id	author	title	date	pages	extension	mime	words	sentence	flesch	summary	cache	txt
aiua-6565	Barbera, Michele; Tsirgiotis, Andreas; Barbera, Mauro; Paola, Quintino	The importance of citrates in treatment and prophylaxis of calcium oxalate urinary stones	2016	2	.pdf	application/pdf	913	44	55	– family history of kidney stones: is the case for example of cystine stones, due to a congenital defect of the kid- ney which cause high concentration of a poorly solu- ble amino acid in the urine (cystine) which precipi- tates forming crystals; – chronic urinary tract infections; – abuse of certain drugs or saline and vitamin sup- plements; – hyperthyroidism (catabolic effect on bone) and hyperparathyroidism (increased blood calcium); – incongruous diet; – ethnicity: increased incidence of kidney stones in white and Asian race; – climate (during the hot summer period the increased of evaporation, if not supplemented by appropriate fluid intake, increases urine concentration and the for- mation of stones). The causes of the origin of the stones have not yet been fully clarified, although some predisposing factors signif- icantly increase the likelihood the formation of the stones: – male gender: males have a 3 fold increased risk than women to develop kidney stones in the urinary tract (the highest concentration of citrate in women's urine, closely related to the estrogen rate, would explain the lower incidence of the disease in the females); – poor fluid intake: a reduced flow of urine favors the stagnation of the urine and then the precipitation of the salts contained in the urine as in the case of dehy- dration due to the increase of fluids loss (diarrhea, sweating); – age: kidney stones are formed mainly between twenty and forty years; – acidity of urine: urinary pH below 5 (with respect to some types of stones, such as uric acid, cystine, and xanthine); Archivio Italiano di Urologia e	cache/aiua-6565.pdf	txt/aiua-6565.txt