http://www.press.ierek.com ISSN (Print: 2537-0154, online: 2537-0162) The Academic Research Community Publication pg. 1 Research paper Received: 19 June 2023, Accepted: 22 July 2023, Published online: 31 July 2023 DOI: 10.21625/archive.v7i2.968 Postwar Remnants in the Periurban Forest of Thessaloniki, Greece - A Two Paths Proposal for Tourism and Environmental Education Aphrodite Tsiouri PhD at Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Email:af_ro_di_ti@yahoo.gr Abstract Wa rs, in the cla ssica l sense of term, ha ve nega tive effects on the la ndsca pe a nd lea ve va rious tra ces a bove or below the ground surfa ce or in the bottom of the sea . Toda y, ma ny of the postwa r la ndsca pes a re the result of na tural ecologica l succession, while others, a fter a n a ppropria te la ndsca pe design, present touristic a nd educa tiona l interest. Tourism in the postwa r la ndsca pes ca n be considered a s cultura l tourism, a ppea ling ma inly to tourists -pilgrims. Thessa loniki, during its long history, ha s been a field of milita ry opera tions. Some of them, especia lly the most recent ones, ha ve left their remna nts on the surrounding forest la ndsca pe. During the First World Wa r, the a llied powers (Entente) for exa mple, built va rious infra structures such a s trenches, concrete fortifica tions etc. Ma ny of these insta lla tions, despite their deteriora tion over time, ca n still be seen toda y. The postwa r la ndsca pe in the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki ha s pa rtia lly recovered. However, hea vy constructions rema in in their origina l pla ce a nd can be a pole of a ttra ction for visitors. This pa per recommends t wo pa ths, 2,500 m a nd 2,200 m long respectively, connecting visible elements from the First World Wa r, which a re loca ted in the northea stern pa rt of the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki. These pa ths ca n connect a milita ry cemetery, with four cylindrica l co ncrete fortifica tions (pill boxes) of this wa r, sca ttered in the forest. In this cemetery soldiers of the Commonwea lth Na tions ha ve been buried, during the Wa r. This postwa r la ndsca pe could contribute to the development of ba ttlefield tourism or tourism re la ted to the postwa r la ndsca pes a nd it ca n a lso be used in the implementa tion of releva nt environmental education programs. Postwa r la ndsca pes require very ca reful pla nning a nd proper ma na gement in order to be functiona l a nd effective. © 2023 The Authors. Published by IEREK Press. This is a n open a ccess a rticle under the CC BY license (https://crea tivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). Keywords Postwar landscapes; Cultural tourism; Dark tourism; Forest paths; Environmental trail. 1. Introduction All wa rs, in the cla ssic sense of term, a t a ll sta ges, ha ve a direct a nd indirect impa ct on the la ndsca pe, where they lea ve va rious tra ces a bove or below the surfa ce (Tsiouri, 2015). The postwa r la ndsca pes ha ve la rgely rega ined their former sta te in the form of fa rms, villa ges a nd towns or in the forms of wetla nds, ra ngela nds, a nd forests, under na tural ecologica l succession. In some ca ses, na tura l vegeta tion ha s covered the wa r tra ces (Hupy & Koehler, 2012). Cha rlesworth & Addis (2002) cha ra cteristica lly sta te tha t na tura l ecologica l succession threa tens to era se history. http://www.press.ierek.com/ mailto:af_ro_di_ti@yahoo.gr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 2 Nevertheless, in some ba ttlefields va rious tra ces or hea vy constructions a bove or below the ground surfa ce or in the bottom of the sea ca n be found (Tsiouri, 2015, Tsiouri et a l., 2018). Some postwa r la ndsca pes, a fter a n a ppropria te la ndsca pe design a nd ma na gement, present touristic (Ka vrečič, 2017, Ha da s Za ha vi, 2022) a nd educa tional interest (Tsiouri et a l., 2017, Tsiouri et a l., 2020). Tourism in the postwa r la ndsca pes ca n be considered from the prospective of cultura l tourism a s a form of da rk tourism, a ppea ling ma inly to tourists-pilgrims (Collins-Kreiner, 2010, Olson & Korsta nje, 2019). Postwa r la ndsca pes ca n a lso be used in the implementa tion of releva nt environmenta l a nd peace educa tion progra ms (Tsiouri et a l., 2020, Tsiouri, 2022). The city of Thessa loniki, during its long history (2,338 yea rs), wa s ma ny times a field of milita ry opera tions. Some of them, especia lly the most recent ones, ha ve left their tra ces ma inly on the periurba n la ndsca pe. During the First World Wa r (Grea t Wa r), the a llied troops (Entente) supported the Ma cedonia n front, a lso known a s the Sa lonica front (a fter Thessa loniki). These troops built infra structures such a s bridges, roa ds, a irports, hospita ls a nd va rious defense works such a s trenches, concrete insta lla tions etc (Ma nn, 2010, Hekimoglou, 2010, Mourelos et a l., 2018). The defensive fortifica tions, built on the hills surrounding Thessa loniki, a re known in the releva nt litera ture a s "Birdca ge". This na me is due to the huge a mounts of ba rbed wire, tha t were used for their construction. Ma ny of these fa cilities, despite their deteriora tion over time, a re still visible toda y, 100 yea rs a fter the wa r. The postwa r la ndsca pe in the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki ha s pa rtia lly recovered. However, hea vy constructions such a s concrete fortifica tions (pill boxes), rema in in their origina l position (Rouka , 2014, Tsiouri, 2022). 2. Problem statement and Study aim The periurba n forest of Thessa loniki hosts toda y va rious cultura l la ndsca pes, some of which a re rela ted to issues of wa r a nd pea ce a nd a ll of them a re of ecologica l interest. In the context of the present resea rch, wa r remna nts were discovered in the periurba n forest a nd the prob lem is tha t they ha ve not been studied a nd utilized until toda y. The a im of the present study is to describe a nd recommend forest pa ths, connecting elements from the First World Wa r, which a re loca ted in the northea stern pa rt of the periurba n forest of The ssa loniki. These pa ths ca n connect a milita ry cemetery, with four cylindrica l concrete fortifica tions (pill boxes) of this wa r, sca ttered in the forest, which is under na tura l ecologica l succession. These wa r remna nts, with a ppropria te a rchitectura l pla nning a nd management, could receive visitors, interested in historica l tourism a nd schools, implementing environmenta l educa tion progra ms (Tsiouri, 2015, Tsiouri, 2020, Tsiouri, 2022). Historica l-pilgrima ge tourism a nd environmenta l educa tion ha ve great growth prospects in Greece. The two recommended pa ths, connect visible postwa r elements with invisible to ordina ry visitors wa r remna nts, a s the la tter ha ve pa rtia lly covered by diverse vegeta tion. These pa ths, with na ture -friendly clea ring a nd proper signa ge, could contribute to the development of ba ttlefield tourism a nd they ca n a lso be used in the implementa tion of releva nt environmenta l educa tion progra ms. 3. Review of the Literature Until recently, ma ny schola rs studied wa rs a nd postwa r la ndsca pes by focusing on milita ry, socia l, economic a nd lega l issues, ra ther tha n on tourism a nd pea ce educa tion (Pa pa dopoulou, 1990, Olson & Korsta nje, 2019). An ever- increa sing number of visitors a re becoming interested in postwa r la ndsca pes. Tourism rela ted to postwa r la ndsca pes ca n be considered a s cultura l tourism. For the susta ina bility of tourism in postwa r la ndsca pes, the existence and understa nding the a uthenticity of the offered touristic product, is essentia l (Cha rlesworth & Addis, 2002). There is of course the need to ta ke into a ccount the specia l interest of the visitors (ta rget groups). Different ca tegories of people visit the postwa r la ndsca pes, a ccording to their motiva tion, a nd the type of visitors cha nges over time. According to Lloyd (2014), there were three distinct groups of visitors to the postwa r la ndsca pes of the Western Front, between 1919-1939: a ) Tra velers, who hold a rea l interest a nd a pprecia te the mea ning of ba ttlefields or releva nt monuments, b) Tourists, who do not show much interest in the ba ttlefield or the monuments, but consider them a s tourist a ttractions a nd c) Pilgrims, who express specia l feelings or religious devotion. Visitors to postwa r la ndsca pes a re usually pilgrims ra ther tha n tourists. Pilgrima ge tra vel is a journey resulting from religious ca uses, externa lly to a holy site, interna lly for spiritua l purposes a nd understa nding (Ba rber, 1993). Pilgrims a re usua lly widows, vetera ns a nd close rela tives, descenda nts of wa r victims who a re interested in their fa mily history. Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 3 The tour in a postwa r ba ttlefield requires a cha risma tic guide who ca n cla rify wha t exa ctly ha ppened in this la ndscape a nd why. Mention the exa ct time, persons, possible ca uses a nd results of the previous conflict. Such tours a re of interest to vetera ns, history lovers, pea cema kers, milita ry men a nd educa tors. The loca l a nd economic development of postwa r la ndsca pes a nd surrounding a rea s is referred to a s a postwa r development engine in the interna tional litera ture (Va n Mispela a r, 2013) a nd it is a mixture of educa tion, environmenta l protection a nd profit. For a more complete study a nd understa nding of huma nity's wa r beha vior a nd the a cquisition of releva nt lessons, a mong others, it is necessa ry to preserve, to show off a nd to improve public a ccess to the ma teria l a nd spiritua l herita ge of wa rs. Visits, not only to the releva nt museums a nd monuments, but a lso to the ba ttlegrounds of the pa st, help visitors to perceive these fields a s historica l cultura l la ndsca pes of multiple significa nce. The presenta tion of these la ndsca pes with the a ppropria te na rra tive design help the tourists to understa nd history a nd a pprecia te the true dimensions a nd consequences of wa rs. The preserva tion of postwa r la ndsca pes a nd their promotion (Birba um, 2006) is a n extremely difficult a nd pa inful ta sk for people, beca use the borderline between injustice a nd justice is often indiscernible. Ma ny of the postwa r la ndsca pes keep a live the memories of the tra uma tic pa st a nd it is extremely da ngerous politica lly, beca use the consta nt reminder of the events, tha t ha ppened there, ca n bring certa in groups into conflict a nd threa ten the socia l cohesion of the people. However, these la ndsca pes ca n a lso function a s mea ns of tea ching a nd ra ising pub lic a wa reness, to students or to historica l tourism visitors (Tsiouri et a l., 2017), a iming a t a voiding ethnocentrism and a ny form of violence a nd highlighting the world pea ce by preventing future conflicts (Kester, 2008). But to promote a culture of pea ce, we need to tea ch the modern concept of pea ce (Sloa n, 1983, Pa pa dopoulou, 1990, Burns & Aspesla gh, 1996, Pa pa dopoulou, 2004), which, of course, is not just a sta te of non -wa r, but something broa der. This tea ching will conta in understa nding, coopera tion, q ua lity of life, freedom, individua l rights, dignity, mutua l respect, intercultura l communica tion a nd a genera l return to huma nity (Ma thaioudaki, 2004, Moschona & Efsta thiou, 2004, UN, 2015). Sloa n (1983) ha d written tha t pea ce which ignores the ecologica l crisis is not susta ina ble. Rea rdon & Nordla nd (1994) suggest the violence of a rmed conflict, the violence of oppression a nd poverty a nd ecologica l violence a re pa rt of the fra mework a nd driving force of pea ce educa tion. Simila rly, Toh & Floresca -Ca wa ga s (1987), Bjerdstedt (1990), Ca stro (2001) include violence a ga inst the Ea rth in their studies of violent tendencies tha t huma ns face on a pla netary a nd interpersona l level. Definitions of pea ce proposed by releva nt educa tors included the concept of pea ceful coexistence of ma n with na ture, suggesting, for exa mple, tha t ecologica l ba la nce must underpin a ny definition of pea ce (Hicks, 1998). The a bsence of environmenta l impa cts due to pollution a nd ra dia tion is considered one of the dimensions of pea ce. Biodiversity a nd ecologica l well-being is the founda tion of a positive a nd susta ina ble pea ce. According to Ca stro (2001) a cross-cultura l definition of the interna tiona l pea ce of peoples is linked to the susta ina bility of the Ea rth ecosystem. Ba sed on these expa nde d definitions of pea ce, environmenta l issues were included in the concepts of holistic pea ce educa tion (Toh & Floresca -Ca wa ga s, 1987, Vriens, 1990, Bjerdstedt, 1990, Rea rdon, 1999). Ma ny of the postwa r la ndsca pes, both in Greece a nd in other countries, a re pla ces for educa tiona l excursions, in the context of lea rning the loca l history, combined with pea ce a nd environmental educa tion, especia lly if the na rra tive of the la ndsca pe is ca reful a nd not propa ga ndistic. After such experiences the visitor of a postwa r la ndsca pe, goes over va rious issues such a s the mea ning of wa rs, rela ted emotions, prejudices a nd huma n potential a nd limits (Borma nis, 2010). Visits in postwa r la ndsca pes a re pa rt of the seconda ry school curriculum in some countries. In the UK the Grea t Wa r is ta ught to children, visiting the Bea umont Ha mel Newfoundla nd Memoria l Pa rk in Fra nce, where a history tea cher sta ys with the students for a t lea st a n hour a nd pa rticipa tes in a ction in a field survey of this postwa r la ndsca pe. A pa th ha s been integra ted into the la ndsca pe, which evokes to the movement of soldiers during the wa r a nd offers the visitor a new wa y of understa nding the wa r la ndsca pe (Gough, 2004). A highly visited postwa r la ndsca pe is the Peninsula Na tiona l Pa rk in Gelibolu, Turkey (Yilma z, 2008). The decla ra tion of the a rea a s a na tional pa rk wa s a first step in the effective preserva tion of the monuments of the loca l First World Wa r ba ttles, which contribute to the development of postwa r cultura l la ndsca pe tourism. Another exa mple of a n interesting postwa r la ndsca pe is the historic region of Ita ly Venezia Giulia . Friuli Venezia Giulia is – a lso known in English a s the Julia n Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 4 Ma rch. During the 19th century this a rea developed some diverse touristic destina tions a s sea side a nd therma l hea lth resorts, rock climbing a nd ca ve tours. After the First World Wa r these forms of tourism continued to develop a long with a new form, which included visiting former ba ttlefields (Šuligoj, 2016, Ka vrečič, 2017). Tourists visit, wa r la ndsca pes, wa r cemeteries, concentra tion ca mps etc. In this a rea is the Monfa lcone Theme Pa rk, which opened to the public in 2005. Visitors of this pa rk ca n explore a historic wa r zone, where severa l ba ttles took pla ce. In this pa rk there a re ma ny wa r remna nts such a s fortifica tions, trenches, a rtillery positions, memoria l stones etc. In a ddition to ordina ry touristic purposes, postwa r la ndsca pes ca n be used in releva nt environmenta l educa tion progra ms. The environmenta l educa tion tha t includes holistic a pproa ch in pea ce educa tion is most effective, pa rticula rly when it ta kes pla ce in the countryside. Well-informed a nd properly tra ined tour guides or tea chers ha ve a duty not only to increa se the number of visitors to post-wa r la ndsca pes, but a lso to contribute to the susta ina bility of the na tural ecosystems a nd peoples' pea ce. 4. Methodology The present ca se study could help other people to discover, understa nd a nd lea rn the unknown postwa r remna nts in the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki. These remna nts help visitors to a pprecia te history a nd the true dimensions and consequences of wa rs. The method used in this resea rch wa s litera ture review a nd field resea rch. In the litera ture review rela ted terms a nd subjects were studied. Postwa r well-ma na ged la ndsca pes in other countries, which a ttract visitors were a lso identified. In the context of the Ph.D. field resea rch (Tsiouri, 2022), ma ny visits to the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki were ma de in order to sea rch for interesting topics, suita ble for environmenta l educa tion, so me of which were a lso of touristic interest a s the topic of the present pa per is. During the field resea rch, Google maps a nd Wikiloc na viga tion a pplica tions were used. The Wikiloc ma p provided the most informa tion due to the a pp's a bility to ma p routes, during field resea rch. During these visits, the exa ct loca tion of the pa ths, the length a nd the va ria tion in eleva tion a long ea ch route, were ca ptured through these mobile phone na viga tion a pplica tions. The geogra phic coordina tes of the common entra nce of th e tra ils were a lso recorded. Along the routes, the current state of individua l la ndsca pes, including na tura l a nd cultura l elements, wa s photogra phed. The fina l ma p resulted from a synthesis of the Na tiona l La nd Registry a nd the Google ma ps combined with im a ges sourced from the Wikiloc a pplica tion. 5. Results and discussion The proposed pa ths (A a nd B) for tourism a nd environmenta l educa tion a re loca ted in the northea stern pa rt of the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki (Tsiouri, 2022). The entra nce to both pa ths is from the villa ge Exochi, a community of the Pyla ia -Chortia tis municipa lity. The pa rticula rity of the two pa ths is tha t they conta in postwa r elements, which a re a milita ry cemetery a nd four cylindrica l concrete fortifica tions (pill boxes) of the First Wo rld Wa r (Fig. 1). In this well-ma na ged milita ry cemetery (Fig. 2), soldiers of the Commonwea lth Na tions ha ve been buried, during the Wa r. The vegeta tion in ma ny pla ces of the pa ths is low with a domina nt species the kermes oa k (Quercus coccifera ). Figure 1 The two paths (A and B) and some characteristic sites Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 5 The 2,500 m long tra il (A) sta rts from the northea st side of the periurba n forest. The sta rting point ha s coordina tes (40°37'31.3"N 23°02'58.7"E). At this loca tion there is a postwa r memoria l element, the Kirechkoi-Horta koi cemetery (Fig. 2). The tra il then hea ds west. On this route there a re two cylindrica l concrete fortifica tions (Figs. 3 -4). The proposed pa th ends a t the second concrete fortifica tion in the Kosta ntinos or Dinovo a rea . At this point there a re some old buildings. This loca tion is a lso the highest point of this route (532 m). From this point it ha s a n a mazing pa noramic view hea ding south, towa rds the city of Thessa loniki. Figure 2 The post-war memorial element, the Kirechkoi-Hortakoi cemetery Figure 3 Cylindrical concrete fortification Figure 4 Cylindrical concrete fortification in Kostantinos area The 2,200 m long tra il (B) ha s the sa me sta rting point a s the (A) pa th, where the cemetery is loca ted. This pa th has a southwest direction a nd on this route there a re two more cylindrica l concrete fortifica tions. One is on the hill ca lled Tusla (Fig. 5), which ca nnot be distinguished due to dense vegeta tion a nd there is no suita ble a ccess pa th. The next concrete fortifica tion is on the hill ca lled Agios Pa nteleimon (Fig. 6). This loca tion ha s a lso a pa noramic view hea ding south, towa rds the city of Thessa loniki. Tra il (B) ends a t this point. Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 6 Figure 5 Concrete fortification on the hill Tusla Figure 6 Concrete fortification on the hill Agios Panteleimon Pa rts of the forest pa ths, described in this work, ha ve not been highlighted until toda y a nd the genera l public does not ha ve a ccess to the corresponding postwa r la ndsca pes. The wa r remna nts ha ve been left to the ra va ges of time and they a re more or less invisible, a s they ha ve been pa rtia lly covered by diverse vegeta tion due to na tura l ecologica l succession. It is suggested tha t the la ndsca pe a rchitect, includes the wa r tra ces in the loca l ecosystem a nd ma kes sure tha t the visitors understa nd wha t exa ctly ha ppened in this la ndsca pe a nd why. The recommended pa ths, a fter a ppropria te a rchitectura l pla nning, with na ture-friendly clea ring, proper signa ge a nd susta ina ble ma nagement, could contribute to the development of tourism a nd environmenta l educa tion. By improving a ccessibility tourists, pilgrims or students, with the help of a tour guide or environmenta l educa tion tea cher, will be a ble to ga in socia l sensitivity, to rea lize the necessity of the susta ina b ility of the cultura l la ndsca pe of the forest a nd the need to protect a nd highlight it, with a n ultima te goa l the pea ceful coexistence of na ture a nd people (Wenden, 2004, Tsiouri et a l., 2020). The pla nning a nd highlighting of postwa r la ndsca pes, with the corresponding elements of memory, is quite a common phenomenon in va rious countries. The goa l is to ena ble the visitor of a monument or a postwa r la ndsca pe, in the a bsence of a previous memory, to develop a n experience tha t will turn into a memory. To disc over the tota lity of memories, present in the huma n bra in, which represent the collective wa r experiences a nd to discover one's deepest self a nd tra nsform himself. Efforts to ra ise public a wa reness on issues of wa r, pea ce a nd na tura l environment, should sta rt from childhood with a pa rticipa tory method, which will a ctively involve students in the lea rning process a nd think critica lly (Wells & Lekies, 2006). The releva nt a ctivities a re proposed to be student -centered a nd not tea cher-centered or book-centered a nd ba sed on the a ctive a nd continuous pa rticipa tion of students in a ll pha ses of the tea ching process. Tea chers and students together become a ctive explorers of the world a nd not pa ssive recipients of knowledge (Da skolia et a l., 2020 , Bierle & Singleta ry, 2008). Experientia l-communica tive tea ching empha sizes the exercise of children's a bility to dea l with va rious socia l situa tions. It fa vors discussion a bout genuine socia l phenomena a nd often requires the tra nsfer of educa tiona l a ctivity outside the school (Bierle & Singleta ry, 2008). In a n educa tion, in which experientia l lea rning is sought a nd consequently the development of initia tive, communica tion a nd participa tion, the pla ce where a ll these ha ppen must be the right one (Georgopou los, 2014). Visitors' conta ct with such pla ces helps them rea lize their own pla ce in the globa l spa ce, their va lues, rights a nd responsibilities towa rds other peoples a nd the environment. It helps them understa nd tha t the equa l coopera tion of peoples a nd t he susta ina ble ma na gement of na tura l resources a re necessa ry for the surviva l of a ll orga nisms on the pla net (Ma ttha iouda ki, 2004). Tsiouri / The Aca demic Resea rch Community Publica tion pg. 7 6. Conclusions − The city of Thessa loniki, during its long history, wa s ma ny times a field of milita ry opera tions. These opera tions ha ve left their tra ces, ma inly on the periurba n la ndsca pe. − These wa r remna nts with a strong emotiona l significa nce, together with the la ndsca pe biodiversity, ca n be a pole of a ttra ction for visitors. − Two pa ths, connecting wa r remna nts in the northea stern pa rt of the periurba n forest of Thessa loniki a re recommended, which ha ve not been highlighted until toda y. − The purpose of the recommended tra ils is to connect a milita ry cemetery, with four cylindrica l concrete fortifica tions (pill boxes), sca ttered in the forest la ndsca pe. − These fortifica tions were built by the a llied troops of the Sa lonica front, during the First World Wa r. − Both tra ils sta rt from a cemetery, where soldiers from different na tiona lities ha ve been buried during the Wa r. − These tra ils, a fter a ppropria te a rchitectura l pla nning, could contribute to the development of tourism and environmenta l educa tion. − Improving a ccessibility, people will be a ble to ga in socia l sensitivity, to rea lize the necessity of the susta ina bility of the cultura l la ndsca pe a nd the need to protect a nd highlight it, with a n ultima te goa l the pea ceful coexistence of na ture a nd people. − Visitors to the postwa r la ndscape of the periurba n forest of Thessaloniki ca n be tourists, history lovers, milita ry men, pea cema kers, educa tors a nd descenda nts of wa r victims, who a re interested in their fa mily history. − These tra ils ca n a lso be used in the implementa tion of releva nt environmenta l educa tion progra ms. It is necessa ry for young people to come a cross with ma teria l a nd spiritua l herita ge of wa rs. − For a more complete study a nd understa nding of huma nity's wa r beha vior a nd the a cquisition of releva nt lessons, it is necessa ry to preserve, to show off a nd to improve public a ccess to the postwa r la ndsca pes. − Well-informed a nd properly tra ined tour guides or tea chers ha ve a duty not only to increa se the number of visitors to post-wa r la ndsca pes, but a lso to contribute to the susta ina bility of the na tura l ecosystems a nd peoples' pea ce. Acknowledgements The resea rch work wa s supported by the Hellenic Founda tion for Resea rch a nd Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship gra nt (Fellowship Number: 726). Funding The resea rch work wa s supported by the Hellenic Founda tion for Resea rch a nd Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship gra nt (Fellowship Number: 726). Ethics approval Not a pplica ble. 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