Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | JURNAL ARBITRER SubmiSSion Track A B S T R A C T Recieved: August 13, 2020 Final Revision: December 23, 2020 Available Online: April 20, 2021 This study compares the process of forming plural words in Indonesian and Arabic to determine the similarities and differences in the markers of the two languages’ plural meaning through contrastive analysis studies. The data in this study are fragments of speech that are thought to contain plural meaning. They are taken from the source of data in the form of speech that contains plural meanings in the two languages’ books. The data are analyzed using the split method with the Direct Element Dividing technique and the equivalent method using the Determination Element Determination technique. This study indicates that the formation of plural languages in Indonesian and Arabic has similarities and differences in rules. The equation includes the addition of affixes, numeral, plural lexical meanings, and changes in pronouns. The differences in the rules of the formation of plural words of Indonesian and Arabic include reduplication, internal modification, the existence of dualistic forms, gender differences in words, case differences, and subject-predicate relationships. keyword Plural, language comparison, Indonesian, Arabic, contrastive analysis correSpondence E-mail: sofianurkhasanah23@gmail.com Articles The Comparison of the Formation of Indonesian and Arabic Plural Meanings (Contrastive Analysis) Sofia Nur Khasanah1, Imam Baehaqie2 1,2Indonesian Language and Literature Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia Under Liscense of Creative Commons Attributioni-NonCommercial 4.0 International.DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.8.1.25-34.202 I. INTRODUCTION Language has a very important role in human life, including social life, government, work, and home (Miller, 2002). The magnitude of the role of language in human life makes language never separated from all aspects of life, even giving effect. The development of society now allows every member of the language community to interact with other language community members, either directly or through the media. This contact between two or more language communities requires good foreign language skills to interact with each other (Thoyib, 2017). One of the most widely studied international languages in Indonesia is Arabic. Indonesian people study Arabic because of two factors. The first factor is that Arabic is the second largest language in terms of speakers in the Semitic language family (Mustofa, 2017). Arabic is also included in the official language of the United Nations. The second factor of Arabic is the language of instruction in Islam, where most of Indonesia’s population is Muslim. That’s why Arabic becomes important for worship and religious relations. Even though it is one of Indonesia’s most influential languages, the general assumption faced by people learning Arabic is “Arabic is difficult” (Private, 2013). Difficulties in language learning are the many differences in linguistic systems between the first and second languages. The influence of the first language is so strong in the use of one’s language. In learning Arabic, learning difficulties include phonetic aspects, vocabulary, writing, morphology, syntax, and even semantics (Hidayat, 2012). Many problems in learning Arabic will certainly make it difficult for students. However, basically every language has elements and rules that are unique and distinctive. It is the elements and rules of each language that distinguish them from other languages. According to Lado (1951), the same elements in mother tongue and a second language 25 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) will greatly support second language learning. Conversely, different elements will certainly make it difficult for students. Therefore, the comparison of Indonesian and Arabic becomes important to find out the similarities and differences in the elements of the two languages. This comparison is known as a contrastive analysis effort. Pure contrastive analysis includes all components or levels of linguistics, ranging from phonological components or systems, grammatical systems (consisting of morphology and syntax), to the lexical and semantic systems (James, 1998). The component or system that is most discussed in contrastive linguistics is the phonological system. This can be caused by the assumption that phonology is very influential in the second language. However, Stockwell (in Nur, 2016) disagrees with the above view because, according to him, precisely, the main problem lies in the grammatical system and the semantic problem. Based on Stockwell’s opinion, the writer explores the problems that often arise in learning Arabic at the level of morphology and syntax. One of them is in the process of forming plural words. The process of forming plural words in Indonesian as an agglutination language is different from Arabic as a language of flexion derived from root word developments. Arabic as a language of flexion that recognizes the system of the level of number, sex, and cases in the formation of words allows the emergence of plural word-formation systems that are not found in Indonesian. The number of things that affect the formation of plural words in Arabic is often a problem for Arabic learners themselves because it is not found in Indonesian. However, due to strong cultural influences, it is also found that Indonesian plural word-formation systems are similar to Arabic. These similarities and differences need to be known for second language learning. Indonesian and Arabic contrastive research was previously conducted by Humaini (2016) with the title Plurals (Comparison between Arabic and Indonesian). This study discusses plural markers in Indonesian. In Arif’s research, it is explained that the plural markers in Indonesian include the reduplication of nouns, verbs, and adjectives and the use of numbers, words, clans, and tenses that show the equality of a number. Whereas in Arabic, the process of forming multiple meanings is characterized by three things, namely changing letters or harakat, the second removes one of the letters, and the third gives an affix, both in front, in the middle, and behind. Humaini’s research has described plural markers in Indonesian and Arabic in general. However, this research has not explained the aspects of similarities and differences in the plural formation systems in the two languages. Other studies that have become literature reviews include Cholzy (2005), Johansson (2008), Laufer (2008), Quinn (2010), Darheni (2010), Nur (2011, 2014, 2016), Personal (2013), Rohim (2013), Hidayah (2013), Ferawati (2013), Assapari (2014), Rudi (2016), Soudkia (2017), Mancilla (2017), Thoyib (2017), Hasan (2018), Mirdayanti (2018), and Suryani (2018). These studies include, among other things, contrastive analytical research that has been carried out, both between Indonesian and Arabic and between other languages relevant to this topic. In addition, the literature review in this study also explains things that cover constructive analysis, including the concept of contrastive analysis, the implications of the contrastive analysis for the field of education and translation, the existence of Indonesian in the present era, the dynamics of Indonesian vocabulary development, and the contribution of Arabic to language development. These studies are needed as a starting point in this research. Apart from that, none of the research conducted in contrastive analysis has revealed the similarities and differences in the process of forming the plural meanings of BI and BA. Based on the background description, it is important to compare the process of forming plural words in Indonesian and Arabic to find out the similarities and differences in the meaning of the plural of the two languages. II. METHODS This study uses a synchronous contrastive approach. A contrastive synchronic approach is a language study that examines two languages that are compared from a certain point of view to find out the similarities and differences (Rohim, 201. The data in this study were collected by the observational method with the non-participant 26 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) technique (Sudaryanto, 2015). As for the data in the form of fragments of speech that are suspected to contain plural meanings in Indonesian and Arabic, this data is obtained from data sources in the form of speech that allegedly contains plural meanings in Indonesian and Arabic originating from the books of the two languages. That is the method of dividing by the technique of determining immediate constituent and matching with the technique for the direct element, the method for presenting the results of data analysis using formal and informal methods. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data in the form of plural forms in BI (Indonesian) and BA (Arabic) are identified. Then, the analysis of similarities and differences in the process its formation and the following results were obtained. The Equality of the Formation of Indonesian (BI) and Arabic (BA) Plural Meanings Indonesian and Arabic’s grammatical rules have many similarities, both in sentence structure, word formation, and phonological processes. One of them is in the basic sentence structure pattern, both in Indonesian and Arabic can be formed by the pattern of the sequence of subject-predicate (SP) and subject-predicate-object (SPO), for example, in the following sentence: Dia membaca buku = الكتاب يقرأ هو S P O O P S English: He reads a book. Kamu Seorang pedagang = تاجر انت S P P S English: You are a trader. The relation in the formation of plural meanings and the rules of Indonesian and Arabic also have many similarities. These equations include the existence of suffixes that form plural meanings, the existence of the word numerals, words that are plural lexically without markers, and changes in the form of pronouns. Each of these equation rules will be explained in the discussion below. 1) The Addition of Suffixes Both in BI and BA, plural meanings can be formed by adding suffixes. In BI, suffixes which are markers of plural meanings are suffixes i-, whereas in BA suffixes which are markers of plural meanings are However, there are differences in .ني and ,-نو ,-تا the placement of the suffix. In BI, the suffix i- only enters the verb as in the word beat on the sentence. Dia sering pulang malam dalam keadaan mabuk, lalu memukuli anak dan istrinya. He often goes home at night drunk, then beats his wife and children. In contrast, suffixes in BA can only be entered into nouns. The suffix ات is a marker of plural meanings for female nouns, such as sufiks ات- which is a marker of the plural meaning of the word التجهيزات in the following sentence. وتأمين احتياجات المكتب من التجهيزات واألودات Wata’mīnu ‘ihtyājātu almaktabi min altajhīzāti wal’audāti. Like the ات- suffix, ون-, and ين suffix are also included in nouns, but only on. An example of using these two suffixes is in the following sentence. وهذا يعني أن شكل الرسالة أوال يجب أن يساعد علي تقبل المضمون Haża ya’ni ‘an syakla ar-risālatu prefix yajibu an yusā’idu’ aala taqabbala almaḍmūna. كما أن مسؤوليات الكثيرين من العاملين تجعلهم على: زبائن, موردين,زوار, مراجعين Kamaan mas’ūliyāti alkaśirīna minal ‘Amalinataj’aluhum ‘Ala iḣtikāku mubāsyiru ma’a qaţā’ātu wāsi’atun minal jamāhīri : zabā’inu, mūradīna, zuwwāru, murāji’īna. 2) The Existence of Numeral Word One of the similarities in the formation of plural words BI and BA is the presence of numerals. Numeral is a number word that gives plural information in sentences. In Arabic, this numeral is called isim adad. For example, in the following sentence. i “Pada hari itu,” kata ayah Shay dengan lembut, mata yang berkaca-kaca tak tahan meneteskan air mata, “delapan belas anak lelaki itu telah menemukan kesempurnaan Tuhan. “In that day,” Shay’s father said softly, eyes glazed 27 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) cannot stand the tears,” eighteen boys have found the perfection of God. The word ‘anak laki-laki (boy)’ becomes plural because of the word numeralia in the form of the number ‘delapan belas (eighteen)’. In Arabic there is also the use of numeral or isim adad as in the following sentence. قال والد شاي بهدوء: »في ذلك اليوم, لم تستطع الدموع في عينيه إال أن تذرف«, وجد الصبيان الثمانية عشر كمال هللا وقد Qala wālidu Shei yahdū’i: Zalika fi al-yaum, tastaţi’u lam ad-dimū’i fī ‘ainaihi illā an tażrufi ad-dimū’i, wa qad wajada aṣ-ṣibyāni aś- śamāniyati’ asyara kamālu Allahi. Numerals in the sentence above is a number الثمانية .عشر In addition to the numeral in the form of numeric words, there are also other forms of numeral which provide plural information on the words they are leaning on. The form of the numeral in BI includes all, a number, every, many, and several. Words that provide plural information on the words they are leaning on are also found in Arabic, namely the words َجِمْيًعا, غالبًا , Although .َدائًِما and ,ُكلٌّ the words َجِمْيًعا, غالبًا , are not classified َدائًِما and ,ُكلٌّ as isad adad, but the four words syntactically provide plural information on the words they are referring to as isad adad, only the difference in the meaning of the number formed from the words ٌّل كٌّ , َجِمْيًعا, غالبًا is not sure. The example is in َدائًِما and ,ُكلٌّ the following sentence. ومعنى الرسالة هنا يشمل كل انواع األتصال الكتابي Wa ar-risālati ma’na yasymiluHuna kullu anwā’ial-iṭṭisāli al-kitabi ash-syafwī ‘Arti pesan di sini mencakup semua jenis komunikasi tertulis dan lisan’. ‘The meaning of the message here covers all types of written and oral communication’. 3) Lexical Meaning of Plural Words without Markers The parallel form of BI and BA plural meanings, which is the existence of lexically plural words. It is easiest to find examples of lexically plural meaning words in BI and BA in pronouns. The pronouns to replace the first, second, or third person have the plural without the need for special markers. In Indonesian, plural pronouns include us, us, you, and them. For example in the following sentence. - Dengan sabar ia meladeni teriakan kami yang minta pelayanannya. - He patiently served our cry for help. - Mereka semua kaget dan merasa ikut senang seperti ibu sekarang,” kata ibu seraya masuk mobil. - They are all shocked and feel happy as the mother now, “said the mother as she got into the car. In BA, plural pronouns include هم, هن, انتم (كم-), انتن (نا and ,((كما For example, in the following .(-نحن sentence. وقد دلت األبحاث الميدانية بأن القسط األكبر من Wa qad dallatil abḣāṡul mīdāniyyati bi annal qisṭal ‘akbari min waqtil mudayyiri aṡnā’il’ amali yastahliku fi littiṣālātil mubāsyirati ma’a almar’ūsīna wa gaira hum. In addition to pronouns, there are also words that are plural lexically meaningless without markers, such as the words tim (team), pasangan (spouse), pasukan (army), and so on. The example is in the following sentence. Saat sepi pelanggan, pasangan suami-istri itu duduk diam. When the customers are quiet, the couple sits quietly. One of the causes of plural meaning in words is because the word is an absorption word from Arabic (considering most of the Indonesian absorption words are from Arabic) which means plural in grammatical terms. For example in the word hadirin (audience). The word attendance is an absorption word from Arabic َحاِضِريَن (ḣādirina) which means ‘people present’. َحاِضِريَن is a plural word from the basic form ( ḣādirun) whichَحاِضٌر means ‘one who is present (single)’, then gets an affix in the form of affix ين- so that the meaning becomes plural. Said حاضرين absorbed into the audience and did not change the meaning, so that the BI word audience was significant plural lexical. 28 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) 4) Changes in the Form of Pronouns The pronouns in Arabic have two forms: the pronouns that can stand alone (munfasil) and the pronouns that have to be followed by other words (muttashil). Stand-alone (munfasil) are only commonly used on subjects that are at the beginning of a sentence, after the question word, and negation, besides using the conjunctive pronoun (muttasil). Therefore, conjunctions (muttasil) are more easily found in BA sentences. The relation to the plural is that the plural pronoun is meaning that changes shape. It is continued with personal pronouns when they become -his. The example is in the following sentence. Sebuah ruangan yang terisi penuh bapak dan anak, semuanya mulai menutup mata juga. A room filled with fathers and children, all of them also began to close their eyes. The Differences in the Formation of Plural B1 and BA The formation of plural BI and BA also has many differences. One of the most significant differences is the difference in the meaning of plural in BI and BA. In BI, only has two levels, namely the number of singularand the plural. That is, the meaning of the number of more than one in BI already belongs to the plural category. However, in BA, there are three levels of numbers, namely singular (mufrad), two (tasniyah), and plural (plural). That is, the meaning of the plural number in BA must be more than two. In addition to the differences in the meaning of the plural in plural words, the plural of BI and BA also includes the following things. 1) Reduplication One sign of the plural meaning in BI is reduplication. The forms of reduplication have been explained in detail in the previous discussion. For example in the following sentence. Teman-teman saya yang lain telah memilikinya, dan mereka tampak gagah dengan mantel itu. My other friends already have it, and they look dashing in the coat. Reduplication appears in the words teman-teman (friends) who come from the basic form of a single meaningful friend, so that the meaning of these friends becomes plural. Table 4. The Forms of BA Pronouns The pronoun from the basic form which stands alone (munfassil) to the conjunction pronoun (muttasil) changes in form. These changes include: From the table, we can see the change in the form of pronouns. The relation with pronouns is plural meaning, we can underline pronouns plural meaning which changes from the basic form to its conjunctions, namely second person pronouns of many male sex, انتم being –كم; the second-person pronouns are many female sex, انتن becomes كن-; and the first person pronoun with someone else, For example, we can see in the .-نا becomes نحن following sentence. نرجو أن ترسلو لنا مبلغ (۰۵) ليرة ، قيمة االشتراك السنوي في مجلتنا لنبدأ يارسال المجلة اليكم Narjū an tursilū lanā mabligun (50) liyyaratun, qayyimatul isytirākis sanuwiya fiii majlitunā yā rasālu almajillati ilaikum. In the Indonesian language also found forms of pronouns that change when connected with the word. Changes in the form of Indonesian pronouns can be seen in the Table 5. Table 5. The Forms of BI Pronouns 29 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) In contrast to BI, in Arabic there is no process of reduplication to form multiple meanings of words. Therefore it is not permissible to duplicate words if the context of the sentence is in Arabic or in the process of translation. For example in the word ustaz, this is the single BI word that is absorbed in BA اُْستَاٌذ (ustaż). Although the basic form of the two words is the same both in pronunciation and writing (transliteration) but the plural form is different. In BI, the plural of the word ustaz namely ustaz-ustaz with the markers of the reduplication process, while the plural of the word BA اُْستَاٌذ (ustaż) is اََساتِْيٌذ (asātīż) with a marker in the form of internal modification. Turning the word اُْستَاٌذ into .in the context of BA is a mistakeاُْستَاذ- اُْستَاٌذ 2) Internal Modification If BA does not recognize the form of reduplication to form plural meaning, in BI also does not recognize the process of internal modification to form the meaning of a plural word. The examples of internal modification processes to form plural BA meanings as in the following sentence. من المؤكد أ, كل عمل من هذه األعمال التي يمارسها السكرتير Wa minal mu’akkidu, kullu ‘amalin min haZihil a’māli allatī yumārisuhā assakratīri. The word األَْعَماٌل is a plural word formed by an internal modification process with the اَْفَعاٌل pattern. The word comes from the basic form َعَمٌل which means ‘work’. The basic form َعَمٌل yang then undergoes an internal modification process by adding the console أ (hamzah) at the beginning of the word, ا (alif) after the second letter, as well as changing the first vowel that was originally fathah (a) to a dead letter (without vowels). When َعَمٌل changes to األَْعَماٌل The meaning formed in the word .’is plural, that is ‘works األَْعَماٌل In the process of internal modification, words in BA undergo changes following certain patterns. However, there are no rules that classify these patterns. The use of the pattern is patent based on the logic of Arabic speakers (the argument of qiyasi) not based on grammatical rules (the argument of sima’i). Therefore, it requires extensive knowledge of vocabulary to understand correctly the plural forms in Arabic vocabulary. For example in the word student, in Arabic the word student can be translated as تِْلِمْيذ (tilmīżun) or طَالِب (tālibun). The plural of the word تِْلِمْيذ (tilmīżun) that is تِْلِمْيُذْون (tilmīżūna) which by affixation process in the form of the addition of the suffix ون-, while the plural of the word طَالِب (tālibun) namely طاُلَّب (tullābun modification) with the internal pattern modification. If we refine طَالِب by adding the suffix ون- to طَالِبُْون or with other internal modification patterns instead of the ال فُعَّ pattern, then the word becomes unacceptable in the logic of Arabic speakers or violates the argument of qiyasi. 3) The Existence of a Dualist Form The existence of a dualist form in the level of the number of BA has become its own difficulty in learning BA. This is due to the form that is not found in BI. In addition, the markers for the plural and dualist meanings also have many similarities that have the potential to cause errors. For example, the word noun is male in the case of nasab and jer, both for the plural and dualist meanings, which are marked with the suffix ين-, the only difference being the (harakat) of the word. In the form of plural meaning words end with a (harakat fathah) while for two meaningful words end with vowel i (harakat kasrah). Example in the following sentence. واحد اهم المؤهالت والموصفات التى تساعد على النجاح فى كل ميادين العمل والنشاط Waḣidan ahammul mu’ahhilāti walmūṣifātii ali wihi ali ali ali ‘ In the sentence, it can be seen in the plural form that is َميَاِدْين with the final vowel in the form of the sound a (fathah). If we change the word to a dualist form, then it becomes َميَاَدْين which does not experience a change of letters, only changes in the vowel at the end of the word to i (kasrah). The existence of dualistic forms in BA also influences the process of translating BI into BA. As the BI plural word which means two both with markers in the form of addition to the conjecture and by adding numerals to each the verb. Consider the following data. Anak-anaknya mempunyai sikap yang sangat baik, semuanya berdiri antre dengan tertib, dua-dua di belakang orang tua mereka, sambil bergandengan tangan.30 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) Her children have a very good attitude, all standing in line in an orderly manner, two behind their parents, holding hands. The word coupled is a plural word with a confix marker, the meaning of the plural word is ‘the act of holding hands carried out by two people reciprocally’. In BI, the word is already in the plural category because it means more than one. However, in BA the word is not yet included in the plural, because the plural in BA must be more than two. When translated in BA, the sentence becomes like this. يمتنع ابناءه بموقف جيد للغاية, وكلهم يقفون في الطابور بطريقة منظفة, حلف والديهم وترديد يدا بيد واثنان Yamtani’u ‘abnā’ahu bimauqifun jayyidun lilgāyati, sprinkle Fit wa bi kulluhum yuqiffūna ṭarīqati munẓifati, wa’ itnānil ḣalfu wālidaihim watardīdu yaddan biyaddin. 4) The Gender Differences in Words The differences in the formation of plural BI and BA meanings, namely in the process of forming multiple meanings BA recognizes gender differences in words while in BI it does not. In BA there are certain plural meaning markers that specifically enter the words of a certain gender, namely markers in the form of suffixes. The ون- and ين- suffixes are only markers of the plural meanings of male nouns while the ات- suffixes only enter nouns with female sex. An example of using the suffix ين- in the following sentence. كما أن مسؤوليات الكثيرين من العاملين تجعلهم على: زبائن, موردين,زوار,مراجعين Kamaan mas’ūliyāti alkaśirīna minal ‘Amalinataj’aluhum ‘Ala iḣtikāku mubāsyiru ma’a qaţā’ātu wāsi’atun minal jamāhīri : zabā’inu, mūradīna, zuwwāru, murāji’īna. The word موردين is a plural word which is marked by the suffix ين-. The basic form is the word مورد which is a male noun. The word مورد is classified as male because it does not have a marker that shows it is female. One sign of the word female sex in BA is the presence of ta ‘ta’nis (ة) at the end of the word like the following example. كما أن مسؤوليات الكثيرين من العاملين تجعلهم على: زبائن, موردين, زوار,مراجعين Kamaan mas’ūliyāti alkaśirīna minal ‘Amalinataj’aluhum ‘Ala iḣtikāku mubāsyiru ma’a qaţā’ātu wāsi’atun minal jamāhīri : zabā’inu, mūradīna, zuwwāru, murāji’īna. In the same sentence, there is a word that means plural but is marked with the suffix ات-, which is the word مسؤوليات. The word مسؤوليات is a plural word from the basic form مسؤولية. The word is female because there is ta ‘ta’nis (ة) at the end of the word, so that when it is refined, the markers do not use the suffix ون- or ين- but with the suffix ات-. In BI, there is no gender difference in words. This gave rise to different forms during the BI and BA language transfer process. For example in the plural form of sons and daughters, when translated in BA, the word cannot be a combination of words but into two different words. The example is in the following sentence. Ya Tuhan, ternyata untuk seorang ibu, bersusah payah melayani putra-putri adalah sebuah kebahagiaan. Oh God, it turns out for a mother, struggling to serve sons and daughters is a happiness. The sentence above, when translated into BA it becomes the following. اللهم اتضح لألم تكافح من أجل خدمة األبناء والبنات فرحة Allahumma ‘attaḍiḣu lil’ummi takāfiḣu min’ ajli khidmatil ‘improā’i wal bannāti fariatun. From the sentence above, we can see that the reformation of sons and daughters in BA becomes the word والبنات is a plural األبناء The word .األبناء word which shows the meaning of a boy who comes from the basic form of األبن. The plural formation uses the internal modification process of the اِْفَعال pattern. The word البنات is a plural form of words that shows the meaning of a girl who comes from the basic form of البنت. The plural formation of the word البنات uses an internal modification with the اٌل pattern. Although both are formed through فُعَّ a process of internal modification, the two words have different patterns and cannot be one combined word. 5) The Case of the Word The rule in Arabic that is not in the next Indonesian language is the case of the word. In general, there 31 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) are 4 cases in BA, namely rafa ‘, nasab, jerr, and jazem. The cases in the BA grammatical structure also influence the formation of plural meanings of words. Its influence is on the male nouns. The plural meaning markers in the form of the suffix can only be entered in the word noun male in -ون the case of rafa ‘ (nominative), while the male noun in the nasab (accusative) and jerr (genetive) case is traced by the suffix ين -. For example in the following sentence. األول: والمطلوب أن تؤكدوا لنا قيمة الديون Al-awwalu: walmaṭlūbi an tu’akkidū lanā qayyimatun ad-diyūna. The plural word الديون is a plural word that comes from the basic form of دين. The word is pronounced with the suffix ون- because it is a noun word of the male sex which is in the case of rafa ‘ (nominative). The example of using plural in sentence with the case of jerr (genetive) is in the following sentence. واحد اهم المؤهالت والموصفات التى تساعد على النجاح فى كل ميادين العمل والنشاط Waḣidan ahammul mu’ahhilāti walmūṣifāti allatī tusā’idu ‘alā annajāḣi fī kulli mayadīnal ‘amali wannasyāṭi The word موردين is a word with a plural meaning which signifies the suffix ين-. The root word of the plural form is مياد which is a male gender noun. In the context of the sentence, the word مياد is in the case of jerr (genitive) so that the correct suffix to pronounce it is the suffix ين-. Aside from the male nouns, the difference in the case is not to distinguish the plural markers, but only to change the final vowel of the word. It applied for words with rafa’ cases ending with vowel u, nasab cases ending with vowel a, and cases of jerr ending with vowel i. 6) The Subject-Predicate Relationship The last difference in the formation of plural words in BI and BA is the predicate subject relationship. In BA, the subject-predicate relationship also affects the plural meaning of words. The plural meaning of the verb BA is formed depending on the subject of the sentence. If the subject of the sentence is plural, then the verb which is the predicate of the subject is also classified as a plural word. The example is in the following sentence. والذين يمارسون عمل إدارة المكاتب والسكرتايا هم من يحتاج الى التمرس بأصول الكتابة واألتصال الذي يكتسب فيه الممارس في كل يوم خبرة جديدة يضيفها إلى خبرته السابقة Wallażīna yumarisūna ‘amala idārotu almakātibu wassakratāya hum min yahtāju ilā tumarrisu bi uṣūli alkitābatu wal’ittiṣālu allażi yaktasibu fīhi almumārisu fii kulli yaumin khabratun jadīdatun yuḍaifuhā ilā khabratin assābiqati The word يمارسون is a plural verb with a marker in the form of the suffix ون-. The verb يمارسون is a plural word because it is the predicate of the subject which is also a plural word. The subject of the verb is the plural الذين The word .الذين is the word يمارسون noun of the root الذي. Therefore, it can be said that the verb يمارسون becomes plural because the subject of the verb is a plural word. In the Indonesian language, the plural meaning of the subject does not give the plural effect on verbs. IV. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not only describe the plural meaning markers of BI and BA at the morphological and syntactic levels, but also succeed in revealing the same and different aspects of the plural formation of the two languages. These aspects need to be considered to become a learning concept that facilitates second language learning. The researcher does not deny that there are still many unexplored problems, both in data coverage and other variations, such as aspects and distribution in sentences. Therefore, further research is very necessary to do with contrastive studies. The future research is expected to add data sources and increase the problems revealed. However, what is more important is to increase the amount of data to be able to find more plural meaning markers in both BI and BA. The results of this study can also be a starting point for continuing with the Research and Development model to create Arabic language learning modules for Indonesian students. Therefore, it is very important to continue this research so that the benefits of this research can be felt by other communities. 32 Sofia Nur Khasanah/ Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 8 No. 1 (2021) REFERENCES Assapari, M. Mugni. (2014). Eksistensi Bahasa Indonesia sebagai Bahasa Nasional dan Perkembangannya di Era Globalisasi. PRASI (8), 18: 29-37 Cholsy, Hayatul. 2015. Penanda Jamak dalan Bahasa Perancis dan Bahasa Indonesia. Humaniora (17), 1 : 78-88 Darheni, Nani. (2011). Dinamika Perkembangan Kosakata Bahasa Indonesia Ditinjau dari Aspek Pemaknaan. 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