Microsoft Word - 130-136 Lia Nurmalia.edited.docx JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6 NO. 2 (2019) Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id JURNAL ARBITRER | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. Some rights reserved DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.6.2.130-136.2019 Article Code Switching Usage in 50 First Dates Movie Lia Nurmalia1, Prapti Wigati Purwaningrum2 1,2Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika, Jakarta, Indonesia SUBMISSION TRACK A B S T R A C T Received: May 16, 2019 Final Revision: October 05, 2019 Available Online: October 23, 2019 The objectives of this research are to know the used of Code- Switching in 50 First Date movie. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The final results indicate the three types of code-switching are used in 50 first dates movie, namely tag switching 47.8%, intra-sentential 39.1%, and inter- sentential 13.2%. The most used type is tag switching, it shows that switching done by the character of the movie, Ula, are tag and exclamation. The most reason Ula switches the language is that he wants to change the hearers' perception. They are two reasons for code-switching; metaphorical code- switching 69.6% and situational code-switching 30.4%. The function of switching the code is mostly to involve the hearer directly into the conversation. They are five functions of code- switching referential 8.7%, directive 39.1, expressive 34.8%, phatic 13.1%, and metalinguistic 4.3%. KEYWORD Linguistics, Code Switching, Movie CORRESPONDENCE E-mail: lia.lnm@bsi.ac.id I. INTRODUCTION The code-switching and code-mixing usually happened in a bilingual or multilingual community. Bilingual community is a community consisting people who can speak two languages, meanwhile multilingual community consisting people who are able to speak more than two languages, though it was past perspective, thus now the meaning of multilingual and bilingual are combined that bilingual is the ability of using more than one language to communicate (Jendra, 2010). The situation of bilingualism is present in every country, especially in a bilingual community (Iqbal, 2011). One of the bilingualism phenomena happens in First Dates movie. The movie is a romantic comedy movie that takes place in Hawaii. In that movie, some people switch the language from English to Hawaiian. They switch their language because some Hawaiian people live together with American people; Hawaiian people use English to communicate with American people. For instance, Ula, one of the Hawaiian people, switches his language from English into the Hawaiian language when he speaks an impolite sentence to Henry, the main character of the movie, wherein that situation there are also children involved in their interaction. Thus, to make the children do not understand what Ula and Henry talk about, Ula directly switches the language. To know the used of code-switching in 50 First Date movie, the writers analyze three components; they are type, reason, and function of code-switching. There are three types of code-switching. Firstly, tag switching LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 131 involves an exclamation, a tag, or a parenthetical in another language than the rest of the sentence. An example is ‘OYE' when at the beginning of the text. Secondly, intra- sentential occurs in the middle of a sentence. Lastly, inter-sentential occurs between the sentences (Muysken and Rene, 2005). There are two reasons why people switch the code are; first Metaphorical code-switching happens when the speaker is trying to create a different perception to the hearer or to change the topic. Second, situational code-switching appears when there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other (Jendra, 2010). Switching can serve the referential function because it often involves a lack of one language or lack of facility in that language on a specific subject. Directive function in that it involves the hearer directly. The expressive function of code-switching serves the particular stressed to express what they mean. Phatic function is to make different sense to the hearer. The metalinguistic function is to comment directly or indirectly on the language involved (Muysken and Rene, 2005). This movie has a lot of code-switching dialogues and scenes. Hopefully, by doing this research, the writers can contribute to code-switching understanding. The previous research is done by (Iqbal, 2011) about Urdu/English code-switching happens during teachers' interaction at the University of Lahore city. The results show the teacher mostly uses code-switching at words 31.21%, and the most type used is intra-sentential code-switching 37.15%. Other research is done by (Waris, 2012). The research is about Code Switching and Code Mixing (Communication and Learning Language). It shows that Code-switching often happens in daily conversation to make the hearers understand, besides it also can be used in teaching a foreign language, the teacher can switch the language to make the students understand quickly. Moreover, teachers switch and mix the language in the process of clarifying specific issues to make them more comprehensible to students (Surtati, 2014). The current research focuses on how code- switching is used to make the hearers more understand, and the object of study is a bilingual community. While in this research, the object of study is dialogues in a movie of bilingual minority communities who live with English native speakers. The switching sometimes used to make other people do not understand and to involve or uninvolved someone in the conversation. II. METHODS The data was collected from the dialogue in 50 First Date movie. The writers collect the data by watching the movie many times, select the switching dialogues, and analyze the data based on the theories of types, reasons, and functions of code-switching. The research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. By watching, write, and show the result by description. III. RESULT The results show that there are 23 data found in the movie. The next table is the types of code-switching. Table 1. Code-switching types in 50 First Date No Types Amount percentage 1. Tag switching 11 47.8% 2. Intra- sentential 9 39.1% 3. Inter- sentential 3 13.1% Total 23 100% According to the table above, the most used is tag switching, about 47.8%. Next is intra- sentential about 39.1%, and inter-sentential about13.1%. The next finding is about the reason why the speaker uses that code- switching. Below is the table of reasons for code-switching usage. LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 132 Table 2. The seasons of code-switching usage in Code switching types in 50 First Date No Reasons Amount percentage 1. Metaphorical 16 69.6% 2. Situational 7 30.4% Total 23 100% The table above shows the reason for metaphorical is about 69.6%, and situational is about 30.4%. The last finding is about the function of code-switching. Below is the table. Table 3. Table of Functions of code-switching No Reasons Amount Percentage 1. Referential Function 2 8.7% 2. Directive Function 9 39.1% 3. Expressive Function 8 34.8% 4. Phatic Function 3 13.1% 5. Metalinguistic 1 4.3% Total 23 100% The table above shows there are five functions of code-switching in fifty-first dates movie. They are referential function is about 8.7% , directive 39.1%, expressive 34,8%, phatic 13.1%, and metalinguistic 4.3%. IV. DISCUSSION 4.1 Types of Code Switching The first analysis is the types of code- switching. The writer uses the theory from (Muysken and Rene, 2005) they stated that there are three kinds of code-switching based on its grammatical classification, there are tag switching, intra- sentential and inter- sentential. The first discussion is tag switching a. Tag switching Tag-switches involve an exclamation, a tag, or a parenthetical in another language than the rest of the sentence. An example is ‘OYE’ when at the beginning of the text. As people know the function and the definition of tag question, it is a mini question to convince. Thus when people use other languages in the tag, it can say those people are using tag- switches. The writer finds eleven data from twenty three data, which consist of tag switching in the 50 first dates movie. Bellow is the first example of tag switching; Henry : Okay. What's that have to do with this? Relax.-Hey! Hey! Help me, please! Ula :-Stupid haole! Lucy : Yeah, that's right. Take that!-And that! And that!-And that! And that! Henry: You got him. You got him. Enough. Enough. In line two, Ula switches the language from English to Hawaiian. The switching is categorized as tag switching since it occurs at the end of the phrase. Besides, there is also an exclamation at the end of the phrase. Muysken and Rene (2005) mentioned that tag-switches involve an exclamation, a tag, or a parenthetical in another language than the rest of the sentence. An example is ‘OYE’ when at the beginning of the text. b. Intra-sentential code-switching The writer finds nine data of intra-sentential code-switching which occur in the middle of a sentence. Below are the examples of the data; here is the first example; Henry : He has Lung problems because he smoked too much turtle weed Ula : What? l don't smoke weed.Hey, Honah Lee? How's that hot wahine nympho from Ohio? Henry : She is great. l dropped her off at the airport this morning. The bold part of the conversation is intra- sentential code-switching, since identifying from the theory of Muysken and Rene that the intra-sentential code-switching occurs in the middle of a sentence, this switching also happens in the middle of the sentence which means the ‘sexy girl' from Ohio. LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 133 c. Inter-sentential code-switching The type of inter-sentential code-switching, which is found in the 50 first dates is only three data from twenty-three data. Below is the first data of inter-sentential code- switching; Henry : No throwing. Come on. Ula : Stop laughing, you hyenas. Let's see what you get. Okay, you heard me. Go! Go! The bold part on that conversation is categorized as inter-sentential code-switching because as the theory from Muysken and Rene stated that "intra-sentential code- switching occurs between the sentences…." The position of switching in the conversation is located between the sentences. Therefore, it is categorized as inter-sentential. 4.2 The Reason of Code Switching Jendra said (2010) there are two reasons of code switching. a. Metaphorical Code Switching Metaphorical code-switching happens when the speaker is trying to create a different perception of the hearer or to change the topic. The writer uses the theory from Jendra to analyze the metaphorical code switching. The writer finds sixteen data of metaphorical code switching in 50 first dates movie. The writer will serve four examples to be discussed. Below is the first example of metaphorical code switching done by Ula in 50 first dates movie; Henry : Or you could call it, shark, They Tried to Eat My Kidney. Ula : All right, enough already. You too, Willie. give me a poipoi All of you In this context, Ula switches the language from English to Hawaiian. He switches the language in the aim to make a different perception to the listeners, Henry and children. In this situation, Ula shows his anger because during the conversation, Henry and the children have jested with Ula about a shark, and finally, Ula is angry with them and switches the language to show that he is angry. That is why this switching is categorized as metaphorical. Jendra mentioned that someone who switches the language because he/she wants to change the hearer's perception, it is categorized as metaphorical code-switching. b. Situational code switching Situational code-switching appears when there is a change in the situation that causes the bilingual switches from one code to the other. Kid1 : What's wrong with that turtle? Henry : he has Lung problems because he smoked too much turtle weed......which is bad for you. Right, Ula? Ula : What? l don't smoke weed.Hey, Honah Lee? How's that hot wahine nympho from Ohio? Henry : she is Great. l dropped her off at the airport this morning. The switching above occurs because Ula wants to exclude the children from the conversation. The Hawaiian phrase ‘wahine nympho from Ohio’ means the sexy girl from Ohio, in this occasion Ula thinks that that phrase is not suitable to be heard by children, that is why he switches the language. The writer relates this switching into theory from Jendra about situational code switching, and based on this theory, in can be concluded that the switching above can be categorized as situational type. 4.3 The Function of Code Switching Accoding to Muysken and Rene (2005), there are six functions of code switching. a. Referential function Switching can serve the referential function because it often involves lack of one language or lack of facility in that language on a specific subject. Here, the example of code- LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 134 switching which has referential function below; Henry : Or you could call it, shark. They Tried to Eat My Kidney. Ula : All right, enough already. You too, Willie. give me a poipoi All of you. Henry : He just cast a spell on us All right. Put this on four times a day for two weeks.You can handle that. In this case, Ulas switches the language because he does not know how to say the word ‘poipoi' in English, then he decides to use the Hawaiian language. It can be related to the theory above that switching can serve the referential function because it involves lack of one language. That is why this switching has a referential function. b. Directive Function Switching serves a directive function in that it involves the hearer directly. Based on the theory from Muysken and Rene, the writer finds eight switching data which serve a directive function. The writer will discuss them one by one. Here is the first dialogue; Ula : Easy, Honah Lee. Hey, l'm a person, not a seal. Henry: Well, l am a vet, not a doctor. So just hold still, or l won't give you a treat. l know, it's okay You see that, kids? You see what happen when you play with sharks? It can be seen from the context in the dialogue above that Ula tries to call Henry to include in the conversation by using the Hawaiian language. Honah Lee means ‘brother’, ‘Bro’. Based on the content of the sentence that Ula said, the switching can be categorized as having a directive function. c. Expressive Function The expressive function of code-switching serves the particular stressed to express what they mean. In this analysis, the writer finds seven data of code-switching, which consist of the expressive function. The first example happens when Ula express his unique anger, here is the dialogue; Henry : You're the state idiot of Hawaii. Here you go. Bite the fish, chew the fish, love the fish. Enjoy. Ula : You crack me up, kamaaina! In this example, Ula expresses his anger feeling. Ula says the word angrily, and he has a strong stressing when he says the word in Hawaiian, ‘Kamaaina!'. By that word, he expresses his anger and related to the theory from Muysken and Rene. It can be called that the switching serves an expressive function. d. Phatic Function Switching serves to indicate a change in tone of the conversation, and hence a Phatic function, besides the switching, has a purpose of making different sense to the hearer. Above is the theory from Muysken and Rene, the writer will discuss switching data which serves a phatic function. The writer finds three data from 50 first dates movie. Here is the first example; Henry : He has Lung problems because he smoked too much turtle weed......which is bad for you. Right, Ula? Ula : What? l don't smoke weed. Hey, Honah Lee? How's that hot wahine nympho from Ohio? Henry: She is Great. l dropped her off at the airport this morning. On this occasion, Ula switches the language in the aim to change Henry's perception. Ula tries to make a funny sound by switching the language from English to Hawaiian. The bold part above is categorized as switching, which serves Phatic function. e. Metalinguistic Function The metalinguistic function of code switching comes into play when it is used to comment LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 135 directly or indirectly on the language involved, For example, when someone switches the language to impress to the other participants with a show of linguistic skill. Here is the only example that the writer found in 50 first dates movie; Ula : By the way, cuz, l met this sexy, blond tax attorney at Starbucks today. l told her you the kahuna she wanna have fun on this island. You want her number? Henry : You pimping tourists for me again? In this switching, Ula tries to convince Henry that the girl is wanted him. And he says the word ‘kahuna' it is Hawaiian word which means a wonderful man, in the aim to says that the word kahuna is more make a linguistic sense than the word man, That is why he switches the language into Hawaiian. Hence this switching serves the metalinguistic function. After analyzing the code-switching in 50 first dates movie, the writer concludes about the condition which causes the using of code- switching in that movie. There are many Hawaiian people in 50 first dates movie, but they use English as their dominant language. The environment causes it they live. In this situation, many tourists come to visit Hawaii. Most of them use English to communicate. Therefore, the Hawaiian people also use English to communicate in every daily interaction. Thus they still have their mother tongue, which is the Hawaiian language. It caused them to switch the language from English to the Hawaiian language. Form this phenomenon. The writer knows that when minority communities live together with the majority communities, the minority slowly will abreast of the majority's lifestyle, and so does their language certainly, it will be changed into the majority's language. The phenomenon above makes the writer analyzes the three formulation problems in this thesis. The first results are about types of code-switching based on its grammatical classification; there are three types of them, namely tag switching, intra-sentential code- switching, and inter-sentential code- switching. In this case, the writer finds twenty-three data of code-switching. Eleven of them are tag switching, nine of them are intra-sentential code-switching, and the rest of them are inter-sentential code-switching. The dominant type that Ula used is tag switching. The second problem of analysis is the reasons for code-switching. There are situational code-switching and metaphorical code- switching. In this analysis, the writer found sixteen data of metaphorical code switching and seven data of situational code switching. Most of the causes Ula switches the language is to change a topic and to change the hearer's perception. It means the dominant data is categorized as metaphorical code switching. The last discussion is the function of code switching. There are six functions of code- switching based on the theory from Muysken and Rene, namely referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic. In this analysis, the writer found five functions of code-switching done by Ula; they are referential, directive, expressive, phatic, and metalinguistic. The writer found two data of referential function, eight data of directive function, seven data of expressive function, four data of phatic function, and two data of metalinguistic function. The writer does not find the poetic function because mostly the switching occurs in an informal situation. And in poetic function, it usually happens in semi- formal situation, as the meaning of poetic itself which has special value. V. CONCLUSION In this research, the writers found 23 data of switching dialogues happens in 50 First Date Movie. The result shows that the speaker frequently uses tag and exclamation, about 47.8%. The reason why he switches the language is to change the hearers' perceptions who are not the Hawaiian speakers and some LIA NURMALIA / JURNAL ARBITRER - VOL. 6. NO. 2 (2019) 136 time to make them not understand Ula's mean. It implies that Ula considers the hearers to have a close relationship with him. It can be concluded that switching can also happen to express the feeling, to involve, or uninvolved people in the conversation. To sum up, the writers believe this research is minimal and rarely used. The writers hope this research can give a contribution in a term of Code- Switching understanding. REFERENCES Appel, Rene and Pieter Muysken. 2005. Language Contact and Bilingualism, London: Amsterdam University Press. Chloros, Penelope Gardener. 2009. Code switching, New York: Cambridge university press. Hymes, Dell. 1996. Ethnography, linguistics, narrative inequality, New York: Oxford Basil Blackwell. Iqbal, Liaqat. 2011. Linguistic Feature of Code Switching: A Study of Urdu/English Bilingual Teachers’ Classroom Interactions. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol 1, 188-194. http://ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_14_October_2011/26.pdf Jendra, Made Iwan indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics the study of societies’ language, Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu. Kustati, Martini. 2014. An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in EFL Teaching of Cross Cultural Communication Context. Al-TA’LIM Vol 21, 174-182. https://journal.tarbiyahiainib.ac.id/index.php/attalim/article/view/101/103 M.O, Ayeomoni. 2006. Code-Switching and Code Mixing: Style of Language Use in Childhood in Yoruba Speech Community. Nordic Journal of African Studies Vol.1, 90- 99. http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol15num1/ayeomoni.pdf Wardhaugh, Ronald and Janet M Fuller. 2015. An Introduction to Linguistics. (7th Ed) Malden: Blackwell Publisher Waris, Ahmad Mustamir. 2012. Code Switching and Code Mixing (Communication in Learning Language). Jurnal Dakwah Tablig. Vol 13, 123-135. http://journal.uin- alauddin.ac.id/index.php/tabligh/article/view/299 BIOGRAPHY Lia Nurmalia was born on August 4th in Lebak, Banten. She finished her Strata one at STIBA IEC on March 2014. Because of her interest in language she continued her Strata two at The Jakarta State University in 2014 and graduated in 2016. She extended one semester because she gave birth to her first child, namely Al-Hadid. She is a lecturer at University of Bina Sarana Informatika since 2014. She is also a founder of LLC (LIA LEARNING CENTER). It is located in Cileungsi, West Java. Prapti Wigati Purwaningrum was born on Kebumen, May 3rd. She graduated from Jakarta State University in 2012, Majoring Applied Lingustics, Magister Program. She is a lecturer In Universitas Bina Sarana Infromatika, Fakultas Komunkasi dan Bahasa.