Applied Science and Innovative Research 

ISSN 2474-4972 (Print) ISSN 2474-4980 (Online) 

Vol. 7, No. 1, 2023 

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1 
 

Original Paper 

Comparison between Motion Effect of Electric Field and 

Gravitational Field 

Kexin Yao1 

1 Institute of Mechanical Engineering of Shaanxi Province, Room 1-7-1, Staff Building, Xi’an 

Metering Institution, No.12, Laodong South Road Xi’an, 710068 P.R. China 

Tel.: 86-134-8462-6424, E-mail: yayydwpq@163.com 

 

Received: November 27, 2022  Accepted: December 8, 2022  Online Published: December 12, 2022 

doi:10.22158/asir.v7n1p1          URL: http://doi.org/10.22158/asir.v7n1p1 

 

Abstract 

It is pointed out that the magnetic field is not an independent real substance and it is considered that 

the electromagnetic field containing non-material magnetic field cannot establish a unified field theory 

with the gravitational field of the real substance. Through analysis, it is concluded that the so-called 

magnetic field is essentially a motion state of the electric field. The magnetic field is defined as the 

electric field contracting in motion. According to this definition, the Biot-Savart, Lorentz force, 

electromagnetic induction, displacement current and Ampere loop laws are deduced and proved. 

Through the experimental results of electrostatic field around the permanent magnet, it is proved that 

the magnetic field is indeed the electric field contracting in motion. It is believed that the electrostatic 

field is similar to the static gravitational field, the electric field contracting in motion can be defined as 

a magnetic field, and the gravitational field contracting in motion can also be defined as a similar 

contraction field, so that the electromagnetic field is completely similar to the gravitational contraction 

field, and the unification of the two fields is an inevitable result. 

Keywords 

electric field, magnetic field, gravitational field, gravitational contraction field, unified field theory, 

special theory of relativity, fundamental laws of electromagnetics 

 

1. Introduction 

An object transmits gravitational force to another object through a gravitational field; an electrified 

body or an object containing a current transmits electromagnetic force to another electrified body or an 

object containing a current through an electromagnetic field. This fact means that the field is the 

medium of force transmission. People are convinced that the fields in nature are unified, and that the 

mailto:Tel.:86-134-8462-6424


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gravitational field and electromagnetic field should have common nature and law, that is, gravitational 

field and electromagnetic field are unified. For the past 100 years, many people have tried to establish a 

unified field theory to unify the expression of the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in 

unity, but they have not succeeded. As we all know, it is impossible to build a solid building without 

foundation. Similarly, the establishment of a unified field theory must also have a scientific and true 

physical foundation. That is to say, both existing gravitational and electromagnetic field theories must 

reflect the real feature of the field. For a hundred years, the unified field theory has not been established, 

which means that there must be a theory of the gravitational field and the electromagnetic field that 

fails to reflect the real feature of the field. Since the theory of the gravitational field is very simple and 

clear, it can be speculated that the electromagnetic field theory has not yet scientifically and truly 

reflected the essence of the electromagnetic field. Firmly believing this speculation and analyzing the 

electromagnetic field theory carefully, we can find that there are indeed many defects and problems in 

the current electromagnetic theory. The most critical principle issues are three: 1. Electromagnetics 

proposes that current generates a magnetic field. Obviously, this view fails to explain with what 

physical action the current generates a magnetic field in space, or this view does not clarify what is the 

intrinsic reason for the magnetic field generated at a certain point in space. It is clearly an anti-scientific 

view of action at a distance that the current generates magnetic field; 2. Electromagnetics concludes 

that a permanent magnet is surrounded by a magnetic field which can extend to infinity. Therefore, 

when the magnet rotates, the further away from the center of rotation, the faster the magnetic field 

rotates. At a certain distance, the magnetic field can rotate faster than the velocity of light; in the 

infinite distance of the magnetic field, the rotation velocity can even be infinite. Such inference clearly 

violates the principle of constant velocity of light. Since the velocity of motion of real substance cannot 

be greater than the velocity of light, but the velocity of motion of a magnetic field can be greater than 

the velocity of light, this definitely shows that the magnetic field cannot be a real substance; 3. General 

laws of physics can make the necessary physical explanations, such as Archimedes’ Law, Ohm’s Law, 

and so on. However, all the laws of electromagnetics including electromagnetic induction, 

displacement current, Biot-Savart law, Lorentz force law, etc. are summaries of experimental results, 

and have not given physical explanation of the generation of these laws. It should be considered that 

the physical laws with unknown causes do not meet the basic requirements of scientific physics. Due to 

the above three principled problems, it can be judged that the electromagnetic field theory cannot truly 

reflect the nature of the field, which makes the unified field theory lose its reliable theoretical basis. 

Consequently, the failure to establish the unified field theory is inevitable. Obviously, the establishment 

of a unified field theory begins with the establishment of a scientifically true theory of electromagnetics, 

which must explain with what current generates magnetic fields; to prove that the magnetic field cannot 

rotate, it is necessary to clarify and deduce all the laws of electromagnetics from physics. 

It can be considered that the establishment of this scientific theory of electromagnetics has laid a solid 

foundation for the establishment of a unified field theory. Consequently, the establishment of unified 



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field theory is inevitable. 

 

2. The Magnetic Field is an Electric Field Contracting in Motion 

2.1 Magnetic Field is not Real Substance 

There is an electrified body on the train moving at velocity V. The observer on the train concludes that 

there is only an electrostatic field around this electrified body; but the observer on the ground sees that 

this electrified body is moving at velocity V along with the train. He believes that the moving 

electrified body is a current, and the current will inevitably generate a magnetic field. Therefore, he 

concludes that in addition to the electrostatic field around this moving electrified body, there must also 

be a magnetic field. If the magnetic induction intensity at point K near the electrified body is B, then 

the observer moving at a velocity of 2V will think that the electrified body moves at -V and the 

magnetic induction intensity at point K must be -B. Obviously, all observers with different velocities of 

motion necessarily think that the magnetic induction intensity B at point K is completely different. 

It is well known that the existence of real substance has nothing to do with the motion state of the 

observer, which is the fundamental attribute of real substance. However, the existence and size of the 

above magnetic field are closely related to the observer, which means that the magnetic field does not 

conform to the basic characteristics of real substance. This also means that the magnetic field is not a 

real substance. As mentioned above section of Introduction, the velocity of motion of the magnetic 

field can be infinite, which further proves that the magnetic field cannot be a real substance. 

2.2 The Magnetic Field is an Electric Field being in Motion 

Magnetic field is not only widely used in physics, but also has important application value in many 

science majors, so it is necessary to retain the concept of magnetic field. However, to retain the concept 

of magnetic field, it is necessary to retain the basic framework that the current generates magnetic field. 

How to abandon the non-material components of the magnetic field and give new practical meaning to 

magnetic field science while retaining this basic framework? 

Current is the motion of an electrified body. There is an electric field around the electrified body. The 

motion of the electrified body will inevitably drive the electric field around it to move together. 

Therefore, if we assume that the motion of electric field around the electrified body generates a 

magnetic field, we can retain the basic framework that the current generates magnetic field while give a 

new meaning to the magnetic field science. So, the electric field in motion is the magnetic field. What 

is the fundamental difference against the magnetic field generated by current? 

1. As mentioned above, the view that current generates a magnetic field cannot explain the physical 

cause of magnetic field generation thus is an anti-scientific view of action at a distance; the electric 

field in motion is the magnetic field, that is, there is a macroscopic electron motion in the 

current-carrying wire, the electron motion will inevitably drive the common motion of the electric field 

around it. The electric field of this motion is the magnetic field, which explains the physical cause of 

magnetic field generation. 



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2. The view that the current generates magnetic field regards the magnetic field as an independent real 

substance, so different observers have fundamentally different views on the size and direction of the 

magnetic field. This absurd view violates the basic attribute that the existence of real substance is 

independent of the observer. The view that the electric field in motion is the magnetic field means that 

the magnetic field is a physical quantity that expresses the motion of the electric field. That is to say, 

the magnetic field considered by observers with different motions is only the different motions of the 

real substance electric field, just as different observers see motions of a train differently. This does not 

violate the basic attribute of real substance. 

3. The view that current generates magnetic field regards the magnetic field as a real substance. 

Therefore, there is a misjudgment that the velocity of motion of the magnetic field far away from the 

magnet can be faster than the velocity of light when the magnet rotates. The view that the magnetic 

field is the electric field in motion can eliminate this defect. This is because the electric field around the 

electron does not rotate when the electron rotates, which means that the electric field only moves and 

does not rotate, that is, there is no rotating electric field, so there is no rotating magnetic field. 

4. All the laws accompanying the view that current generates magnetic field cannot make the necessary 

physical explanation. Meanwhile, the view the magnetic field is the electric field in motion can make a 

scientific physical explanation of all the fundamental laws of electromagnetics and can be deduced and 

proved mathematically. 

2.3 The Formula for Calculating Magnetic Field 

According to the experimental results published by electromagnetics, the magnetic induction intensity 

B is proportional to the current, and the current is the product of the electric quantity Q of the 

electrified body and its velocity of motion V. Since the electric field intensity E of the electric field 

generated by the electrified body is proportional to the electric quantity Q, B must be proportional to 

the product of 𝐕𝐄. It can also be seen from the experimental results that B is perpendicular to V and E. 

Therefore, we can determine that the calculation formula of the magnetic induction intensity B should 

be P B V E , where P is a proportional constant, and the data in electromagnetics can be used to 

determine 
2

0 0P 1 C    . From this, the calculation formula of the magnetic induction intensity 

can be obtained: 

𝑩 = 𝜀0𝜇0𝑽 × 𝑬 =
1

𝐶2 𝑽 × 𝑬       (1) 

2.4 Deduction and Proving of Biot-Savart Law 

In order to comply with the provisions of the law, the following deduction is on the basis that the 

current is the flow of positron. 



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Figure 1. Magnetic Field of Current Element Idl 

 

Figure 1. Set the line charge density of the positron per unit length of the wire as  , then the electric 

quantity in the ld  segment of the wire is 𝑑𝑄 = 𝜏𝑑𝑙, according to Coulomb’s law, the electric field 

intensity of dQ at point P in the figure should be: 

𝑑𝑬 =
1

4𝜋𝜀0

𝑑𝑄

𝑟2 𝒓0 =
𝜏𝑑𝑙

4𝜋𝜀0𝑟2 𝒓0              (Unit vector in r0-r direction) 

V represents the velocity of motion of positrons, and then, according to the formula (1), magnetic 

induction intensity at point P 

𝑑𝑩 = 𝜇0𝜀0𝑽 × 𝑑E=𝜀0𝜇0𝑽 ×
𝜏𝑑𝑙

4𝜋𝜀0𝑟2
𝒓0 

= 𝜇0

𝜏𝑑𝑙

4𝜋𝑟2
𝑽 × 𝒓𝟎 

Substitute 𝑽 = 𝑰/𝜏 into the above formula to obtain 𝑑𝑩 =
𝜇0𝑑𝑙

4𝜋𝑟2 𝑰 × 𝒓0 

Obviously, this formula is the Biot-Savart law 

2.5 The Electric Field Contracts in Length in the Direction of Motion 

It is pointed out according to the special theory of relativity that, when an object moves at a velocity V, 

the length of the object 𝑙0 in the V direction will contract as 𝑙 = 𝑙0√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2. Since the electric 

field is a real substance, the electric field necessarily contracts in length in the direction of motion. 

Under the condition of a constant electricity amount, the density of the electric field is inversely 

proportional to the length while the electric field intensity is proportional to the density, that is, 

inversely proportional to the length. It can be seen that when the electric field is stationary, the field 

intensity at a certain point is E, then when the electric field moves at a velocity V, the field intensity E 

at a certain point necessarily increases as: 

𝐸′ = 𝐸/√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2       (2) 

If the distance between any two lines is 𝑑0, the angle between the E line and the horizontal line is 𝜃, 

and the distance between the intersection points of the two E lines and the horizontal line is d, then 

𝑑0 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃. If the electric field is moving in a horizontal direction with a velocity V, then d will 



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contract as 𝑑′ = 𝑑/√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2 according to formula (2), then  

𝑑0
′ = 𝑑′ sin 𝜃 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃 /√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2 = 𝑑0/√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2 

This calculation formula shows that the contraction of 𝑑0 is only related to the velocity V, and is not 

related to the angle 𝜃 between E and V. That is to say, when the electric field moves at a velocity V, 

regardless of the motion direction of the electric field: 

𝐸′ = 𝐸/√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2 

The E of the electric field in motion must contract to 𝐸′, so E in formula (1) should be represented by 

𝐸′, but all the velocity of motion V of the electrons in the current is much smaller than the velocity of 

light C, √1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2 can be regarded as equal to 1, that is, it is believed that 𝐸′ = 𝐸, namely the 

formula (1) of Biot-Savart law still holds. 

2.6 The Electric Energy of an Electric Field in Motion 

In a static space, it is assumed that the electric field energy per unit volume of electrons in space can be 

expressed as positive energy 𝜔+ = 𝜀0𝐸2/2, the electric field energy per unit volume of positrons in the 

space must be 𝜔− = −𝜀0𝐸2/2 as the whole space does not show energy, the total energy per unit 

volume of space is 𝜔 = 𝜔+ + 𝜔− = 0. If all electrons in space move at velocity V, then according to 

formula (2), the field intensity E of the electron will increase to 𝐸′ = 𝐸/√1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2. The electric 

field energy per unit volume of the electron will increase to 

𝜔+
′ = 𝜀0𝐸′2/2 = 𝜀0𝐸′2/2(1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2) 

Since 1/(1 − 𝑉2/𝐶2) can be expanded by series as 1 + 𝑉2/𝐶2 + 𝑉4/𝐶4 +…. And the velocity of 

motion of the general electric field is much less than the velocity V of light C, therefore, the expansion 

can ignore 𝑉4/𝐶4 and subsequent items, so that the above formula can be written as: 

𝜔+
′ =

𝜀0

2
𝐸2 (1 +

𝑉2

𝐶2
) = 𝜔+ +

𝜀0𝐸2𝑉2

2𝐶2
 

From the formula (1), we can obtain 𝐵 = 𝜇0𝜀0𝑉𝐸, namely 𝑉𝐸 = 𝐵/𝜇0𝜀0, and we can further obtain 

𝜀0𝜇0 = 1/𝐶2, the above formula can be written as 

𝜔+
′ = 𝜔+ +

𝜇0𝜀0
2𝐸2𝑉2

2
= 𝜔+ +

𝜇0𝐵2

2𝜇0
2  

Since 𝐵 = 𝜇0𝐻, so 𝜔+
′ = 𝜔+ +

𝜇0𝐻2

2
 

The total energy of space 𝜔 = 𝜔+
′ + 𝜔− = (𝜔+ + 𝜔−) +

𝜇0𝐻2

2
=

𝜇0𝐻2

2
                       (3) 

Formula (3) shows that when there is macroscopic electron motion in a substance, the energy per unit 

volume of the substance is 𝜇0𝐻2/2. This is the energy that the contracting in motion of the electric 

field the electron increases. It can be seen that this energy is the magnetic field energy called by 

electromagnetics, which also means that the so-called magnetic field energy is the kinetic energy of the 

electric field in motion. 

 



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3. Deduction of the Fundamental Laws of Electromagnetics 

The above section 2.4 deduces the Biot-Savart law, and then makes a brief deduction and analysis of 

the other fundamental laws  

3.1 Deduction and Analysis of Lorentz Force 

 

 

Figure 2. Source Analysis of Lorentz Force 

 

In Figure 2, A and B represent the cross section of the current plane composed of two “infinite” 

current-carrying wires. The two current planes of A and B are composed of common current-carrying 

wires with the same current and opposite directions. In the figure, 𝐸𝐴
− and 𝐸𝐵

− respectively represent 

the electric field intensity generated by the moving negatrons in the two current planes; 𝐸𝐴
+ and 𝐸𝐵

+ 

respectively represent the electric field intensity generated by the stationary positron with equal electric 

quantity of the negative electron, obviously |𝐸𝐴
+| = |𝐸𝐵

+| = |𝐸𝐴
−| = |𝐸𝐵

−|. 

First obtain the magnetic induction intensity between the two current planes of A and B. From the 

formula (1) 𝑩 = 𝜇0𝜀0𝑽 × 𝑬, we can see that B comes from the electric field in motion, 𝐸𝐴
+ and 𝐸𝐵

+ 

are not related to B when not moving, we only analyze the 𝑬𝐴
− electric field moving at velocity 𝜇 and 

the 𝑬𝐵
− electric field moving at velocity −𝜇 . 

The magnetic induction intensity 𝑩𝐴 generated by 𝑬𝐴
−, from the formula (1) 

𝑩𝐴 = 𝜇0𝜀0𝝁 × 𝑬𝐴
− = 𝜇0𝜀0𝜇𝐸𝒁0 (𝒁0 is the unit vector in the Z direction) 

The magnetic induction intensity 𝑩𝐵 generated by 𝑬𝐵
−, from the formula (1) 

𝑩𝐵 = 𝜇0𝜀0(−𝝁) × 𝑬𝐵
− = 𝜇0𝜀0𝜇𝐸𝒁0 (E is the scalar of 𝑬𝐴

− and 𝑬𝐵
−) 

The total magnetic induction intensity generated by the two current planes of A and B 

𝑩 = 𝑩𝐴 + 𝑩𝐵 = 2𝜇0𝜀0𝑢𝐸𝒁0 

As shown in Figure 2, the positively charged particle Q moves parallel to A and B at a velocity V. 

According to the electromagnetic Lorentz force formula, the Lorentz force experienced by Q should be: 

𝑭 = 𝑄𝑽 × 𝑩 = 2𝜇0𝜀0𝑉𝑢𝐸𝑄(−𝒀0) (𝒀0 is the unit vector in the Y direction)                (4) 

This formula (4) is the Lorentz force formula expressed by 𝑉𝑢𝐸 in the case of Figure 2. 

The Lorentz force is an empirical formula summarized by experimental results. It does not clarify the 



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physical cause of Lorentz force. Next, we apply the principle that the magnetic field is the electric field 

contracting in motion to deduce the source of Lorentz force from physics. 

The force of Q must come from the electric field, that is to say, the Lorentz force must still be the 

electric field force, so we have to analyze why the Q in motion experiences the existence of the electric 

field. 

In Figure 2, there are four electric fields 𝑬𝐴
+, 𝑬𝐵

+, 𝑬𝐴
−, 𝑬𝐵

− between the two current planes of A and B. 

Because the force of 𝑬𝐴
+ and 𝑬𝐵

+ on Q is always equal and opposite in direction, and the forces cancel 

each other out, so the forces of 𝑬𝐴
+ and 𝑬𝐵

+ on Q can be ruled out. In this way, the force experienced 

by Q namely the electric field experienced by Q can only come from 𝑬𝐴
−and 𝑬𝐵

−. E represents the 

scalar of 𝑬𝐴
− and 𝑬𝐵

−, so we obtain 𝑬𝐴
− = 𝐸(𝒀0)   𝑬𝐵

− = 𝐸(−𝒀0) 

It can be seen from the figure that the relative velocity 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉 − 𝑢 of 𝑬𝐴
−and Q, the relative velocity 

𝑉𝑏 = 𝑉 + 𝑢  of 𝑬𝐵
−  and Q, according to formula (2) 𝐸′ = 𝐸/√1 − 𝑉𝐴

2/𝐶2 , the electric field 

experienced by Q on the two planes of A and B is 

𝑬𝐴
′ = 𝑬𝐴

′ /√1 − 𝑉𝐴
2/𝐶2 = 𝐸/√1 − (𝑉 − 𝑢)2/𝐶2𝒀0 

𝑬𝐵
−′ = 𝑬𝐵

′ /√1 − 𝑉𝐵
2/𝐶2 = 𝐸/√1 − (𝑉 + 𝑢)2/𝐶2(−𝒀0) 

Since 1/√1 − 𝑋2/𝐶2  can be expanded to 1 + 𝑋2/2𝐶2 + 3𝑋4/8𝐶4 + 5𝑋6/16𝐶6 +… by series; 

when x is very small relative to C, 𝑋4 and subsequent items can be ignored, so we obtain 1/

√1 − 𝑋2/𝐶2 = 1 + 𝑋2/2𝐶2. Therefore, 𝑬𝐴
− and 𝑬𝐵

− can be written as  

𝑬𝐴
−′ = 𝐸[1 + (𝑉 − 𝑢)2/2𝐶2]𝒀0 = −𝐸[1 + (𝑉 − 𝑢)2/2𝐶2](−𝒀) 

𝑬𝐵
−′ = 𝐸[1 + (𝑉 + 𝑢)2/2𝐶2](−𝒀0) 

The combined electric field experienced by Q is 

𝑬𝑄 = 𝑬𝐴
−′ + 𝑬𝐵

′ = 𝐸[(𝑉 + 𝑢)2/2𝐶2 − (𝑉 − 𝑢)2/2𝐶2](−𝒀0) 

= 𝐸
2𝑉𝑢

𝐶2
(−𝒀0) = 2𝐸𝜀0𝜇0𝑉𝑢(−𝒀0)                         (𝜀0𝜇0 = 1/𝐶2) 

It is previously proved 𝑩 = 2𝜇0𝜀0𝑢𝐸𝒁, 𝑽 × 𝑩 is in −𝒀0 direction, there is 

𝑭 = 𝑬𝑸𝑄 = 𝑄2𝜇0𝜀0𝐸𝑉𝑢(−𝒀0) = 𝑄𝑽 × 𝑩     (5) 

Obviously, this F is the Lorentz force 

3.2 Deduction and Analysis of Electromagnetic Induction Law 

 



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(a)       (b) 

Figure 3. The Variable Velocity Motion of Electrons Travels at the Velocity of Light 

 

Figure 3 (a) shows a section of the cross-section of an infinite plate conductor, in which evenly 

distributed free electrons performs motion with variable velocity of Y=f (t) along Y direction. The 

electric field generated by electron must be accompanied by the same variable motion of the electron. 

Since the electric field is a real substance, the motion of the electric field must propagate at a certain 

velocity like water and air. If the propagation velocity of the electronic variable motion in its electric 

field is the velocity of light C, then there is 𝐶 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡, the motion of electrons propagates at a limited 

velocity C, which inevitably leads to the distortion of the power line (line E) of the electrons. Set at P, 

the intersection angle of the electron E line and the positron E0 line is 𝛼. Since the positive and 

negative electrons have the same amount of electricity, the electric field is not displayed in the x 

direction, so there must be 𝐸𝑥 = −𝐸0, see the Figure (b) above, and 𝑡𝑔𝑎 = 𝐸𝑦/𝐸𝑥 there is 𝐸𝑦 =

𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑔𝑎 = −𝐸0𝑡𝑔𝑎 (6) 

𝑡𝑔𝑎 = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑓(𝑡)/𝑑𝑥             𝐸𝑦 = −𝐸0𝑑𝑓(𝑡)/𝑑𝑥 

The velocity of electron in Y direction is 𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑓(𝑡)/𝑑𝑡 

We obtain the potential of closed loop 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 as shown in figure (a), so that 𝐸𝑦1 and 𝐸𝑦2 represent 

the field intensities of P and K in the Y direction respectively, so there is  

∮𝐸𝑑𝑙
𝑙

= ∫ 𝐸𝑦2𝑑𝑦 +
𝑏

𝑎

∫ (𝐸𝑥 − 𝐸0)𝑑𝑥 +
𝑐

𝑏

∫ 𝐸𝑦1𝑑𝑦 +
𝑑

𝑐

∫ (−𝐸𝑥 + 𝐸0)𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝑑

 

Since Ex and E0 are equal and opposite in directions in the x direction, the 2nd and 4th integrals can be 

eliminated 

∮𝐸𝑑𝑙
𝑙

= ∫ 𝐸𝑦2𝑑𝑦 +
𝑏

𝑎

∫ 𝐸𝑦1𝑑𝑦 =
𝑑

− 𝐸𝑦2ℎ + 𝐸𝑦1ℎ                     (𝑎𝑏 = −ℎ) 

Substitute 𝐸𝑦1 = −𝐸0𝑑𝑓(𝑡)/𝑑𝑥 and 𝐸𝑦2 = −𝐸0𝑑𝑓(𝑡 −△ 𝑥/𝐶)/𝑑𝑥 into the above formula to obtain  



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∮𝐸𝑑𝑙
𝑙

=
𝐸0ℎ𝑑𝑓(𝑡 −

𝛥𝑥
𝑡

)

𝑑𝑥
−

𝐸0ℎ𝑑𝑓(𝑡)

𝑑𝑥 = 𝐸0ℎ
𝑑

𝑑𝑥

[𝑓(𝑡 −
𝛥𝑥

𝐶
) − 𝑓(𝑡)] 

Since the velocity of motion V of electrons is extremely small relative to the velocity of light C, the E 

line in △ 𝑥 can be regarded as a straight line, so there must be 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑓(𝑡 −△ 𝑥/𝐶) +△ 𝑥𝑡𝑔𝑎 

∮𝐸𝑑𝑙
𝑙

= 𝐸0ℎ
𝑑

𝑑𝑥
[− △ 𝑥𝑡𝑔𝑎] 

𝑡𝑔𝛼 =
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥
=

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑡


𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
=

𝑢

𝑐
 

∮ 𝐸𝑑𝑙 =
−𝐸0ℎ𝛥𝑥

𝐶


𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑥
= −

𝐸0ℎ𝛥𝑥

𝐶


𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑡


𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
= −

𝐸0ℎ𝛥𝑥

𝐶2


𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑡
 

ℎ𝛥𝑥 is the area S of the abcd box, and the magnetic induction intensity of E in the motion of 𝑢 in S is 

calculated by formula (1) 𝐵 = 𝒖 × 𝑬/𝐶2 

In the above formula, since ⊥ 𝐸0 , so there is  

∮ 𝐸𝑑𝑙 = −𝑆
𝑑

𝑑𝑡

𝐸0𝑢

𝐶2 = −
𝑑

𝑑𝑡
𝑆𝐵 =

−𝑑𝜙

𝑑𝑡
     (7) 

Obviously, formula (7) is the expression of electromagnetic induction law 

Next, we take the common current-carrying coil as an example to clarify the source of the 

electromagnetic induction law from physics. To facilitate explanation, we must first determine the 

relationship between the component 𝐸𝑦 of the variable motion electric field in the Y direction and the 

velocity, according to the previous formula (6), there is 𝐸𝑦 = −𝐸0𝑡𝑔𝛼 = −𝐸0
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥
= −𝐸0

𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑡


𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥
 . 

Since, the velocity of motion of the electric field in the Y direction is 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑡, the velocity of light 

is 𝐶 = 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 

So there is 𝐸𝑦 = −𝐸0𝑢/𝑐, as mentioned earlier 𝐸𝑥 = −𝐸0. Therefore, 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸𝑥𝑢/𝑐 

𝑑𝐸𝑦

𝑑𝑡
=

𝐸𝑥

𝐶


𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑡
=

𝐸𝑥

𝐶
𝑎       (8) 

In the formula, a represents the acceleration. Since the diameter of the coil is much smaller than the 

velocity of light, the time for the electric wave to travel from left to right is extremely short. A can be 

regarded as a constant, therefore, the ratio of 𝐸𝑦 to 𝑡 in formula (8) is also a constant, that is, formula 

(8) is a linear formula. In combination with 𝑡 = 𝑥/𝐶, formula (8) can be written as  

𝐸𝑦 =
𝐸𝑥

𝐶
𝑎𝑡 =

𝐸𝑥

𝐶2 𝑎𝑥       (9） 

Formula (9) shows that 𝐸𝑦 and x are in a straight line relationship. 

 



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Figure 4. The Electric Field Distribution Inside and Outside the Coil when the Current Changes 

 

Figure 4 (a) shows a rectangular current-carrying coil. We regard the left and right sides of the coil as a 

current panel. The coil has 𝑛 turns of wire, so the total current intensity of the two panels A and B is 

𝑛𝐼. It can be considered that the A and B panels are similar to the panel of Figure 3, when the current of 

coil changes, the negative electrons on the A and B panels will inevitably perform variable motion. The 

variable motion of the negative electron will inevitably generate an electric field which propagates at 

the velocity of light according to the law of the negative electron motion. The component 𝐸𝑦1 of the 

electric field propagating in the Y direction of the plate A and the component 𝐸𝑦2 of the electric field 

propagating in the Y direction of the plate B are both proportional to a and there is the linear 

relationship with the distance X. Set a as a negative value and the initial field intensity of A panel is 

𝐸𝑦1
0 . According to formula (9), we obtain 𝐸𝑦1 = 𝐸𝑦1

0 + 𝐸𝑥𝑎, 𝑥/𝐶2, from which 𝐸𝑦1 line can be drawn 

as the straight line on figure (b). In the same way, the line 𝐸𝑦2 of B panel can be drawn as the straight 

line below (b), and the synthetic field intensity 𝐸𝑦1 with 𝐸𝑦2 is as shown in the shadow of figure (b). 

It can be seen that the potential of the 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 loop in the middle of A and B panels (inside the coil) is 

only proportional to the width 𝑏1 of the loop, that is, proportional to the loop area or the magnetic flux 

surrounded by the loop; the potential of the loop outside A and B panels (outside the coil) 𝑎′𝑏′𝑐′𝑑′ is 

only proportional to the distance 𝑏 between A and B, and is independent of the width 𝑏2 of loop, that 

is, independent of the area of loop. This explains why the potential of any closed loop of different size 

outside the coil is only proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux surrounded by the coil. 

3.4 Deduction and Proving of Displacement Current 



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Figure 5. The Electric Field in Motion Passes through the 𝒍 Loop to Generate 𝒅𝝓/𝒅𝒕 

 

In Figure 5, 𝑙 represents a closed arbitrary loop, the winding direction of which is anticlockwise, and 

there are electric fields 𝑬1𝑽1, 𝑬2𝑽2, 𝑬3𝑽3... formed by a lot of electron motion around this circuit, 

which are different in size and direction. We analyze the motion of the electric field in the 𝑑𝑙 segment 

shown in the Figure. 

The direction of the electric field is defined as positive E, and positive E passes through the right end of 

𝑑𝒍 through the left end as a positive pass, because such a pass will increase the number of positive 

electric fields in the 𝑙 loop; if -E passes from the left end of 𝑑𝒍 to the right end, it is also positive pass, 

because such a pass will reduce the number of negative electric fields in the 𝑙 loop. Contrary to the 

above two cases, it is negative pass. 

Figure 5 shows that E moves forward by 𝑑𝒓 distance through 𝑑𝒍 at a velocity V in 𝑑𝒕 time, 𝑑𝒍 and 

𝑑𝒓 (r and V are in the same direction) each form a tiny area 𝑑2𝑺 = 𝑑𝒍 × 𝑑𝒓 for the side length, 

because 𝑑𝒍 and 𝑑𝒓 are both infinitesimal, so the product of the two should be a second-order 

infinitesimal, and 𝑑2𝑺 = 𝑑𝒍 × 𝑑𝒓 represents this tiny area. According to the formula (1), E generates 

𝑩 = 𝜇0𝜀0𝑽 × 𝑬 with V motion. Because 𝑩 = 𝜇0𝑯, this formula can also be written as 

𝑯 = 𝜀0𝑽 × 𝑬 = 𝑽 × 𝑫  (In the formula, 𝑫 = 𝜀0𝑬). 

The magnetic potential generated by H on 𝑑𝒍 should be 𝑯𝑑𝒍 = (𝑽 × 𝑫)𝑑𝒍, according to the vector 

formula, we obtain  

(𝑽 × 𝑫)𝑑𝒍=(𝑑𝒍 × 𝑽)𝑫 

Since 𝑽 = 𝑑𝒓/𝑑𝑡, the formula can be written as: 

𝑯𝑑𝒍 = (𝑑𝒍 ×
𝑑𝒓

𝑑𝑡
) 𝑫 =

1

𝑑𝑡
(𝑑𝒍 × 𝑑𝒓)𝑫 =

1

𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑺𝑫 

In the above formula, 𝑑2𝑺𝑫 is the electric displacement flux of D in the micro area of 𝑑2𝑺, which 

can be expressed by 𝑑2𝜙𝐷, so the above formula can be converted to 𝑯𝑑𝒍 = 𝑑2𝜙𝐷/𝑑𝑡,, so 

∮ 𝑯𝑑𝒍 = ∫ 𝑑2
𝑠

𝜙𝐷/𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝜙𝐷/𝑑𝑡      (10) 

Obviously, formula (10) is the expression of displacement current 

3.5 Deduction of Ampere’s Loop Law 



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Figure 6. Deduction of Ampere’s Loop Law 

 

Figure 6(a) ab is a section of current-carrying wire, the direction of current I is from down to up, while 

the actual direction of free electrons in the wire is from up to down. The winding direction of loop 𝑙 is 

the right-hand spiral direction of I. At 𝑑𝑡 time, negative electron beam moves to 𝑏′𝑎′ from 𝑏𝑎. The 

overlap part between negative electron beam 𝑏′𝑎′ and 𝑏𝑎 is 𝑏′𝑎 (the thick black line in the Figure). 

Obviously, during 𝑑𝑡 time, the overlapping negative electron beams 𝑏′𝑎 have the same electric 

displacement flux to the 𝑙 loop, and it has nothing to do with the change of the electric displacement 

flux in the loop. Therefore, during 𝑑𝑡 time, what causes the change of electric displacement flux in the 

𝑙  loop is that the 𝑏′𝑎  segment is less 𝑏𝑏′  segment than 𝑏𝑎 , but more 𝑎𝑎′  than 𝑏𝑎  segment. 

According to the fact that the matter is not destroyed, the electric quantity of 𝑏𝑏′ and 𝑎𝑎′ is the same, 

and this electric quantity is set as −𝑑𝑄. Obviously, during 𝑑𝑡 time, the negative electron beam of 𝑏𝑎 

becomes the negative electron beam of 𝑏′𝑎′. For the 𝑙 loop, dQ  of 'bb  becomes dQ  of 

aa  . According to Coulomb’s law, the electric displacement flux Dd  of point charge dQ  to a 

certain loop is directly proportional to the solid angle   of this loop against dQ , and the relation is 

 4/dQd D   (the solid angle of the whole closed plane is equal to 4 ). Set the solid angle of 

dQ  in 'aa  segment against l  is a , and the solid angle of dQ  in 'bb  segment against 

l  is b , the potential generated by dQ  in 'aa  and ''bb  segment are all positive in the 

upward direction. Therefore, during dt  time, the change of the total electrical displacement flux of 

the l  loop is )(
4

'' babbaaD

dQ
ddd 


  

The above formula can be changed to )
4

(
4

)(



 babaD I
dt

dQ

dt

d 



   

The magnetic potential of this current-carrying wire ab  to the 𝑙 loop should be 

∮ 𝐻 ⋅ 𝑑𝑙 =
𝑑𝜑𝐷

𝑑𝑡
=

(𝛺𝑎−𝛺𝑏)

4𝜋
𝐼  

Figure 6 (b) shows that a closed wire with current I passes through the l  loop. We can regard this 

closed wire as that the wire is composed of point a on the plane of the l  loop to point b on the plane 



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of the l  loop. The solid angle point a against l  is 2b , and the solid angle of point b 

against l  is 2a , therefore, according to the above formula, the magnetic potential generated 

by the closed wire to the l  loop should be  

∮ 𝐻 ⋅ 𝑑𝑙 =
(𝛺𝑎−𝛺𝑏)

4𝜋
𝐼 =

2𝜋−(−2𝜋)

4𝜋
𝐼 = 𝐼     (11) 

Obviously, formula (11) is the expression of the law of the Ampere’s Loop Law. 

 

4. The Experimental Proofing of that Magnetic Field is an Electric Field Contracting in Motion 

According to Coulomb’s law and Gauss’ theorem, there can be no electric field around the 

non-electrified body, but the facts negate this conclusion. Experiments show that a cubic uncharged 

NdFeB permanent magnet with a side length of 20mm and a plane magnetic induction intensity of 

about 0.8T has a negative electrostatic field with a field intensity of about 240V/m and 130V/m 

respectively at 10mm and 20mm above the edges of its N and S planes. In addition, at 10mm and 

20mm beside the four edges on its side, there are positive electrostatic fields with field intensity of 

about 200V/m and 100V/m respectively. This fact shows that there is a clear electrostatic field around 

uncharged NdFeB permanent magnets, and it also proves that Coulomb’s law and Gauss’s theorem are 

not valid for permanent magnets. However, this fact just proves that the view that magnetic field is an 

electric field contracting in motion is true and correct, as explained below. 

 

Figure 7. 

 

Figure 7 (a) shows that the electric field is evenly distributed when the charge is stationary, and Figure 

(b) shows the contraction of the electric field when the electric charge and electric field are moving at 

high velocity in the X direction at √3/2𝐶. It can be seen that, after the high-velocity motion of the 

electric charge, the line of electric force is densely concentrated in the Y direction, that is, the electric 

field intensity in the Y direction is increased, while the line of electric force is sparsely dispersed in the 

X direction, that is, the electric field intensity in the X direction is decreased. (C) graph is a rectangular 

tubular current-carrying coil. One of the 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 planes of this coil is analyzed separately, on which all 

the electrons will move in the x direction. As shown in Figure (b), the electric field generated by the 

electrons is densely concentrated in the Y direction, that is, the electric field intensity is increased, 



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while the electric field is sparsely dispersed in the X direction, that is, the electric field intensity is 

decreased. Therefore, the negative electric field intensity in the Y direction will inevitably be greater 

than the intensity of positive electric field generated by the proton with the same electric quantity with 

the electron, so that the resultant result is bound to present a negative electrostatic field. However, since 

the intensity of negative electric field generated by the electrons is decreased, the negative electric field 

intensity in the X direction will inevitably be smaller than the intensity of positive electric field 

generated by the proton with the same electric quantity with the electron, so that the resultant result is 

bound to present a positive electrostatic field. Since the magnetic field of the rectangular permanent 

magnet is similar to the magnetic field of the rectangular tube current-carrying coil of the same shape, 

the electrostatic field analyzed in the above (C) diagram is basically similar to the electrostatic field 

around the tested NdFeB permanent magnet. This qualitatively explains why there are both negative 

and positive electrostatic fields around the NdFeB permanent magnet. 

It should be noted that the permanent magnet and the current-carrying coil are very different, that is, the 

free electricity in the coil move linearly; while the electrons in the magnetic domain of the permanent 

magnet rotate, and the direction of the electron’s motion is constantly changed. The contraction of the 

electric field in the linear motion of electrons is very different from the contraction of the electric field 

in the rotational motion of electrons. Therefore, the specific values of the negative and positive electric 

field intensities around the permanent magnet must be deduced and calculated based on the rotation of 

the electrons. The specific calculation process is lengthy, and will not be described here, please refer to 

references 2 and 3. 

As previously mentioned in 3.1, the Law of Lorentz force was deduced and proved under the condition 

of uniform magnetic field. It can be seen that under the condition of non-uniform magnetic field, it is 

impossible to deduct the Law of Lorentz force by applying the principle that the magnetic field is an 

electric field contracting in motion. Therefore, under the condition of non-uniform magnetic field, the 

Law of Lorentz force does not hold. For example, when analyzing the interaction force between any 

two charges, with the application of the Law of Lorentz force, it is inevitable to obtain that the 

interaction force of the two charges is not the same and the direction is not opposite, that is, it does not 

meet the law of reaction force. Especially, the analysis of interaction force between a rectangular 

current-carrying coil and charged particles moving outside the circle can even get the absurd 

conclusion that the direction of the acting force and the reaction force can be the same. Obviously, for 

the non-uniform magnetic field, the law of Lorentz force cannot be applied to analyze the force on the 

charged particles. However, the application of the principle that the magnetic field is an electric field 

contracting in motion can obtain the correct conclusion that conforms to the law of reaction. The reason 

is simple. For any two charged particles in motion, the relative velocity of the two is always equal and 

opposite in direction, and the contraction of the electric field is exactly the same. Therefore, the 

interaction force of the two must be equal and opposite in direction, always consistent with the law of 

reaction force. The interaction force between the collection of charged particles is a collection of the 



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interaction force of single charged particles, which naturally conforms to the law of reaction force.  

The previous description shows that the application of the view that the magnetic field is an electric 

field contracting in motion deducted and proved the fundamental law of electromagnetics, and also 

eliminates some defects and existing problems of electromagnetics. Therefore, it can be concluded that 

the view that the magnetic field is an electric field contracting in motion is objective and true. 

 

5. The Unification of Gravitational Field and Electric Field 

The expression of Coulomb’s law is known as 

𝐹 = 𝐾
𝑄1𝑄2

𝑟2         (12) 

In the formula, Q and Q2 represent the electric quantity of two charges, 𝐾 represents the distance 

between the charges, and 𝑟 is a proportional constant. From the formula (12), the expression of the 

electric field intensity of the charge is 

𝑭 =
𝑬

𝑸𝟐
= 𝑲

𝑸𝟏

𝒓𝟐 = 𝑲
𝑸

𝒓𝟐)       (13) 

The expression of the law of gravity is known as 

𝐹 = 𝐺
𝑚1𝑚2

𝑟2                                 (14) 

In the formula, 1m and 2m  represent the mass of two objects, r is the distance between the centers 

of mass of two objects, and G is the constant of universal gravitation. From the formula (14), the 

expression of the gravitational field intensity P of the mass of the object is 

𝑃 =
𝐹

𝑚2
= 𝐺

𝑚1

𝑟2 = 𝐺
𝑚

𝑟2                            (15) 

It can be seen from comparison that the expression of the force (12) is completely similar to (14), and 

the expressions of the field intensity (13) and (15) are also completely similar. This means that 

Coulomb’s law is consistent with the law of universal gravitation, and the distribution law of the 

electric field is consistent with the distribution law of the gravitational field. 

It has been proved above that the magnetic field is not a real substance that exists independently. The 

magnetic field is essentially electric field contracting in motion. That is, the magnetic field still belongs 

to the electric field. It is just a physical quantity that expresses the motion state of the electric field. The 

so-called electromagnetic field essentially means the electric field and its motion state. Relating to the 

gravitational field, the gravitational field is also a real substance. Like all real substance, the 

gravitational field of motion must contract in the direction of motion. If we define the gravitational 

field contracting in motion as the “contraction field”, the “contraction field” must have completely 

consistent characteristics with the magnetic field. When the gravitational field is connected to the 

contraction field, there must be a gravitational contraction field, that is, the gravitational field and its 

motion state. Contrast with the electromagnetic field means that the electric field and its motion state 

must have a gravitational contraction field that is completely similar to the electromagnetic field.  



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To sum up, the conclusion is that Coulomb’s law is similar to the law of universal gravitation, the 

electric field is similar to the gravitational field, the magnetic field is similar to the contraction field, 

and the gravitational contraction field is similar to the electromagnetic field. Therefore, it can be said 

that the electric field and the gravitational field are completely similar, the two are unified, and the 

establishment of unified field theory is necessarily true. 

 

6. Conclusion 

The unified field theory of electromagnetic field and gravitational field has not been established so far. 

It is believed that the fundamental reason is that the electromagnetic field theory is not in line with the 

objective scientific theory. The unscientific electromagnetic field theory leads to the loss of a reliable 

foundation for the establishment of the unified field theory. Therefore, it is inevitable that the unified 

field theory cannot be established. This article specifically analyzes the defects of electromagnetic 

theory, and points out that it is a principle error of electromagnetics to treat the magnetic field as a real 

substance. All the laws of electromagnetics fail to make the necessary physical explanation, which is 

the fundamental defect of electromagnetics. To eliminate the defects of electromagnetics, we must first 

make a scientific definition of the magnetic field. The analysis pointed out that according to 

electromagnetics, the magnetic field generated by the motion of the same charged particle, observers 

with different motions will have completely different judgments on the size and direction of the 

magnetic field, which does not meet the fundamental characteristics that the existence of real substance 

is independent of the observer. Judging from this, the magnetic field cannot be an independent real 

substance. According to electromagnetics, there must be a rotating magnetic field around the rotating 

magnet, which means that the magnetic field must rotate faster than the velocity of light beyond a 

certain distance from the magnet, which violates the principle of constancy of velocity of light that the 

velocity of motion of real substance cannot be greater than the velocity of light. This result further 

proves that the magnetic field is not a real substance. It is also pointed out that due to the incorrect 

definition of the magnetic field, it is impossible for all the fundamental laws of electromagnetics to 

make the necessary physical explanations, nor can they clarify the internal causes of these physical 

laws. In order to make the electromagnetic field theory a scientific theory, we must first make a 

scientific definition of the magnetic field. Through analysis, it is pointed out that the so-called magnetic 

field still belongs to the real substance electric field, which is a physical quantity to express the motion 

state of the electric field and defines the magnetic field as an electric field contracting in motion. This 

definition serves as a basic principle to deduce and prove Biot-Savart, Lorentz force, electromagnetic 

induction, displacement current and Ampere loop laws, as well as to clarify the physical processes of 

the generation of these laws. It is further confirmed that the magnetic field is an electric field 

contracting in motion by explaining the experimental results of electrostatic field around the permanent 

magnet which cannot be explained by electromagnetics. It is believed that since the electric field 

contracting in motion can be defined as a magnetic field, the gravitational field of motion contraction 



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can naturally also define a “contraction field” similar to the magnetic field. In this way, the contraction 

field is similar to the magnetic field, the gravitational field is similar to the electric field, and the 

gravitational field is completely similar to the electromagnetic field. That is, the characteristics of the 

gravitational field and the electric field are consistent and unified, and the establishment of a unified 

field theory between the two is an inevitable result.  

 

References 

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Yao, K. X. (2012). Question on Some Principles of electromagnetism. Applied physics Research, 4(3). 

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Yao, K. X. (2014). Explanation of Electromagnetics by Motion of Electric Field. LAMBERT Academic 

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Yao, K. X. (2016). New principles for the Theory of Relativity. LAMBERT Academic Publishing