96 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) Online version available in : http://arbitrer.fib.unand.ac.id | 2339-1162 (Print) | 2550-1011 (Online) | JURNAL ARBITRER Submission Track A B S T R A C T Received: December 27, 2023 Final Revision: February 3, 2024 Accepted: March 2, 2024 Available Online: April 5, 2024 In 2020, one news that shook the world was the murder of an Afro-American named George Floyd by Minneapolis police officers. This study focuses on the media coverage of George Floyd’s murder case by two news outlets, CNN and Aljazeera. We used a Corpus-assisted Critical Discourse Analysis (CACDA) technique to compare how each news outlet portrayed the social actors involved in the incident and to identify if any social actors were excluded from the reporting, eventually revealing which side each media was inclined to. The analysis was based on Theo Van Leeuwen’s theory and utilized the Antconc application. The data used in this study consists of ten news articles, five from CNN and Aljazeera, published between May and July 2020. A literature study was conducted to collect the data. The Antconc corpus-processing application was then used to process the large amount of data collected, enabling quick, extensive, and comprehensive analysis. We uploaded all ten articles to the Antconc application and used the frequency feature to identify the five most used words in the ten news articles. The top five words were further analyzed using van Leeuwen’s critical discourse analysis, excluding irrelevant particles. The result shows that CNN aligned with the police and Aljazeera aligned with Floyd. By the ideological stances of CNN and Aljazeera, readers can become more aware of potential biases in news articles concerning George Floyd’s murder. Keywords Aljazeera, Antconc, CNN, corpus-assisted, critical discourse Analysis, George Floyd’s Murder Correspondence E-mail: radyasuhardiman@gmail.com Article Corpus-assisted CDA of George Floyd’s Murder Reports on CNN and Aljazeera Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri1, Zaqiatul Mardiah2 1-2Faculty of Humanities, University of Al Azhar Indonesia, South Jakarta, Indonesia Under License of Creative Commons Attributioni-Non Commercial 4.0 International.DOI: https://doi.org/10.25077/ar.11.1.96-108.2024 I. INTRODUCTION The mass media plays a critical role in the public sphere (Kurniadi, 2017), especially during times of crisis when people turn to it for information and comfort (Lupton & Lewis, 2021). However, it is crucial to note that media biases exist. News outlets play a significant role in shaping public opinion by setting the information agenda and emphasizing certain topics (Mutz, 1997; Rodrigo- Ginés et al., 2024). They adhere to specific writing protocols, such as the inverted pyramid structure, to convey information and influence public perception (Grunwald, 2005). These protocols can impact readers’ overall impressions of news events (Fry, 1984). To avoid manipulation, readers need to analyze news critically (Jongepier & Klenk, 2022). One effective way to analyze news critically is through Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Perangin-angin et al., 2023). This study centers on George Floyd’s murder news in 2020. The killing of George Floyd by a police officer sparked global protests and increased interest in racism, as evidenced by a surge in internet searches for the term. The Black Lives Matter movement, which advocates for nonviolent civil disobedience against police brutality, gained momentum as a result (Isaacs et. al, 2020; Barrie 2020). The public’s response to the incident was polarized, with support for defunding the police being influenced by political views, group identification, and perceptions of systemic racism (Jackson, 2023). This murder case received extensive media coverage with different perspectives, each media presenting the social actors and events differently (Canevez et al., 2022). Three CDA studies have been conducted on this topic, each using a different approach. Zhou and Qin analyzed five New Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) 97 York Times articles using Fairclough’s theory and Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar theory, revealing the newspaper’s ideological solid influence on its news editorial (Zhou & Qin, 2020). Ahmed (2021) compared five articles from European, Middle Eastern, and American news portals using Halliday’s Transitivity theory, revealing how the different ideologies of the three news media from different continents affected their alignments (Ahmed, 2021). Lastly, the study by Jabeen and Akhtar analyzed tweets from Donald Trump’s Twitter account using Van Dijk’s CDA theory and found a correlation between his responses and racial prejudice against the black community (Jabeen & Akhtar, 2023). While three articles have examined this topic, this study implements a different method. We combine the corpus linguistics method using the Antconc application and Theo van Leeuwen’s CDA method (Leeuwen, 2008). The three previous studies have produced favorable findings. However, these studies have a gap: the lack of corpus utilization. Implementing corpus linguistic methods utilizing the Antconc can aid in large data processing, enhancing and confirming the CDA (Zih et al., 2022). Using frequency, collocation, and concordance features in Antconc will allow for a more statistically accurate data selection than a random selection—previous studies’ lack of corpus utilization led to weak analysis outcomes. Our paper aims to fill this gap using the Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis (CACDA) approach. To make a clear comparison, we will analyze ten news articles from media outlets with distinct ideologies: Britain’s CNN and Qatar’s Aljazeera. Given that the case involves various cultural and social aspects, the theoretical framework that best fits these aspects, Theo van Leeuwen’s CDA theory, will be utilized. Examining the frequency of social actors mentioned in each media discourse, identifying the collocations that frequently appear with these social actors, and studying the concordances that list their occurrences in sentences will provide more grounded and statistically reliable insights to determine where CNN and Aljazeera stand on the murder case. Theo Van Leeuwen’s paradigm focuses on social actors and their attributes in words. The theory sheds light on how social actors are portrayed by analyzing factors such as the contrast between existing social actors, the concreteness or abstractness, the independence or linkage of social actors to their culture, religion, physique, behavior, and community, and the diction used by the media. These strategies help us understand where the media stand (Ahlstrand, 2021). Therefore, the focus of this research is to investigate whether CNN and Aljazeera excluded any social actors and how both media portrayed each social actor in the context of Floyd’s murder. The answers to these questions will help determine where CNN and Aljazeera stand in this murder case. Knowing where the media stands is essential to help readers understand what happened without biased opinions. Using the CACDA approach, this research will give readers a clear stance of both news media, unveiling an unbiased picture of the situation. II. METHODS This study employed the Corpus-Assisted Critical Discourse Analysis (CACDA) method to investigate the research questions. We conducted a literature study to gather data on the murder of George Floyd. To ensure a comprehensive analysis of the discourse on the topic, we limited the data to ten news articles, five from CNN and Aljazeera, published between May and July 2020. This limitation allowed a more in-depth analysis of each article and its use of language. We chose CNN and Aljazeera as news sources because they represent countries with distinct ideologies, making it interesting to compare how both media present the same issue. The five articles were selected based on their publication date and news content. Fig. 1 AntConc processed data showing words frequency in both news portals 98 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) First, we uploaded all ten articles in plain text format to the Antconc application. Second, we used the frequency feature to identify the five most used words in the discourses. Excluding the irrelevant particles, figure 1 shows that the top five relevant words in the ten articles are فلويد (Floyd), جورج (George), شرطة (police), ترمب (Trump), and األمريكي (American). Based on these results, the key players in this case are George Floyd, the police, and President Trump. Third, we utilized the Key Word in Context (KWIC) feature for each of the top five words to understand how these words were typically used in the discourses. Fourth, we extracted a complete sentence from the KWIC to analyze it further and classified the KWICs obtained from each top word into Floyd, police, and Trump representation. Finally, we analyzed the classified data in depth using Van Leeuwen’s CDA theory to shed light on how social actors are portrayed by analyzing factors such as the contrast between existing social actors, the concreteness or abstractness, the independence or linkage of social actors to their culture, religion, physique, behavior, and community, and their diction. These strategies helped us understand where the media stand. II. RESULTS Token comparison of the two media Figure 2 shows that Aljazeera’s five news articles had almost twice as many tokens (number of words) as CNN’s five articles. Aljazeera had 2346 words, while CNN had 1291. Aljazeera also used more unique words, with 1239 types compared to CNN’s 683. George Floyd’s representation on CNN None of the 15 data representing Floyd in CNN used the exclusion process. Table 1 indicates that five inclusive methods were used to describe him: indifference, objectivation, categorization, nomination, and association. To clarify further, we provided one example of each method. Fig. 3 Percentage of George Floyd’s inclusivity in 5 CNN articles According to Figure 3, CNN predominantly employed the categorization method (40%) to display George Floyd. The indifference method was the second most commonly used (26.7%), followed by objectivation (20%). In addition, CNN occasionally resorted to the nomination and association method, with a frequency of 6.7%. Fig. 2 Types and tokens of each media’s data Table 1. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on Floyd’s inclusivity in CNN news Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (4) فلويد كان يعاني من مرض القلب وضغط الدم المزمن. Floyd suffered from heart disease and chronic blood pressure. Indifference (1) وفي خالل 5 دقائق من ضمن هذا الوقت ردد فلويد عبارة »ال أستطيع التنفس« نحو 61 مرة. Within 5 minutes of this time, Floyd repeated the phrase “I can’t breathe” about 16 times. Objectivation (4) تضاربت نتائج تشريح جثة األمريكي األسود، جورج فلويد... The results of the autopsy of the black American, George Floyd, were conflicting… Categorization (1) وقال مكتب الفحص الطبي في مقاطعة هينيبين في بيان، إن سبب فلويد وطريقة الوفاة ال تزال ُمعلقة ويتم التحقيق فيها من قبل سلطات إنفاذ القانون المحلية والوالئية والفدرالية. Floyd’s cause and manner of death remain pending and are being investigated by local, state and federal law enforcement, the Hennepin County Medical Examiner’s Office said in a statement. Nomination (3) »أعتقد بقوة أن هذه التطورات في صالح العدالة للسيد فلويد وعائلته ومجتمعنا ودولتنا“. “I strongly believe that these developments are in the best interest of justice for Mr. Floyd, his family, our community, and our state,” Association Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) 99 George Floyd’s representation on Aljazeera The CDA results showed that none of the 16 data representing Floyd in Aljazeera used the exclusion process. Table 2 shows that in Aljazeera texts, Floyd was described using seven methods: differentiation, indifference, objectivation, categorization, determination, assimilation, and association. To illustrate each technique, we have provided an example of each in the table. Fig. 4 Percentage of George Floyd’s inclusivity in 5 Aljazeera articles Based on Figure 4, Aljazeera primarily used categorization in 41,2% of cases. The second most used methods included association, differentiation, indifference, and objectivation, each with a usage rate of 11.8%. Assimilation and determination were rarely used, making up only 5.9% of total usage. The Police’s representation on CNN In 5 CNN discourses, 18 data represented the police officers involved in this murder: Derek Chauvin, Thomas Lane, Tou Thao, and J Alexander Kueng. The results obtained are as follows: Fig. 5 The Police’s representation strategies used by CNN Figure 5 displays that out of the 18 data representing the police officers, the perpetrators were presented inclusively 77.8% of the time. However, in the remaining 22.2%, CNN excluded these actors. Four out of the 18 data underwent exclusion. CNN utilized only nominalization to depict police officers, as presented in Table 3. The remaining data consisted of inclusive representations, as illustrated in Table 4. Table 2. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on Floyd’s inclusivity in Aljazeera news Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (5) فعندما ألقى الشرطيون القبض عليه أوال، توسلهم فلويد أال يضعوه في سيارة الشرطة، وأخبرهم أنه يعاني من خوف من األماكن المغلقة ومن حالة جسدية سيئة... When the police officers first arrested him, Floyd begged them not to put him in the police car, and told them that he suffered from fear of closed spaces and was in poor physical condition… Differentiation (5) وكانت كلمات فلويد األخيرة ”سوف يقتلونني. سوف يقتلونني. ال أستطيع أن أتنفس“. Floyd’s last words were, “They’re going to kill me.” They will kill me. I cannot breathe”. Indifference (5) أظهرت أدلة جديدة أن جورج فلويد قال إنه ال يستطيع التنفس أكثر من 02 مرة New evidence showed that George Floyd said that he could not breathe more than 20 times… Objectivation Aljazeera (4) لوقف االحتجاجات التي اندلعت عقب مقتل صاحب البشرة السمراء فلويد بعد أن ضغط على رقبته شرطي بركبته خالل اعتقال في مدينة منيابوليس. …to stop the protests that broke out following the killing of the black-skinned Floyd, after a policeman pressed his neck with his knee during an arrest in the city of Minneapolis. Categorization Aljazeera (3) واعتقلت السلطات، الجمعة، ضابط الشرطة ديريك شوفين (44 عاما)، الذي جثم بركبته على عنق جورج فلويد (64 عاما)، بتهمتي القتل من الدرجة الثالثة والقتل غير العمد في حادث وفاة فلويد... On Friday, the authorities arrested police officer Derek Chauvin (44 years old), who knelt on the neck of George Floyd (46 years old), on charges of third-degree murder and manslaughter in Floyd’s death… Determination (1) لكن توجيه االتهام فشل في تهدئة مجتمع السود بعد أن أعادت حادثة مقتل فلويد نكأ جرح العنصرية وانعدام المساواة من جديد. But the indictment failed to calm the black community after the killing of Floyd reopened the wounds of racism and inequality. Assimilation Association 100 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) Table 4 displays the nine methods CNN used to present the police inclusively: differentiation, objectivation, abstraction, assimilation, determination, individualization, identification, indetermination, and association. We provided examples for each technique. Fig. 6 Percentage of the Police’s Inclusivity in CNN Discourses CNN used various methods to present the police officers inclusively, as illustrated in Figure 6. The most common approach was 20% indetermination, followed by 15% differentiation, assimilation, and association. Determination and individualization ranked third with 10%, while abstraction, objectivation, and identification were the least used methods at 5%. The Police’s representation on Aljazeera In Table 5 Aljazeera discourses, 38 data represented the police officers involved in this murder. Figure 7 indicates that Aljazeera included the police officers in 73.7% of 38 data points while excluding them in the remaining 26.3%. The exclusion process was applied to 10 out of 38 data. Based on Table 5, Aljazeera used only one type of exclusion: nominalization. In the remaining 28 data, Aljazeera presented the police officers inclusively, as can be seen from Table 6. Table 3. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on the police’s omission from CNN Articles Data News Translation Social Actor Omission Exclusion (1) ...أنه مات بسبب االسفكسيا أو االختناق الناجم عن استمرار الضغط على الرقبة والظهر... …that he died due to asphyxia, or suffocation, caused by continued pressure on the neck and back… Nominalization Table 4. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on the police’s inclusivity in CNN news Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (2) ...بعد وضعه ركبته على عنقه ألكثر من 8 دقائق، ردد خاللها الضحية ”ال أستطيع التنفس“. …after he put his knee on his neck for more than 8 minutes, during which the victim chanted the phrase “I can’t breathe.” Differentiation (5) كما أصدرت إدارة شرطة مينيابوليس نسختين من مكالمة طوارىء 119... The Minneapolis Police Department also released two transcripts of the 911 call… Objectivation (1) »قتلوه ولم يحاولوا إنقاذه“ “They killed him and did not try to save him.” Abstraction (3) وتشهد مدن أمريكية احتجاجات متواصلة منذ مقتل األمريكي األسود جورج فلويد على يد الشرطي ديريك شوفين في مينيابوليس... American cities have been witnessing continuous protests since the murder of black American George Floyd by policeman Derek Chauvin… Assimilation Determination (1) كما دعا إلى توجيه تهمة القتل من الدرجة األولى ضد ديريك شوفين، الضابط السابق بقسم شرطة مينيابوليس بوالية مينيسوتا، الذي وضع ركبيته على رقبة فلويد لما يقرب من تسع دقائق، حسبما أظهر فيديو منشور عبر وسائل التواصل االجتماعي. He also called for a first-degree murder charge against Derek Chauvin, the former officer with the Minneapolis Police Department, Minnesota, who knelt on Floyd’s neck for nearly nine minutes, as a video posted on social media showed. Individualization Identification (3) وحذر النائب العام في مينيسوتا من أنه حتى بعد اتهام الضباط األربعة المتورطين في وفاة جورج فلويد، The Minnesota Attorney General warned that even after the four officers involved in George Floyd’s death were charged… Indetermination CNN (3) وأشار إليسون إلى أن شريكه في النيابة، محامي مقاطعة هينيبين مايك فريمان، هو المدعي العام الوحيد في مينيسوتا، الذي نجح في مقاضاة ضابط شرطة بتهمة القتل. Ellison noted that his co-defendant, Hennepin County Attorney Mike Freeman, is the only prosecutor in Minnesota to have successfully prosecuted a police officer for murder. Association Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) 101 Fig. 7 The Police Officers’ Representation in Aljazeera Table 6 presents nine methods Aljazeera used to display the police officers inclusively and diversely: differentiation, indifference, objectivation, abstraction, identification, indetermination, determination, assimilation, and association. We provided examples for each technique. Fig. 8 Percentage of the police’s inclusivity in Aljazeera discourses Table 5. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on the police’s exclusivity in Aljazeera news Data News Translation Social Actor Omission Exclusion (5) تسجيل جديد يكشف آخر كلمات جورج فلويد قبل وفاته A new recording reveals George Floyd’s last words before his death Nominalization Table 6. Van Leeuwen’s CDA results on the police’s inclusivity in Aljazeera news Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (5) وطوال فترة اعتقاله، ردد فلويد ”ال أستطيع التنفس“ أكثر من 02 مرة. ويمكن سماع الشرطيين وهم يطلبون منه ”االسترخاء“ ويخبرونه بأنه كان ”يبلي حسنا“. Throughout his arrest, Floyd repeated, “I can’t breathe” more than 20 times. The two policemen can be heard telling him to “relax” and telling him that he was “doing good.” Differentiation (1) وقال قائد الحرس الوطني في مينيسوتا الميجور جنرال جون جنسن إن حاكم الوالية سمح بنشر ألف جندي لمؤازرة الشرطة في السيطرة على الوضع. The commander of the Minnesota National Guard, Major General John Jensen, said that the state governor allowed the deployment of a thousand soldiers to support the police in controlling the situation. Indifference (3) وكانت الشرطة قد ألقت القبض على فلويد بمدينة مينيابوليس بوالية مينيسوتا، لالشتباه في دفعه ورقة نقدية مزيفة من فئة 02 دوالراً. Police arrested Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on suspicion of paying a counterfeit $20 bill. Objectivation (1) ...بعدما قام شرطي بطرحه أرضا وتثبيته لعدة دقائق... …after a policeman threw him to the ground and pinned him down for several minutes… Abstraction (5) لكن التسجيالت الخاصة بالشرطة التي قدمها توماس لين، وهو أحد المتورطين في وفاة فلويد، لمحكمة والية مينيسوتا... But the police recordings that Thomas Lane, one of those involved in Floyd’s death, submitted to the Minnesota state court… Identification (1) ولم يخفف توجيه تهمة القتل غير العمد إلى الشرطي المشتبه به الغضب العارم في البالد The accusation of manslaughter against the suspected policeman did not alleviate the overwhelming anger in the country Indetermination (3) واعتقلت السلطات، الجمعة، ضابط الشرطة ديريك شوفين (44 عاما)... On Friday, the authorities arrested police officer Derek Chauvin (44 years old)… Determination (5) وفي لحظات معنية عندما أصر فلويد على أنهم سيقتلونه صاح الشرطي ديريك شوفين ”توقف عن الكالم توقف عن الصراخ، يتطلب األمر الكثير من األكسجين للتحدث“. At certain moments when Floyd insisted that they were going to kill him, police officer Derek Chauvin shouted, “Stop talking, stop screaming, it takes a lot of oxygen to talk.” Assimilation (1) وخرجت مظاهرات ضد عنصرية الشرطة في عدد كبير من المدن األمريكية... Demonstrations against police racism took place in a large number of American cities… Association 102 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) Fig. 10 Trump’s inclusivity in Aljazeera discourses Figure 10 shows that Aljazeera displayed Trump 50% of the time using the differentiation method. Individualization and objectivation were the second most used methods, each accounting for 18.8%. Additionally, Aljazeera used associations and indifference 6.3% of the time. IV. DISCUSSION Token comparison of the two media Figure 2 shows that Aljazeera’s articles used almost double the number of words and unique words compared to CNN. Aljazeera provided more detailed information with 10-28 paragraphs, while CNN presented news concisely with 5-9 paragraphs. The difference in presentation was due to the country of origin and language used: CNN is a US-based news source that primarily uses English (Bawazier & Nurhajati, 2018), while Aljazeera is based in Qatar and uses Arabic (Rashid & Naseer, 2019). As a result, Aljazeera had a more detailed approach, while CNN was more direct. These differences were likely due to cultural and linguistic variations, as Western countries prefer direct communication, while Eastern countries use indirect expressions and non-verbal cues (Hall & Hall, 1990). These distinctions influenced how both media presented social actors. Aljazeera presented police officers inclusively using various approaches, as shown in Figure 8. The most commonly used method was indetermination (35.3%), followed by differentiation and assimilation (14.7%), objectivation, identification, and indifference (8.8%), and abstraction, determination, and association (2.9%). Trump’s representation on CNN There were only two pieces of data representing Donald Trump among the 5 CNN articles. Neither of them used the exclusion process. Table 7 indicates that CNN displayed President Trump using only two approaches: individualization and differentiation. The data in the table included two similar sentences with slight variations, as CNN used the same sentence in two articles. CNN utilized only two methods, resulting in 50% of individualization and differentiation usage, as seen in Figure 9. Fig. 9 Trump’s Inclusivity in CNN discourses Trump’s representation on Aljazeera Of the five Aljazeera articles, 14 data points represented Donald Trump. None of the data used the exclusion process. Table 8 demonstrates that Aljazeera used five methods to showcase Trump: differentiation, indifference, objectivation, individualization, and association. We provided an example of each technique in the table. Table 7. Van Leeuwen’s CDA Results on Trump’s Inclusivity in CNN News Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (2) في وقت أثار الرئيس األمريكي دونالد ترامب، جدال واسعًا في البالد، بسبب تهديده باستدعاء الجيش حال عدم سيطرة الواليات على الوضع في الشوارع. At a time when US President Donald Trump sparked widespread controversy in the country because of his threat to call in the army if the states did not control the situation in the streets. Individualization Differentiation (3) وكان الرئيس األمريكي دونالد ترامب قد أثار جدال واسعًا في البالد، بسبب تهديده باستدعاء الجيش حال عدم سيطرة الواليات على الوضع في الشوارع. US President Donald Trump had sparked widespread controversy in the country, due to his threat to call in the army if the states did not control the situation in the streets. Individualization Differentiation Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) 103 Table 8. Van Leeuwen’s CDA Results Related to Trump’s Inclusivity in Aljazeera News Data News Translation Social Actor Representation Inclusion (2) ...يدين الرئيس األمريكي دونالد ترمب، بشأن تعاطيه مع االحتجاجات المستمرة منذ أسبوع على مقتل فلويد، وإصداره أوامر إلى الضباط الفدراليين باستخدام الغاز المسيل للدموع والرصاص المطاطي لتفريق المحتجين قبالة البيت األبيض. …condemning US President Donald Trump regarding his handling of the protests that have been ongoing for a week over the killing of Floyd, and his issuing orders to federal officers to use tear gas and rubber bullets to disperse protesters in front of the White House. Differentiation (4) وبدا ترمب منذ ذلك الحين راضيا عن نشر قوات الحرس الوطني وهو الخيار الذي أوصت به وزارة الدفاع وأداة تقليدية في التعامل مع األزمات الداخلية. Trump has since appeared satisfied with deploying National Guard forces, an option recommended by the Department of Defense and a traditional tool in dealing with domestic crises. Indifference (4) ونقلت الوكالة عن المسؤول الذي لم تسمه قوله إن ترمب قال لمستشاريه األسبوع الماضي إنه يريد نشر 01 آالف جندي في منطقة العاصمة واشنطن لوقف االحتجاجات التي اندلعت عقب مقتل صاحب البشرة السمراء فلويد... The agency quoted the unnamed official as saying that Trump told his advisors last week that he wanted to deploy 10,000 soldiers in the Washington, DC, area to stop the protests that broke out following the killing of the black-skinned Floyd… Objectivation (1) وقال الرئيس األمريكي دونالد ترمب إنه يشعر باألمان التام وتابع ”كل الخطوات“ التي تم اتّخاذها. US President Donald Trump said that he feels completely safe and has followed “all the steps” that have been taken. Individualization (4) ...استعداد ترمب للزج بالجيش األمريكي في أزمة عالقات عرقية داخلية بعد وفاة فلويد (64 عاما) عقب قيام شرطي بالضغط بركبته على رقبته في مدينة منيابوليس يوم 52 من مايو/أيار األمر الذي فجر موجة من االحتجاجات المناوئة للعنصرية بأنحاء الواليات المتحدة ومدن أخرى حول العالم. … Trump’s willingness to plunge the US military into an internal racial relations crisis after the death of Floyd (46 years old) after a policeman pressed his knee on his neck in the city of Minneapolis on May 25, which sparked a wave of counter-protests of racism across the United States and other cities around the world. Association George Floyd’s representation on CNN CNN did not exclude Floyd as a social actor in this case. Table 1 indicates that CNN portrayed Floyd inclusively in five ways: indifference, objectivation, categorization, nomination, and association. According to Figure 3, CNN mainly used the categorization method (40%) to display Floyd, highlighting his race and physical features and then linking them to the unjust behavior he received from the police officers. CNN also used the association method (6,7%) to connect this case to a larger social group that has long suffered in the US due to their cultural categories, specifically the black community. When explaining the results of Floyd’s autopsy, CNN frequently used the indifference method (26,7%) to portray Floyd as an independent social actor without comparing him to others. CNN also employed objectivation in 20% of the cases to provide detailed accounts of the events Floyd experienced, such as the exact time the police received a report about his abuse, the number of times he said, “I can’t breathe” while being suffocated, and the precise time of his funeral. Additionally, CNN used the nomination method (6,7%) to connect this case to Floyd’s specific attitudes. In conclusion, CNN portrayed Floyd inclusively without necessarily favoring him. Their coverage of Floyd focused on the discrimination and racism he faced as an African American rather than on those who discriminated against him. In addition, the media coverage lacked depth, and some sentences were repeated across different articles. It is possible that CNN, being owned by Time Warner Inc., which promotes capitalist ideology (Tokos, 2023), capitalized on the widespread interest in the topic of racism to increase ratings and revenue. George Floyd’s representation on Aljazeera None of the 16 existing data representing Floyd in Aljazeera used the exclusion process. Table 2 shows that Aljazeera presented Floyd with seven inclusive methods: categorization, objectivation, indifference, differentiation, association, assimilation, and determination. Based on Figure 4, Aljazeera primarily used categorization in 41,2% of cases. This media 104 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) frequently mentioned two cultural categories when referring to Floyd: his African-American race and his physical characteristics as black. Like CNN, Aljazeera emphasized that these two cultural aspects played a role in Floyd’s unfair treatment at the hands of the police officers. Aljazeera linked this murder case to the long-standing issue of racism and inequality that has affected the black community in the US by using the association (11.8%) and assimilation (5.9%) methods. Aljazeera utilized objectivation (11,8%) to provide detailed information about the events surrounding George Floyd, e.g., how he uttered “I can’t breathe” more than 20 times. Additionally, Aljazeera utilized differentiation (11,8%) to contrast Floyd’s helplessness due to his fear of enclosed spaces and poor physical condition and the officers’s indifference to those fears. This indirect display of Floyd positively highlighted his vulnerability and emphasized the injustice he faced. At times, Aljazeera portrayed Floyd as an independent social actor without associating him with others using the indifference (11,8%) method. Aljazeera also used the determination process (5,9%) by explicitly mentioning Floyd’s personal information, such as his full name and age. Aljazeera presented a more comprehensive portrayal of Floyd than CNN did. However, both media employed the same approach of linking this case to Floyd’s cultural and physical characteristics. Furthermore, Aljazeera provided a more detailed account of the events leading up to Floyd’s death, contrasting his vulnerabilities with the brutal behavior of the police and linking his murder with the racist mistreatments frequently experienced by the black community. These tactics indirectly depicted Floyd as a helpless victim subjected to injustice due to his skin color. Aljazeera delivered the news in a straightforward and detailed manner. Their inclusive reporting strategy had the potential to garner public sympathy towards Floyd and indirectly encourage support for him. In contrast to CNN, Aljazeera exhibited a bias in favor of Floyd. This media portrayed Floyd as a victim of injustice due to his skin color through a detailed depiction of him. Aljazeera’s news is characterized by a straightforward, extensive, and comprehensive approach, with inclusive reporting strategies that have the potential to generate public sympathy for Floyd and indirectly encourage support for him. The Police’s representation on CNN Figure 5 shows that 22.2% of the 18 data points representing the police on CNN excluded the perpetrators. This exclusion suggested that CNN downplayed the role of police officers as social actors in their discussions and instead shifted the focus to the victim by hiding the identity of the perpetrators. As seen in Table 3, CNN hid the perpetrators using nominalization. By removing the subject from the sentence, the police officers received less attention, and the focus shifted to Floyd. CNN applied this strategy to protect the personal information of Floyd’s killers and obscure their identities. It indicates that CNN has a bias toward the four police officers. Table 4 displays the nine methods CNN used to present police officers inclusively: indetermination, assimilation, association, differentiation, determination, individualization, identification, abstraction, and objectivation. Based on Figure 5, inclusion was the primary method used (77.8%), but the media did not provide detailed information on the identity of the perpetrators. As shown in Figure 6, CNN most frequently employed indetermination (20%) to represent the police officers, obscuring their identities. Derek Chauvin’s name was seldom mentioned, while the other three were not mentioned at all. CNN also used assimilation (15%) to refer to the four actors as “police officers,” highlighting the irony of their role that individuals who were supposed to maintain peace and protect citizens were responsible for their deaths. Individualization (10%) was also employed to emphasize the Minneapolis Police Department’s involvement in the incident. Moreover, CNN linked this case to the difficulty of lawfully punishing police officers in the USA using the association method (15%). In 15% of the cases, CNN differentiated between the attitudes of the perpetrators and the victim, highlighting how Chauvin continued to press on Floyd’s neck even after Floyd pleaded, “I can’t breathe.” The media also utilized determination (15%) by mentioning Chauvin’s name and age. However, he is the only one of the four perpetrators whose name was even mentioned in the 18 data. Using identification (5%), CNN linked Chauvin with his behavior when he knelt on Floyd’s neck for several minutes. The article provided more 105 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) information using the techniques of abstraction (5%) and objectivation (5%), where abstraction refers to general information, and objectivation offers specific details. Based on the above, it can be inferred that CNN reported on the Minneapolis police officers inclusively. However, the news channel did not focus on the individual perpetrators but on their profession as Minneapolis police officers, highlighting how their actions went against their duty. CNN shed light on how difficult it is for a police officer in the US to be judged fairly. The media highlighted the contrast between the officers’ ruthless behavior and Floyd’s vulnerable state, mentioned the police’s overall conduct, and detailed the events. Although CNN highlighted the involvement of the Minneapolis police in this case, the media still appeared to be shielding the identities of the perpetrators. As seen in Table 4, CNN only discussed the news in general with non-judgmental language. Considering its tactics and slogan, “News We Can Trust” (Rani & Natakoesoemah, 2022), where the ‘we’ represents the US, it can be concluded that CNN aligns with the four police officers who worked in the Minneapolis Police Department. The Police’s representation on Aljazeera According to Figure 7, Aljazeera included the perpetrators 73.7% of the time and excluded them from the remaining 26.3% of data points. The exclusion percentage was slightly higher than that of CNN. Table 5 shows that Aljazeera used only one exclusion technique, nominalization, to represent the police officers. This technique converted a verb into a noun that functioned as an action, thus shifting the reader’s focus away from individuals who committed the crime towards the tragic event and cultural factors that led to it. It may suggest Aljazeera’s bias towards the police. Aljazeera adopted various approaches to present the police officers inclusively, as evidenced by Figure 8. These methods include indetermination, assimilation, differentiation, identification, objectivation, indifference, association, determination, and abstraction. These methods are similar to CNN’s, but Aljazeera uses indifference instead of individualization. Figure 8 showed that Aljazeera used indetermination in 35.3% of cases when discussing Floyd’s killer cops, omitting the names of the officers and referring to them only by their profession. With this method, Aljazeera hid the identity of the four social actors from the discourses and underlined their profession as police officers and that they acted against their duty of protecting civilians. When names were mentioned, assimilation was used in 14.7% of cases to highlight their profession as police officers. Aljazeera portrayed a negative image of the police officers involved in the George Floyd case using differentiation (14.7%). They highlighted the contrast between Floyd’s plea of “I can’t breathe” and Chauvin’s response of “Relax” and “You’re doing good.” This method was done to fuel public anger and hatred towards the police and potentially influence opinions in favor of Floyd. Aljazeera highlighted the negative behavior of police in this case using identification (8.8%) and connected the perpetrators’ crimes with the racism often committed by police in the US using association (2.9%). However, in some sentences, Aljazeera also presented the police with indifference (8,8%), i.e., presenting them independently without linking them to other social actors. In rare cases, Aljazeera overtly mentioned Derek Chauvin’s name through determination (2,9%) and provided less detail using abstraction (2,9%). It was noted that Aljazeera and CNN had similar inclusion-exclusion rates. However, Aljazeera had a critical and negative tone while discussing the police, which could create an impression of putting them in challenging situations. Based on Aljazeera’s strategies and anti-American stance (Jati, 2021), it was concluded that the news outlet did not support the four Minneapolis police officers. Trump’s representation on CNN Only two datasets among CNN articles included information about former US President Donald Trump. CNN did not use an exclusion process in either of these datasets, which resulted in Trump being presented inclusively. Table 7 indicates that CNN displayed Trump utilizing individualization and differentiation methods. The data in the table includes two similar sentences with slight variations, as CNN has used the same sentence in two articles. Through individualization, CNN highlighted Trump’s position as the President of the USA regarding his response to the protests following Floyd’s murder. As a national leader, the President should have acted in the nation’s interest and listened to the 106 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) civilians’ complaints. Trump’s threatening attitude towards American protestors did not demonstrate exemplary leadership, which caused controversy across America. CNN used differentiation to contrast the protesters fighting for justice for Floyd with Trump’s threats to deploy troops to disperse them by force. This use of differentiation portrayed Trump negatively. These methods can potentially increase public anger towards Floyd and fuel the passion of the protesters fighting against the injustices. Based on the analysis of five articles, it can be concluded that CNN portrayed Trump inclusively. CNN emphasized Trump’s social status as the President of the USA and indirectly criticized him by highlighting the differences in attitude between him and other social actors. Despite being based in the US, CNN’s liberal ideology led to disagreement with Trump, indicating that the network did not support him. Trump’s Representation on Aljazeera In their five articles, Aljazeera featured 14 data points about former US President Donald Trump. None of these data points excluded Trump as a social actor in their discussions, indicating that Aljazeera did not conceal Trump in their discourses. Table 8 indicates that Aljazeera frequently portrayed Trump in various ways compared to CNN. The media used differentiation, individualization, objectivation, association, and indifference. Figure 10 shows that differentiation was the most used method, accounting for 50% of their methods. Aljazeera highlighted the contrast between the demonstrators seeking justice for Floyd and Trump’s insensitive response to the demonstrations. Using differentiation, Aljazeera emphasized Trump’s attitude and how he garnered criticism from civilians, officials, and even the United States Minister of Defense. Aljazeera also used individualization (18.8%) to refer to Trump as the head of the USA, emphasizing his position and the expectation that a good leader listens to the voices of the people demanding justice. The media used objectivation (18.8%) to provide transparent information about Trump’s attitude towards the protests, highlighting the number of troops he deployed to disperse and bring order to the protesters. In 6.3% of the cases, Aljazeera associated Trump’s behavior with the long-standing racial crisis in the USA. However, this media also presented Trump indifferently (6.3%) without linking him to other social actors. In conclusion, Aljazeera portrayed Trump negatively for his unsympathetic response towards the Floyd protesters. The news portal contrasted Trump’s behavior with the demonstrators struggling to voice their concerns and presented detailed information about Trump’s behavior in the Floyd murder controversy. Based on these facts, Aljazeera did not side with Trump. V. CONCLUSION This research discovered that CNN and Aljazeera provided inclusive coverage of George Floyd, only partially included the police officers involved in the incident, and inclusively presented Trump. However, the two news outlets used different methods in their social actor inclusions. CNN employed methods that inclusively portrayed Floyd without favoring him. At the same time, Aljazeera had more detailed and nuanced strategies that positioned Floyd as a victim of injustice due to his skin color, which could generate public sympathy and support for Floyd. CNN’s reporting on the police officers involved in George Floyd’s death appeared neutral and non-judgmental, while Aljazeera took a critical and negative stance. This difference in tone could lead to different impressions about the police’s actions. Both media portrayed Trump inclusively and emphasized his social status as the president of the USA. They indirectly criticized him by highlighting the differences in attitude between him and other social actors. Therefore, CNN aligned with the four Minneapolis police officers, while Aljazeera showed more support towards George Floyd. None of the news media sided with Trump. This study is limited to only ten articles from two news portals with different ideologies. It is important to note that racism incidents and crimes are not limited to this case, and we recommend that future research utilize this study as a supportive tool for analyzing racism crimes in a much broader scope with more extensive data. 107 Radya Cantika Suhardiman Putri / Jurnal Arbitrer - Vol. 11 No. 1 (2024) REFERENCES Ahlstrand, J. L. (2021). 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