1 Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa1 Célia Samarina Brito Santos2 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy* 1 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557. School of Health, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal. clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt 2 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668. Escola Superior de Enfermagem do Porto, Portugal. celiasantos@esenf.pt * This article derives from a doctoral dissertation in the Advanced Nursing Specialty: “Criação e Avaliação de um Programa de Inter- venção em Enfermagem de Estomaterapia: Contributos na Adaptação à Ostomia e Qualidade de Vida”, authored by Clementina dos Prazeres Fernandes de Sousa. Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2016. Received: 08/11/2019 Sent to peer review: 12/12/2019 Accepted peer review: 02/02/2020 Approved: 18/02/2020 DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo Fernandes CP, Brito CS. Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy. Aquichan. 2020;20(1):e2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/ aqui.2020.20.1.4 ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of a stoma nursing care program on the personal adjustment to an ostomy. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental study with a control group. The sample of 105 patients with stoma was divided into two groups (intervention group and control group), with assessments in the first and sixth month after hospital discharge. Information was collected using the Elimination Ostomy Adjustment Scale. Student’s t-tests analysis were performed. Results: One month after hospital discharge, the adjustment to the stoma was satisfactory and similar (p > 0.05) in both groups, and in the sixth month, statistically more favorable in the intervention group (p < 0.001); a statistically significant difference between the two assessments (p < 0.001) is found in the intervention group only. Conclu- sions: The intervention program has a positive influence on the adjustment to the stoma, and its contribution is significant six months after hospital discharge. Systematic interventions of an ostomy care specialized nurse have shown positive effects on ostomy adjustment, which is recommended since the preoperative period. KEYWORDS (Source: DecS, MeSH) Surgical stoma; psychological adjustment; nursing care; preoperative period; postoperative period. AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 Theme: Chronic disease care. Contribution to the discipline: This research has important implications in health planning, particularly nursing, since it means that the adjustment to an ostomy improves significantly if patients receive differentiated care during the preoperative, immedi- ate, and follow-up periods. The present study has strengths such as the importance of the enterostomal therapist’s systematic intervention to promote a healthier adjustment. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt mailto:clementinasousa@ess.ipvc.pt http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 mailto:celiasantos@esenf.pt mailto:celiasantos@esenf.pt mailto:celiasantos@esenf.pt mailto:celiasantos@esenf.pt mailto:celiasantos@esenf.pt https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-3557 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-2668 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 https://doi.org/10.5294/aqui.2020.20.1.4 2 AQUICHAN - ISSN 1657-5997 - eISSN 2027-5374 AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 Efecto de un programa de atención de enfermería en estomaterapia en la adaptación de la persona a la ostomía de eliminación* RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de un programa de atención de enfermería en estomaterapia en la adaptación de la persona a la ostomía de eliminación (OE). Materiales y métodos: estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo control. La muestra de 105 personas con OE se dividió en dos grupos (grupo de intervención y grupo de control), con evaluación en el primer y sexto mes después del alta hospitalaria. La in- formación se recopiló mediante la Escala de Adaptación a la Ostomía de Eliminación. Se realizaron pruebas t de Student para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: en el primer mes después del alta hospitalaria, la adaptación a la OE fue satisfactoria y similar (p > 0,05) en los dos grupos y el sexto mes fue estadísticamente más favorable en el grupo de intervención (p < 0,001), con diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el grupo de intervención entre los dos momentos de evaluación (p < 0,001). Conclusiones: el programa influenció posi- tivamente la adaptación a la OE y su contribución se hizo visible al sexto mes después del alta hospitalaria. La intervención sistemática de la enfermería en estomaterapia reveló un efecto favorable en la adaptación a la OE, por lo que es recomendable que se inicie en el período preoperatorio. PALABRAS CLAVE (Fuente: DecS, MeSH) Estomas quirúrgicos; ajuste emocional; atención de enfermería; periodo preoperatorio; periodo posoperatorio. * Este artículo se deriva de la tesis de doctorado: “Criação e Avaliação de um Programa de Intervenção em Enfermagem de Estomaterapia: Contributos na Adaptação à Ostomia e Qualidade de Vida”, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2016. 3 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy l Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa and other Efeito de um programa de enfermagem em estomaterapia na adaptação da pessoa ao estoma de eliminação* RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o efeito de um programa de intervenção de enfermagem em estomaterapia na adaptação da pessoa à ostomia de eliminação (OE). Material e métodos: estudo quasi-experimental com grupo de controlo. A amostra de 105 pessoas com OE repartiu-se por dois grupos (grupo de intervenção e grupo de controlo), com avaliação ao primeiro e sexto mês depois da alta hospitalar. A informação foi recolhida com a Escala de Adaptação à Ostomia de Eliminação. Realizaram-se testes t-Student para análise estatística. Resultados: ao primeiro mês, a adaptação à OE era satisfatória e semelhante (p > 0,05) nos dois grupos, sendo ao sexto mês, estatisticamente mais favorável no grupo de intervenção (p < 0,001); com diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois momentos de avaliação (p < 0,001), no grupo de intervenção. Conclusões: o programa de intervenção influenciou positivamente o percurso de transição para a adaptação à OE, sendo visível o seu contributo, ao sexto mês depois da alta hospitalar. A intervenção sistematizada da enfermeira esto- materapeuta revelou um efeito favorável na adaptação à OE, sendo recomendável desde o período pré-operatório. PALAVRAS-CHAVE (Fonte: DecS, MeSH) Estoma cirúrgico; ajustamento emocional; cuidados de enfermagem; período pré-operatório; período pós-operatório. AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 * Este artigo é derivado da tese de doutorado “Criação e Avaliação de um Programa de Intervenção em Enfermagem de Estomaterapia: Contributos na Adaptação à Ostomia e Qualidade de Vida”, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2016. 4 AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 AQUICHAN - ISSN 1657-5997 - eISSN 2027-5374 Introduction An ostomy represents a potential threat to the dynamics of everyday life, which is expressed by emotional, physical, and so- cial imbalance; therefore, individuals must learn a different mo- dus vivendi and incorporate it into their daily life. Adjusting to a changed body generates responses that reflect in various ways to deal with the new condition, which implies the acquisition of new skills to adjust and move forward (1-6). Being colorectal cancer the most common disease and co- lostomy one of the surgical proposals, the ghost of recurrence, the progression to terminal disease and subsequent death, and the stoma can continuously torment the patient’s thinking, influencing his/her coping strategies and the adjustment process (1, 7, 8). However, the fact that an ostomy represents disease control and allows to continue living can ease acceptance as well as transition to psychosocial adjustment (7, 9). Adjustment includes the individual’s intention and willingness to manage new situations and challenges (10). The adjustment to an ostomy means that the person will have to reorganize and re- direct his/her life, face the changes, and accept new challenges knowing that they have a stoma (3-5, 11-13). If the stoma is per- manent it will be with him/her for the rest of his/her lifetime, involving a smooth reformulation of his/her identity, body image, and new or renewed concept of life (2-5). Given these assumptions, our research is based on Meleis’ Transitions Theory, considering that ostomy surgery implies a health/illness transition. The conceptual basis of this theory sup- ported the analysis and understanding of the nature of these phe- nomena and how people cope with changes in their bodies and self-care, as well as the factors associated with the adjustment to the transition to a life with an ostomy. It involves the aware- ness and commitment of the individual to accept the changes and the recognition of the personal potentials and the environmental resources that will enable them to overcome the transition period and adjust healthily to the new living conditions (14). In this context, the potential of nursing therapeutics emerges, improving the strengthening capacities directed to stoma care management and the appropriation of a new sense of life. This empowerment that is built step by step will have an impact on the healthy adjustment to the changes perceived by people who start living with an ostomy. Thus, the incorporation of an ostomy and the reformulation of one’s identity happen, and the health out- comes flow smoothly (14). The identification of personal and environmental transition conditions (facilitators and inhibitors) will guide the educational action of nursing to allow the development of skills that help en- joy a more independent, more interactive, and healthier life (14). Nurses, particularly the enterostomal therapist nurses (ETN), face two major challenges. On the one hand, understanding the transition phase that patients are experiencing; on the other, pro- viding them nursing therapeutics that promote, as far as possible, self-confidence, well-being, and autonomy (3, 11, 14). Several studies emphasize the effect of psychosocial adjust- ment to the ostomy if stoma nurses take care of patients (3, 6, 11, 13, 15-20). If such intervention starts in the preoperative phase and continues after hospital discharge, it will strengthen their ear- ly involvement and management of self-care and the construction of more proactive attitudes toward the new life circumstances (1, 18, 19). The stoma self-care appropriation will be more effective if teaching strategies are structured and continued (6, 15). There are numerous studies that analyze changes in self-care after bowel or urinary stoma and its implications for adjustment, discovering positive associations between stoma care autonomy and the adjustment to an ostomy (12, 13). In this framework, this study was designed to assess the effect of a nursing program in enterostomal therapy (NPET) on ostomy adjustment. Considering the theoretical assumptions, sci- entific evidence, and purpose of our study, the following hypoth- eses were defined: • H1 - Patients benefiting from the NPET have a better ad- justment to the ostomy than those who have not received this intervention at the end of the first month after hospital discharge; • H2 - Patients who have received care through the NPET have a better adjustment to the ostomy compared to those who re- ceived usual nursing care at the end of the sixth month after hospital discharge; • H3 - Between the first and sixth months after hospital dis- charge, the adjustment to the ostomy improves significantly https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/adaptation https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/the https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/individual_2 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/intention https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/and https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/to https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/manage https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/new https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/and https://dictionary.cambridge.org/es/diccionario/ingles-espanol/adaptation 5 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy l Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa and other in those who were provided with the NPET, compared to those without this interv ention. Method An intervention nursing program (NPET) was created in a previous study, using a mixed-method sequential design, sup- ported by the guidelines of the Medical Research Council for the development and evaluation of complex interventions. The study had two phases: • Phase 1: Construction of a NPET pilot version based on theo- retical nursing references, the International Classification for Nursing Practice (10) and the Nursing Interventions Classifi- cation (21), using the focus group technique, with a panel of seven expert nurses. • Phase 2: Pilot study of the implementation of the program. Six focuses of the nursing practice (Self-concept, Self-care, Accep- tance, Hope, Sexual Interaction, and Social Interaction) and nursing interventions that were considered relevant to the os- tomized people care make up the NPET consensus version to be applied to the present study. The intervention program was ap- plied in the preoperative, transoperative, and follow-up phase of patients with ostomy This research is a quasi-experimental study with a control group (22) and involves an NPET and data collection at two points in time: first and sixth-months after hospital discharge (Table 1). Table 1. Study design G ro up P re op er at iv e ho sp it al iz at io n P os to pe ra ti ve ca re 1s t m on th af te r ho sp it al di sc ha rg e Fo llo w -u p 6t h m on th af te r ho sp it al di sc ha rg e Intervention (IG) X IE1 X IE2 A1 X IE3 n ≥ 5 A2 Control (CG) A1 A2 Legend: X IE1 - 1st nursing intervention with NPET; X IE2 - 2nd nursing intervention with NPET; X IE3 - Follow-up nursing interventions with NPET. A1 - 1st moment of data collection; A2 - 2nd moment of data collection. Source: Own elaboration The sample size was obtained during 2015 and 2016, in nine hospital units in northern Portugal. For the intervention group (IG) subjects from four hospitals with Stomatherapy Nursing Consulta- tion (SNC) were selected and the participants allocated to the con- trol group (CG) were from five hospitals without SNC or ETN. The criteria for inclusion in the sample include individuals hospitalized for ostomy elective surgery or even ostomy palliative surgery; with primary bowel or urinary stoma (temporary or permanent); aged 18 years or older, and study volunteers. After obtaining their written informed consent in the first as- sessment, 105 subjects, 72 for the IG and 33 for the CG, comprise the sample. In the second assessment, there were 93 participants, of whom 61 were in the IG and 32 in the CG, with a death rate be- tween both assessments of 15.3 and 3 %, respectively (Figure 1). Figure 1. Flow diagram of study participants as per CONSORT (Northern Portugal) Source: Adapted from CONSORT 2010 During hospitalization, two visits of the ETN were planned in the intervention group to perform the NPET: one preoperative and another postoperative. Additionally, five follow-up consultations were programmed as a minimum for six months after discharge. More consultations could be planned according to the patient’s needs. In the same period, the general nurses provided routine care |to both groups, in all the hospitals involved. 6 AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 AQUICHAN - ISSN 1657-5997 - eISSN 2027-5374 A demographic and clinical characteristics questionnaire and the Elimination Ostomy Adjustment Scale (EOAS) (23, 24) were used as data collection instruments. The instruments were administered to the patients in two assessments: the first and sixth months after hospital discharge. The follow-up decision for this period was based on literature (19, 23), mentioning that around three to six months of ostomy experience are enough to develop new self-care skills, as well as a to improve adjustment gradually. Open-ended ques- tions about self-care autonomy before surgery, co-morbidities, and causal disease were assessed in the first moment. The EOAS was developed for this study in two phases: • Phase 1: Development of the instrument. The initial version of the scale was analyzed by a committee of 25 experts for content validation and pre-tested on 20 ostomized patients. • Phase 2: Study of its psychometric properties. It employed a sample of 256 participants, with bowel or urinary stoma (tem- porary or permanent), aged 18 years or older. The EOAS contains 35 items that measure six ostomy ad- justment domains: Self-concept, Self-care, Positive Acceptance, Negative Acceptance, Social/Religious Support, and Sexual In- teraction, operationalized on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = totally agree. Fifteen items are reverse coded. In the original study, the Cronbach’s alpha co- efficients of the six domains were between 0.85-0.61, while the overall scale was 0.87. The results are organized in a way that generates a score for each domain and on a global scale. To identify the mean scores, we used a formula that transforms the averages obtained into scores from 0 to 100. A higher mean score corresponds to a more favorable ostomy adjustment. Descriptive statistics were used with absolute frequency and percentage data of categorical variables to describe the sample profile. The calculation of position and dispersion measures (mean, standard deviation) was used for the continuous vari- ables. To analyze the differences between the mean scores of two groups, independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test were used to analyze the effect size, with a margin of error of 5 % (p ≤ 0.05) and a confidence level of 95 % (25). All data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 22.0. The research was conducted according to Decree-Law No. 97/95 of the Portuguese Republic, which regulates health eth- ics commissions, and approved by the ethics committees of the hospitals involved. For the administration of the instruments, verbal and written consent was requested from the participants. Anonymity and confidentiality of responses were ensured, and the Informed Consent Form was provided. Results In the first assessment (Table 2), the CG on average was older than the IG, 63, 55 ± 10.13 years and 58, 38 ± 16.35 years, respectively. In the IG, men predominated (58.3 %) while in the CG, women did (60.6 %). Most had completed the 1st cycle of basic education (IG, 77.8 % and CG, 90.9 %). Most of them were retired, although 47.2 % of the IG participants and 27.3 % of CG still prac- ticed a profession. The majority were married/cohabiting (58.3 % of the IG and 60.6 % of the CG). Approximately 28 % of IG and 36 % of CG were a widow(er), separated, or divorced. No vari- ables showed statistical differences. The members from the hospitals with SNC (IG subjects) re- ceived preoperative information from both the nurse and the surgeon (100 and 97.2 %, respectively). In contrast, at hospitals without SNC (CG subjects), only 12.1 % of them received infor- mation from the nurse and 66.7 % from the surgeon. Regarding demographic variables, the groups were statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) in age, gender, marital status, education level, and occupation. Significant differences were observed in the preop- erative information. Table 2. Demographic characterization of the sample for the first assessment Variables Sample IG (N = 72) Sample CG (N = 33) p-value n % n % Age (years old) 0.097 18-39 11 15.3 1 3.0 40-69 39 54.1 22 66.7 ≥ 70 22 30.6 10 30.3 Gender 0.071 Female 30 41.7 20 60.6 Male 42 58.3 13 39.4 7 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy l Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa and other Variables Sample IG (N = 72) Sample CG (N = 33) p-value n % n % Marital Status 0.110 Married/ cohabiting 42 58.3 20 60.6 Single 10 13.9 1 3.0 Separated/ divorced/ widow(er) 20 27.8 12 36.3 Education 0.232 Up to 4th grade 38 52.8 23 69.7 5th to 9th grade 18 25.0 7 21.2 10th to 12th grade 10 13.9 2 6.1 Higher education 6 8.3 1 3.0 Occupation 0.393 Employee 27 37.5 6 18.2 Unemployed 7 9.7 3 9.1 Retired 38 52.8 24 72.7 Preoperative Information 0.000 Nurse 72 100 4 12.1 Surgeon 70 97.2 22 66.7 Source: Own elaboration In this data collection, concerning clinical variables (Table 3), the colostomy predominated in CG (75.8 %) and in IG (50 %). Most of IG subjects (62.5 %) had a permanent ostomy. In both groups, cancer was the most predominant as causal disease. The most fre- quent co-morbidities were hypertension, heart disease, and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Before surgery, all participants were indepen- dent as to their personal hygiene, using the toilet and having meals. In the second assessment, 45.9 % of IG and a great part of the CG (68.7 %) were receiving a complementary treatment (chemo- therapy or chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Regarding the stoma site marking, 86.9 % of the IG subjects and 76.7 % of the CG con- firmed the stoma was properly located. Likewise, 65.6 % of the IG and 44 % of CG used a mirror to see the stoma. As to the complica- tions in the ostomy and the peristomal skin area, 85 % of the IG did not mention any kind of problem, although 59.4 % of the CG did. The most referred complications by the participants of the two groups are redness/erythema (42.6 %) and stomal pain (16.2 %). Table 3. Clinical characterization of the sample Variables Sample IG (N = 72) Sample CG (N = 33) p-value n % n % Type of Stoma 0.000 Colostomy 36 50.0 25 75.8 Ileostomy 22 30.6 1 3.1 Urostomy 13 18.1 2 6.0 Others 1 1.4 5 15.1 Duration of Ostomy 0.002 Permanent 45 62.5 13 39.4 Temporary 27 37.5 18 54.5 Unknown 2 6.1 Stoma Site Marking* 61 100 32 0.0 0.000 Properly located 53 86.9 23 76.7 0.217 Skin Complications* 9 15.0 19 59.4 0.000 Complementary Treatment* 28 45.9 22 68.7 0.017 Use of Mirror* 40 65.6 14 43.8 0.079 * Analyzed in the 2nd assessment (IG – N = 61; CG – N = 32) Source: Own elaboration Concerning clinical variables, the groups were statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) for stoma site properly located and use of the mirror, while statistically different for duration and type of stoma, stomal and peristomal skin complication, complementary treat- ments, and stoma site marking. In the first assessment (first month after hospital discharge), statistically significant differences were not observed in the EOAS global score; significant differences were noticed only in the So- cial/Religious Support domain (t(97) = 3.121; p < 0.01), with the highest score in the control group (Table 4). Regarding the second assessment (the sixth month after hos- pital discharge), statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on the total scale (t(73) = -3.679; p = 0.000) and in four out of the six dimensions, (p < 0.01), except Social/Religious support and Sexual Interaction (Table 4). 8 AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 AQUICHAN - ISSN 1657-5997 - eISSN 2027-5374 Table 4. EOAS mean scores and SD by group (IG and CG) in the first and second assessments EOAS Domains and Overall Scale Gr 1st Assessment N = 105 IG n = 72 CG n = 33 2nd Assessment N = 93 IG n = 61 CG n = 32 Mean (SD) t df p-value Mean (SD) t df p-value Self-concept IG 45.15 (20.81) -0.146 83 0884 53.37 (13.47) 3.414 87 0.001 CG 45.84 (21.00) 43.17 (13.63) Positive Acceptance IG 56.89 (16.88) 0.789 102 0.432 64.37 (14.75) 3.114 91 0.002 CG 54.29 (12.54) 54.94 (11.92) Negative Acceptance IG 60.38 (18.64) -1.164 84 0.248 71.61 (15.50) 2.702 78 0.008 CG 65.50 (18.18) 61.92 (16.95) Social/ Religious Support IG 70.40 (16.88) -3.121 97 0.002 67.66 (13.92) -1.220 90 0.226 CG 80.06 (11.56) 76.25 (14.40) Sexual Interaction IG 54.01 (14.95) -0.151 68 0.880 36.56 (13.54) -0.477 72 0.635 CG 54.60 (14.92) 38.11 (12.30) Self-care IG 52.24 (16.65) 0.586 74 0.560 71.23 (19.99) 2.843 73 0.006 CG 50.00 (12.65) 53.26 (22.95) Overall EOAS score IG 57.70 (11.05) -0.258 67 0.797 67.07 (11.22) 3.679 73 0.000 CG 58.47 (12.12) 57.38 (10.42) Source: Own elaboration Table 5. Differences between EOAS mean scores in the first and second assessments by group (IG and CG) EOAS Domains and Overall Scale IG p-value CG p-value t df t df Self-concept -2.298 46 0.026 0.517 29 0.609 Positive Acceptance -3.166 59 0.002 -0.344 31 0.733 Negative Acceptance -3.852 48 0.000 0.630 23 0.535 Social/Religious Support -2.410 54 0.019 2.022 31 0.052 Sexual Interaction 28.669 48 0.000 15.546 20 0.000 Self-care -6.797 60 0.000 -3.328 31 0.002 Overall EOAS -5.076 38 0.000 0.599 19 0.556 Source: Own elaboration 9 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy l Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa and other Between the first and second assessments (Table 5), sta- tistical differences were observed in the IG, both in the EOAS (t(38) = -5.075; p < 0.001) and in its domains (Negative Accep- tance, Sexual Interaction, and Self-care, p < 0.001; Self-concept, Positive Acceptance, and Social/Religious Support, p < 0.05). It was found that Sexual Interaction domain deteriorated between the first and second assessments. Contrariwise, the CG exhibited no significant differences between the two assessments, both in the overall scale score and in most of its domains. The stoma Self-care domain was the exception; it showed statistically significant im- provements between the first and the second assessments, while the Sexual Interaction domain, just as in the IG, worsened with significant differences in the second assessment. Discussion In the first month after hospital discharge, despite the sig- nificant effects associated with the causative disease and the stoma, the psychosocial and functional adaptation to the new life circumstances was similarly perceived by and satisfactory to both groups. It is legitimate to admit that the nurses of the clinical contexts, where both IG and CG participants were hospi- talized, were sensitized to the particular care for these patients, preparing them to return home. On the other hand, the belief in the self-control of the disease and the ostomy has been positively correlated with the development of autonomy in the first weeks, even without professional and specific help (16), which explains the results obtained in the CG. The expectation that the adjustment to an ostomy will be sen- sitive to ETN care and, therefore, more favorable in the IG was not verified. The adjustment process is not easy or quick, which is a reasonable explanation for the absence of differences between both groups one month after hospital discharge. This illustrates that adjustment requires time and continued interdisciplinary care, integrating psychological aspects and support in coping with the stoma (4, 5, 14). Comparing the groups six months after hospital discharge, both were different, being the adjustment to the ostomy signifi- cantly better in the IG. The differences were found both in the overall score of EOAS and in its components (Self-concept, Posi- tive Acceptance, Negative Acceptance, and Self-care). It is pre- sumed, by our findings, that IG participants accepted their health condition better, had a higher self-concept, were more confident in managing their daily lives, and were more effective in the stoma self-care than the CG. Searching for or provide social/religious support to solve daily life problems was similar in both groups, be- ing the CG more active in the first month after hospital discharge. The demand for social support is widely described as one of the strongest coping strategies for facing change and challenges. It revealed to be a protection factor of the individual identity and a promoter of healthy transition, predicting a better psychosocial adjustment when people experience critical moments such as the creation of a stoma (13, 14). We cannot forget the ETN interven- tion is a kind of social support that IG received, which is why it was attached importance by both groups. The assessment between the first and sixth month after hos- pital discharge showed significant improvements in the adjust- ment to the stoma in the intervention group. For this positive evolution, all EOAS domains contributed significantly. Like other studies showing the association of ostomy care autonomy with high levels of psychosocial adjustment, the adjustment is built in a complex relationship among ostomy acceptance, less discomfort and reluctance to social interaction, and more effective stoma self-care (12, 13). In the control group, the interpretation of the results did not indicate statistically significant changes in the global ostomy adjustment between the two assessments, indicating that their adaptive course was not modified from the first to the second assessments. However, the adoption of new behaviors in ostomy care management was ensured, which was significantly improv- ing over time. Sexual Interaction stands out as one of the most fragile di- mensions, progressively deteriorating in both groups. Our results overlap previous studies, concluding that the ostomy effects on sexual life tend to persist over time. It causes great emotional suffering due to concerns for body image and deterioration or loss of the sexual function, thus influencing the way people ex- press and live their sexuality (1, 2, 5, 8, 26-28). Additionally, the impaired sexual function can derive from the surgical approach itself. In the IG, a significant percentage of patients remained with a permanent ostomy. It is known that this type of ostomy, generally associated with extensive surgeries, which can damage or remove fundamental organic structures, has transient or per- manent collateral damage in sexual performance in both men and women (29). On the contrary, the temporary ostomy dominated 10 AÑO 20 - VOL. 20 Nº 1 - CHÍA, COLOMBIA - ENERO-MARZO 2020 l e2014 AQUICHAN - ISSN 1657-5997 - eISSN 2027-5374 the CG that, despite not having such a harmful potential on the physiological structures, suggests people opt for a break in their sexual activity until the stoma closure. Moreover, the perspective of stoma closure in the near future causes individuals to over-value its reversibility and not to try to adapt. It may happen that the uncertainty about their permanence or closure can make them more vulnerable to fear, anxiety, and feelings of unhappiness, conditioning their daily lives and post- poning personal projects (20, 30). Another finding, six months after hospital discharge, is that there was still a considerable percentage of subjects from both the IG and the CG in the complementary treatment of chemother- apy and/or radiotherapy. The harmful effect of complementary therapy on sexuality is well known (27). The cited literature emphasizes the need for better nursing care regarding the sexuality of patients with an ostomy, not only during admission but also during continued care. It refers to a great lack of information, reinforcing the need for a better profes- sional qualification both in the field of knowledge and in clinical competence (9, 26). Cultural and age aspects are very important and should be explored (16, 30). Being a very sensitive human dimension to the harmful effects of ostomy surgery, it requires an oriented and meticulous intervention by health professionals, par- ticularly stoma nurses. It is important to note that the percentage of “no answer” in this area (16.4 % in the IG and 28.12 % CG) may have conditioned the current study findings. On the other hand, sexual function was not probed before the surgery. Although the ileostomy is more frequent in the IG, peristomal skin complications prevailed in the CG. In both groups, erythema and stomal pain were the most reported, being these results con- firmed by other studies (16, 31). The stomal and peristomal skin complications have a longer transition process, both because of its prevalence and severity, and may be deteriorating their com- fort and well-being and consequently, their quality of life (31). Based on the patients’ perceptions, the general interpretation of this study results revealed that those who received continu- ous and systematized stoma care since the preoperative period to the follow-up after leaving the hospital gradually showed higher levels of knowledge of and skills for stoma care, significantly improving their self-care management, social interactions, and self-concept. Probably, the progressive integration of the ostomy into their daily lives improved their self-esteem and body image, positively influencing the psychosocial adjustment (14) between the first and sixth months after hospital discharge. The group that received conventional nursing care did not show evolution in their perception of ostomy adjustment. These results are similar to other studies that used a control group when observing the benefits of ETN in increased stoma care proficiency and the reduction of peristomal skin complications (16, 31). By providing preoperative and follow-up information and indi- vidualized assistance, ETN also increases patient’s self-confidence and autonomy, contributing to a more quickly psychosocial adjust- ment, compared to the group that received usual care (17, 30). It can be inferred from these results that the NPET positively influenced the course of the transition for adjustment to the os- tomy, being its contribution visible in the sixth month after hospi- tal discharge. Globally, healthier outcome indicators are present in IG, such as those perceived in ostomy acceptance, positive self-concept, and self-care proficiency, experiencing a comparatively more positive transition process than CG people. Thus, systematized nursing therapeutics, as a complement, helped the IG to become autonomous in stoma care and better manage other life changes, promoting a healthier adjustment (14). The results of this study allowed us to better understand how some people with an ostomy interpret changes in their health and life, and how the structured and continuous nursing intervention received can influence their adjustment to the new condition. Study limitations The study limitations to be considered are the small sample size and the difference in the number of subjects between the groups; no baseline since instruments were applied just after the surgery, before discharge; regarding the sexuality domain, the high rate of values not provided by the two groups, and the ab- sence of pre-surgery data. Recommendations To guarantee the reliability of the results and generalize af- ter the study, an experimental study would be more robust. The 11 Effect of a Stoma Nursing Care Program on the Adjustment of Patients with an Ostomy l Clementina Prazeres Fernandes Sousa and other study suggests that ostomy adjustment improves significantly if patients have access to differentiated care from the preoperative period to continued care, particularly if the ETN assistance is sys- tematized in intervention protocols. Outcome assessment using specific and reliable instruments is also essential. Such a state- ment poses a challenge to the continuity of research with other designs that explore this problem from other views. Conclusion It was confirmed that people who benefited from an organized and continuous ETN intervention from preoperative to follow-up care experienced significant improvements in adjusting to the sto- ma between the first and the sixth month after hospital discharge. These improvements were significantly higher compared to those patients who did not have this intervention (CG), as they main- tained improvement levels similar to those of the first assessment. As a final note, it is possible to assume that the changes and differences in the adjustment to an ostomy perceived by the in- tervention group compared to the control group between the first and sixth month after discharge were sensitive to the effects of the systematized ETN intervention on research participants. Conflict of interest: None. References 1. 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