Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 950 ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATED POULTRY SCALDING AND DE-FEATHERING MACHINE A. JOHN1, D. ATADIOUS2*, E. E. ABUBAKAR3 1Welding Engineering and Offshore Technology Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. 2Mechanical Engineering Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. 3Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Petroleum Training Institute, Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author’s e-mail: atadious_d@pti.edu.ng ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT The automated poultry bird de-feathering machine is a machine which aids feather removal from birds, it helps to reduce manual labour and time spent in de- feathering process. To ensure good functionality, the boiler, scalding as well as the de-feathering compartments, were fabricated using stainless steel materials. The machine has a reservoir capacity to accommodate about 210 liters of water, a boiler compartment with 85-liter capacity. The machine uses a belt and pulley mechanism on the de-feathering compartment and a chain and sprocket mechanism on the scalding compartment. An electric motor with 3.0hp rating with 500mm and 80mm pulley on driver and driven pulley respectively were used on the de-feathering compartment, on the scalding compartment, a motor of 0.5hp with 102 teeth and 17 teeth on driver and driven sprocket were used respectively. The machine has a water pump of 1 hp which helps circulate water to the boiler, reservoir and de-feathering sprinkler hose with the help of pipes. Poultry chickens (old layer – Isa brown specie) were used to test the performance of the machine. The automated de-feathering machine has a maximum throughput capacity of 37g/s, an efficiency of 95.30%, and a de-feathering time of 32 seconds per cycle for a 10 birds capacity drum, and the processing of approximately 110 birds per hour can be achieved. Received: 8th September 2025 Revised: 11th November 2025 Accepted: 12th November 2025 Keywords: Poultry De-feathering Scalding Boiler Reservoir © 2025 Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. All rights reserved. 1.0 Introduction One of the steps taken in bird processing before it reaches the end product for cooking is de-feathering of the bird (Adetola, et al., 2023; Dickens and Shackelford 2004). De-feathering involves removing feathers from the slaughtered birds, traditionally, in this part of the world, it is done manually by the use of hand after it has been soaked in hot water for a few minutes (Adetola, et al., 2023). This process results in low output, time consuming, tedious, and could lead to injury (Ogundipe and Sanni 2002). There is therefore a need to design and develop machines using locally sourced materials to minimize cost, avoid supply disruptions, create jobs, and simplify maintenance (Ocheri, et al., 2018; Adetola, et al., 2023). It takes an average of 5 minutes for a person to de-feather a bird while the machine processing of a bird that is lowered into hot water at 80oC – 85oC takes 40 – 50 seconds (David, 1999). The objective of a centralized poultry processing paltry of any scale of operation is to produce hygienic, wholesome, and attractive birds of consistent quality and high standard (Buckland, 2005). De-feathering machine saves time, easy to operate and better picking is achieved (Ogundipe and Sanni 2002). Mechanical de- feathering employs various de-feather mechanism such as rubber finger, rotating plate, drum and angle bar mechanism (Adetola, et al., 2023; Dickens and Shackelford 2004). This is done after slaughtering the birds which is accompanied by bleeding period (Adetola, et al., 2023). The carcass is removed and lowered into a tank of heated water to a certain temperature and plucked (Ogundipe and Sanni 2002). AZOJETE December 2025. Vol.21(4):950-961 Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818 https://doi.org/10.63958/AZOJETE/2025/21/04/006 www.azojete.com.ng mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng mailto:atadious_d@pti.edu.ng http://www.azojete.com.ng/ Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 951 The use of de-feathering machine in processing poultry has contributed tremendously to the successful processing of dressed and Hygienic chicken for consumption (Jekayinfa, 2007; Adetola, et al., 2023). Additionally, de-feathering machine overcomes the tediousness, time consumption, messy handling, and discouragement in the process of hand de-feathering (Adetola, et al., 2023). Also, there is mass production of processed chicken in de-feathering machine than hand de-feathering (Adetola, et al., 2023; Awotunde, et al., 2018). It is noteworthy that there are three different ways in which feathers can be removed completely from the chicken; the first is for broilers only and is by hand, the feathers are simply pulled from the carcass and placed in a feather bin (David, 1999). This method takes a lot of time; it is tedious and results in low output, (David, 1999; Mady and Obaia 2018). The second method is by holding the carcass against rubber fingers protruding from a continuously rotating horizontal drum, the drum rotates away from the operator and the feathers follow until they are thrown towards the back of the machine (David, 1999). The bird is held with a leg in each hand and laid firmly on its left breast on the rotating rubber fingers; it is agitated backwards and forwards to pluck the left breast and thigh; the bird is turned over to pluck the right breast and thigh (David, 1999). Both legs are taken in the left hand and the tail feathers gripped in the right hand before pulling them out with a twisting movement (David, 1999). The third method uses a bowl de-feather; scaled birds, to a weight specified by the manufacturer, are placed in the bowl de-feather chute which passes into the body of the machine, the machine is stopped and a door to the bottom of the machine is opened and the plucked carcasses emerge ready for further processing (David, 1999; Ogundipe and Sanni,2002; Mady and Obaia 2018). Time taken in the de-feathering bowl will depend on the nature of the bird, its age, and processing conditions etc. (David, 1999). In Nigeria, fast food business is fast growing so also is the population of people eating chicken during festivals and other ceremonies (Ogundipe and Sanni, 2002). Therefore, there arises the need to design and develop a de-feathering machine that will be low cost, rugged, simple, with locally sourced materials (Adetola, et al., 2023). 2. Materials and Methods The de-feathering machine operates on the principle of a belt-driven pulley and abrasion where rubbers fingers in rotary motion hit the birds and pluck their feathers (Tanimola, et al., 2014). The scalding compartment (a hot water bath where stunned birds are immersed to loosen their feathers), operates on the principle of chain and sprocket drive which tilts at an angle of 110 degrees and returns to position. The test operation was carried out with two, five and ten birds respectively, and their weights recorded. The boiler heats up the water to a temperature of 75oC, which is emptied into the scalding bucket to soak the birds for 45 seconds before it was emptied into the de-feathering compartment. The scalding bucket waits for 4 seconds there returning to its original position. The de-feathering machine rotated for 30 seconds and then stops. All operations were automated according to the control sequence. 2.1 Mechanical Design Theory 1. Pulley Design The relationship is given by Equation (1): 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 = 𝑑2 𝑑1 1 where; d1 = small pulley diameter, d2 = large pulley diameter, N1 = small pulley speed and N2 = large pulley speed, Khurmi and Gupta (2005). 2. Electric Motor Selection The relationship is given by Equation (2): 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑇 ∗ 𝜔 2 where T = Torque, 𝜔 = angular speed, and Pout = power output 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜔) = 2𝜋𝑁 60 3 http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 952 where; N= number of speed 3. Centrifugal force The relationship is given by Equation (4): 𝐹𝐶 = 𝑚𝜔2𝑟 4 where m = mass of birds, r = radius of compartment 4. Belt Selection The belt length is given by Equation (5) as: L = π [ (𝐷 + 𝑑) 2 + 2𝑥 + (𝐷 − 𝑑) 4𝑥 ] 5 where L = total length of belt, 𝑥 = distance between the centres of two pulley, D = large diameter, d = small diameter (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005). 5. Power transmitted by the belt The power transmitted by a given belt drive is represented in Equation (6) as: 𝑃 = (𝑇1 − 𝑇2)𝑣 6 where P = power, T1 = Tension of tight side of the belt, T2 = Tension of slack side of the belt and v = velocity (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005). The belt tensions are given by Equation (7): 𝑇1 𝑇2 = 𝑒𝑈𝜃 7 6. Shaft design Equation (8) is the used to determine the diameters of a shaft 𝑇 𝐽 = 𝐺𝜃 𝐿 = 𝜏 𝑟 8 where T = twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft, J = polar moment of inertia r = radius, G = modulus of rigidity, θ = angle of twist, L=Length of shaft, 𝜏 = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005). 7. Rate of heat flow The heat loss in the Scalding compartment is given by Equation (9): 𝑄 = 𝜆𝐴 𝑋 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2) 9 where 𝜆 = Thermal conduction of material, A = Area of the cylinder, T1 = temperature of water, T2 = Temperature on boiler cylinder wall, x = Thickness of material 8. Chain drive The velocity ratio of a chain drive given in Equation (10) as: V. R = 𝑇1 𝑇2 = 𝑁1 𝑁2 10 where T1=Number of teeth on the smaller sprocket, T2= number of teeth on the bigger sprocket, 𝑁1 =speed of rotation of smaller sprocket in r.p.m, and 𝑁2 =Speed of rotation of bigger sprocket in r.p.m (Khurmi and Gupta, 2005). http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 953 9. Torque for scalding controller The Equation (11) gives the relationship to determine the torque: Torque 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑟 11 where F = force (weight on the compartment), r = radius of scalding compartment 10. Pump selection The selection criteria for the pump are given in Equations (12) and (13): Hydraulic power of the pump 𝑃ℎ = 𝑄𝜌𝑔ℎ 3.68 × 106 12 where Q = flowrate, ρ = density, g = acceleration due to gravity, h= total head Discharge and velocity (Nakayama and Boucher, 2000). 𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉 13 where, A = Area of flow, V = Velocity of flow 2.2 Mechanical Design Specifications Table 1 gives a detailed specification and mechanical design values of the de-feathering machine. Table 1: Specification of the De-feathering Machine Description of Items Machine parts/Specification Mechanism Pulley, Belt and chain, sprocket drive Target costumer Farmers and small scale industry and home use. Prime mover Electric Motor Mode of operation Automatic Motor specification for de-feathering machine. 3HP motor Major pulley diameter on de-feathering machine 500mm diameter Minor pulley for electric motor 80mm diameter Major sprocket on scalding section 102 teeth Minor sprocket on scalding section 17 teeth live stocks Birds, goose and duck Machine dimension 163cm ×127cm×117cm Manufacturing Machining, Assembling and Welding Cylinder diameter and height for boiler 380mm×310cm Cylinder diameter and height for scalding 590mm×310cm Cylinder diameter and height for de-feathering 610m×460cm Reservoir specification 152cm×40cm×42cm Water pump specification 1 HP Motor specification for scalding machine 0.5 HP Heat loss 3.0 watts The pictorial design of the poultry bird de-feathering machine is shown in Plate 1 http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 954 Plate 1: Poultry Birds De-feathering Machine Figure 1: Orthographic View http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 955 Figure 2: Labeled Details of De-feathering Machine 2.3 Electrical Design Theory 1. Peak inverse voltage The peak inverse voltage is given in Equation (14) as: Peak inverse voltage Piv = √2 X Vrms 14 where Vrms = Transformer output voltage (Theraja and Theraja 2007). 2. Selection of the filter capacitor (C1) The filter capacitor is selected using Equation (15): 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑉𝑑 − 𝑉𝑐 = 0 15 where 𝑉𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑘 = 𝐵𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡, 𝑉𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 3. Capacitor capacitance SELECTION The capacitance of the capacitor is selected using Equation (16): C = Q ∆𝑉 16 where 𝑄 = charged stored ∆V = difference between maximum peak voltage and the minimum peak voltage 4. Selection of the switching transistor This selection of the switching transistor is based on Equations (17) and (18): Relay Coil Current = Relay Coil Voltage Relay Coil Resistance 17 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 18 where I꞊ Current, V꞊ voltage (Theraja and Theraja, 2007). The Table 2 provides detailed specification and electrical/electronic design values of the de-feathering machine. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 956 Table 2: Specification for Electrical/Electronic Components Description of Items Machine parts/Specification Voltage Regulator 7812 IC Rating: VMax=12V, VMin=11.8V 7805 IC Rating: VMax=5.2V, VMin=4.8V Transformer 75VA 220/15v center tapped Rectifying Circuit IN4007 Diodes Filter Capacitor 40V Capacitor Capacitance 100nF Switching Transistor ULN2003 Controller Unit ATmega328P-PU Microcontroller 2.3.1 Power supply unit This unit converts the 220V AC to 5V DC required by the circuit; the design of the circuit diagram of the power supply unit is shown in Figure 3 (Idim and Iyere, 2020). Figure 3: Power Supply Unit 2.3.2 The display unit This unit provides a visual display of the water level inside the reservoir; the unit, in-conjunction with the HMI unit also creates a platform that enables the user to input the SET Point (Mbonu and Ikpo, 2022). Figure 4 shows the display unit Interface with the controller unit. Selection of the display unit A 20 x 4 liquid - crystal display (20 characters per Row, 4 Rows) was selected; the display unit gets its DATA from the Controller Unit that is connected to The PC4 and PC5 PINS of the Atmega328P-PU Microcontroller (Mbonu and Ikpo, 2022). 2.3.3 The FCE and FCE control unit The Final Control Element (FCE) was implemented with a 220VAC 1/2hp Water pump; the FCE Control unit is a switching circuit that assists the Controller unit to switch the Pump ON and OFF (Ebegba, 2019). Figure 5 shows the FCE control unit: 2.3.4 The controller unit This unit is the heart of the entire system; it performs the entire logic of the system (Idim and Iyere, 2020). The ATmega328P-PU Microcontroller was selected and was biased with a 16MHz Crystal oscillator and two (2) 22pF Capacitors; this is shown in Figure 6. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 957 Figure 4: Display Unit Interface with the Controller unit Figure 5: FCE Control Unit Figure 6: The Controller Unit 2.4 Software Design The software design is divided into three stages; these are algorithm generation, flow chat representation and coding (Nwukor, 2020). C1 22 pf C2 22 pf http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 958 2.4.1 Algorithm Generation An algorithm is a statement of the procedure adopted in solving a problem; the sequence of the system operation is stated below (Nwukor, 2020). 1. Initialize the system at startup. 2. Initialize the displays with “0-100 Level Rig” 3. Get Process Level from the pressure transmitter. 4. Update the display unit based on the sensor reading. 5. Update the Pump control unit. 6. End process. 2.4.2 Flow Chart The flow chart gives a graphical representation of the sequence of program execution; the flow chart for the system is given in Figure 7 (Idim and Iyere, 2020). Figure 7: Flow Chart 2.4.3 Coding The code was written in C language (Idim and Iyere, 2020). The code contains the instruction of program to direct the affairs of the water level controller (Idim and Iyere, 2020; Nwukor, 2020). There are five subroutines in the complete code; each subroutine performs specific function as group of instructions (Idim and Iyere, 2020; Nwukor, 2020). The subroutine and functions are stated as follows; 1. Initialization – This subroutine initializes the microcontroller including preloading the counters and reference values for the system, 2. Read Level – This subroutine makes the controller to get the process level the ADC output and store the value into its data memory, 3. Conversion – This subroutine converts the value read to the equivalent level, 4. Update Display – The subroutine enables the controller to display value on the LCD display, and 5. Update Control – This subroutine enables the microcontroller to control the switching circuit (Idim and Iyere, 2020; Nwukor, 2020). START Initialize internal Get level of the process from ADC END Update Display unit Update the Pump Control Unit http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 959 3. Results and Discussion The result of the test carried out shows that the heating process took a total of 45 minutes to heat the water up to 75oC and the scalding time was 45 seconds. The scalding bucket was programmed to delay for 4 seconds before returning to its initial position. De-feathering bucket then operates for 30 seconds and stops after the birds were completely processed. Furthermore, the total time taken from start to finish was 46 minutes 19 seconds to de-feather the birds. The average time taken for de-feathering during a repeat cycle (scalding and de-feathering) takes a total of 76.33 seconds. The de-feathering bucket was designed to accommodate 10 – 15 birds depending on their sizes. However, the results for de-feathering two, five and ten birds are shown in Tables 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Table 3: De-feathering Data for Two (2) Birds Weight of Chicken before plucking (kg) Weight of Chicken after plucking (kg) Weight of feather (kg) Plucking time (sec) Scalding time (sec) 2.6 2.5 0.1 30 45 2.54 2.4 0.14 5.14 4.9 0.24 30 45 Average weight of feather per second (throughput capacity) = 0.24 30 = 0.008 𝑘𝑔 𝑠⁄ 𝑜𝑟 8.00𝑔/𝑠 Average feathering efficiency = 4.90 5.14 𝑋100% = 95.33% Table 4: De-feathering Data Five (5) Birds Weight of Chicken before plucking (kg) Weight of Chicken after plucking (kg) Weight of feather (kg) Plucking time (sec) Scalding time (sec) 2.54 2.43 0.11 31 45 2.57 2.44 0.13 2.53 2.4 0.13 2.6 2.49 0.11 2.58 2.46 0.12 12.82 12.22 0.6 31 45 Average weight of feather per second (throughput capacity) = 0.60 31 = 0.0194 𝑘𝑔 𝑠⁄ 𝑜𝑟 19.36𝑔/𝑠 Average feathering efficiency = 12.22 12.82 𝑋100% = 95.32% Table 5: De-feathering Data Ten (10) Birds Weight of Chicken before plucking (kg) Weight of Chicken after plucking (kg) Weight of feather (kg) Plucking time (sec) Scalding time (sec) 2.56 2.43 0.13 33 45 2.51 2.4 0.11 2.54 2.42 0.12 2.62 2.49 0.13 2.58 2.44 0.14 2.61 2.48 0.13 2.58 2.46 0.12 2.55 2.42 0.13 2.51 2.4 0.11 2.53 2.43 0.1 25.59 24.37 1.22 33 45 http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 960 Average weight of feather removed per second (throughput capacity) = 0.60 31 = 0.0194 𝑘𝑔 𝑠⁄ 𝑜𝑟 19.36𝑔/𝑠 Average defeathering efficiency = 24.37 25.59 𝑋100% = 95.23% The results obtained from Table 3 shows that the defeathering efficiency is 95.33% while the throughput capacity is 8.00 g/s, whereas the results from Table 4 indicates an increase in the throughput capacity of the machine at 19.36 g/s with five birds being processed, however, its efficiency of 95.32 % remain the same when compared with the result from Table 2. Again, when the processed birds were increased to ten, the result obtained from Table 5 shows a further increase in throughput capacity of 37.00 g/s and an efficiency of 95.23 %. These results indicates that, the throughput capacity of the machine increases as the number of birds in the de-feathering drum is increased to its design capacity, without affecting the overall efficiency of the machine. 4. Conclusion The automated scalding and de-feathering machine was fabricated from locally sourced materials. It has the potential to de-feather 10 chickens in a single repeat cycle. The performance evaluation of the machine gave a throughput capacity of 37g/s, with an efficiency of 95.30%, for a 10 birds capacity drum. A de-feathering time of 32 seconds per cycle was achieved, this shows that the machine can process an average of 110 birds per hour. However, several constraints were encountered, which limited certain functionalities that could have been included in the project. These constraints include enabling the system to recycle the scalding water to help conserve energy and reduce the heating up time; increasing the boiler size to ensure multiple operations with a single batch of heating. Therefore, there are opportunities for the system to be upgraded to incorporation (IoT) technology for improved performance and control, and deployed for use in industrial for bird de-feathering. References Adetola, OA., Oliwajana, AS., and Akpan, VD. 2023. Modification and Testing of a Poultry Bird Defeathering Machine. Proceedings of the 2023 School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET) Annual Conference, FUTA, 7th – 9th November, 2023, 86 – 91. Awotunde, OW., Adeyeye, K., Ponle, EA., and Fatukasi, SO. 2018. Development of a Defeathering Machine from Locally Sourced Materials. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 9(5): 1-7. Buckland, C. 2005. Small Scale Poultry Processing, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 98, https//www.openknowledgefao.org, accessed 21 November, 2024. David, RA. 1999. “You can build your mechanical plucker. (Whizbang)” https://www.FAO.org, 21st Nov 2024 Dickens, JA and Shackelford, AD. 2004. Feather Releasing Force Related to Stunning, Scalding Time and Scalding Temperature. Poultry Science Journal vol. 67, 1069 – 1074. Ebegba, D. 2019. Design and Implementation of Liquid Level Detector using Ultrasonic Sensor. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4(9): 499 – 504 Idim, A., Iyere, SF. 2020. Design and Implementation of GSM Enabled Remote Sensor for Monitoring Power Transformer Operation. American Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 4(2): 62-71. doi: 10.11648/j.ajece.20200402.15 Jekayinfa, SO. 2007. Energetic Analysis of Poultry Processing Operations. Leonado Journal of Science, 10: 77- 92. Khurmi, RS., and Gupta, JK. 2005. A Textbook of Machine Design. 14th Edition; Eurasia Publishing house India. Mady, MAA. and Obaia, AR. 2018. Manufacture and Performance Valuation of Poultry Plucker Suitable For Small Farms. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 35 (2): 407 – 422 http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, December 2025; Vol. 21(4): 950-961. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s email address: atadiousd@pti.edu.ng 961 Mbonu, WE. and Ikpo, KUW. 2022. Design and Implementation of a Level Control System with Real Time Data Acquisition and Logging via Internet of Things. International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development. 5(4): 945 – 950. Nakayama, Y., and Boucher, RF. 2000. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. Butterworth - Heinemann, Great Britain. Nwukor, FN 2020. Implementation of Car Tracking System using GSM/GPS. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 10(3): 399 – 403 Ocheri, C., Aigbodion, VS., Agboola, JB., Mbah, CN., Mbah, AC. 2018. Design and Construction of Rock Crushing Machine from Locally Sourced Materials for Indigenous Use. Aspects Min Miner Sci. 2(2): 197 – 207 Ogundipe, SO. and Sanni, SA. 2002. Economics of Poultry Production in Nigeria a Training Workshop Manual. National Animal Production Research Institute, ABU, Shika, Zaria Nigeria. Pp. 27-45. Tanimola, OA., Diabana, PD. and Bankole, YO. 2014. Design and Development of a De-Feathering Machine. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(6): 208-214 Theraja, BL. and Theraja, AK 2007. Electrical Technology, S.C and Company. New Delhi, India, 23rd Edition. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:atadiousd@pti.edu.ng