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COVID—19 RESPONSES IN NIGERIA AND THE PREPAREDNESS OF 

THE TRADITIONAL AND CULTURAL HEALTH CARE DELIVERY TO 

COMBATING THE PANDEMIC: THE NEED FOR THE GUIDNANCE 

AND COUNSELLING COLLABORATION. 

 

EMMANUEL IKENNA OKAFOR (Ph.D) 

CAROLINA CHIKA OSINACHI (Ph.D) 

and 

GRACE OBIAGELI ODINYE 

 

Abstract 

COVID-19 pandemic has been responded to by the whole world in general and 

Nigeria particularly in various complex measures. There has been the request for 

vaccination, and consistent need for precautions including the sit at home or 

lockdown measures. In all these responses, the virus is said to have returned back, 

in a more severe and deadly spread. The second wave has reactivated the world’s 

mind to insist on a vaccine. Presently, vaccines are said to be available, but 

reasonable number of Nigerians have put up questions and suspicion against these 

vaccines. On this point, no body has challenged the natural, traditional and cultural 

health care delivery measures applied by many Nigerians including residents of the 

rural settlements. It is this fear and argument on the use of COVID-19 vaccine and 

contemporary Nigerian people’s disregard to traditional and cultural health care 

delivery systems that form the problem that this paper is designated to address. Be 

that as it may, African traditional medical and health care systems should be 

acknowledged in the quest for a therapy for the treatment or management of the 

pandemic. Even though traditional healthcare systems have their deficiencies, the 

research is nevertheless is designed to examine the effectiveness of the African 

traditional and cultural health care systems as an alternative to the use of vaccine 

among Nigerians. It is also discovered that the disagreement between Nigerians on 

the use of vaccines and reliability of African health care systems call for the 

involvement of the guidance and counseling experts. The research adopts 

comparative and phenomenological research approaches. Data collected were 

analyzed with phenomenological method of analysis. Data were also sourced from 

primary and secondary sources. It is recommended that government should look 

into the complaints against vaccines, and effectiveness of African traditional health 

care system before making decisions on the use of the vaccines, etc. 

Keywords: COVID-19, Vaccines, African Traditional/Cultural Health Care 

Systems, Guidance and Counseling, Pandemic and Nigeria. 

  



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Introduction  
The entire world has responded to COVID-19 with several laid down guides and 

lockdown of major human activities in the world throughout March 2020 to early 

2021 in the management or treatment of the virus, there had been opinions and 

counter opinions for and against the use of certain drugs in treating or managing 

affected patients. Isolation centers were also set aside for proper management of 

victims. In 2021, there is the speculation that the second wave of the virus has 

begun thereby necessitating the introduction of vaccines or vaccination. Among 

Nigerians, the use of vaccines has been challenged by reasonable number of the 

people, including the literate and illiterate individuals. The typical uneducated 

Nigerians reject the vaccination exercise as an unnecessary plan because they 

believe that the virus does not exist at all. But the formally educated ones argue 

from the point of certification of the chemical content of the vaccines produced for 

the vaccination. This group of individuals argues among other things that virus is 

hardly prevented or controlled by the use of vaccines or vaccination. The most 

frequent question they always ask is:"Why has HIV/AIDS existed without any 

vaccine or vaccination? This bothers on the fear that whatever vaccine that could 

be introduced would do more harm than good. These fear and argument have given 

rise to the problem this research is designed to handle.  

 

The modern people also rely on modern medicine so much that they disregard 

traditional and cultural health care delivery system. Therefore, another problem 

that bothers this research is that, since the modern people do not have regard to 

traditional and cultural health care delivery system what would be the preparedness 

of traditional and cultural health care delivery system in combating the pandemic? 

It is on this background that Asso. Prof Ituma E. Anya (Personal communication, 

11 May, 2020) said that religious faith had been a barrier against people’s 

patronage to traditional medical system. He acknowledges the effectiveness of 

African traditional medicine or health care delivery and the clear difference 

between Christianity, African Traditional Religion and the traditional and cultural 

health care delivery system. Therefore, religious attachment is one of the 

contributory factors to modern people’s disregard to traditional and cultural health 

care system. African traditional medicine and healthcare delivery system have their 

weaknesses, accruing from their lack of dosage, unhygienic, unscientific practices 

etc, but in any case, African traditional medical and health care delivery systems 

ought to be regarded and acknowledged in the search for a therapy for the 

treatment or management of the COVID-19 pandemic. On this basis, the research 

aims at examining the efficacy of the African traditional and cultural health care 

delivery system, which can serve as an alternative to the adoption of vaccine or 

vaccination among Nigerians. It is found in the research that the disagreement 

between Nigerians on the use of vaccines and reliability of African health care 

delivery system would require the involvement of guidance and counseling 

experts. This paper adopts comparative and phenomenological research method. 

Data used in the research work were gathered from primary and secondary sources. 

It is recommended amidst other things that government should look into the 



Okafor                                                               Covid—19 Responses in Nigeria and … 

3 

 

complaints against COVID-19 vaccines, and effectiveness of African traditional 

health care delivery system before making decisions on the use of the vaccines. 

 

Clarification of Terms  

The concepts that are given some explanations or definitions include: COVID-19, 

vaccine, African traditional cultural health care systems, guidance and 

counseling, pandemic and Nigeria. The virus COVID-19 has been explained by 

World Health Organization in Okafor (2020:305) thus: 

 

COVID-19 is the name given by the WORLD HEALTH 

ORGANISATION/WHO on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by 

the novel corona virus SARS/COV2 it started in Wuhan, China in late 2019 

and has since spread worldwide. COVID-19 is an acronym that stands for 

coronal virus disease of 2019. Historically on December 31, 2019 a strange 

new pneumonia of unknown cause was reported to the Chinese case or 

country office. A Chester of these case originally appeared in Wuhan …  

 

China and COVID-19 is a respiratory infection that originated from Wuhan, has 

gone round the world disturbing, virtually all aspects of human livelihood.   

It is clear that COVID-19 is a respiratory disease. Africans, traditionally had 

measures of tackling respiratory health issues. 

 

Vaccine in a general sense could be conceived as preventive medicine. Summers 

(2001:1585) defines vaccine as:  “a substance which contains the virus that cause a 

disease and is used to protect people from that disease”. Vaccine serves as a 

substance that protects the body against the same virus that causes a disease. 

African traditional and cultural health care system is a concept that affiliates 

itself with African traditional medicine and other cultural ways of promoting 

health in African settings. Mume (1984:204) explains traditional medicine thus: 

  

Traditional medicine has been designed as an art, science, philosophy and 

practice following definite natural, biological, chemical, mental and 

spiritual laws for the restoration and maintenance of health and the 

correction of bodily disorders… the practitioner of traditional medicine 

himself with what constitutes good moral living learns to detect by spiritual 

diagnostic signs, how, when and where departure from the normal or 

natural has taken place …  

 

In the practice of traditional medicine in the present days, it is not all health issue 

that are spiritually diagnosed. In some cases, empirical laboratory diagnoses are 

done while the traditional medical practitioners administer the appropriate herbs, 

roots etc. But in a situation where the illness defiles treatment, spiritual diagnoses 

in form of divinations are done to know if the cause of the disease can be unveiled 

or revealed. From the information above, one observes that for the traditional Igbo, 

sickness or illness is deviation from the natural, from the normal bodily cosmic 



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harmony, (health/life) the intricate connecting forces that operate in a web-like 

fashion must be discerned and normalized (Madu, 2004:26-27). Traditional 

medicine does not end at the pure medical treatment to correct deviation from 

normal or natural body state, and cosmic harmony connected to spiritual forces. It 

includes other African traditional and cultural practices that are medicinal. For 

example, consumption of certain foods, fruits, vegetables, ointments, and other 

healthy cultural practices. In summary, African traditional and cultural healthcare 

system could be said to be all the traditional and cultural medical administration 

management and practices involving supernatural forces, empirical process, and 

medicinal habitual practices of the traditional and cultural African peoples to 

return to normal or natural state of the body from this deviation in human life or 

health. 

 

Guidance and counseling is presently a field of study in academia. Traditionally, 

among Africans, guidance and counseling was a responsibility of elders to children 

in various African communities. Parents guide and counsel their children, but the 

African traditional society believes that every child is for everybody’s guidance 

and counseling because every child is expected to attend to the service of the adult 

members of the society, even though they are not their parents. This is why the 

Igbo apply the adage “Nwabunwa Ora”. Every child should assist any adult 

member of his immediate community on errand. More so, every adult or elder 

owes the child, the responsibility of guiding and counseling him on the right ways 

to behave, and at the same time assists the child as the case may be, on material 

needs. But in this context, guidance and counseling is viewed from a professional 

view point. Counseling, according to Akinade (2006:4) can be professionally 

defined as: “… a profession that strive to assist individuals called counselees to 

resolve their peculiar challenges, concerns, difficulties, worries or doubts in 

diverse areas of their lives such as in academics, careers, and socio-personal 

matters”. Okonkwo and Nnamha (2016:81) see counseling as “the application of 

mental health, physiological or human development principles through cognitive, 

effective behavioural or systematic strategies that address wellness, personal 

growth, or career development as pathology”. In the context of the need for 

guidance and counseling in this paper, comprehensive information on causes and 

effects of COVID-19 or the corona virus and vaccines are very pivotal as regards 

its pathology from standard medical and disease information from research 

experts. Guidance itself is not too far from counseling, it is more of guide.  

 

Nigeria on the other hand is one of the most populous countries at least in Africa. 

Nigeria has been discussed by Princeton (2020:2) thus: 

Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal 

constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital 

Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land 

borders with the Republic of Benin in the West, Chad and Cameroon in the 

east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea 



Okafor                                                               Covid—19 Responses in Nigeria and … 

5 

 

on the Atlantic Ocean. There are over 500 ethnic groups in Nigeria of 

which three largest ethnic groups are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba..  

 

Nigeria is regarded as the Giant of Africa. Her flag colour symbols are Green, 

White, Green and a Coat of Arm with Eagle and Two Horses among other designs. 

Pandemic according to Summers (2001:1023) is: “…an illness or disease that 

affects the population of a large area”.  COVID-19 spread from Asia, particularly 

China to the rest of the countries of the world. It seems to be the most pandemic 

disease in the history of the world. The corona virus called COVID-19 has broken 

the world history in terms of its speed of spreading and places it extended its 

deadly arms. The implication of this definition is that pandemic might not affect 

the whole world but when a case affects a reasonable number of people in different 

parts of the world, it could be termed pandemic.  

 

Traditional Health Care Delivery in the midst of Contemporary People’s  

Views in Combating COVID-19: The Need for Guidance and Counseling  

Frankly speaking, the response of Nigerians to emergence of the pandemic has 

been very poor. The poor attention to the virus in Nigeria could be attributed to so 

many factors. The suspected factors include: belief system (superstition, religion or 

faith), cultural perception, attitude of the leading major stakeholders. Majority of 

Nigerians find it difficult to be protective against the pandemic. The only avenues 

in which most Nigerians are forced to respond very well on guidelines are on their 

visit to banks, official and well secured gatherings or meetings, academic physical 

examinations, lectures, seminars etc. But generally speaking, Nigerians response to 

COVID-19 is very poor. At a time when transportation routes are opened, the 

simple rule on passengers seating arrangement is not honoured among 

commercial/public and private motorists. Okafor et al (2020:311) have condemned 

the attitude of Nigerians; both the government and other major stakeholders on the 

management of COVID-19 saga in Nigeria when they lament that distribution and 

sharing of little foodstuff given to the poor masses was so appalling. In a situation 

whereby fellow citizens were suffering, high profile members of the same country 

who were entrusted with the task to share palliatives still hoard, or hide reasonable 

quantity and parts of the relief material shows a very poor response to their 

brothers’ agony created by COVID-19.  

 

On the other side of the coin, some civilized people and some elites in Nigeria do 

not regard or honour traditional and cultural health care delivery system. One of 

the causes of such disregard to African traditional medicine is that Africans 

historically conceived that disease and illness was embedded in “witchcraft”. 

Abdullahi (n.d:5) emphasizes that “… the conception of diseases and illness in 

Africa, was historically embedded in “witchcraft”, where, in Western knowledge, 

witchcraft reinforces “backwardness”, “superstition” and “dark continent”. The 

practice of witchcraft had been in existence in the Western world, yet it truly forms 

insignificantly, a part of the suspicions against African traditional medicine and 

healthcare delivery systems. Madu (2004:24) is of the view that: “…the 



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tradimedicalists claim to cure all disease (Ogwo nnu oria) and therefore dispense 

the same medicine for different ailments… Also lack of dosage of traditional 

medicine is another painful factor…” In most cases African medicine and health 

care delivery systems acknowledge that one medicine or health care delivery 

system cures so many illnesses. Onunwa (1990:88) adds: 

In spite of the recent successes being registered by traditional medical 

practitioners, the system is still fraught with problems which limit its scope 

to compete favourably with Western orthodox medical healing. The first is 

that the practitioners of this ancient art still keep their therapeutic 

techniques and discoveries out of reach of any other person, even from 

professional colleagues. 

 

Traditional medical practitioners create doubts on the authenticity of what they 

claim of the treatment and the genuineness of the procedure and processes of 

dispensing medical and health care services. These, and other factors constitute the 

disregard, the civilized Nigerians and elites have against traditional and cultural 

healthcare delivery system in Nigeria. But the traditional and cultural settings and 

environment have gone a long way in making success and progress ever before the 

arrival of COVID-19 in the Nigeria. COVID-19 is a respiratory infection, and the 

Nigerian traditional and cultural environment and health management life, had 

prepared a stronger and safer health management system which combats its 

scourge. Okafor (2019:68) opines that: traditional medicine is responsive in the 

treatment/management of tuberculosis… five nuts of wonderful kola 

(Buchliolzucorialea) when taken with warm water heal tuberculosis by destroying 

the germ tubercle bacillus. kevin Onuma cited by Oladele in Madukasi (2017:49) 

buttresses thus: 

Bitter Kola improves lung functions: Bitter kola (Garcina Kola) has been 

used for centuries to treat chest colds in traditional medicine, but research 

has taken a look and found out why it is effective. A study in the 2009 issue 

of The Internet Journal of Pulmonary Medicine, performed on mice, reports 

of Garcinia kola improved respiratory function after 28 days of use of a 

Garcinia extract.  

 

These two plants or nuts are among the substances traditionally and culturally used 

by Nigerians in treatment and management of lung and respiratory health cases 

COVID-19 itself, is a respiratory health issue. Dr. Ugochukwu Uzondu (Personal 

Communication, 14, June, 2020) said he contacted the virus and was confirmed 

positive when he went for its laboratory test in United Kingdom but as an Igbo 

man, who studies and was brought up in different environments in Nigeria, he 

decided to drink hot water always, bath with hot water, take bitter kola, ginger, 

garlic and honey always, within 5 days he gained the normal body state. 

Afterward, he went for the test again and was tested negative. Dr. Mrs. Chinenye 

Uzondu (Personal Communication, 18 July, 2020) stated that she had the same 

challenge her husband Dr. Ugochukwu Uzondu had According to her, she used the 

same medical and management system her husband used, but the difference was 



Okafor                                                               Covid—19 Responses in Nigeria and … 

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that she was pregnant and could not take commensurate quantities of those 

substances her husband took, but she was healed within 8 days. 

 

Therefore, it is agreeable that traditional foods have health benefits that can make 

their consumers stand the chances of getting prepared against certain diseases 

while they are at the same time observing some guidelines to control the disease. It 

could be said that Nigerian traditional and cultural health care delivery system has 

prepared itself against certain diseases like COVID-19 because all these plants 

like: ginger, garlic, bitter kola, wonderful kola, hot water, scent leaves, etc have 

been of both, traditional and cultural health and nutritional habit. But the problem 

is that modern Nigerian peoples do not attach required values to them. Okoroigwe 

and Nnam (2019:351) buttress thus: 

Conservation of traditional foods has to do with proper management, 

maintenance and utilization of the resources for long term benefit of 

mankind. In the same way, conservation of agrobiodversity and/or 

traditional foods entails wise use of indigenous foods in such a way that 

subsequent generations also benefit from it.   

 

This present generation should take up the responsibility of conserving these 

favourable food and medical/medicinal reserves already prepared by the traditional 

and cultural Nigerian society.  

 

More so, some of the symptoms of COVID-19 are shared with malaria and typhoid 

symptoms, for example, sneezing, cold, etc. Some traditional herbs also handle 

such symptoms. Agwu, et al (2019) point thus: 

This research investigated the potential for Cymbopogon citratus (Paoles: 

Poaleae), a widely cultivated herb on tropical and subtropical gardens … to 

serve as big pesticide against mosquito vectors .C. citratius, produces many 

photochemical such as phenols, alkaloids, saoonins, glycosides … C. 

citratus has various medicinal uses including the treatment for malaria, 

fever, nervousness, hypertension, eczema, colds, headache, stomach ache, 

abdominal pain ….  

 

The herb meant here is what is commonly known as lemon grass. As it is captured 

here, is good for the treatment of colds. Cold is a symptom of COVID-19, cold is 

also respiratory barrier. With all these traditional and cultural medical/healthcare 

delivery awareness and its weather and climate, Nigerian traditional environment 

was well prepared before the arrival of COVID-19. This could be part of the 

reasons why Nigerians did not record much COVID-19 cases, despite Nigerians’ 

disobedience to COVID-19 rules or guidelines. In the other parts of the world, for 

example, Italy, Spain, China, South Africa, etc, it was more catastrophic than 

Nigeria. Aja and Titilayo (2016:3) point thus: 

The plant Amaranthus has been of longtime medicinal precursor in 

religious and traditional setting. Amaranthus is best used to treat stomach 

flu, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis. This herb is also useful in stopping 



                                                                       Aquino Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 1(2), 2021 

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menstruation, and for contraception. It reduces tissue swelling caused due 

to sprains, and tick bites when applied externally. Leaf poultices have been 

implicated in treating mouth and throat inflammations, sores … 

 

Throat cases are linked to respiratory health problems. The leaf poultices have 

been found to be good in treating throat inflammation. No doubt the leaf poultices 

will have some remedies to subsidize COVID-19 disease. There are many 

traditional and cultural health practices in Nigeria. After the first wave of COVID-

19, the World Health Organization later announced the arrival of the second wave. 

At this time, vaccines have been produced for vaccination, which should be run in 

stages. This sets another question for Nigerians preparedness to be vaccinated. 

Most people in Nigeria have objections against the vaccination. Some have 

criticized it through social media claiming that the contents are dangerous to 

human life. Some believe that it is a plan to reduce the numerical strength of 

Africans, etc. Some have decided to watch the effect of the vaccines on the 

vaccinated persons before they can decide otherwise. 

 

It is on this basis that the guidance and counseling collaboration is needed. The 

opposing opinions need to be compared in addition to the prepared settings of 

Nigerian traditional and cultural health care delivery system, to provide a proper 

solution to the contradictions or confusions. Dr. Ofojebe C.C (Personal 

Communication, 4 February, 2021) who is a professional guidance counselor said 

that it is always better to allow people express themselves before counseling. On 

this note, he suggested the following conditions. First, the vaccine should not be 

made compulsory for citizens now to avoid unnecessary unrest. Secondly, all the 

traditional health care systems which are already on the ground should be applied 

to the letter pending the confirmation of the effects of the vaccines and finally, he 

stated that the vaccines should always be given free of charge to citizens even after 

the confirmation. Dr. Mrs. Chinwe Okafor (Personal Communication, 6 February, 

2021) agreed with Dr. C.C Ofojebe but adds that even when the vaccines are 

confirmed to be very good, Nigerians must have to hold on those traditional and 

cultural health care delivery systems in case any other health problem which might 

be so disastrous occurs. If there is collaboration with guidance and counseling 

experts, there will better response and higher preparedness of Nigerians towards 

COVID-19 pandemic. 

 

Recommendations  

The paper recommends the following:  

1. Traditional and cultural health care system should be encouraged by the 

aboriginals of Nigeria contemporary society. 

2. Government should equip isolation centres with both modern drugs and 

traditional/cultural health care measures. 

3. Precautions should be more concentrated on the elderly people because 

they are the more vulnerable. 



Okafor                                                               Covid—19 Responses in Nigeria and … 

9 

 

4. Government should also look into the complaints against vaccines and 

effectiveness of African traditional health care system before making 

further decisions on the issue of the vaccines or whatever measures that 

maybe introduced. 

5. Government at the three tiers of government viz: Federal, State, and Local, 

Governments, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) Billionaires, 

Millionaires in Nigeria should pay responsive attention to health care 

delivery system by funding, equipping pragmatic monitoring of hospital 

activities, and building of traditional health care hospitals and centres. 

6. Traditional medical and health care practitioners should pay attention to 

their deficiencies to enable them to make formidable successes. 

 

 

Conclusion: 

Health is wealth they say; a healthy nation is always a wealthy nation. It has been 

shown in this paper that the traditional medical and health care delivery systems 

face some challenges or weaknesses that are based on superstition, unscientific, 

and unhygienic practices among other things. These weaknesses have diverted the 

attention of Nigerians to cosmopolitan or orthodox medicine and healthcare. 

Nigeria with her present interest in orthodox medicine has failed to develop her 

traditional and cultural health care services like most countries in Asia do. On the 

outbreak of corona virus – COVID-19, it was very difficult to depend on countries 

in Europe and America to cope up against the pandemic. In Nigeria today, the 

neglected traditional and cultural health care delivery is seemingly becoming a 

cornerstone on health issues for those who are deeply observant. Again, Nigerians 

do not give adequate or considerable response to neither COVID-19 rules or 

guidelines nor the use of vaccines/vaccination. Meanwhile, Nigeria traditional and 

cultural health delivery has already prepared a better background for treatment and 

management of COVID-19, and had saved COVID-19 patients or victims. For the 

use of vaccines, Nigerians are averagely ready or prepared not to use the vaccines. 

 

Finally, it has been advocated in this paper, that collaboration with guidance and 

counseling experts is highly needed. It is their professional directives in this article 

that this research uses to harmonize the differences in responses of Nigerians after 

making comparative evaluation of these differences. It is expected that compliance 

to the suggestion made, will control social unrest these disagreements can cause. It 

is concluded here that all these attentions put together will tackle COVID-19. 

  



                                                                       Aquino Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 1(2), 2021 

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