ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT
AZOJETE, June, 2019. Vol. 15(2):226-236

Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818

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226

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN PROJECT
INFORMATION EXCHANGE IN NIGERIAN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Y. U. Datti1*, A. Dahiru1 and O. Olamilokun2
(1Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Nigeria
2Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Environmental Science, Kaduna State University Kaduna, Nigeria)

*Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yudatti.qs@buk.edu.ng

ARTICLE INFORMATION

Submitted 13 June, 2018
Revised 25 January, 2019
Accepted 13 June, 2019

Keywords:
Construction project
Information exchange
Information technology
Information acquisition
Information dissemination.

ABSTRACT
Information Technology (IT) has been applied by various industries with
significant improvement in the practice and strategic standing of the
industries. Its successful application is evident in manufacturing,
petroleum, banking, aerospace and military industries. However, despite
this evidential benefit as a result of IT adoption, delayed receipt of project
information and/or loss of the project data/information are still prevalent
in the Nigerian construction industry. To reduce these inefficiencies in the
data management of the industry, this study investigates the medium of
project information exchange and examine the order of IT adoption in the
Nigerian Construction industry. A quantitative approach using
questionnaire survey was employed. Structured questionnaires were
distributed among quantity surveyors in contracting, consulting and
public sector. The resultant data was analyzed using descriptive statistical
tool. The results revealed the dominance of the paper-based medium
over the use of IT tools in information acquisition and dissemination in
the construction industry. About three-quarter of drawings, specifications
and schedules were acquired through printed copy (paper based), and
only about one-tenth of these information were acquired through email
and disk/flash. While about four-fifth of the bills of quantities, claims and
final account documents/information were being disseminated through
the traditional paper-based printed copy, and less than one-tenth of
these information are being disseminated through email and disk/flash.
The order of IT adoption and use in information acquisition in the
Nigerian Construction industry was found to be paper based medium,
then followed by online medium, email and others (mobile) came third
and fourth respectively, while disk/flash and came fifth and sixth in
ranking. Furthermore, in contrast to the order of IT adoption and use in
information acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry, paper-
based and disk/flash medium came first and second in order of
information dissemination. Emails and online medium came 3rd and 4th
in place, while fax and others (such as mobile phone), came 5th and 6th in
adoption and use. Thus, for construction professionals in developing
countries to reap the benefit of IT, it must go beyond the use of paper
based medium to the use of IT tools for the acquisition and dissemination
of information in the industry.

© 2019 Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. All rights reserved.

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1.0 Introduction
The world is undergoing profound and rapid changes due to the development of information
super highway. The digital revolution in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has
created a platform for a free flow of information, ideas and knowledge across the globe
(Shafique and Mahmood, 2008). This development has provided the potential for bringing
significant changes in the use of data, and information in the construction industry (Datti, 2017).
The main project participants in a typical construction project in Nigeria are the client, his team
of professional advisers (consultants), the main contractor, subcontractors and suppliers. The
team of consultants is traditionally made up of architects, engineers and quantity surveyors. The
consultants produce the documents/information (drawings, bills of quantities, specifications,
equipment schedule) which at some point will be required by all the project participants during
the project lifetime.
Project information exchange between the various project stakeholders has traditionally been
based mainly on such paper documents as architectural and engineering drawings, specifications,
bills of quantities and material schedules (Luiten et al., 1998). Duyshart (1997) noted much of this
to involve duplication, continual translation and transcription from one medium or form to
another, as well as the loss of information. Thus the practice is far from being satisfactory, as
about two thirds of construction problems are blamed on inadequate communication and
exchange of information and data (Cornick, 1990). The use of ICT not only minimizes such
problems but also helps to improve the process (Oladapo, 2007; Ferry et al., 1999). This explains
the current paradigm shift being experienced in the construction industry from traditional
paper-based to digitally based information exchange, which other industries such as aircraft
manufacturing and banking have adopted and benefited from long ago (Rivard et al., 2004). As
more and more computers are connected through the internet to form the worldwide web, thus
allowing firms located on different streets or in different cities, provinces, countries, or even
continents to readily exchange information, the reach and benefits of ICT to industries and
organizations have indeed become global.
Smith (2003) asserted that the preparation of bills of quantities in the traditional paper based
mode is tedious and time consuming and typically accounts for approximately 80% of the total
time spent in preparing tenders, budgeting estimates and cost plans. Removing much of the
drudgery, albeit the traditional ‘bread and butter’, of the profession will provide practitioners
with more time to focus on developing sophisticated cost management systems and a wider
range of value added services (Smith, 2003). Microelectronics coupled with computing and
telecommunications is revolutionizing the handling and storing of information. Microelectronics
has made it possible to store, retrieve, rearrange and disseminate large amounts of information
almost instantly. A combination of computing and telecommunication has made it possible to
communicate over great distances and with a large number of people (Fryer, 1990). For instance
a drawing can be revised on a computer in Lagos and accurately reproduced on paper in Kano,
only second later. As information flows increasingly become electronic quantity surveying
computing facilities, software and data bases will need to develop in a compatible manner. It is
inevitable that documentation and data will be increasingly automated to the point where
measurement and other technical processes will require minimal human intervention (Smith,
2003).
Even where contract information is not presented to the contractor in electronic format,
computer software has now made it possible to use scanning devices to allow the rapid transfer

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Datti, et al: Assessment of Information Technology Adoption in Project Information Exchange in Nigerian Construction
Industry. AZOJETE, 15(2):226-236. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yudatti.qs@buk.edu.ng 228

of information from bills of quantities, without the need for rekeying of information avoiding the
tedium and possible errors in transformation that might occur (Ashworth, 2002). The entire cost
database systems of estimation are now stored on computer, so that outputs and current prices
can easily and routinely be updated and then applied to the individual items in the bills of
quantities allowing the estimator more time for analysis and evaluation of the project (Ashworth,
2002).
The widespread everyday use of plain paper facsimiles modems and e-mail has resulted in
instantaneous’ communication that has never previously been possible or expected. It could be
argued that this has resulted in compression of time scales and deadlines that are not
necessarily always to the advantage of those charged with providing professional advice. At a
basic level, the widespread use of common computer software, such as spreadsheets, has
relieved much of the laborious and mundane nature of data manipulation in everyday situations,
for example, the preparation and presentation of valuations (Ferry, 1999).
Additionally, Rivard et al. (2004) carried out studies on the use of IT in the Canadian construction
industry and reported that many of them were at the cutting edge in their use of IT for
construction operation and processes. However, despite this evidential benefit as a result of IT
adoption, delayed receipt of project information and/or loss of the project data/information are
still prevalent in the Nigerian construction industry. For example, Anigbogu and Anunike (2014)
and Bamisile (2004) asserted that details of working drawings and many important specifications
are frequently omitted, Anigbogu and Anunike (2014) revealed alarming rate of inconsistencies
between contract drawings, bill of quantities and contract drawings and significant increase in
incomplete information for construction purposes that reach an alarming rate of 73% in some
instances. While Ogunbayo (2013) showed that communication breakdown was the number one
cause of conflict in the Nigerian construction industry and suggested that the best tactics in
reducing conflict is to improve communication channels. Kululanga et al., (2001) identified four
sources of conflict in construction which are errors, defects and omissions in contract documents,
underestimating the real cost of the project in the beginning. However, it is against these
negative practices that the study investigates the mechanism of project information exchange
and examines the order of IT adoption in the Nigerian Construction industry with a view to
reducing inefficiencies in data management in the industry.

2.0 Materials and Methods
This paper investigated the mechanism of project information and examine the order of IT
adoption in the Nigerian Construction industry. Two methods seem adequate for this purpose:
survey research and observation research. The survey research method was chosen for this study,
been a much economical and convenient method of collecting data. It tends to be less time
demanding upon its subsequent administration and provided more untied up time for use in
other aspect of the research endeavours (Kolo, 2005). The target population for the survey
research was Quantity surveyors in contracting, consulting and public sector organization.
Information about the respondents’ qualifications and experiences were generated and analyzed
graphically. More importantly, data on the mode of acquisition of information and dissemination
by the respondents were generated from the questionnaire. Collecting information from the
whole of the population would undoubtedly result in a true representation of the population but
an attempt at such is prohibitively expensive and practically impossible within the confines of
resource constraints. Hence, the need to select appropriate sampling technique. De Vaus (1991)

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identified two types of sampling method for a survey research: probability and non-probability
samples. He advised that the probability samples are preferred "because they are more likely to
produce representative samples and enable estimates of the sample's accuracy". Hence, the
choice of the probability sample type for the purpose of this study.

2.1 Survey Techniques/Methods
Basically, data can be collected by observation, in-depth interview, content analysis, and/or
through questionnaire amongst other known techniques. The questionnaire technique was
found to be very suitable for the needs of this survey for been quick, allowing wide geographic
coverage and allowing ample time for the respondents to check fact and give accurate answers
(Fellows and Liu, 2008). Additionally, Denscombe (2010) asserted questionnaires to be
economical, in the sense that they can supply a considerable amount of research data for a
relatively low cost in terms of materials, money and time and relatively easy to arrange. Of the
three methods of administration identified by (De Vaus 1991) viz: face-to-face, telephone and
mail, the face-to-face method was adopted. This is due to the fact that the method allows quick
dispatch, assurance of delivery and efficient response rate in terms of general and specialized
samples. A total of 190 sets of questionnaires were distributed amongst various quantity
surveying consulting firms in a random manner. An appreciable 70% were returned duly filled.
These dully filled and returned sets were carefully sorted, presented and analysed using
descriptive statistical tool.

3.0 Results and Discussion
Upon sorting and collating the questionnaires, they were studied to bring out likely patterns of
the responses gathered. An appropriate tool for presenting such patterns is the Chart. For the
purpose of this research, two types of charts were used – the bar charts and the pie charts.
Presented below are the percentage distributions of the patterns of responses gathered during
the field survey.

3.1 Information about the respondents
Figure 1 above shows the level of educational attainment of the respondents. It indicates that
majority of the respondents (38.10%) were ‘PGD holders’ while 28.70% of them had a first
degree. Added to their educational attainment, 38% of the respondents are ‘Associate members’
of their respective professional bodies, with 19% of them being ‘Fellows’ as shown on Figure 2.
Thus, the aforementioned revelations suggest that the responses gathered were from a sample
of qualified and experienced personal as further depicted in Figure 3 which further affirm to the
reliability of the data source and its confidence level. This implies that the results presented in
the figure are reliable for the study considering the respondents’ qualifications and experiences
obtained in the construction industry.

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Datti, et al: Assessment of Information Technology Adoption in Project Information Exchange in Nigerian Construction
Industry. AZOJETE, 15(2):226-236. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yudatti.qs@buk.edu.ng 230

Figure 1: Respondents’ Academic Qualification

Figure 2: Respondents Professional Attainment

As much as 43% of the respondents did acquire over ‘16’ years of working experience with about
33% of them having between ‘5 to 10’ years as indicated in Figure 3. In furtherance 5% of the
respondents have experiences ranging between ‘11 to 15’ years, while only 19% of the
respondents have less than 5years of experience. This indicates that responses were gathered
from qualified and experienced personnel which further attest to the reliability of the result.

Figure 3: Respondents Working Experience

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Figure 4 shows the respondents’ profiles by job environment. Majority of the respondents
worked in consulting organization. Almost one-third of the respondents work in contracting
organization job environment and about one-third work in public bodies (Government,
Ministries, Agencies and Parastatals). Thus, the aforementioned revelations suggest that the
responses gathered were from a fairly balance sample of personnel across the job environment
with the unique characteristics of each section fairly captured and true representation of the
population reflected in the result. This is in line with the objectivity of the study as the opinions
of the respondents across the various job environments have been captured and reflected in the
result.

Figure 4: Respondents Current Career/Job Environment
Figure 5 display means of acquiring information by the respondents. Majority of the respondents
acquired information through traditional paper-based (printed copy). About three-quarter of the
drawings, specifications and schedules documents/information are being acquired through
printed copy (paper based). While only about one-tenth of these information are acquired
through email and disk/flash. The least acquired information through the traditional paper based
copy are building cost indices, government regulations and tender price indices, with only one-
third of these information being acquired through the printed copy form. This supports the
findings of (Oladapo, (2007 and Oyediran and Odusami, 2005) of the dominance of paper-based
medium in project information exchange in Nigeria. However, the reduction in paper-based
operation in quantity surveying offices as reported by (Rivard, 2004) has not been observed. It is
interesting to notes that about half of the respondents that were asked about government
regulations, building cost indices and tender prices do not respond to these questions. This low-
response is partly due to non-availability of building cost and tender price indices information in
the public domain of the Nigerian construction industry, and also for the fact that government
regulations on the industry is been carried out weakly with less information been provided,
hence, the higher non-response rate by the respondents. This support the findings of (Anigbogu
and Anunike, 2014) that regulatory framework is weak and that there are few existing national
standards relating to building construction, many of which are not known (Bamisile, 2004 and
Anny et al., 2015). Though there were attempts by the Nigerian institute of Quantity Surveyors to
generate the databases for these indices, but till now, this has not come to fruition. Acquisition
of information through online medium by the respondents also put a strong show by coming
second after the traditional paper-based medium as illustrated in Figure 5. The top three data

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Datti, et al: Assessment of Information Technology Adoption in Project Information Exchange in Nigerian Construction
Industry. AZOJETE, 15(2):226-236. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yudatti.qs@buk.edu.ng 232

that are acquired through online medium are professional publications, 25%; standard/guides,
20% and manufacturer’s catalogue, 19%. As compared to drawings, specification and schedules
which can be referred to as component part of the contract documents, there has been some
significant growth of online medium for project information exchange for non-contract related
information. For instance, the online medium adoption increased from one-tenth for acquiring
drawings and other contract related documents to one-fifth for standard/guides and
manufacturer’s catalogue and to a maximum adoption of one-quarter for professional
publications. This might be due to the rising contention of the legality of contracts online or by
email which makes legal responsibilities in an environment that the contract is not paper-based
unclear (O’Brien, 2000). Despite wide availability and penetration of internet and email in the
industry as reported by (Datti, 2017; Oyediran and Odusami, 2005; Deng, et al. 2001, Rivard,
2000), their adoption in project exchange seems to be quite low. Additionally, the significant
increase in usage of online medium for non-contract related information such as professional
publications, standard/guides and manufacturer’s catalogue might be due to the recognition of
the potential improvements to be gained through the adoption of IT tools in project information
exchange as predicted by many among whom is Oyediran and Odusami (2005). Buttressing the
above point for non-contract related information, while email is not as prevalent as online
medium, but its adoption is increasing from one document to another as illustrated in the figure
5.

Figure 5: Mode of Acquisition of Information

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Additionally, disk/flash and fax comes 5th and 6th respectively in order of hierarchy of adoption
for information acquisition by the respondents. Thus, the above result illustrates the dominance
of traditional means of information acquisition over the use of IT tools and it also demonstrates
the order of preference of each medium over the other in information acquisition in Nigerian
construction industry. This peculiar trend is depicted graphically in Figure 6 in order of
preference and adoption.

Figure 6: IT ladder and trend in Information Acquisition in the Nigerian Construction Industry

3.2 Mode of Dissemination of Information
The distribution of responses with respect to the mode of dissemination of information by QSs is
shown in Figure 7. Majority of the respondents disseminates information through printed copy
(paper based). About four-fifth of the Bills of Quantities, Claims and final account
documents/information were being disseminated through the traditional paper-based printed
copy. While less than one-tenth of these information are being disseminated through email and
disk/flash. This might be due to the complicated nature of information exchange in the industry
where amendment of drawings and bills are common which requires to be in hardcopy with
signature affixed to it and acknowledgement of the receipt by the parties is expected to be in
writing. Hence, sending messages the in an electronic form cannot complete these endorsement
procedures. The least disseminated information through the traditional paper based copy are
feasibility reports and financial statements, with about half of these information being
disseminated through the printed copy form. Despite being the least information been
disseminated through paper-based medium, more than half of these documents are being
disseminated over the paper-based medium. This equally shows the dominance of traditional
paper-based medium over the use of IT tools, which support the findings of (Oladapo, 2007).
Additionally, the dominance of paper-based medium in information dissemination seems to be
slightly higher than dominance of paper-based medium in acquiring information.
Furthermore, in contrast to the response by the respondents on the second most preferred
medium for information acquisition after the paper-based medium, the second most preferred
medium for information dissemination is disk/flash. Emails and online medium come 3rd and 4th
in place in terms of usage in information dissemination. While, fax and others (such as mobile)
comes 5th and 6th in preference as shown in Figure 7. This go against the findings of Oladapo
(2007) and Oyediran and Odusami (2005) that reported widespread use of basic IT tools for
accounting, word processing, spreadsheets and e-mail. Thus, the order of preference by the
respondents for information dissemination in descending order can be graphically illustrated as
follows:

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Datti, et al: Assessment of Information Technology Adoption in Project Information Exchange in Nigerian Construction
Industry. AZOJETE, 15(2):226-236. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yudatti.qs@buk.edu.ng 234

Figure 7: Mode of Information Dissemination by the Respondents

Figure 8 display the IT ladder and trend in information dissemination in the Nigerian
construction industry. This can be seen in their preference for open, sophisticated and easily
verifiable IT tools after paper based medium in acquiring than in disseminating information. For
instance, in acquiring information, online medium comes in higher preference order than emails,
and email comes in higher preference order than others (mobiles) and it continues down to fax,
which is in the lowest preference order. This might be due to the benefit that online and email
medium provides effective information transfer (Deng et al., 2001), so messages can not only
reach the recipients more speedily and accurately, but also can be traceable on the event of
dispute than flash and mobiles in the long run. However, in disseminating information the
respondents show higher preference in the use of disk/flash which is less verifiable in the event
of dispute, than email and online medium. Additionally, the risk of data loss due to virus and
other problems is high in disk/flash than with other mediums.

Figure 8: IT ladder and trend in Information Dissemination in the Nigerian Construction Industry

4.0 Conclusion
The study investigated the medium of project information exchange and examined the order of
IT adoptions in the Nigerian Construction industry. The results revealed the dominance of the
paper-based medium over the use of IT tools in information acquisition and dissemination in the
construction sector. About three-quarter of drawings, specifications and schedules were

Printed copy OnlineEmail OthersDisk/Flash Fax

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acquired through printed copy (paper based), and only about one-tenth of these information
were acquired through email and disk/flash. While about four-fifth of the bills of quantities,
claims and final account documents/information were being disseminated through the
traditional paper-based printed copy, and less than one-tenth of these information are being
disseminated through email and disk/flash. The order of IT adoption and use in information
acquisition in the Nigerian Construction industry is paper based medium, then followed by
online medium, email and others (mobile) came third and fourth respectively, while disk/flash
and came fifth and sixth in ranking. Furthermore, in contrast to the order of IT adoption and use
in information acquisition in the industry, paper-based and disk/flash medium come first and
second in order of information dissemination. Emails and online medium came 3rd and 4th in
place in order of adoption in information dissemination. While fax and others (such as mobile
phone), come 5th and 6th in adoption and use. Finally, findings indicate that respondents in
information acquisition show more diligence and sophistication in the use of the IT tools. This
can be seen in their preference for open, traceable and easily verifiable IT tools in acquiring than
in disseminating information. Thus for construction professionals in developing countries to reap
the benefit of IT, it must go beyond the use of paper based medium to the use of IT tools for the
acquisition and dissemination of information in the industry.

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	ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
	ASSESSMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN P
	Y. U. Datti1*, A. Dahiru1 and O. Olamilokun2