster point of a net {xα} if and only if
x is a uθ-cluster point of the filter generated by the net {xα}.

Lemma 5.9. A filter ℑ uθ-converges to x if and only if the net based on ℑ
uθ-converges to x.

Theorem 5.10. For a topological space X, the following statements are equiv-
alent.

(a) X is θ-compact.
(b) Every family of θ-closed sets with finite intersection property has a

nonempty intersection.
(c) Each filter on X has a uθ-cluster point in X.
(d) Each net in X has a uθ-cluster point in X.
(e) Each ultranet in X is uθ-convergent.
(f) Each ultrafilter on X is uθ-convergent.

Proof. The assertion of (a) ⇒ (b) is easy.
To prove (b) ⇒ (c), let ℑ be a filter on X. Suppose that ℑ has no uθ-cluster

point in X. Then for each x ∈ X, there exists a θ-open set Ux containing x
such that Ux ∩ Fx = ∅ for some Fx in ℑ and so x /∈ cluθFx. Thus the collection
{cluθF : F ∈ ℑ} is a family of θ-closed sets with finite intersection property
which has empty intersection.

The implication (c) ⇒ (d) is immediate in view of Lemma 5.8 and (d) ⇒
(e) follows from Lemma 5.7. Similarly, the assertion (e) ⇒ (f) is clear from
Lemma 5.9.

To prove (f) ⇒ (a), suppose that each ultrafilter on X is uθ-convergent.
Let V be a covering of X by θ-open sets. If V has no finite subcovering of X,
then the collection {X − V : V ∈ V} is a filter base and so is contained in an
ultrafilter G. By hypothesis the ultrafilter G is uθ-convergent to x, say. Let

V ∈ V be a θ-open set containing x. Since G
uθ
−→ x, V ∈ G. But X − V ∈ G.

This contradiction proves that V has a finite subcovering. �

A space X is said to be point paracompact [2] if for every open covering
U of X and each x ∈ X there is an open refinement V of U such that V is



242 J. K. Kohli and A. K. Das

locally finite at x. We say that a space X is θ-point paracompact if for each
open covering U of X and each x ∈ X there is an open refinement V of U and
a θ-open set U containing x which intersects only finitely many members of V.

It is clear from the definitions that every compact space is θ-point paracom-
pact and that a θ-point paracompact space is point paracompact. The space X
in Example 2.3 is a point paracompact space which is not θ-point paracompact.

Theorem 5.11. A topological space X is θ-point paracompact if and only if
every open covering of X has, for each x ∈ X, a finite subset whose union
contains the closure of some θ-open set containing x.

Proof. Suppose X is θ-point paracompact space and let U = {Uα : α ∈ Λ} be
an open covering of X. Suppose x ∈ X. Then there exists an open refinement
{Vλ : λ ∈ Λx} of U and a θ-open set N (x) containing x such that N (x)∩Vλ 6= ∅
for only finitely many λ ∈ Λx. It follows that there exists a finite subset

{Uα(k) : k = 1, . . . , n} of U such that N (x) ⊂
n⋃

k=1

Uα(k).

Conversely, let {Uα : α ∈ Λ} be an open covering of X and let x ∈ X. So
by hypothesis there exists a θ-open set N (x) containing x and a finite subset

{Uα(i) : i = 1, . . . , n} of U such that N (x) ⊂
n⋃

i=1

Uα(i). Let

V = { (X − N (x) ∩ Uα : α ∈ Λ } ∪{Uα(i) : i = 1, ..., n}.
Clearly, V is a refinement of U with N (x) intersecting only finitely many

members of V. So X is θ-point paracompact. �

Corollary 5.12. Every regular space is θ-point paracompact.

Corollary 5.13 ([2]). Every regular space is point paracompact.

Theorem 5.14. If X is a θ-point paracompact space then every filter with a
uθ-cluster point has a cluster point.

Proof. Let X be θ-point paracompact space and let ℑ be a filter with no cluster
point. Let x ∈ X, then U = {X − F : F ∈ ℑ} is a directed open covering of X.
By the hypothesis, there exists an open refinement V of U which is θ-locally
finite at x. So there exists a θ-open set V containing x which intersects only
finitely many members of V. Let W = ∪{U : U ∈ V, U ∩ V = ∅ }. We
have V ∩ W = ∅. Now X − W ⊆ ∪ {U : U ∈ V; U ∩ V 6= ∅}. Since V
is a refinement of U there exist finitely many Oi’s in U such that ∪{U ∈ V;

U ∩ V 6= ∅}⊆
n⋃

i=1

{Oi : Oi ∈ U }. As U is a directed cover, there is some F in

ℑ such that
n⋃

i=1

{Oi : Oi ∈ U}⊆ X − F . Thus X − W ⊆ X − F . i.e., F ⊆ W .

Hence V is a θ-open set containing x and V ∩ F = ∅. Therefore x cannot be
a uθ-limit point of ℑ. �

A combination of Theorems 5.10(c) and 5.14, yields the following facto-
rization of compactness.



A class of spaces ... 243

Theorem 5.15. A topological space X is compact if and only if it is both a
θ-compact space and a θ-point paracompact space.

Corollary 5.16. A regular θ-compact space is compact.

Corollary 5.17 ([3, 27]). A regular almost compact space is compact.

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Received May 2005

Accepted November 2005

J. K. Kohli

Department of Mathematics, Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007,
India

A. K. Das (ak das@lycos.com)
Department of Mathematics, Bhim Rao Ambedkar College, University Of Delhi,
Yamuna Vihar, Delhi-110094, India