http://www.press.ierek.com ISSN (Print: 2537-0154, online: 2537-0162) International Journal on: The Academic Research Community Publication Reducing Energy Consumption Strategies in University Buildings in Egypt Iman Osama Abd El Gwad1, Ayman Alsayed Altaher Mahmoud2 1Associate Professor of Architecture Department, Faculty of Fine Arts, Helwan University. 2Teaching Assistant, Architecture Department, Giza Higher Institute For Engineering Abstract Recent times have seen academic buildings face challenges when it comes to high energy consumption in compar- ison to relatively low performance, which affects the interior of the building by reducing the comfort level of the area. Reduced comfort level holds the risk of preventing students from having an optimal space in which studying or attending scientific classes to achieve high grades. As a result, we must critically evaluate the principles in place that regulate planning policies intended to ensure a space that uses low energy consumption but has a high performance. In particular, we must analyze building design strategies, low energy design plans, along with their systems and integration methodologies. By focusing on the evaluation system crietria for international and locality system in comaprtive and for four study cases in a comparative methodology of building energy efficiency will help identify the most viable strategy for creating a leading green design for university campuses in egypt with an integrated low-cost energy consumption methdologies. © 2019 The Authors. Published by IEREK press. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Keywords University building; Energy consumption; Criteria; Strategy; Universities; Egypt 1. Introduction University’s has an essential role in sustainable development; though the motivation is not solely linked to the potential for financial prosperity, instead, the more prominent benefit is a carefully created setting that will, as mentioned before, directly influence the quality of life, comfort, security, and health factors for students and staff. Achieving sustainability in design and construction is the emphasized goal currently. There were several theoreti- cal basics evaluated; however, a number of them do not appear to be sensible. The vernacular design has several sustainability aspects. However, historical data reveals substantial challenges that compromise the feasibility of the model as a reliable strategy. The technology and its achievements have typically taken a space from being ”part of an environment” to create a separate setting. As such, the design disrupts the existing set-up profoundly, making it non-economic as a solution. In response to these findings, new solutions need to seek not just to implement new technology but to find a sound way to interact with the existing environment in place. In this regard, sustinabillty approaches conferred and outlined in the building and design sector boosting these challenges. Inadequate studies of lighting and thermal comfort that failed to measure how much space is needed for facili- ties to run optimally have resulted in insecure building envelopes, leading to faults in energy consumption and pg. 112 DOI: 10.21625/archive.v2i3.351 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication environmental sustainability (meaning, the building is more susceptible to failures due to the surrounding climate conditions, etc.). The main issue that continues to need to be addressed is the low efficiency where bio-life aspects (environmental and human factors) are concerned. pérez, l., ortiz, j., maestre, r. & coronel, j.f.,2012) 2. Universities and sustainable Architecture Characteristics Policy A “fully mature” approach to university sustainability may be summarized as “one in which the activities of a uni- versity are ecologically sound, socially and culturally just and economically viable”. How the transition towards sustainability is expressed in a particular university must inevitably reflect the social, cultural, economic and be expressed in different ways, there are well-defined foundational principles which characterize university sustain- ability .In general terms, a university consciously choosing the path of sustainable development would exemplify the following principles: A. Seeks to minimize its consumption of resources by putting in place measures to conserve water, energy and paper, etc. B. Cuts waste output through a process of reducing consumption and reusing materials via recycling where possi- ble makes purchasing decisions based on knowledge of the environmental and social impacts of the product, e.g. paper manufactured from sustainably managed forests. C. Encourages environmentally preferred transport options such as carpooling, bicycle facilities, public transport facilities and staff incentives to discourage car based on : • Engages staff and students and supports them to continually improve environmental practices and reduce their negative environmental impacts. • Ensures that any maintenance and construction is carried out to minimize environmental impacts and constantly improves the environmental performance of the university facilities; and Makes decisions about financial invest- ments and research with consideration given to the social and environmental implications of those decisions. D. Ensure that any strategies will be taken in low energy consumption must have two basic principles attention: • Human comfort: students and stuff needs and requirements. • Saving environmental: by using strategy that made sustainable environment and dis-effecting to bio-environmental liv in those (material using in construction, technologies using, renewable or nonrenewable energy, co2 emission) There are many factors that make a university green in terms of operations. The examples given above are by no means an exhaustive list. Examples given above are by no means an exhaustive list. 3. University Buildings and Energy Consumption Through Sustainable Architecture Operations To get the full diagrammatic policy for low energy consumption, we must define the whole policy and principles for its implementation. The implementing solution principles will be located throughout the university sustainable to ensure that, in the future, we might need to adjust the solution principles, and we may easily refer to the existing system. (R. J. Cole, 2012). The following steps will be an outline the problematic solution; architecture whole strategy and methodology prin- ciples policy and integrated principles will be (unep,2014) : A. Whole systems design integration : all systems and entities are accounted for and incorporated into the system design, to achieve whole system design we must be had an integration method that have more to improve the com- plex of all relatively in that method (new project ) (human , culture ,ecology). 1) Human factor : have a main step done the sociological steps to know what the usersneeds. 2) Culture factor: build to enclose open space to have the total privacy conservation enviromnt. 3) Community factor : experience of place project location as verncular architecture processing. B. Bold ecology: a biological pattern of functioning.whiv.ch means save environment and compatibility between building, environment and human comfrtable. pg. 113 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication According to (nina, Stefan, alexander, Michaela, Henrique and Arnold.2016), energy consumption reduction had an ecology approach in the conceptual frame work for social-ecological systems integration, reduction energy affected in 80% percent in this frame because reduction energy will be have an effecting regulation process in ( reduction co2 andco1 , increasing estimated green power ,environmental benefit through green strategies that reduction energy consumption ( green areas , green wall ,green roofs , organic material ,etc. ) ) .so achieving increasing in inductive quantity evaluate system criteria will be increased bold ecology main whole strategy. C. Intelligent construction : which means have applied crietria (closed building energy cycle, low cost energy strat- egy, low cost energy , smart design, high energy efficiency, waste water, utilization, high energy yield, contaminant, recycle material, conservation, resource conservation, energy conservation , inner air,smart grid,renewble energy powered in university ). D. Intelligent limits :wich means there were limits in using smart programs or materials that will be chosen in design process for implemminting porcedures 1) Local material: we could be used the local material from the local site for the new university projects because it’s had compatible with the local environment and climate zone , local material have also low cost and easily in manufactured and setup. 2) Integration to landscape: land scape in or out door play a main role and make better option in establish new project example: • Waste water treatment. • Air quality improvement. • More satisfying and feeling comfortable. • Save environment sociality and civilized. 4. University and Sustainble Environmental International Assessment Methods Focusing Energy Consumption Meusring Comparison The widely used schemes measurement accreditation leadership in energy and environmental field (leed), building analysis environmental assessment technique (BREEAM) and STAR GREEN australian, UI Green metric . LEED was created and developed by the u.s. inexperienced building council (USGBC) and has worldwide acceptanc as a benchmark for inexperienced building practices. Breeam was created by the u.k. building analysis establishment (bre) and is adopted by the u.k., Universitas Indonesia (UI) initiated a world university ranking in 2010, later known as UI GreenMetric World University Ranking, to measure campus sustainability efforts. all four schemes unit of measurement affordable scoring system of aggregation credits that applies to an honest vary of every new building types and existing buildings. All aspects of an expansion of environmental issues like materials, energy, water, pollution, indoor environmental quality and heap. One in every of necessary credits throughout all the three schemes that is additionally the essential consider the final effort to realise sustainable development, is that the consumption of energy or succeeding carbon emissions in buildings, see general comparative three main assessments ways table 1. (ya roderick, david, carlos, 2010). pg. 114 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 115 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication 4.1. Result of Comparison Every assessment method have a step in management system for energy consumption as main criteria, lEED’s has an optimum defined criteria (Energy Efficiency Best Management Practices), Green star has divided in to 2 focusing indictor (energy sub-metering, peak energy demand reduction), BREEAM has explained in 2 indictor (Low and Zero Carbon Technologies, Energy Monitoring) but them have not measured considering campus issued. UI green metric has a main indictor will be a great chance in optimized measuring indictor, that was (Smart building implementation), UI offered to enhance campus building to do more effort for all principles that control this criteria (management system, smart materials, smart equipment’s and smart design), it can be developed as global demand for any new measured indictor and affected in decreasing energy consumption ratios. 4.2. Local Asessment Method of Egypt: Green Pyramids Rating System The Green Pyramid Rating System is a national environmental rating system for buildings. It provides definitive criteria by which the environmental credentials of buildings can be evaluated, and the buildings themselves can be rated. The Rating can be used to assess individual new buildings at either or both of the following stages: 1.At Design Stage, 2.At Post-Construction Stage. ), Projects will be rated, based on Credit Points accumulated, pg. 116 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication according to the following rating system (GPRS Certified: 40–49 credits, Silver Pyramid: 50–59 credits, Gold Pyramid: 60–79 credits and Green Pyramid: 80 credits and above) 4.3. G.P.R.S. Energy Performance Evaluation Criteria for Design Stage So according to research scope we must be studied the criteria that related to energy performance and that will be: i. Mandatory Minimum Requirements (M.1 Minimum Energy Performance Level- M.2 Energy Monitoring & Reporting- M.3 Ozone Depletion avoidance) ii. Energy Efficiency Improvement:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (10 points) iii. Passive External Heat Gain Reduction:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( 7 points ) iv. Energy Efficient Appliances :. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..( 3 points) v. Vertical Transportation Systems: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(3 points) vi. Peak Load Reduction:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 6 points) vii. Renewable Energy Sources:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..( 12 points) viii. Environmental Impact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 4 points) ix. Operation and Maintenance:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 1 points) x. Optimized balance of Energy and Performance:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .( 4 points) xi. Energy and Carbon Inventories:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( 2 points) 5. Chosen Case Studies Check List Benchmark rating tool will be depended on merging the sociological part, bold ecology, low-cost energy con- sumption criteria in questioner methodology to find the way to apply standards and low-cost design strategy in integration between them. Depending on the analysis, principles for all strategies will show how to improve effi- ciency and quality for the indoor and outdoor environment of the university, see table (6). The three study cases were chosen by same climatic zone aspects, also have the full benefits of the applied energy criteria to, indeed, have the accreditation. The case studies had chosen because the high accreditation assessment certification for them , case study one had an environmental assessment certification (6 green star certification) Australian programing equal to platinum LEED certificate, second case study had LEED platinum certificated and Arabian relativity. third case study has a main role because it had placed in Egypt , AUC university FIFTH Settlement had a new university campus construction occupied in 2009 for first year , it had been chosen for its traditional design mixing with mod- ern design style ( called postmodern art ) , traditional building element had constructed to have a good regulation with environment aspects, that’s will be guided in final analysis what traditional style needed to be regulated in the recent age, AUC university had ranked 104 overall world according to green metric campuses, case studies will be explained the main issued for found the best sustainable indictors practice focusing energy consumption. pg. 117 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 118 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 119 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 120 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 121 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 122 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication 6. Check List Tool Results The comparison discussed the final analysis done in step before to get the best practice in implementing a de- creasing energy consumption strategically without human distribution needing and conservation of environmental aspects. The case studies will be measured affection using for implemented chosen strategy in every case study and have whole comparison feedback result from basic information that showed that have high grade and it will be masdar institute because masdar has developed a methodology to calculate carbon reduction by applying energy efficiency measures and/or fuel switching in new building units (residential, commercial, and/or institutional units). Examples include efficient appliances; efficient thermal envelope; efficient lighting systems; efficient heating, ven- tilation, and air conditioning (hvac) systems; passive solar design; optimal shading; building energy management systems (bems); and intelligent energy metering. This methodology was submitted and finally approved by the united nations framework convention on climate change (unfccc) in june 2011 (am0091: energy efficiency tech- nologies and fuel switching). This is the first methodology that looks into the emission-reduction calculation of new buildings under the unfccc scheme. It is also the first time that a methodology has been approved that applies a set of measures to buildings without directly quantifying a specific emission reduction to a specific measure. In case studies analysis (first question) answer’s had gotten: specially insurance applying spaces connected to number of users and satisfaction according to assessment methods every case study design according fixed user number ’s (stuff and student’s ) , satisfaction comes from the design style that had chosen computable with sur- rounding environment . In case studies analysis (second question) answer’s had gotten: that efforts had done in decreasing energy con- sumption , the most of case studies had built on enhancing building envelope by using measurement programming of sun radiation on facades , every case study have been a first thinking on how to be more efficiency, decreasing thermal conductivity from outside to indoor space’s to achieve high comfortable level for users , most of case stud- ies makes tradition element in modern style as ( mashrabia (arabian universities) , arcades ( for all case studies) , local material with high resistance and low thermal conductivity, using system insulation according to climatic zone aspects , glazing material which could be decreased heat gain by 40% and affected in reducing hvac energy consumption directly ( depend on the effectiveness of insulation of certain envelope elements can be assessed using their u-value (which represents the amount of heat radiation (w) that can enter the building per meter square of area and at a temperature deferential of one degree), fixed shading for sun radiation ( depended on sun radiation degree ( winter and summer)),facades color painted material have been great impact on reduction thermal from sun pg. 123 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication radiation , colors have been development to can be reflecting and diffusing sun radiation as showed in case studies Other issued in decreasing energy ,that have used led artificial lights integration with daylight hours , that can be reduced energy consumption by 30 % of total energy consumption . Using recycle material have been affecting whole life cost ,most of recycle material had a greening design acceptation and conservation environmental as- pect’s ( eco-life ) .specified , using recycle material have appositive life cycle cost and also could avoid negative reflectance with developed material in recycling procedures . Certificate design principles in hot areas as building from open to close as vernacular architecture elements ( sepa- rated entrances , courts ( open ,semi shaded , shaded) ,arcades, ”mashrabia” in modern style ,thickness of building envelop ,cross ventilated areas , wind passive towers , landscape had decreased heat gain specification environmen- tal quality computable with location environment ) all of those can be called passive cooling and heating elements ,as showed in case studies -expected . This main elements can improve environment indoor quality ,certificated system in assessments methods with high rated accreditation and affecting directly on decreasing energy consump- tion because those elements will affecting in thermal heat resistance and ventilation ,both affecting on hvac energy consuming through day. In case studies analysis (third question) answer’s had gotten: uses of renewable energy ( solar pv panels , wind turbines ) will provide green and sustainble power ,this will be great development in decreasing cost of energy consumption through life cost ,computable with other decreasing energy consumption aspects , campuses could be produced energy, this will decreas co2 emmission and will be meet the green houh gas emmision scope 1&2.auc must be applied renewable energy to be ”green campus” helping community to be a sustainable campus leadership in Egypt. In case studies analysis (fourth question) answers had gotten: using certificated environment assessment had showed that case studies have high regulated in some issued and some to be repaired as (landscaping and decreas- ing heat gain) to improve environment quality and energy consumption rates a certification had also provided us a clear information for current statues for each of case study to be gotten full procedure’s knowledge (as research scope )for methodologies of decreasing energy consumption. 7. Conclusion Through research anlaysis had appeared scientfice cosider solutions for decreasing energy consumption through inductive analysis and comparison methdologies that explained before and there were: 1. In new unversity project must be applied specified sustainble policy that will be the guid lines that controled the implemenation of the design strategy. 2. Non- talking in any mrthdologies will be used to decrease energy consumption before ensuring user’s ( staff and students) experince for sociaglical satsfing (human factor). 3. New unversities and exetencemust be have a planed planning for decreasing energy consumption and created adepartment that controled and developed energy consumption and performance. 4. Universities must be applied passive cooling and heating strategies that had effected dierctley enhancing for eco-enviromental aspects and tring achieving zero carbon emmision. 5. Using material suitable with local project climate as regualated with climatic cosedration ( thermal coductiv- ity condition , ventalited per hours condition and erasion aspects), that will be amain rule in design strategy and impleminting proccesing to decresing energy consumption relation ,because this princible through anal- ysis have dierect related method ( low mterial condictivety in thermal condition = low using HVAC = low energy power consumption) in sample state. 6. Reneweble energy power must be included in any university building , that will great benifite to decrease whole life energy cost ,universities had researcher’s that developed clean and green energy to achive zero pg. 124 Abdou / The Academic Research Community Publication energy consumption , that will be according to university rule community an affected on whole commuinty decreasing non-renewble energy, this will had coserved enviroment. 7. Smart building programes ( management system , sensors analysis , room data control , smart material used(envelop building)), through analysis has been showing that a chance to have asmart reducing energy consumption in universities consiedring decreased energy consumption through delaying time ( non oc- cubied useres ) in education spaces by management and sensors through creating a smart room data and implementing samrt gride, smart matrial defiened that developed araw material to regulated with local cli- mate condition and users need ,that will be enhanced education space function and performance ,also raised high grading also decreased energy consumption ( HVAC- lighting ). 8. Recommendation for G.P.R.S. As comparison result for evaluation systems, we would be suggested the following table to be guide line in applied energy performance evolution criteria to be considered with (any climatic zoning, best curriculum criteria and best weighted accreditation points), that’s will be from GPRS system and the other systems that explained before. 9. References 1. Ahmadi, F. (2003). Sustainable Architecture. Journal of architecture and Urbanism. 2. Osmond, P. (2013). Greening universities toolkit: Transforming universities into green and sustainable campuses. United Nations Environment Programme. 3. Jacob, A. (2009). Littman, Regenerative Architecture: A Pathway beyond Sustainability, (Master’s thesis, University of Massachusetts, Amherst). 4. Jowdat, M. (2002). Education of Climatic Architecture. Journal of Iranian Architectural Studies. 5. Hardy, M. (2010). The 12 Principles of Traditional Building, Oxford University. 6. Pérez-Lombard, L., Ortiz, J., Maestre, R. & Coronel, J.F. (2012), Constructing HVAC energy efficiency indicators, Energy and Buildings magazine. 7. Cole, R. J. (2012). Transitioning from green to regenerative design. Building Research & Information, 40(1). 8. Stavropoulos, T, Tsioliaridoul. A., Koutitas. G, Vrakas, D., & Vlahos, I. (2013) School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greec . 9. 2016 list of zero net energy buildings [PDF]. (2016). New Building Institute. 10. Roderick, Y., McEwan, D., Wheatley, C., & Alonso, C. (2009, July). Comparison of energy performance assessment between LEED, BREEAM and Green Star. In Eleventh International IBPSA Conference. 11. Masdar campuses. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2017, from https://www.masdar.ac.ae/campus 12. University projects. (n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2017, from https://www.usgbc.org/projects 13. Green metric report. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from http://greenmetric.ui.ac.id/ pg. 125 Introduction Universities and sustainable Architecture Characteristics Policy University Buildings and Energy Consumption Through Sustainable Architecture Operations University and Sustainble Environmental International Assessment Methods Focusing Energy Consumption Meusring Comparison Result of Comparison Local Asessment Method of Egypt: Green Pyramids Rating System G.P.R.S. Energy Performance Evaluation Criteria for Design Stage Chosen Case Studies Check List Check List Tool Results Conclusion Recommendation for G.P.R.S. References