Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 323 Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | JURNAL ARBITRER Submission Track A B S T R A C T Received: November 18, 2023 Final Revision: December 27, 2023 Accepted: December 29, 2023 Available Online: January 8, 2024 This study examines the classification and function of toponyms to reveal the local knowledge of Sundanese people in the western Bandung-North area. This research uses anthropological linguistic theory. The data of this research are lexicon in toponyms based on local knowledge in the western Bandung-North area. The data is sourced from several community components consisting of village elders and ordinary people. The study incorporates four methods for data collection, which are participant observation, participatory conversation observation, interviews, and documentation. These techniques are chosen based on their ability to gather comprehensive, accurate, and reliable data. The results show that there are five classifications of toponyms, namely (1) hydrological- biological characteristics, (2) hydrological-state characteristics, (3) geomorphological-biological characteristics, (4) geomorphological-state characteristics, and (5) state characteristics. This research also shows that the lexicon in toponyms in the western Bandung-North area portrays the closeness of humans to nature, humans to humans, and humans to their God. In addition, Sundanese people in the western Bandung-North area also have local knowledge about ethnoecology, which is recorded in the toponyms in the area. This local knowledge of ethnoecology has benefits as an effort to maintain the terrestrial ecosystem, which is one of the pillars of environmental development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Keywords anthropological linguistics, Bandung, local knowledge, Sundanese, toponyms Correspondence E-mail: mahmud_fasya@upi.edu Article Revealing Local Knowledge of Sundanese People of Toponyms in The Western Bandung-North Area Mahmud Fasya1, Eri Kurniawan2, Jatmika Nurhadi3, Undang Sudana4, Dini Gilang Sari5, Rahmawati6 1-4Faculty of Language and Literature Education, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia 5-6Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Under License of Creative Commons Attributioni-Non Commercial 4.0 International.DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.4.323-337.2023 I. INTRODUCTION In language and cultural studies, toponyms are distinctive linguistic facts. Toponyms hold prayers, ideals, love, and hope (Yotsumoto, 2020, p. 2158). Toponyms are not just words or sets of words but also descriptions of a country’s characteristics (Randall, 2001, p. 4). Everett-Heath (2000) reveals that toponyms are a country’s history windows. In addition, Jordan (2020, p. 2038) explains that toponyms characterize the cultural structure and character of the people. Thus, it means that toponyms are not chosen arbitrarily. Toponyms capture the closeness of humans to their natural surroundings. In other words, toponyms can describe human activities with the surrounding nature (Jordan, 2020; Lay, Chen, Wu, Huang, & Chuang, 2019; Randall, 2001). Basso (1988, p. 3) mentions that toponymy is a study that reveals many things, such as language, people’s values and beliefs, environment, economy, and history, because these linguistic elements reflect the fundamental relationship between people and the places where they live and reflect their knowledge of the area. In addition, Post (2020, p. 689) explains that people can use toponyms to express their needs. Toponyms are divided into natural and cultural names (Ainiala, Saarelma, & Sjöblom, 2016, pp. 23–24). Natural names are divided into topographic names and hydronyms, such as swamp and lake. Meanwhile, cultural names are divided into settlement and cultivation names, such as Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 324 village and field. These cultural names should be based on local knowledge. Naming is a form of cultural preservation and respect (Braden, 2020; Herman, 1999). Unfortunately, people today tend to recognize no longer local knowledge recorded in toponyms. Toponyms can record the local knowledge of a community and the cultural functions of that community. Ainiala et al. (2016, p. 19) argue that the cultural functions of toponyms include preservation of traditions and beliefs, reminders of things that have happened in the place, and maintenance of social order. By maintaining a connection with the past, toponyms based on local knowledge can also help preserve community identity and cultural heritage. Several previous researchers have researched toponyms. First, Wirasanti (2018) discusses toponyms and the identity of the Canggal Temple area from an ecolinguistic perspective. The results of her research show that toponyms in the Canggal Temple area are based on environmental elements, such as biological elements, non- biological elements, and charismatic elements of figures. In addition, this research also shows a cultural transformation that occurs in the Canggal Temple area related to the socio-cultural life of the community. Second, Triana et al. (2022) studied the toponyms of the West Coast of Sumatra Island. The results of their research show that toponyms on the West Coast of Sumatra Island reflect the relationship between humans and their natural environment. The relationship can be seen through the thematization of toponyms, which is based on the embodiment aspect, which includes water background, topography background, and natural environment background; a social aspect, which includes settlement background, economic background, activity background, and building background; a cultural aspect which includes myths, folklores, and legends passed down from generation to generation. Third, Syamsuddin et al. (2023) discussed Palu toponyms and their relation to natural hazards from an ethnosemantic perspective. The results showed that the toponyms of urban villages in Palu contain eclectic meanings. The toponyms consist of four parts, namely biological aspects, geomorphological aspects, historical aspects, and socio-cultural aspects. These toponyms are generally dominated by plant names (flora). These toponyms show that the Kaili tribe names places based on local vegetation. Based on previous research, there are three trends in the study of toponyms. First, toponym studies are based on an ecolinguistic perspective in the context of cultural transformation. Second, toponym studies to map toponym thematization chronologically based on the corpus linguistics approach. Third, a toponym study based on an ethnosemantic perspective reveals the meaning of toponyms. Meanwhile, research on toponym classification integrated with toponym function from an anthropological linguistic perspective has yet to be conducted comprehensively. Thus, anthropological linguistic studies on the classification and function of toponyms to reveal the local knowledge of Sundanese communities in the western Bandung-North area are important and interesting to conduct. II. METHOD This research uses anthropological linguistic theory (Foley, 1997, 2001, 2016). The study of toponyms in the western Bandung-North area is conducted in a limited linguistic context and in a broader socio-cultural context to sustain cultural practices (Foley, 2001). Methodologically, the anthropological linguistic approach in the study of toponyms uses a communication ethnography model. This ethnography of communication focuses on the following frame of reference: the formation of toponyms in a culture lies not merely in the language itself but in how the concept of toponyms is communicated (Hymes, 1980). Duranti (1997, p. 85) argues that ethnographic model research describes the social organization, symbolic and material resources, and interpretive practices typical of a particular group. This research utilized ethnographic qualitative methods (Muhadjir, 1996; Spradley, 1980). Thus, the researcher was directly involved in socializing with indigenous people in the western part of the Bandung-North area. This method obtained an emic perspective on the culture under study. In addition, there was an attempt to achieve tacit knowledge. This research uses four data collection methods, namely (1) participant observation method, (2) involved conversation observation method, (3) interview method, and (4) documentation method. This research data comes from using toponyms in Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 325 the western part of the Bandung-North area. The lexicon data is sourced from several community components consisting of village elders and ordinary people. The data of this research are lexicons in toponyms based on local knowledge in the western part of the Bandung-North area. In ethnographic research, two procedures are commonly carried out when analyzing data, namely (1) analysis during data presentation and (2) analysis after data collection (Miles & Huberman, 1984, pp. 21–25; Muhadjir, 1996, p. 150). Furthermore, Miles & Huberman (1984, pp. 21–25) explained that the procedure during data presentation is divided into three stages, namely (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion drawing/ verification, which is tentative to be verified. The analysis procedure after data collection is divided into four stages, namely (1) transcription of recorded data; (2) grouping or categorizing data from the transcription of recordings or notes based on physical aspects and social aspects of toponyms based on local knowledge; (3) interpretation of local knowledge values contained in toponyms in the western Bandung-North area; (4) conclusions about toponym patterns based on local knowledge in the western Bandung-North area. III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Lexicon Classification in Toponyms in the West Bandung-North Area Toponyms can describe human activities with the surrounding nature (Jordan, 2020; Lay et al., 2019; Randall, 2001). Usually, toponyms are classified based on their characteristics (Abdikhalikovna, 2020). These characteristics include four aspects: biological, geomorphological, historical, and socio-cultural (Syamsuddin et al., 2023; Triana et al., 2022; Wirasanti, 2018). In the context of this research, there are five classifications of the lexicon in toponyms in the western North Bandung area, namely (a) hydrological- biological characteristics, (b) hydrological-state characteristics, (c) geomorphological-biological characteristics, (d) geomorphological-state characteristics, and (e) state characteristics. Classification of Toponyms Based on Hydrological-Biological Characteristics The research findings show that all lexicons in toponyms with hydrological-biological characteristics are polymorphous and categorized as nouns. The lexicon with hydrological characteristics Data Lexicon Hydrological Characteristics Biological Characteristics 1 Cipeusing ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun peusing ‘trenggiling’ pangolin Noun 2 Situ lembang situ ‘danau’ Noun lembang ‘rumput besar’ lesser bulrush Noun 3 Cibadak ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun badak ‘badak’ rhino Noun 4 Cibolang ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun bolang ‘sejenis talas’ taro Noun 5 Cihanjuang ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun hanjuang ‘andong’ cordyline fruticosa Noun 6 Walungan Gandasoli walungan ‘sungai’ river Noun gandasoli ‘gandasuli’ ginger lily Noun 7 Cileungsing ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun leungsing ‘lintah kecil’ small leech Noun 8 Cimanggu ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun manggu ‘manggis’ mangosteen Noun Table 1. Classification of Toponyms Based on Hydrological-Biological Characteristics Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 326 is the main element that dominates the formation of toponyms. Meanwhile, lexicons with biological characteristics tend to be explanatory elements in forming toponyms. The biological lexicon contains two categories, namely animal and plant elements, as shown in Table 1. Data 1 contains the lexicon cipeusing. The lexicon cipeusing refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cipeusing combines the word ci and the word peusing. The word ci in the lexicon cipeusing is an abbreviation. The word is a contraction of the word cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word peusing means ‘pangolin’. Based on its physical aspect, the cipeusing lexicon is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci is a hydrological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the peusing lexicon includes biological characteristics. The cipeusing lexicon shows the link between the name of the place and the character of the animal (fauna) in the place. The cipeusing lexicon is a place name as a water source where there are peusing animals. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and animals or fauna. Data 2 contains the lexicon situ lembang. The lexicon situ lembang refers to the lake’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon situ lembang combines the word situ and the word lembang. The word situ means ‘lake’. Meanwhile, the word lembang means ‘big grass’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon situ lembang combines hydrological and biological characteristics. The word situ includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon lembang includes biological characteristics. The lexicon situ lembang shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. The lexicon situ lembang is the name of a place as a water source with lembang plants. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and plants or flora. Data 3 contains the lexicon cibadak. The lexicon cibadak refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cibadak combines the word ci and the word badak. The word ci in the lexicon cibadak is an abbreviation. The word ci is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word badak means ‘rhino’. Based on its physical aspect, the cibadak lexicon is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci is a hydrological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon badak includes biological characteristics. The lexicon cibadak shows the link between the place name and the character of the animal (fauna) in the place. The lexicon cibadak is a place named as a water source, an area for wallowing for rhinos. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about managing water and animals or fauna. Data 4 contains the lexicon cibolang. The lexicon cibolang refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cibolang combines the word ci and the word bolang. The word ci in the lexicon cibolang is an abbreviation. The word ci is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word bolang means ‘a type of taro’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon cibolang is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon bolang is a biological characteristic. The cibolang lexicon shows a link between the place name and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon cibolang is the name of a place where bolang plants grow. Based on the cibolang lexicon, Sundanese people know water management and plants or flora. Data 5 contains the lexicon cihanjuang. The lexicon cihanjuang refers to the name of the village in Parongpong Sub-district. The lexicon cihanjuang combines the word ci and the word hanjuang. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cihanjuang is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word hanjuang means ‘andong’. Based on its physical aspect, the cihanjuang lexicon is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the hanjuang Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 327 lexicon includes biological characteristics. The cihanjuang lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the plants (flora) in the place. The lexicon cihanjuang is the name of a place as a water source with hanjuang plants. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and plants or flora. Data 6 contains the lexicon walungan gandasoli. The lexicon walungan gandasoli refers to the river’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon walungan gandasoli is a combination of two words, namely the word walungan and the word gandasoli. The word walungan means ‘river’. Meanwhile, the word gandasoli means ‘ginger lily’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon walungan gandasoli combines hydrological and biological characteristics. The word walungan is a hydrological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the gandasoli lexicon includes biological characteristics. The walungan gandasoli lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the plants (flora) in the place. The walungan gandasoli lexicon is the name of a place as a water source with a gandasoli plant. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and plants or flora. Data 7 contains the lexicon cileungsing. The lexicon cileungsing refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon cileungsing combines two words, namely the word ci and the word leungsing. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cileungsing is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word leungsing means ‘small leech’. Based on its physical aspect, the cileungsing lexicon is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the leungsing lexicon includes biological characteristics. The cileungsing lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the animals (fauna) in the place. Cileungsing lexicon is the name of a place as a water source with leungsing animals. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and animals or fauna. Data 8 contains the lexicon cimanggu. The lexicon cimanggu refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon cimanggu combines the word ci and the word manggu. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cimanggu is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word manggu means ‘mangosteen’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon cimanggu is a combination of hydrological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon manggu includes biological characteristics. The cimanggu lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the plants (flora) in the place. The lexicon cimanggu is a place name as a water source with a manggu plant. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management and plants or flora. Classification of Toponyms Based on Hydrological-State Characteristics The research findings show that all lexicons in hydrological-state toponyms have polymorphic forms. The noun and adjective categories dominate the lexicons in these toponyms, while the noun and verb categories have only one lexicon each. Lexicons with hydrological characteristics are the main elements that dominate the formation of toponyms. Meanwhile, lexicons characterized by circumstances tend to be explanatory elements in forming toponyms. Table 2 contains the classification of these lexicons. Data 9 contains the lexicon cimahi. The lexicon cimahi refers to the waterfall’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cimahi combines the word ci and the word mahi. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cimahi is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word mahi means ‘sufficient’. The lexicon cimahi is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon mahi includes a state characteristic. The cimahi lexicon shows the link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon cimahi is a water source area that can provide irrigation for residents. Thus, Sundanese people Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 328 Data Lexicon Hydrological Characteristics State Characteristics 9 Cimahi ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun mahi ‘cukup’ sufficient Adjective 10 Cilayung ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun layung ‘lembayung’ mauve light Noun 11 Cibodas ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun bodas ‘putih’ white Adjective 12 Cimeta ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun meta ‘bergerak’ move Verb 13 Lebak Gede ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun gede ‘besar’ big Adjective 14 Cihaliwung ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun haliwung ‘keruh’ murky Adjective 15 Citiis ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun tiis ‘dingin’ cold Adjective 16 Cigugur ci (cai) ‘air’ water Noun gugur ‘gemuruh’ rumble Adjective 17 Cihideung lebak ‘sungai’ river Noun hideung ‘hitam’ black Adjective Table 2. Classification of Toponyms Based on Hydrological-State Characteristics have local knowledge about water management. Data 10 contains the lexicon cilayung. The lexicon cilayung refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cilayung combines the word ci and the word layung. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cilayung is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word layung means ‘mauve light’. The lexicon cilayung is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon layung includes a state characteristic. The cilayung lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon cilayung is an area as a water source covered with purple when viewed from a distance in the afternoon. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 11 contains the lexicon cibodas. The lexicon cibodas refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cibodas is formed from a combination of the word ci and the word bodas. The word ci is classified as an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cibodas is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word bodas means ‘white’. However, the word bodas can mean ‘clear’ in this context. The lexicon cibodas is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci is a hydrological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon bodas include a state characteristic. The cibodas lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon cibodas is a clear water source area. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 12 contains the lexicon cimeta. The lexicon cimeta refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon cimeta combines the word ci and the word meta. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cimeta is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 329 Sub-district. The lexicon citiis combines the word ci and the word tiis. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon citiis is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word tiis has the meaning of ‘cold’. The lexicon citiis is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon tiis includes a state characteristic. The lexicon citiis shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon citiis is a water source area where the water feels cold. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 16 contains the lexicon cigugur. The lexicon cigugur refers to a place name in Parongpong Sub-district. The lexicon cigugur combines the word ci and the word gugur. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cigugur is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word gugur means ‘rumble’. The cigugur lexicon is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon gugur is included in the characteristics of the situation. The cigugur lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The cigugur lexicon is a water source area whose water thunders like lightning. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 17 contains the lexicon cihideung. The lexicon cihideung refers to a place name in Parongpong Sub-district. The lexicon cihideung combines the word ci and the word hideung. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cihideung is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word hideung means ‘black’. The lexicon cihideung is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon hideung includes a state characteristic. The Meanwhile, the lexicon meta means ‘move’. The lexicon cimeta is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the meta lexicon includes a state characteristic. The cimeta lexicon shows the connection between the place name and the situation in the place. The cimeta lexicon is a water source area where the water moves or flows. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 13 contains the lexicon lebak gede. The lexicon lebak gede refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon lebak gede is a combination of the word lebak and the word gede. The word lebak means ‘river’. Meanwhile, the word gede means ‘big’. The lexicon lebak gede is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word lebak includes hydrological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon gede is a characteristic of the situation. The lexicon lebak gede shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in that place. The lexicon lebak gede is a large water source area. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 14 contains the lexicon cihaliwung. The lexicon cihaliwung refers to a place name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon cihaliwung is a combination of the word ci and the word haliwung. The word ci is an abbreviation. The word ci in the lexicon cihaliwung is a contraction of cai, which means ‘water’. Meanwhile, the word haliwung means ‘murky’. The lexicon cihaliwung is a combination of hydrological characteristics and state characteristics. The word ci is a hydrological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of water. Meanwhile, the lexicon haliwung includes a state characteristic. The lexicon cihaliwung shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon cihaliwung is a water source area where the water is murky. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Data 15 contains the lexicon citiis. The lexicon citiis refers to a place name in Parongpong Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 330 cihideung lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon cihideung is a water source area that still looks black or dark because it is lush and foggy. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about water management. Classification of Toponyms Based on Geomorphological-Biological Characteristics The research findings show that all lexicons in geomorphologically-biologically characterized toponyms are polymorphic and categorized as nouns. The geomorphologically characterized lexicon is the main element that dominates the formation of toponyms. Meanwhile, lexicons with biological characteristics tend to be explanatory elements in forming toponyms. The biological lexicon contains two categories, namely animal and plant elements. The classification of these toponyms is provided in Table 3. Based on Table 3, data 18 contains the lexicon pasir calung. The lexicon pasir calung refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon pasir calung combines the word pasir and the word calung. The word pasir means ‘hill’, while the word calung or ki calung means ‘diospyros macrophylla’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon pasir calung combines geomorphological and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word calung is a biological characteristic. The calung lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon pasir calung is the name of the place where ki calung grows. Based on the lexicon pasir calung, Sundanese people know the management of land and plants or flora. Data 19 contains the lexicon pasir kuda. The lexicon of pasir kuda refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon of pasir kuda combines the word pasir and the word kuda. Pasir means ‘hill’, while kuda means ‘horse’. Based on its physical aspect, the pasir kuda lexicon combines geomorphological and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word kuda is included in the biological characteristics. The pasir kuda lexicon Data Lexicon Geomorphological Characteristics Biological Characteristics 18 Pasir calung pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun calung ‘ajang kelicung’ diospyros macrophylla Noun 19 Pasir kuda pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun kuda ‘kuda’ horse Noun 20 Pasirranji pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun ranji ‘asam keranji’ dralium indian Noun 21 Pasir kuntul pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun kuntul ‘kuntul’ egret Noun 22 Pasir haur pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun haur ‘bambu’ bamboo Noun 23 Pasir embe pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun embe ‘kambing’ goat Noun 24 Pasir huni pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun huni ‘buni’ antidesma bunius Noun 25 Tegallaja tegal ‘ladang’ field Noun laja ‘lengkuas’ galangal Noun Table 3. Classification of Toponyms Based on Geomorphological-Biological Characteristics Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 331 shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the animal (fauna) in the place. Thus, the pasir kuda lexicon is a place name as a place of life for horses. Based on the lexicon of pasir kuda, Sundanese people know the management of land and animals or fauna. Data 20 contains the lexicon pasirranji. The lexicon pasirranji refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon pasirranji combines the word pasir and the word ranji. The word pasir means ‘hill’, while the word ranji means ‘dralium indian’. Based on its physical aspects, the pasirranji lexicon combines geomorphological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word ranji is included in the biological characteristics. The pasirranji lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon pasirranji is a place name as a tamarind plantation area. Based on the pasirranji lexicon, Sundanese people know the management of land and plants or flora. Data 21 contains pasirkuntul lexicon. Pasirkuntul lexicon refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon pasirkuntul combines the word pasir and the word kuntul. Pasir means ‘hill’, while kuntul means ‘egret’. Based on its physical aspect, the pasirkuntul lexicon combines geomorphological and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word kuntul is included in the biological characteristics. The pasir kuntul lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of animals (fauna) that exist there. Thus, the lexicon pasirkuntul is a place name as an area dominated by herons or white storks. Based on the pasirkuntul lexicon, Sundanese people know the management of land and animals or fauna. Data 22 contains the lexicon pasir haur. The lexicon pasir haur refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon pasir haur combines the word pasir and the word haur. The word pasir means ‘hill’, while the word haur means ‘bamboo’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon of pasir haur is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word haur is included in the biological characteristics. The pasir haur lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon pasir haur is a place name as an area dominated by bamboo or haur plants. Based on the pasir haur lexicon, Sundanese people know the management of land and plants or flora. Data 23 contains the lexicon pasir embe. The lexicon pasir embe refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon pasir embe combines the word pasir and the word embe. Pasir means ‘hill’, while embe means ‘goat’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon of the pasir embe is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word embe is a biological characteristic. The pasir embe lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the animals (fauna) in the place. Thus, the lexicon pasir embe is a place name as an area for herding goats. Based on the lexicon pasir embe, Sundanese people know the management of land and animals or fauna. Data 24 contains the lexicon pasir huni. The lexicon of pasir huni refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon pasir huni combines the word sand and the word huni. The word pasir means ‘hill’, while the word huni means ‘antidesma bunius’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon of pasir huni is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and biological characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word huni is included in the biological characteristics. The pasir huni lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon pasir huni is a place name as a buni plantation area. Based on the lexicon of pasir huni, Sundanese people know the management of land and plants or flora. Data 25 contains the lexicon tegallaja. The Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 332 lexicon tegallaja refers to the village’s name in Ngamprah Sub-district. The lexicon tegallaja combines the word tegal and the word laja. The word tegal means ‘field’, while the word laja means ‘galangal’. Based on its physical aspect, the lexicon tegallaja combines geomorphological and biological characteristics. The word tegal is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the word laja is included in the biological characteristics. The tegallaja lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of plants (flora) in the place. Thus, the lexicon tegallaja is a place name as a galangal plantation area. Based on the tegallaja lexicon, Sundanese people know the management of land and plants or flora. Classification of Toponyms Based on Geomorphological-State Characteristics The research findings show that all lexicons in geomorphological-state toponyms have polymorphic forms. The noun and adjective categories dominate the lexicon in these toponyms, while the noun and verb categories have only one lexicon each. Lexicons with hydrological characteristics are the main elements that dominate the formation of toponyms. Meanwhile, lexicons characterized by circumstances tend to be explanatory elements in forming toponyms. Table 4 shows the classification of these toponyms. Data 26 contains the lexicon pasirhalang. The lexicon pasirhalang refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon pasirhalang combines the word pasir and the word halang. The word pasir means ‘hill’. Meanwhile, the word halang means ‘latitude.’ The lexicon pasirhalang is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and state characteristics. The word pasir includes geomorphological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the halang lexicon includes a state characteristic. The pasir halang lexicon shows a link between the place name and the situation in the place. The pasirhalang lexicon is a highland area positioned across the Cisarua Sub-district. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about land management. Data 27 contains the pasir kuning lexicon. The pasir kuning lexicon refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The pasir kuning lexicon combines the word pasir and the word kuning. The word pasir has the meaning of ‘hill’. Meanwhile, the word kuning means ‘yellow.’ The pasir kuning lexicon is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and state characteristics. The word pasir includes geomorphological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the kuning lexicon is a state characteristic. The pasir kuning lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The pasir kuning lexicon is a highland area that looks yellow because of the sunset in the afternoon. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about land management. Data 28 contains the pasirlangu lexicon. The lexicon pasirlangu refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon pasirlangu is the word pasir and the word langu. The word pasir Data Lexicon Geomorphological Characteristics State Characteristics 26 Pasirhalang pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun halang ‘lintang’ latitude Noun 27 Pasir kuning pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun kuning ‘kuning’ yellow Adjective 28 Pasirlangu pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun langu ‘bau tidak sedap’ unpleasant odor Adjective 29 Pasir malang pasir ‘bukit’ hill Noun malang ‘melintang’ crosswise Verb Table 4. Classification of Toponyms Based on Geomorphological-State Characteristics Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 333 means ‘hill’. Meanwhile, langu means ‘unpleasant odor.’ The lexicon pasirlangu is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and state characteristics. The word pasir is a geomorphological characteristic because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the langu lexicon is a state characteristic. The pasir langu lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in the place. The lexicon pasirlangu is a highland area planted with tobacco, resulting in an unpleasant smell of tobacco. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about land management. Data 29 contains the lexicon of pasir malang. The pasir malang lexicon refers to the village’s name in Parongpong Sub-district. The lexicon pasir malang combines the word pasir and the word malang. The word pasir has the meaning of ‘hill’. Meanwhile, the word malang has the meaning of ‘crosswise’. The lexicon pasir malang is a combination of geomorphological characteristics and state characteristics. The word pasir includes geomorphological characteristics because it is a place name related to the contour or character of the land. Meanwhile, the malang lexicon includes a state characteristic. The pasir malang lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the situation in that place. The lexicon pasir malang is a highland area positioned across the Parongpong Sub-district area. Thus, Sundanese people have local knowledge about land management. Classification of Toponyms Based on State Characteristics The research findings show that all lexicons in toponyms characterized by the state have polymorphic forms. The lexicons in these toponyms are dominated by the adjective category, while there are only two lexicons each in the noun and verb categories. Lexicons characterized by the state become the central element in forming toponyms. Table 5 shows the classification of these toponyms. Data 30 contains the sindangsari lexicon. The sindangsari lexicon refers to the name of the village in Cisarua Sub-district. The sindangsari lexicon combines the words sindang and the word sari. The word sindang means ‘stopover’, while the word sari means ‘beautiful’. Based on the social aspect, the sindangsari lexicon is a place name characterized by circumstances. The word sindang and the word sari show the characteristics of the situation because they portray the socio-cultural activities of the community. The sindangsari lexicon shows a link between the place name and the socio- cultural character of the people in the place. Thus, because of its beautiful panorama, the sindangsari lexicon is a toponym for a stopover location. Based on the sindangsari lexicon, it can be seen that Sundanese people know regional and socio- cultural management. Data 31 contains the lexicon pondok melong. The lexicon pondok melong refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon pondok melong combines the word pondok and the word Data Lexicon State Characteristics 30 Sindangsari sindang ‘singgah’ stopover Verb sari ‘menarik’ beautiful Adjective 31 Pondok Melong pondok ‘pendek’ short Adjective melong ‘menatap’ stare Verb 32 Kertawangi kerta ‘sejahtera’ prosperous Adjective wangi ‘harum’ fragrant Adjective 33 Tugumukti tugu ‘tugu’ monument Noun mukti ‘makmur’ prosper Adjective 34 Karyawangi karya ‘pekerjaan’ work Noun wangi ‘harum’ fragrant Adjective Table 5. Classification of Toponyms Based on State Characteristics Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 334 melong. The word pondok means ‘short’, while the word melong means ‘stare’. Based on its social aspect, the lexicon of pondok melong is a place name characterized by circumstances. The word pondok and the word melong show the characteristics of the situation because they portray the socio-cultural activities of the community. The pondok melong lexicon shows a link between the name of the place and the character of the place. Thus, the lexicon pondok melong is a place name with limited visibility due to the thick fog. Based on the pondok melong lexicon, Sundanese people know regional and socio-cultural management. Data 32 contains the lexicon kertawangi. The lexicon kertawangi refers to the name of the village in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon kertawangi is a combination of the word kerta and the word wangi. The word kerta means ‘prosperous’, while wangi means ‘fragrant’. Based on its social aspect, the lexicon kertawangi is a place name characterized by circumstances. The word kerta and the word wangi show the characteristics of the situation because they portray the socio-cultural activities of the community. The kertawangi lexicon shows a link between the place name and the socio- cultural character of the people in the place. Thus, the lexicon kertawangi is a place name that contains prayers and hopes that the community will prosper and the place name will be fragrant. Based on the kertawangi lexicon, it can be seen that Sundanese people know regional and socio- cultural management. Data 33 contains the lexicon tugumukti. The lexicon tugumukti refers to the village’s name in Cisarua Sub-district. The lexicon tugumukti combines the word tugu and the word mukti. The word tugu means ‘monument’, while the word mukti means ‘prosper’. Based on its social aspect, the lexicon tugumukti is a place name characterized by a state. The word tugu and the word mukti show the characteristics of the situation because they portray the socio-cultural activities of the community. The tugumukti lexicon shows a link between the place name and the socio-cultural character of the people in the place. Thus, the tugumukti lexicon is a place name that contains prayers and hopes that the community will be prosperous and prosperous. Based on the tugumukti lexicon, it can be seen that Sundanese people know regional and socio-cultural management. Data 34 contains the lexicon karyawangi. The lexicon karyawangi refers to the village’s name in Parongpong Sub-district. The lexicon karyawangi combines the word karya and the word wangi. The word karya means ‘work’, while the word wangi means ‘fragrant’. Based on its social aspect, the lexicon karyawangi is a place name characterized by circumstances. The word karya and the word wangi show the characteristics of the situation because they portray the socio-cultural activities of the community. The karyawangi lexicon shows a link between the place name and the socio-cultural character of the people in the place. Thus, the lexicon karyawangi is a place name that contains prayers and hopes that the community always working and creating to make the village proud. Based on the karyawangi lexicon, it can be seen that Sundanese people know regional and socio- cultural management. The Function of Lexicon in Toponyms in the West Bandung-North Area Toponyms have the function of verbalizing cultural signs and actualizing them as associative relationships that are cultural and historical in the mind of a society (Ryzhkova, 2020). In addition, toponyms also show insight into the identity and ideology applied to a region (Alasli, 2019). In the context of this research, there are two functions of the lexicon in toponyms in the western Bandung- North area, namely the function of self-identity and the function of the local knowledge system. Self-identity Function Based on the description of the lexicon in toponyms in the western part of Bandung-North area, which includes Ngamprah Sub-district, Cisarua Sub-district, and Parongpong Sub-district, it can be seen that toponyms in the area reflect the self-identity of Sundanese people. According to Wierzbicka (1992, p. 7), language reflects human conceptualization and interpretation of the world. Furthermore, Wierzbicka (1997, p. 4) explains that language reflects society’s distinctive way of life and thinking and provides invaluable clues to understanding its culture. In the context of Sundanese society, the lexicon Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 335 in toponyms in the western Bandung-North area can provide an overview of the Sundanese people’s collective view of their world (Fasya, 2011) (Fasya, 2011). The Sundanese worldview contains various things about humans as individuals, humans with society, humans with nature, humans with God, and humans pursuing outward progress and inner satisfaction (Garna, 2008, p. 187; Warnaen et al., 1987, pp. 164–165). The Sundanese view of life forms the Sundanese self-identity as a human being who always tries to maintain harmony between humans and humans, humans and nature, and humans and their God (Fasya, 2011). The principle of harmony is reflected in the lexicon of toponyms in the western Bandung-North area. First, the principle of human harmony with nature is recorded in toponyms with hydrological, geomorphological, and biological characteristics. Examples are the lexicons cibadak, cimanggu, pasir haur, and pasir embe. The hydrological characteristic in these examples is in the element ci or cai. The geomorphological characteristic is present in the element pasir. Meanwhile, biological characteristics are present in the badak and embe elements representing the fauna category. In addition, biological characteristics are also present in the elements manggu and haur, which represent the flora category. Thus, these examples show a harmonious relationship between humans, especially Sundanese people, and nature, including land, water, animals, and plants. Second, the principle of harmony between humans and humans is recorded in toponyms characterized by circumstances. The lexicon examples are sindangsari and pondok melong. The characteristics of the situation in both examples are present in the elements of sindang and melong. The elements of sindang and melong capture the socio-cultural activities of Sundanese people who always maintain harmony and togetherness with fellow humans. For Sundanese people, sindang and melong activities are indeed relational and interpersonal. Thus, both examples show the existence of harmonious relations between humans and humans in Sundanese society. Third, the principle of human harmony with God is also recorded in the toponymy that characterizes the situation. The lexicons are kertawangi, tugumukti, and karyawangi. The characteristics of the situation in these examples are present in the elements kerta, wangi, mukti, and karya. These elements capture the socio-cultural activities of Sundanese people who always maintain harmony with their God. For Sundanese people, these elements are prayers, hope for achieving outward progress, and inner satisfaction. Thus, the three examples show a harmonious relationship between man and God in Sundanese society. Function of Local Knowledge System Based on the description of the lexicon in toponyms in the western Bandung-North area, which includes Ngamprah Sub-district, Cisarua Sub-district, and Parongpong Sub-district, it can be seen that toponyms in the area reflect the local knowledge system of Sundanese people. This local knowledge generally refers to knowledge systems embedded in the traditions of regional, customary or local communities (Majumder, 2017; Moore, 2022). In the context of Sundanese society, this local knowledge is recorded in toponyms with hydrological, geomorphological, and biological characteristics. Toponyms with hydrological, geomorphological, and biological characteristics record local knowledge of ethnoecology. Ethnoecology expresses the relationship between humans and nature, including land, water, plants, animals, and marine ecosystems (Curran & Napoleon, 2020, p. 270). For example, the lexicons cipeusing and cibolang record Sundanese local knowledge about water management that is integrated with animal and plant management. In addition, the lexicons pasir calung and pasir kuntul record Sundanese local knowledge about land management integrated with animal and plant management. Thus, Sundanese people have ecological awareness recorded in the toponym lexicon. In addition, this toponym lexicon also contains Sundanese local knowledge about the principle of zoning in spatial planning to manage harmonious relations between humans and nature. Through this principle, Sundanese people show their ecological awareness by sharing living space between themselves and the surrounding nature. Thus, the toponym lexicon, which has hydrological characteristics, geomorphological characteristics, and biological characteristics, is in line with the main focus of maintaining the terrestrial ecosystem, which is one of the pillars of environmental development in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Mahmud Fasya / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 336 REFERENCES Abdikhalikovna, K. F. (2020). Principles of Toponyms (Place Names) Classifications. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(6), 73. https://doi.org/10.18415/ ijmmu.v7i6.1738 Ainiala, T., Saarelma, M., & Sjöblom, P. (2016). 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