Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 391 Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | JURNAL ARBITRER Submission Track A B S T R A C T Received: December 4, 2023 Final Revision: December 27, 2023 Accepted: December 29, 2023 Available Online: January 8, 2024 Verb aspects in the form of -teiru in Japanese is a category that is still common to be discussed as the result of meaning classification that is prompted. This article tries to explore the aspect relations in -teiru form toward negation to see the change of meaning that is produced. This way, the writer recommends the aspects classification of -teiru when it is present with a negation constituent in clause construction. The object of this research is the verb form -teiru in Japanese, the data are taken from Konotoha corpus in collecting the data, the writer used several keywords including -teiru, -teinai, -teita, -teinakatta, -teimasu, -teimasen, -teimashita, and -teimasendeshita. The aspect analysis of -teiru in this research refers to a theory that is explained by Nitta (1995) who classified the Japanese -teiru meaning in four categories, including: ugoki no saichuu ‘continuity of action’, kekkajoutai no jizoku ‘continuity of result state’, kurikaeshiteki jizoku ‘repeated continuity’, and keiken-kiroku ‘experience-note/memory’. Based on the data analysis, it shows that the presence of negation in both past and non-past can generate -teiru form which is later classified into two, they are perfective and imperfective. Those that are categorized as perfective aspect are the presence of negation on aspect meaning of -teiru within category kekkajoutai no jizoku. While the imperfective aspect occurs during the presence of negation within categories ugoki no saichuu, kurikaeshiteki jizoku, and keiken-kiroku. Keywords aspects, negation, verb -teiru, meaning Correspondence E-mail: dinimaulia@hum.unand.ac.id Article The Semantics Relation of Japanese Aspect -teiru and Negation Dini Maulia1, Tatang Hariri2, Sailal Arimi3 1Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia 1-3Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Under License of Creative Commons Attributioni-Non Commercial 4.0 International.DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.10.4.391-399.2023 I. INTRODUCTION When discussing the categories of aspects in a language, we are faced with two different perspectives. First, present or not the condition as an entity that cannot be analyzed. Second, the aspect category is often correlated with time. However, the analysis shows that both categories indicate significant differences. If the time category is related to the time when the event occur, action, or situation that is expressed at the present moment or derivative time. It is different from aspects that correspond to the status of the action, event, or situation that is related to the duration and accuracy of time (Soga, 1983). Both of them correspond to the time of action, event, and situation; however, the detailed aspects describe the duration that is not only correlated to time but also verb categories in certain clause construction. One of the verbs in Japanese that indicates the aspect categories is -teiru. The verb in the form of -teiru shows different kinds of aspects categories, in which its differences are still unexplained in detail; it also causes some controversies (Shirai, 2000). This controversy gave rise to a debate regarding the classification of aspects of the Japanese language characterized by the auxiliary verb -teiru, motivated by the ability of -teiru in producing various meanings. Nitta (1995) classified the Japanese -teiru meaning in four categories, they are ugoki no saichuu ‘continuity of action’, kekkajoutai no jizoku ‘continuity of result state’, kurikaeshiteki jizoku ‘repeated continuity’, and keiken-kiroku ‘experience-note/memory’. When it is seen as an aspect classification, it shows that the meaning Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 392 classification is still unable to describe the detail of each aspect that is marked by -teiru verb. Based on the meaning classification, it is recommended to include further analysis to find the types of aspects that are produced through -teiru verb. Some research in determining the -teiru aspects has been previously done. However, those researchers are still splitting the focus of the research into several parts of meaning. Some of the meaning tests of -teiru aspect are also used in determining the meaning classification of -teiru aspect. Kindaichi (1950) explains that the resultative meaning of form aspects of teiru is possible as the result of the time precision of the verb. Different arguments are given by Okuda (1978) and Kudo (1955) who believe that the aspects of -teiru produce meaning that is influenced by the duration of it. Later (1950) and Vendler (1957) suggest that verb classification determines the aspects categories of -teiru. These different perspectives indicate that -teiru is appealing to most linguists as each of them has their own theory, which is built from different considerations in determining the aspects of the category of meaning of -teiru. Some form of meaning test toward aspects category on -teiru has been used. Kindaichi (1950) and Vendler (1957) used the distinctive aspects of verb class to classify the verb meaning of -teiru. In this classification, the class of the verb category determines the verb meaning of -teiru. A different perspective was offered by Soga (1938) who used duration and punctual aspects to classify the verb meaning of -teiru. There is also an entailment test by Shirai (2000) that is used to clarify the meaning of -teiru. Based on the test features that were used in the previous research, this article tries to use the negation constituent to explain the classification of -teiru as a verb. By adding the negation constituent into the clause construction that contains -teiru auxiliary verb, the aspect classification in the form of -teiru will be outlined in this article. Negation is one of the constituents that can be presented in a sentence and later change the sentence into a new form (Van Der Sandt, 2006). Negation is a denial that has the function of changing the affirmative sentences to negative. the discussion about negation is always correlated with affirmative form. The relation between negation and affirmative form is seen in two ways: symmetrical and asymmetrical relations. In theory, symmetrical shows that the affirmative condition will always have a linear relation with negation. While asymmetrical perspective believes that the relation between both of them is not usually linear. However, both of them have pointed out that the presence of negation has some kind of relation/ corresponding to the affirmative (Yamada, 2003). when using the negation constituent as a text instrument to determine the meaning of an aspect, negation is believed to correspond linearly to affirmative. It means that a sentence that uses the verb -teiru in affirmative form will be compared with sentences that have the verb -teiru together with its negation constituent. The present of negation affects the meaning as well as the verb aspect of -teiru as seen in the following examples: (1) Kyou wa yuki ga futteiru (Kotonoha) Today snow fall ‘Today snow falls’ (2) Ko mado ga aiteiru (Kotonoha) Small window open ‘The small window open’ (3) Yokohama de yuki nado futteinai (Kotonoha) In Yokohama snow fall-NEG ‘The snow has not fall in Yokohama’ (4) Mado ga aiteinai (Kotonoha) Window open-NEG ‘the window doesn’t open’ Data (1) shows that the -teiru form creates progressive meaning as is seen in the verb futteiru ‘fall’. the verb futteiru indicates a situation where yuki ‘snow’ that is currently falling. It is different from data (2) which is classified as a resultative aspect. The verb aiteiru ‘open ’ shows a situation as a result of an action. The result indicates a situation of ko mado ‘small window’ is instate of aiteiru ‘open’. In the aspect of category, Although both data (1) and (2) share the same auxiliary verb that is -teiru, the meanings are different. When the verb of -teiru consists of a negation constituent, it will produce sentences in the form of data (3) and (4). data (3) shows that the verb futteinai ‘doesn’t fall’ indicates a situation that has not occurred, but it can happen in the future or has a probability to have occurred later on. It is different with data (4) verb aitenai ‘doesn’t open’ show a condition as a result of an action. There is a significant difference in both data if we trace back from the duration as well as time precision, this phenomenon can be analyzed further. This paper tries to parse the relation of the verb -teiru on Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 393 negation. Data (3) and (4) indicate the semantic behavior of the verb -teiru also produces a variation of meanings that are also interesting to analyze. As a result, problems that are parsed in this paper focus on the relation between the category aspect of -teiru and the negation constituent in Japanese while producing meaning. II. METHODS The object of this research is the verb form -teiru in Japanese. Data is collected from the Kotonoha corpus that is gathered from https:// shonagon.ninjal.ac.jp/. The website provides” Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese” (BCCWJ) which was developed by the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology on a research project ”Nihongo Koopasu”. BCCWJ consists of 100 million sample words that are collected to describe the written language of modern Japanese. In this research, data are collected by using keywords teiru, teimasu, teita, teimashita, teinai, teimasen, teinakatta, dan teimasendeshita. Eight forms of auxiliary verbs is the realization of transformation that presents data which will later on be analyzed the relation between verb -teiru and negation. In this research, the verb meaning of -teiru will be compared with the construction of -teiru with a negation constituent. While the constituent that is used in this research are -nai and -masen. Both negation constituents have the same meaning and function, although they share different forms as the result of language variation. As a result, verb forms that are presented in the data analysis are divided into varied common languages as it is marked by -ru (non-past) and ta (past) on common language variation and -masu (non-past) and -mashita (past) on polite language on affirmative form. Later, the presence of negation constituent will result from -nai (non-past) and -nakatta (past) on common language variation and -masen (non- past) and -masendeshita (past) on polite language variation. Verb on a past form is also included in this analysis, as the present of negation with -teiru has a different form and meaning between non-past and past. Data analysis refers to Shirai (2000) indicating that auxiliary verb analysis -teiru can be done by determining the temporal limitation through aspect interpretation on syntaxis construction with -teiru behavior test. Analyzing the verb relation of -teiru with negation constituent is possible by comparing the basic verb between the construction of sentences contained -teiru only and the verb construction of -teiru that consists of negation constituent both in past and non-past form. III. RESULT Theoretical preliminaries Aspects are commonly juxtaposed with a discussion of tense. Both grammatical categories have covered analysis of time, but they share significant differences. Tense relates to the moment of the utterance when it is said since the classification of then is present and past. Present refers to the utterance that is said at the current time, while past implies an utterance that is said in the past (Comrie, 1976). On the other hand, the aspect is not related to time instruction but the temporal constituent of a situation that can be seen internally (Comrie, 1976). As a result, when we discuss time as internal, tenses are applicable. However, when we discuss time as internal, the aspect is the applicable one. In determining the aspectual meaning, the aspect will be divided into two forms the grammatical aspect and the lexical aspect (Nishi and Shirai, 2016). The grammatical aspect refers to temporal meaning that is marked with an aspect sign, while the lexical aspect refers to temporal meaning as intrinsic to a verb. Smith (1997) explains that both grammatical forms and lexical aspects are central to aspectual theory that can explain the universality and difference of inter- language aspect systems. In determining the aspect meaning of a sentence requires the interaction between the situational aspect (it is included in the lexical aspect) and the aspect point of view (it is attached to the grammatical aspect). The term aspect is generally described on the semantic scope. When discussing aspects, the classification would be in the form of perfective and imperfective. Semantically, the perfective aspect and the imperfective aspect have a contrasting relationship. The perfective term refers to the situation of the part that is still relevant in the present. In other words, the perfective aspect produces meaning that shows the result of the past action or situation. Discussing the imperfective aspect usually relates to the situation that can be differentiated into progressive and continuous. As we classify a situation as an imperfective aspect, it should be free from the starting and the final point of a situation. Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 394 It is different from the perfective aspect which sees a condition that is limited within the starting to end point (Comrie, 1976; Okuda, 1978; Smith 1997; Shirai 2000). Negation is also called as sine qua non, a component that describes the uniqueness of language as it belongs to a human communication system in a complex form that distinguishes human and animal communication (Horn, 2010:1, Deprez and Espinal, 2020:1). As the result, negation is a grammatical unity that presents in all language which makes it a universal constituent that can be used to test grammar. In Japanese, negation is expressed in two ways, including lexical negation and clausal negation (Kishimoto, 2018). Lexical negation relates to the lexical ability to create negative meaning with a negation constituent. When lexical negation includes analysis of negative meaning in words, the negation clause becomes a range of extensive analyses that is the clause. Negation constituents that are discussed in this research include the clause negation construction that presents in two forms including -nai and -masen. Both constituents are the similar to negation, although they share different forms which is influenced by the language variation (Nyberg, 2012). Moreover, both negation constituents will be placed at the back of -teiru aspect when the signifier of -teiru aspect is present altogether. This research discusses the relation between negation and aspects that was previously done by (Tsimpli et al., 2010) where he analyzes the aspect relation and negation in determining the adverb clause interpretation in Greek. In addition (Schapansky, 2010) also discusses the relation between negation and aspect in French, which indicates that the presence of negation will also affect the aspect interpretation. The binding strategy of negation in French also influences the aspectual theory and the interpretation of events. In addition, research about the aspect relation and negation in both Rusian and Czech was done by (Dickey & Kresin, 2009) , who described negation in both languages as different in terms of aspectual theory. In Rusian, there is a sense of stativity and temporal definiteness which makes it distinct from the Czech language as the presence of negation in aspectual usage reflects the perception of casualty. In this research, the relation of negation and aspect in Japanese will be used to determine the aspect classification in -teiru meanings that are proposed by Nitta (1995). Aspect -Teiru Research on teiru form in Japanese has been done by several experts, some of them are Yoshikawa (1976) who classifies verb aspect -teiru into several kinds such as progressive, resultative, simple state experiential, and iterative. Second, Soga (1983) classifies -teiru aspect into progressive, resultative, experiential and existential, and perfect resultative. This article will classify -teiru based on Nitta (in Hariri, 2017) who states that the aspect in Japanese can be divided into 3, they are: 1. Primary aspect (ichiji asupekuto), it is formed based on the form contrast between -ru and -teiru. 2. Second aspect (niji asupekuto), can be found in form of -kakeru, -dasu/-hajimeru, -tsudzukeru, and -owaru. 3. Middle aspect (chuukan asupekuto), is found in form of -teiku, -tekuru, dan -teshimau Based on the classification of the aspect form, -teiru is categorized as the primary aspect (ichijiasupekuto) that has multiple meanings. The meaning classifications of teiru by Nitta (in Hariri, 2017) are divided into four ugoki no saichuu (continuity of action), kekkajoutai no jizoku (continuity of result state), kurikaeshitekijizoku (repeated continuity), and keiken-kiroku (experience-note/ memory). The analysis of the following data refers to those four categories. Types of meanings are later analyzed further with the presence of negation in its construction in determining the aspect classification. Ugoki no Saichuu (Continuity of Action) Continuity of action, event, or process means situations that occur from the time it starts until it ends. The meaning of ugoki no saichuu is also classified as the progressive aspect (Soga, 1983; Nishi & Shirai, 2016, Shirai, 2000). Data that are included in the progressive aspect are: (5) Sore mo ima wa yuki ni kawatte, that now snow change shinshin to futteimasu (Kotonoha) slowly fall-ASP ‘Over there is also changing to show, it falls slowly’ Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 395 If it is seen based on the negation relation and past, it shows the use of furu verb in -teiru form in the following sample: (6) Ame mo futteimasenga rain fall-ASP-NEG-CONJ watashi mo Sapporo na nodesuga, I Sapporo NMNL-CONJ sakki kara modemu ga kachikachi just now since modem clicking ittete netto ni tsunagari internet connection nikuku narimasu (Kotonoha) difficult to become ‘Although it is not raining yet, as I live in Sapporo, and my modem is continue clicking for several time, it makes the internet connection disturbed’ (7) Asa kara shitoshito ame ga futteimashita (Kotonoha) morning since drizzling rain fall-ASP-TENSE ‘Since morning, it continues to drizzle’ (8) Yoru no roppongi ni wa, mou, night Roppongi before long ame wa futteimasendeshita (Kotonoha) rain fall-ASP-NEG-TENSE ‘It is no longer raining in Ropongi, especially at night’ It indicates that data (5) shows a situation that is occurring as it is marked by the presence of -teiru form on the furu verb ‘fall’ to become fitteimasu  ‘is falling’ to indicate that it is raining. By taking the data from the same basic verb, data (6) shows the presence of the negation constituent in the form of -masen. As a result, furu verb transforms into futteimasen ‘is not falling’ which indicates the situation when ‘it is not raining’. however, the proposition meaning indicates that the rain has not occurred yet, but it will probably happen in the future. Moreover, when the data are taken from the same basic verb in the past form it will result in data (7) and (8). past form will cause -teiru form to transform into the past form as it is marked by the verb conjugation -ta. Data (7) shows that furu verb is presented in form of futteimashita which shows a condition when the rain occurred in the past. In the past form, the constituent is also present; as a result, it produces a different form as it is shown in data (8) that is marked by the futteimasendeshita verb ‘was not raining’. data (8) explains a situation when there was no rain in the past. In addition, there is a comparative meaning that is present in the data (8). there is a possibility that the use of negation in data (8) shows a situation in which the rain usually occurs at night but not at the moment. The use of negation explains the comparative situation that is uncommon, or unusual. It indicates that when -teiru verb is present together with the negation constituent, the comparative meaning will also be produced that generates meaning which is against the negative situation. Kekkajoutai no Jizoku (Continuity of Result State) Aspect of this form is also known as the perfect aspect (Kudo, 1955; Shirai, 2000). the use of -teiru on this aspect are shown as follow: (9) Namiuchi giwa ni samazamana waves on the edge various kaigara ga ochiteiru (Kotonoha) shell fall-ASP ‘Various of shell falls on the edge of waves’ If it is analyzed based on the negation relation and past tense, it shows several used of ochiru verb in -teiru form as seen on: (10) Shitsu wa ochiteimasen (Kotonoha) quality fall-ASP-NEG ‘The quality is not declining’ (11) Sono tatemono wa wangan sensou that building Gulf Coast war chuu ni bakugeki o uke, kyodaina konkuriito during exposure get giant concrete no yane ga kenkyuushitsu ni kuzure roof laboratory collapse Ochiteimashita (Kotonoha) fall-ASP-TENSE ‘The building was bombed during the Gulf War, the giant concrete roof has fallen under the laboratory’ (12) Gomi wa amari ochiteimasendeshita (Kotonoha) trash not much fall-ASP-NEG ‘There is not much trash fall’ Data (9) shows the -teiru form from the aspect of continuity of result state. On data (9) -teiru aspect is formulated from basic verb ochiru ‘fall’, when the data produce the meaning of “fall” to show the result of a situation. As the same basic verb is attached to the negation constituent, it will produce a formula as it is shown in data (10). ochiteimasen verb means ‘not fall’ on data (10) it also shows the result of a situation. The addition of the negation constituent on -teiru verb on data (9) and (10) still shows the meaning based on the result. -teiru form on basic verb ochiru present in a tense form it will produce the form which is shown in data Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 396 (11) and (12). on data (11) the basic form of the ochiru verb ochiteimashita ‘ has fallen’ on data (11) produces the meaning ‘has fallen’ which indicates the result of a situation that occurred in the past. If the constituent present on the verb ochiteimashita will produce ochiteimasendeshita ‘has not fallen’ as in data (12). on data (12) ochiteimasendshita verb produces the meaning “not fall” which also shows the result of a situation. Kurikaeshitekijizoku (Repeated Continuity) Meaning on this category is also called iteration or habitual aspect, both shares significant difference. The use of verb within this category is seen bellow: (13) Yuuka san no okaasan ga, chikaku no Yuka mother closest koujou de hataraiteimasu (Kotonoha) factory work-ASP Mrs. Yuka works on the closest factory. If it is seen from the negation relation and past tense it can be seen the use of hataraku ‘work’ -teiru form as follow: (14) Watashi wa genzai kyuushokuchuu de I currently looking for job mada hataraiteimasen (Kotonoha) not yet work-ASP-NEG ‘Currently I am looking for job and I have not worked’ (15) Watashi, soko no o mise de go nen I that store five year hataraiteimashita (Kotonoha) work-ASP-TENSE ‘I work on the store for 5 years’ (16) Mata, shain to kaisha no shinrai then employment and factory trust kankei ga usuku, chekku kinou mo relationship low check function hataraiteimasendeshita (Kotonoha) work-ASP-NEG-KALA ‘Then, the trust between employment and the factory is low, and the checking is not working at that time’ Other people used to do it but not anymore. data (13) indicate the -teiru on the basic verb hataraku ‘work’ to produce hataraiteru. this verb produces meaning that shows a situation that continues to repeat. With the same basic verb, the -teiru form present with the negation constituent, it produces a form that is shown in data (14) hataraiteimasen. Verb hataraiteimasen ‘don’t work’ produce meaning ‘have not worked” on data (14). an additional negation constituent indicates a situation that has not occurred but can happen in the future. it also means that the negation constituent produces comparative meaning which is against a situation in the future. If the form of -teiru is present in past tense it will produce data (14) and (15). Data (15) hataraiteimashita indicates a continuity of a situation that is repeated in the past. When the verb hataraiteimashita is present with the negation constituent, it will produce hataraiteimasendeshita as seen in data (16). Verb hataraiteimasendeshita means ‘didn’t work’ implies a comparison with the current time. The comparative situation is produced by the negation constituent that shows different situations in the past and in the present time. Keiken-kiroku (Experience-note/Memory) One of the -teiru form that indicates the experience-note is seen on verb kekkonsuru on kekkonshiteiru. It is explained as follow (17) Gosai wa kotoshi no gogatsu goro chichi second wife this year May around father to kekkonshiteimasu (Kotonoha) marry-ASP ‘My second wife married to my father around May this year.’ If it is present in past tense equipped with negation, it will produce the following form: (18) Watashi ga yonin shimai de, ichibanshita wa mada, I four sisters youngest not yet kekkonshiteimasenga waga ko sannin ane marry-ASP-NEG-CONJ I children three sister imouto no kodomo ga kei gonin imasu.(Kotonoha) children child total five be ‘I am one of the four sisters, the youngest is not married, but we have 5 children in total; 3 are my children and one of my oldest sister and the other one is from my younger sister.’ (19) Konoaida ni, watashi wa Tougou to wakare, during this time I Togo break up sakka no Kitahara Takeo to novelist Kitahara Takeo Kekkonshiteimashita (Kotonoha) marry-ASP-TENSE ‘So far, I broke up with Togo and I had married with a novelist named Takeo Kitahara’ If it is present together with negation and build up in past tenses, the data will look like: (20) Keito wa, kare no kuruugaa burentosha e no Kate he Kruger Brent chuusei kokoro o takaku. katteita loyalty heart high buy-TENSE Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 397 negation that produces perfective meaning. On this aspect, the presence of negation will produce a result meaning as seen in verb construction -teiru. On aspect meaning ugoki no saichuu, the presence of negation on the verb -teiru shows the condition that has not yet happened, but this condition has possibilities to change on the condition which is the opposite. When the negation constituent is present on -teiru verb in past tense, the meaning that is produced will show the situation that is not express the situation that is unusual or uncommon at different times. Based on those, it can be said that -teiru aspect of this type of meaning shows the continuity of a situation or action. When the negative constituent is present, the meaning indicates the possibility of continuous action. As a result, it can be said that the meaning of ugoki no saichuu that is proposed by Nitta (1995) can be categorized into progressive aspects as explained by Shirai (2000) Later, the present negation on kurikaeshiteki jizoku aspect shows the situation that has not happened, but it also describes the transformation possibility of a situation in the future. If it is present in the past tense, it shows a situation that did not occur in the past but it has changed at the present. The meaning of negation shows the comparative condition in the past that has changed in the present. Based on the analysis, it shows that the meaning of kurikaeshiteki jizoku in -teiru form shows a condition that continues to occur. When the negation constituent is present, it will produce continuous conditions that probably occur in the future. It can also be said that kurikaeshiteki jizoku meaning that is found by Nitta (1995) can be classified into a habitual aspect that refers to the theory which is proposed by Comrie (1976). The aspect meaning of -teiru verb produces meaning keiken-kiroku shows the situation that occurs as an experience or note. The presence of negation on the verb -teiru indicates meaning that has not occurred but might happen in the future. If it is presented in the form of past tense, the aspect meaning that is produced indicates a situation if it is written in past tense, the aspect meaning that is produced indicates a situation that had not happened in the past but has changed at the present. On the aspect of meaning, the presence of negation shows the situational transformation that occurs at a different time. The presence of negation in this meaning indicates a process similar to the Buraddo wa kekkonshiteinakatta (Kotonoha) Brad married-NEG-TENSE Kate admires her loyalty to Kruger Brent. Brad has not married yet’ Data (17) is formed from the basic verb kekkonsuru ‘marry’ in -teiru form to produce kekkonshiteiru ‘marry’. Verb kekkonshiteiru shows a condition or status that is part of an experience. When the negation constituent is present with the verb, it will produce the form kekkonshiteimasen ‘not married’ as seen in the data (18). on the data. The meaning indicates the condition of not being married. This condition can change to the opposite in the future. When the form of the basic verb is similar to the past form, it will produce a formula as seen in data (19) and (20). kekkonsuru present in the form of -teiru with past tense will produce kekkonshiteimashita ‘has married’ as seen in data (19) means ‘had married’. this meaning shows notes/experiences that are present in the past. In which the situation has now changed. When the negation constituent is added to data (20) will create kekkonshiteimasendeshita ‘has not married’. On data (20) kekkonshiteimasendeshita means ‘has not married’ which refers to the current situation. During that time (in the past) the condition of “not married’ is noted as an experience. However, the situation has changed in the present time which is the opposite of the past situation. IV. DISCUSSION In general -teiru verb can at least produce two meanings: progressive and result interpretation (Kindaichi, 1955; Shirai, 2000; Nishiyama 2006; Ogihara, 2020 and many others). Based on its meaning classification, verb -teiru can be divided into the continuity of action, continuity of result state, repeated continuity, and experience- note/Memory (Nitta, 1995). From four basic verbs that is furu ‘fall’, ochiru ‘fall’, hataraku ‘work’, and kekkonsuru ‘marry’ that are used to analyze the data indicates that the presence of negation can cause transformation of meaning on aspects and sometimes it doesn’t cause any change at all. The presence of negation causes the division of aspect meaning into two, they are imperfective and perfective. The presence of negation on meaning that contains imperfective aspects causes comparative situations that happen at different times as the result of transformation and possibility. It is different from the present of Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 398 construction without negation, that is, to produce the result. A result that is shown by -teiru construction indicates an experience. When the negation constituent is present, the -teiru meaning expresses a situation as an experience that is explained in the negative proposition. Based on this, the meaning of keiken-kiroku that is proposed by Nitta (1995) can be categorized into the experiential aspect which refers to the definition given by Hughes and McClure (2017). The aspect meaning ugoki no saichuu, kurikaeshiteki jizoku, dan keiken-kiroku shares distinctive meaning with aspect kekkajoutai no jizoku, it shows the result. The presence of negation in this aspect shows the situation as the result of an action. If the negation is present in past tense, it shows the result condition of an event that has never happened. This aspect cannot be compared with the situation in the future. Based on the analysis, it shows that the use of negation on aspect meaning ugoki no saichuu, kurikaeshiteki jizoku, dan keiken-kiroku shows the comparison and transformation of situations that happen in the future. As a result, when the event happens in past form is something different from the current situation. Those three meanings are distinct from the aspect meaning of kekkajoutai no jizoku. As for this meaning, the -teiru verb shows the result›s meaning. The presence of negation on this aspect also indicates the result of a process or an action. It is also similar when it is present in past form, as it shows the result of a situation in the past. This condition isn’t related to the present condition. Based on this analysis, it can be said that the meaning of kekkajoutai no jizoku which is classified by Nitta (1995) is part of the perfective aspect that refers to the definition given by Shirai (2000). It can be said that the presence of negation on -teiru produces meaning ugoki no saichuu, kurikaeshiteki jizoku, and keiken-kiroku that are categorized as imperfective aspects. The imperfective aspect is later divided into progressive, habitual, and experiential aspects. In addition, the presence of negation constituent on -teiru which means kekkajoutai no jizoku produces the meaning of the perfective aspect. V. CONCLUSION Based on data analysis, it shows that the presence of a negation constituent can change some of the aspect meaning of -teiru, and some can’t. The presence of a negation constituent on -teiru verb can be classified into two aspects, they are perfective and imperfective. Those that are categorized as imperfective include the negation constituent on -teiru verb that produces meaning ugoki no saichuu categoried as progressive aspect, kurikaeshiteki jizoku as habitual aspect, and keiken-kiroku as experiental aspect. In addition, meanings that are categorized into perfective aspects include the negation constituent on -teiru verb that produces kekkajoutai no jizoku meaning. Japanese has aspect signifiers that consist of varied forms. The analysis in this paper is limited to the aspect that belongs to -teiru form. It is recommended that further research about the aspect classification in Japanese and its relation to negation is done in a field that discusses aspect signifiers in the verb category. REFERENCES Comrie, Bernard. (1976). Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Deprez, Viviane dan Espinal, M. Tersa. (2020). Introduction: Negation in Language and Beyond. In The Oxford Handbook of Negation. New York: The Oxford University Press. Dickey, S. M., & Kresin, S. C. (2009). Verbal aspect and negation in Russian and Czech. Russian Linguistics, 33(2), 121–176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11185-009-9040-0 Horn, Laurence R. (2010). The Expression of Negation. Jerman: Walter de Gruyter. Hughes, M.S., & McClure, W. (2017). Japanese Experiential -te iru. In: Studies in Japanese and Korean Historical and Theoretical Linguistics and Beyond. Brill: Netherlands Kindaichi, Haruhiko. (1950). Kokugo doosi no itibunrui [A classification of Japanese verbs]. Gengo Kenkyu 15 : 48~3. Kindaichi, Haruhiko. (1955). Nihongo doshi no tensu to asupekuto [Tense and aspect in Japanese verbs]. Nagoya Daigaku Kenkyuu Ronshuu X. Reprinted inHaruhiko Kindaichi, (ed.) (1976) Nihongo doshi no asupekuto, Tokyo: Mugi Shobo. 27–61. Dini Maulia / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 10 No. 4 (2023) 399 Kishimoto, H. (2018). Negation. In Y. Hasegawa (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics (pp. 300–331). Cambridge University Press; Cambridge Core. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ cambridge-handbook-of-japanese-linguistics/negation/8B8F7EE04E8BEBA9E579F8E7E6455721 Kudo, Mayumi, 1995. Asupekuto/tensu taikee to tekusuto: Gendai nihongo no zikan no hyoogen [Aspect- tense system and text: Temporal expressions in Modern Japanese]. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo. Nishi, Y., Shirai, Y. (2016). The Role of Linguistic Explanation in the Acquisition of Japanese Imperfective -teiru . In: Benati, A., Yamashita, S. (eds) Theory, Research and Pedagogy in Learning and Teaching Japanese Grammar. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-49892-2_6 Nishiyama, Atsuko. (2006). The meaning and interpretations of the Japanese aspect marker te i. Journal of Semantics 23: 185–216. Nitta, Yoshio. (1995). Nihongo bunpou gaisetsu. In Miyajima, Tatsuo & Nitta, Yoshio (Eds.), Nihongo ruigihyougen no bunpou-jou (pp.1-39). Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan Nyberg, J. (2012). Negation in Japanese. Swedia: Universitas Stockholm. Ogihara, Toshiyuki. (1998). The ambiguity of the -te iru form in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 7: 87–120. Ogihara, T. (2020). Aspect and Thematic Roles. Journal of Semantics, 37(1), 83–115. https://doi. org/10.1093/jos/ffz020 Okuda, Yasuo. (1978). Asupekuto no kenkyuu o megutte (zyoo) [On the study of aspect (l)]. Kyooiku Kokugo 53: 33-44. Schapansky, N. (2010). Further aspects of negation in French. Lingua, 120(1), 103–131. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.lingua.2009.05.002 Shirai, Yasuhiro. (2000). The semantics of the Japanese imperfective -teiru: An integrative approach. Journal of Pragmatics. Volume 32, Issue 3, 2000. Pages 327-361. ISSN 0378-2166. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00051-X. Smith, C. S. (1997). The parameter of aspect (2 ed.). Dordrecht: Kluwer. Soga, Matsuo. 1983. Tense and aspect in modern colloquial Japanese. Canada: University of British Columbia Press Tsimpli, I.-M., Papadopoulou, D., & Mylonaki, A. (2010). Temporal modification in Greek adverbial clauses: The role of aspect and negation. Lingua, 120(3), 649–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. lingua.2008.10.008 Van Der Sandt, R. (2006). Negation: Semantic Aspects. In Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (pp. 570–577). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/01115-9 Vendler, Zeno. (1957). Verbs and times. The Philosophical Review 66: 143-160. Yamada, Masamichi. (2003). The pragmatics of negation. Tokyo: Hituzi Syobo. Yoshikawa, Taketoki. (1976). Gendai nihongo doosi no asupekuto no kenkyuu [Research on the aspect of verbs in Modern Japanese]. In: Haruhiko Kindaichi, ed., Nihongo doosi no asupekuto, 155-327. Tokyo: Mugi Shobo.