Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 130 Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id JURNAL ARBITRER Submission Track A B S T R A C T This paper aims to explain the variation of the numeral form, which means ‘one’ in the numeral classifier of the Batak Angkola language of Pintu Padang isolect and to describe the pattern of use of each of these forms. Data was collected by using observation and interview methods. Observation is done by listening to speakers communicate with each other. Interviews were conducted by directly asking three informants who met specific requirements and with several other sources. Data analysis was carried out using segmenting immediate constituents technique by dividing the lingual unit into numerals and classifiers. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that in the Batak Angkola language of Pintu Padang isolect found, ten variations of the numeral form, which means ‘one’ followed by a numeral classifier. The variation of the numeral form, which means ‘one’, is determined by the initial phoneme of the numeral classifier it follows in this case, the addition of a phoneme similar to or the same as the following phoneme. However, it is still limited to specific numeral classifiers. The numeral form still dominantly used is the form that has not experienced the addition of a phoneme. Keywords Batak Angkola language; numeral classifier, numeral means ‘one’, phoneme, variation Correspondence E-mail: nadra@hum.unand.ac.id Article The Variation of Numeral Form Mean ‘one’ in Numeral Classifiers of the Batak Angkola Language Nadra Nadra1, Sri Wahyuni2, Radhia Elita3, Khofifah Aisyah Amini4 1-3Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia 4Postgraduate Student of the Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia 1. INTRODUCTION This research has two main purposes those are to define the bound numeral classifier form variations meaning ‘one’ and the use of each form in Batak Angkola language. The Batak Angkola language is one of the regional languages in Indonesia spoken in the region of Angkola, South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. This research is urgent to do as one attempt to identify both language universality and particularity in order to learn the existence of the numeral classifier. The numeral classifier is a post-posed word of numeral by it conforming to a phrase numeral phrase (Ramlan, 1993). It always appears with the numeral. This is accordingly to Mizuguchi’s statement (2004:26) that “numeral classifiers are the classifiers that occur with a numeral or a quantifier”. Likewise, Miho (2004) said that the numeral classifier is one of the post-posed words following numbers showing both nature and type of object based upon both form and meaning. The numeral classifier functions to group, and to count the objects. Of course, both grouping and counting deal with the objects concerned. So many are the object types measured, that a number of researchers divided numeral classifiers into various categories. The research on numeral classifiers was already done in many languages across the globe among other by Hopper (1986) investigating numeral classifier in Malay, Huang and Ahren (2003) did a research in Chinese, Yamamato and Keil (2000), and Miho (2006) did it in Japanese. Prihantoro (2012), did a research over mankind’s classifier in Korean with several comparisons to Indonesian, Lambisa (2018) conducted a research on numeral classifier in Siamese and its use, and the last one is Park (2022) did a research on two types of plural and numeral classifier in languages, mainly, in Korean. In Indonesia, the study in numeral classifier is still quite limited. This was ever done among others by Marnita (1996), Wahyuni Received: September 28, 2022 Final Revision: October 21, 2022 Available Online: October 28, 2022 | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | Under License of Creative Commons Attributioni-NonCommercial 4.0 International.DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.9.2.130-136.2022 Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 131 (2006), Maryani and Wijana (2011), Nadra cs. (2014), Nadra and Wahyuni (2015), and Wahyuni cs. (2017a, 2017b, and 2018), Oktariantika (2019), and Kasih (2021). Compared to the languages existing, the research on numeral classifier is quite a few let alone compared to the number of languages available in Indonesia, it goes to the second rank of the most languages across the world next to Papua New Guinean (Eberhard dkk. (2022). This paper focuses on the bound numeral form variations meaning ‘one’ in numeral classifier of Batak Angkola language, particularly spoken at Pintu Padang isolect, South Tapanuli Regency. This is interesting to investigate for there are many bound numeral form variations meaning ‘one’ as it attached to the numeral classifier. 2. METHODS The type of this research is field one. The data of this research is obtained from the informants originating from the area of Pintu Padang namely one of the Batak Angkola speech areas populated by indigenous Batak Angkola native speakers living in South Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province. The method used in data collection is participant observational and interviews. The observation is done by listening to Batak Angkola language speakers communicating among them (observational method). The results observed are bugged by taking-note and whose techniques are called note-taking and bagging techniques. The interviewing technique is structurally done by raising direct questions to the already selected informants under a conditioned requirement such as the native speaker of the language concerned, s/he is not highly educated, s/he has perfect speech organs/ apparatus (Nadra and Reniwati, 2009). A number of questionnaires are prepared earlier in order to facilitate the data collection in the field, the eliciting technique is also used in interviewing method. The questionnaire previously prepared is in form of conversational material in order to elicit the informants to speak the data expected (Sudaryanto, 2015). The informant’s answer is recorded on the note prepared earlier. Besides, the interview is done not in a structured way with some other speakers in order to recheck the data validity already obtained. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The naming of a numeral is bound to the meaning ‘one’ in a numeral classifier based upon the fact that numeral itself does not appear alone but it always joins the numeral classifier it follows. The bound numeral form depends upon the classifier it follows. The free numeral to mean ‘one’ in Pintu Padang isolect is sada. Never is it used together with the numeral classifier. Thus, the phrasal form of *sada batu tarutung ‘one fruit of durian’ is not recognized so is the phrasal form *sada ikur manuk ‘one tail of chicken’ not recognized. As to refer to the same phrase, thus, sambatu tarutung ‘one seed of durian’ and saikur manuk ‘one tail of chicken’ are used. The followings are the research results on the bound numeral form variations meaning ‘one’. 1) Form sam- ‘one’ These forms are found in classifier such as: a. sambatu Example: (1) sambatu arambir one-Cl coconut ‘one fruit of coconut’ (2) sambatu tarutung one-Cl durian ‘one seed of durian’ (3) sambatu mangga one-Cl mango ‘one seed of mango’ b. sambola Example: (1) sambola botik one-Cl papaya ‘one fruit of papaya’ (2) sambola parira one-Cl durian ‘one fruit of petai’ (3) sambola arambir one-Cl coconut ‘a fruit of coconut’ c. sambuhu Example: (1) sambuhu jari one-Cl finger ‘a node of finger’ d. sampagul Example: sampagul salak one-Cl salak ‘a bunch of salak’ Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 132 e. sambaris Example: sambaris alak one-Cl people ‘a line of people’ Based upon the data shown above, the form sam- ‘one’ attaches to the numeral classifier to /p/ and /b/ phonemes initial. However, it does not applies for classifier such as batang ‘tree’, bunbun ‘stack (paddy)’, bukkus ‘pack’, pastak ‘area’ (18 x 18 m)’, and pasang ‘pair’. Those forms take the use of form sa- ‘one’. Example: (1) sabatang sigaret one-Cl cigarette ‘a piece of cigarette’ (2) sabunbun eme one-Cl paddy ‘a stack of paddy’ (3) sabukkus indahan one-Cl rice ‘a pack of rice’ (4) sapastak saba (18 x 18 m) one-Cl rice field ‘a portion of (18 x 18 m) rice field’ (5) sapasang sipatu one-Cl shoe ‘a pair of shoes’ 2) Form san- ‘one’ These forms are found in numeral classifier such as following. a. sanjopput Example: sanjopput sira one-Cl salt ‘a bit of salt’ b. sanjojar Example: sanjojar parira one-CL petai ‘a strap of petai’ c. sanjokkal Example: sanjokkal tali one-Cl tie ‘a finger-span of tie’ Form san- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier phoneme /j/ initial. (3) Bentuk sang- ‘one’ These form are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sangulas Example: sangulas ute one-Cl orange ‘a slice of orange’ b. sangaum Example: sangaum indahan one-Cl rice ‘a sap of rice’ c. sanggolom Example: sanggolom indahan one-Cl rice ‘a grab of rice’ The form of sang- as in the example above is attached to the numeral classifier that begins with the vowels u, a, and consonant g. 4) Form sat- ‘satu’ The form are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sattalbu Example: sattalbu jaung one-Cl corn ‘a cob of corn’ b. satciat Example: satciat pisang one-Cl banana ‘a bunch of banana’ c. sattakkil Example: (1) sattakkil burangir one-Cl betel ‘a stalk of betel’ (2) sattakkil parira one-Cl petai ‘a sprig of petai’ (3) sattakkil ancat one-Cl lansium fruit ‘a stalk of lansaium fruit’ d. sattupak Example: sattupak eme one-Cl paddy ‘a stack of paddy’ The form sat- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier of phonemes /t/ and /c/ initial. Besides, form sa- ‘one’ is also found in numeral classifier of phoneme /t/ initial as follows. Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 133 e. satabung Example: sattalbu jaung one-Cl corn ‘a cob of corn’ Note: satabung danon ‘a tube of rice’ in a count of this isolect equals to 16 takar ‘calibration’, and one takar of rice equals to one tin sweetened condensed milk. f. satumba Example: satumba lomang one-Cl bamboorice ‘a stick of bamboo rice’ The numeral classifier of tumba is the particular one for lemang. 5) Bentuk sar- ‘one’ Those forms are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sarruang Example: sarruang tarutung one-Cl durian ‘a segment of durian’ b. sarruas Example: sarruas tobu one-Cl sugar cane ‘a node of sugar cane ’ c. sarratting Example: sarratting laksiaklamod one-Cl little chili ‘a twig of little chili’ Example: The form sar- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier of phoneme /r/ initial. 6) Form sak- ‘one’ These forms are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sakkodong Example: (1) sakkodong bulung arambir one-Cl coconut leaf ‘a piece of coconut leaf ’ (2) sakkodong baju one-Cl shirt ‘a piece of shirt’ b. sakkaut Example: sakkaut rimbang one-Cl rimbang ‘a grab of rimbang’ c. sakkamata Example: sakkamata botik one-Cl papaya ‘a fruit of papaya’ The form sak- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier of phoneme /k/ initial. Other than that, sa- is also found in the numeral classifer of phoneme / k/ initial as follows. (1) sakilo Example: sakilo lasiak one-CL chili ‘a kg of chilli’ (2) sakodi Example: sakodi seng one-Cl roofing ‘one score (the normal quantity of wholesale purchase of clothing or roofing) roofing’ (3) sakubik Example: sakubik pasir one-Cl sand ‘a cubic (meter) of sand’ (4) sakumpulan Example: sakumpulan alak one-Cl people ‘a group of people’ 7) Form sal- ‘one’ These forms are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sallambar Example: (1) sallambar bulung one-Cl leaf ‘a piece of leaf ’ (2) sallambar karote one-Cl paper ‘a piece of paper’ (3) sallambar papan one-Cl board ‘a sheet of board’ b. sallobong Example: sallobong arambir one-Cl coconut ‘a half of coconut’ The form sal- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier of phoneme /l/ initial. However, the form Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 134 sa- ‘one’ of numeral classifier of phoneme /l/ initial as follows. (1) salupak Example: salupak saba one-Cl rice field ‘a portion of rice field’ (2) salappis Example: salappis tire one-Cl curtain ‘a piece of the curtain’ 8) Form sas- ‘one’ These forms are found in numeral classifier as follows. sassusuk Example: (1) sassusuk sate one-Cl sate ‘a stick of sate’ (2) assusuk cenel one-Cl cenel ‘a stick of cenel (a kind of snack)’ The form sas- ‘one’ attaches to numeral classifier of phoneme /s/ initial. 9) Form sap- ‘one’ These forms are found in numeral classifier as follows. a. sappoul Example: sappoul indahan one-Cl rice ‘a grab of rice’ b. sappipil Example: sappipil jaung one-Cl corn ‘a grain of corn’ Example: The form sap- attaches to numeral classifier of phoneme /p/ initial. Hence, the bound numeral meaning ‘one’ as it attaches to the numeral classifier of /p/ initial having three variations as well namely sam-, sap-, and sa-. 10) Form sa- ‘one’ The form sa- ‘one’ is not only found in the numeral classifier such as already described in the previous analysis and there was found in the numeral classifier of phonemes /m/ and /g/. The following items are the examples of numeral classifier phoneme /m/. Example: (1) samayang pisang one-Cl banana ‘a bunch of banana’ (2) samakkuk bubur one-Cl porridge ‘a bowl of porridge’ (3) samotor pasir one-Cl sand ‘a truck of sand’ The next one is the example of numeral classifier of phoneme /g/ initial. Example: (1) sagalas aek one-Cl water ‘a glass of water’ (2) sagalendong bonang one-Cl thread ‘a roll of thread’ (3) sagonggam danon one-Cl rice ‘a grab of rice’ (4) sagarombolan bodat one-Cl monkey ‘a group of monkey’ (5) sagandeng arambil one-Cl coconut ‘a splice (consisting of two) coconut’ The other numeral classifiers also use sa-. Example: (1) saikur manuk one-Cl chiken ‘a chicken’ (2) sadorngok aek one-Cl water ‘a sip of water’ (3) saippal sira one-Cl salt ‘a lump of salt’ Example: (1) Based upon the description above, there are found ten variations of bound numeral form meaning ‘one’ in the isolect of Batak Angkola language at Pintu Padang. All the ten forms are (1) sam-, (2) san-, (3) sang-, (4) sat-, (5) sar-, (6) sak-, (7) sal-, (8) sas-, (9) sap-, and (10) sa- such variations are influenced by the numeral classifier following the bound numeral meaning ‘one’. The form sam- is found when it is followed by both of /p/ and /b/ phonemes initial. The form Nadra / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 9 No. 2 (2022) 135 san- is found as the numeral classifier following it is phoneme /j/ initial. The form sat- is found is found when it is followed by /t/ and /c/ phonemes initial. Next one is the forms sar-, sak-, sal-, sas-, and sap- are found accordingly to the same phoneme as the numeral classifier they follow namely sar- is found if it is followed by the numeral classifier of phoneme /r/ initial, the form sak- is found if it is found with numeral classifier of phoneme /k/ initial, the form sal- is found if it starts with phoneme /l/, the form sas- is found if it is followed with the numeral classifier of phoneme /s/ initial, and the one of sap is found if it is followed with the numeral classifier initially starts with phoneme /p/. The last form is sa-. The form sa- is the most general one. Although it is said that the form variations from (1) to (9) is found suitable with the initial phoneme of numeral classifier following it, in fact, such a thing does not applies to all numeral classifier if follows. They are found in the data mentioned above and the form sa- is used for other numeral classifier. 4. CONCLUSION Based upon the bound numeral form analysis meaning ‘one’ in Batak Angkola language at Pintu Padang, there are found ten variations. The appearance of such variations is due to the initial phoneme of the numeral classifier it follows. It is caused by the phonemic addition in the bound numeral. The additional phoneme meant is in the form of assimilation or modification to the initial of the numeral classifier so that it falls into homorganic phoneme resembling the initial phoneme of the numeral classifier it follows. However, such an addition does not occur at the all bound numeral classifiers. Hence, it is necessary to conduct a further research in order to elaborate more deeply the numeral classifier forms such as what causes the change of form to happen in the bound numeral classifier. Acknowledgement This article was part of our research with the title “Numeral Classifier Study of the Angkola Batak Language as a Reflection of the Nation’s Cultural Character and Supporters of Cultural Resilience”. This research was funded by Andalas University through the RPB scheme (first term/year, 2022). We would like to say thank you very much for funding this research. We also would like to express our deep gratitude for the fund provided for this research. Expression of thanks also goes to those who helped this research. Without the help and support from others, this research may not be done properly. REFERENCES Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons, & Charles D. Fennig (eds.). (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the world. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com. Hopper, Paul J. 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