ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT AZOJETE June 2023. Vol. 19(2):309-318 Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818 www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 309 ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE DEVELOPMENT OF AN NCAM TUBER-SHAPED VEGETABLE SLICING MACHINE O. B. Asamo*, F. B. Olotu, R. O. Jimoh, R. A. Alade, S. C. Obiakor, N. A. Okoro and Y. S. Ademiluyi Department of Crop Processing and Storage Engineering National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Km. 20, Ilorin-Lokoja Highway, Idofian, Kwara State, Nigeria *Corresponding author’s email address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 1.0 Introduction Root vegetable and fruits crops make up a majority of the common staple food consumed in Nigeria. In 2018, the combined global production data for onion bulbs, plantain, cucumbers, Irish potatoes and carrots was above 108 million tonnes (FAO, 2019). The preservative prospects of various root vegetables and fruit crops vary, but in general, these crops are perishable and moving them from the farm to the market is often very expensive due to their bulkiness. Processing them into essentially non-perishable produce provides an alternative to storage in fresh form as they are best preserved in the dried form by processing into flour, chips and pellets for both human and livestock ingestion (Oyejide et al., 2018). Traditionally, slicing is done with the aid of knives or other manual methods which takes a longer time to slice, expose the operator to dangers of injuring themselves, increases drudgery and overall productivity is lower (Awoluyi 2003; Obeng 2004). Indigenous methods of cutting and slicing root vegetables and fruit crops into chips is associated with drudgery and susceptible to finger injury, time wastage, un-uniform size of sliced chip and unavoidably, leads to low output by farmers with diminutive or no income margin. ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Generally, most agricultural products are not stable immediately when freshly harvested, while their preservative nature varies accordingly especially, vegetables and fruit crops. The need to process and preserve them in a stable form is very important. In processing of some tuber -shaped vegetable crops such as carrot, plantain, cucumber, eggplant, etc., slicing/chipping is usually done traditionally with the aid of knives and other manual methods which are time consuming, thereby exposing processors to dangers of injury, increases drudgery and overall reduces productivity. In respect of these, an NCAM tuber - shaped vegetable slicer was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The performance parameters used for the evaluation are slicing efficiency, slice thickness and percentage damage. IBM SPSS 2.0 was used to analyse the result obtained from the performance evaluation of the tuber – shaped slicer. It was observed that blade thickness had a significant effect on percentage damage and slice thickness, and no effect on slicing efficiency at p≤0.05. 94.74% and 90.99% efficiency was observed at 1.5 mm and 1 mm blade thickness for plantain and cucumber respectively. Furthermore, the highest mean value for percentage damage for plantain was 44.08% at 1.0mm blade thickness, while the highest mean value of percentage damage for cucumber was 24.88% at blade thickness of 1.0mm. This shows that the tuber – shaped vegetable slicing machine performed efficiently. Therefore, tuber-shaped slicing machine is recommended for use by processor of tuber – shaped crops into other stable form. © 2023 Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria. All rights reserved. Submitted 4 February, 2023 Revised 18 March, 2023 Accepted 24 March, 2023 Keywords: tuber - shaped vegetable slicing machine design fabricate evaluation http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com mailto:chykearcade@yahoo.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2023; Vol. 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 310 Ezugwu et al. (2019) investigated the design and fabrication of a motorized operated plantain slicer for optimum chips production. The machine produced chips of uniform sizes in a short time of 3 seconds and had a slicing efficiency of 96.84% and could effectively slice a 70 arm diameter of unripe plantain. Okafor et al. (2013) investigated plantain chip slicing machine that was designed, fabricated and tested to use a carrier spring return mechanism to achieve both the feeding option and the slicing operation. A slicing efficiency of 74% was recorded. Adesina et al. (2015) designed and developed a plantain slicing machine that was tested and evaluation with its performance for machine capacity of 52Kg, slicing efficiency of the machine was at 80% and the value of the length of the belt was calculated at 1039.85mm. The machine solved the problem of non-uniformity of chip thickness associated with traditional slicing methods as the time of slicing plantain for mechanical slicing was shorter but longer for traditional slicing method. However, percentage damage reported in the aforementioned research work was large. Against this background there is the need to design a vegetable slicing machine to solve the problem mentioned above. The specific objectives of this study is to develop a tuber shaped vegetable slicer and evaluate its performance in order to produce quality chip, reduce time of operation, increase slicing efficiency and achieve a relatively noise free operation and vibration with low power consumption. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Description of the Machine/ Mode of Operation The major parts of the machine include the frame, slicing unit and the power unit. The slicing unit consist of the hopper, feeding chute, cutting disc, blades and discharge outlet. Stainless material was selected for the above-mentioned parts. The frame was constructed with mild steel angle iron to provide rigidity and support to the machine, while the power unit consist of the shafts, bearings, belt, pulley and 1Hp electric motor which powers the machine. Tuber-shaped vegetables are placed in the feeding chute vertically, the power transmitted from the electric motor through the shaft makes the cutting disc move in a rotary motion. The movement of the cutting disc in contact with the vertically placed material results in the slicing of the crop. 2.2 Design Calculations 2.2.1 Pulley Speed and Size The pulley was designed by taking into account the power to be transmitted between the electric motor and the shaft connected to the cutting disc. The diameters of the pulley are calculated as employed by Khurmi and Gupta (2004.) (VR = 𝑁1 𝑁2 = 𝐷1 𝐷2 (1) where: N1 = Speed of the pulley on the motor, rpm N2 = Speed of the pulley on the shaft, rpm D1 = Diameter of the pulley on the motor, mm D2 = Diameter of the pulley on the shaft, mm and VR = Velocity Ratio VR= 2552 638 = 𝐷1 𝐷2 = 4 If a pulley of diameter 70 mm was used on the motor, a pulley of 280 mm is required for the shaft. D2=D1 * 4 = 70 * 4 = 280 mm file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Asamo et al: Development of an NCAM Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine. AZOJETE, 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 311 2.2.2 Length of the Belt As explained by Khurmi and Gupta (2004) and Akande and Onifade (2015) the length of an open belt could be calculated by L= 2𝑐 + 𝜋 2 (𝐷1 + 𝐷2 ) − (𝐷2− 𝐷1)2 4𝑐 (2) L = Length of an open belt, mm C = Centre distance of belt, mm D2 = Diameter of the pulley on the motor, mm D1 = Diameter of the pulley on the shaft, mm Given C = from the design, L is calculated as, L = 2(395) + 𝜋 2 (280 + 70) + (280−70)2 4(395) L = 790 + 550 + 28 = 1.37m V-belts are designated by its type and nominal inside length. A V-belt of type A which can transmit power between the ranges of 0.7- 3.5KW, the standard inside length nearest to 1368 mm is 1600mm (Khurmi and Gupta 2004.), (Najeem et al, 2015). 2.2.3 Tension in the Belt The relation between tight side and slack side tension, in terms of co-efficient of friction (μ) and the angle of contact is given by Khurmi and Gupta (2004.) as; 2.3 log (𝑇1 𝑇2 )= 𝜇𝜃 (3) where; T1 = Tension in the belt on the tight side, N T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side, N and μ = the coefficient of friction between the belt and pulley = 0.25 Khurmi and Gupta (2004) log (𝑇1 𝑇2 )= 0.25∗2.48 2.3 log (𝑇1 𝑇2 )= 0.27 T1 = 0.27 * T2 (4) The expression which shows the relationship between the powers transmitted, belt tension and linear velocity is given as; PM = (T1 – T2) (5) PM= Power of the electric motor Where; V = Belt velocity, m/s V = 𝜋𝐷1𝑁1 60 (6) V = 𝜋∗0.07∗2552 60 = 8.25 ms-1 (T1 – T2) = 𝑃𝑀 𝑣 = 746 8.25 = 90.42 N 2.2.4 Determination of the Power required by the Electric Motor The power required by the electric motor was obtained from Equation (7) PM = PC * PF (7) http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2023; Vol. 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 312 where: PM = power of electric motor PF = power factor = 2 PM = 211.55 * 2 = 423watt = 0. 423 kW = 0.57 hp Electric motor of capacity 950W (1hp) with speed of 1550 rpm was selected based on safety and availability of the motor. Auto-Cad software was used to develop the proposed design of the machine to show the orthographic and isometric view of what the machine would look like before and after fabrication as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Front View Side View Top View Figure 1: The Orthographic View of the Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicer Figure 2: Isometric View of the Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicer file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Asamo et al: Development of an NCAM Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine. AZOJETE, 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 313 Figure 3: Pictures of the Developed Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicer 2.3 Performance Test and Evaluation 2.3.1 Experimental Procedure The performance evaluation of the root vegetable slicer was carried out in the processing and storage department (PSED) of the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) Ilorin, Kwara State. Plantain tubers and Cucumber used for the experiment were cleaned and sorted into various sizes. Three cutting disc with blade thickness of 1mm, 1.5mm and 2mm was used to determine which blade thickness is best suited for slicing the available crops. A 24S-D ADC cammry industrial table top scale was used to measure the weight of plantain tubers and cucumber in three (3) batches of 1kg each, other laboratory apparatus used in carrying out the experiment include; digital photo/contact tachometer of model number DT2236B with accuracy ± (0.05% + 1 digit) produced by BepEdu World in Kodhawa, Pune, Maharashtra, India, which was used by placing the photo contact point of the tachometer on the pulley while the machine was in operation to determine the operating speed of the machine. Vernier calliper and clock/stop watch were used to measure the thickness of the sliced, unsliced and damaged products and time taken to slice the plantain and cucumber respectively. After weighing the plantain tubers, the first batch of 1kg plantain and cucumber was fed through the hopper and sliced using the cutting disc with blade thickness of 1mm while the second and third batches were sliced using the cutting disc with blade thickness of 1.5mm and 2mm thickness respectively and the entire process was replicated three (3) times. The weight of the sliced product, damaged product at the outlet of the machine and weight of the unsliced product which was remaining in the hoppers were weighed after each operation to determine the performance parameters of the slicing machine which are, slicing efficiency, percentage damage and percentage recovery. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and New Duncan Multiply Range Test (NMDRT) of IBM SPSS 30.0 statistical package was employed to analyse how the operational conditions affect the performance of the root vegetable slicer. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2023; Vol. 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 314 2.3.2 Performance Parameter 2.3.2.1 Slicing Efficiency; SE (%) This is the weight of the sliced product at the machine outlet divided by the total weight of both the sliced product and the unsliced product in percentage. It is expressed as in Equation (8) 𝑆𝐸 = 𝑊2+𝑊4 𝑊0 × 100 (8) where: W0= Weight of the sample before slicing W1= Total weight at discharge outlet (g) W1= W2+W4 W2= Weight of the sliced product at the machine outlet (g) W3= Weight of unsliced product (g) W4= Weight of the damaged product at machine outlet (g) 2.4.2.2 Percentage Damage; P.D (%) It is the weight of the damaged product during slicing over the total weight of unsliced product and damage product after slicing operation in percentage. It is expressed as in Equation (9). 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑊4 𝑊3+𝑊4 × 100 (9) 2.4.2.3 Slice’ Thickness; ST (mm) It is the average thickness of slices produced at the end slicing operation in mm. It is measured with the use of digital venial calliper. 3. Results and Discussion The tuber-shaped vegetable slicer has been designed and fabricated, its Performance was evaluated to ascertain its effectiveness. The summary of the performance evaluation of the Tuber- Shaped Vegetable slicer is presented in Table 1. The average values performance parameters of the slicer such as slicing efficiency, percentage damaged and slice thickness were obtained at 113 rpm at difference blade thickness of 1.0mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm using plantain and cucumber. It is observed that the highest mean value of slicing efficiency of 94.74% was noted at 1.5 mm blade thickness when plantain was used with the least mean value of slicing efficiency of 93.91% at blade thickness 2.0 mm. When cucumber was used for evaluation, the slicer had it highest mean value of slicing efficiency of 90.99% at 1.0 mm blade thickness with the least mean value of slicing efficiency of 90.24% at 2.0 mm blade thickness. The result of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) conducted showed that the blade thickness had no significant effect on slicing efficiency of the slicer at p≤0.05 as shown in Table 2. The levels at which the slicer’s blade thickness affects the slicing efficiency of the tuber- shaped vegetable slicer is shown in NDMRT Tables 3 which shows all levels of the blade thickness were not significantly different from each other at p≤0.05. This means that the blade thickness is similar to each other in term of their effectiveness in slicing the tuber–shaped vegetables which might be that the selected levels of blade thickness used are sharp enough to slice the tuber-shaped vegetable. The independence sample test was also conducted on slicing efficiency of slicer between plantain and cucumber as presented in Table 4. The results showed that there were significant different between the slicing efficiencies of the machine using plantain and cucumber at p≤0.05. This means that plantain and cucumber do not have similar effects on the slicing efficiency of the slicer. These file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Asamo et al: Development of an NCAM Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine. AZOJETE, 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 315 differences in slicing efficiencies could be because of the difference in morphology of the crop as cucumber has a firm exocarp than plantain. This is also in line with research findings conducted on the slicing of carrot, plantain, onions and banana as reported elsewhere (Sonawane et al., 2011; Rajesh et al., 2016; Ezeanya et al 2020). The highest mean value of percentage damage of 44.08% of plantain chips was observed at blade thickness of 1.0 mm with least mean value of 28.05% at blade thickness 2mm. The lowest mean value of percentage damage of sliced cucumber 15.10% obtained at 2.0 mm blade thickness and it highest mean value of percentage damage 24.88% was obtained at the blade thickness of 1.0mm. The ANOVA results shows that the blade thickness (BT) and the crop type (CT) had significant effects on the percentage damage of the slices as well as their combination at p≤0.05 as shown in Table 2. The levels at which the slicer’s blade thickness affects the percentage damage of the slice are shown in NDMRT Tables 4 which shows all levels of the blade thickness were significantly different from each other at p≤0.05. The highest percentage of damaged slices observed at 1mm blade thickness for both plantain and cucumber slices could be that cutting action was faster at 1 mm blade thickness with incomplete slicing operation on the crop because it is the sharpest blade thickness. The result of the slice thickness in relation to the blade thickness used in slicing was shown in Table 1. It can be observed that the highest mean value of slice thickness 1.75mm of plantain chips was obtained at blade thickness of 2.0 mm with least mean values of 0.71mm at blade thickness1.0mm was obtained after slicing operation. The lowest mean value of cucumber slice thickness 0.81mm given at 1.0mm blade thickness and it highest mean value of 0.90mm was obtained at the blade thickness of 1.0mm. The ANOVA results shows that the blade thickness and the crop type had significant effects on the slices of tuber – shaped vegetable as well as their combination at p≤0.05 as shown in Table 2. The levels the slicer’s blade thickness that led to the differences slices’ thickness are shown in NDMRT Tables 3 which shows all levels of the blade thickness were significantly different from each other at p≤0.05. The independence sample test was conducted on slices thickness of plantain and cucumber as presented in Table 5. The results showed that there were significant different between the slices’ thickness of plantain and cucumber at p≤0.05 as indicated in Table 3. This means that the slicer does not have similar effects on the slice thickness of plantain and cucumber. Table 1: Summary of the Performance Evaluation of the Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine Crop Operating Speed (rpm) Blade Thickness (mm) Thickness of the slice (mm) Slicing Efficiency (%) Percentage Damage (%) Plantain 113 1 0.71 94.60 44.08 113 1.5 1.28 94.74 35.56 113 2 1.75 93.91 28.05 Cucumber 113 1 0.81 90.99 24.88 113 1.5 0.86 90.51 19.88 113 2 0.90 90.24 15.10 Mean Values of Three Replicates http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2023; Vol. 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 316 Table 2: Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for Performance Parameters of Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine Performance Parameters Source Type III Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Slicing Efficiency (%) Corrected Model 76.153a 5 15.231 17.589 .000* CT 73.609 1 73.609 85.005 .000* BT 1.394 2 .697 .805 .470 CT * BT 1.150 2 .575 .664 .533 Error 10.391 12 .866 Total 153858.638 18 Percentage Damage (%) Corrected Model 1673.210a 5 334.642 138.968 .000* CT 1144.014 1 1144.014 475.079 .000* BT 499.745 2 249.873 103.766 .000* CT * BT 29.450 2 14.725 6.115 .015* Error 28.897 12 2.408 Total 15739.166 18 Slice Thickness (mm) Corrected Model 2.285a 5 .457 464.836 .000* CT .650 1 .650 660.814 .000* BT .988 2 .494 502.379 .000* CT * BT .648 2 .324 329.305 .000* Error .012 12 .001 Total 22.353 18 *Significant at p≤0.05; CT = Crop Type; BT = Blade Thickness Table 3: New Duncan Multiply Ranged Test (NDMRT) for Performance Parameters of Tuber- Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine S/N Levels of Blade Thickness (mm) Performance Parameters Mean Thickness of Slices (mm) Mean Slicing Efficiency (%) Mean Percentage Damage (%) 1 1.00 0.76a 92.80a 21.57a 2 1.50 1.07b 92.13a 27.72b 3 2.00 1.34c 92.36a 34.48c Sig 0.05 Mean with the same alphabet are not significantly different from each other file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Asamo et al: Development of an NCAM Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine. AZOJETE, 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 317 Table 4: Independent Sample Test on Performance Parameters of Tuber-Shaped Vegetable Slicing Machine using Plantain and Cucumber Independent Samples Test Levine’s Test For Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means t df Sig (2- tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Slice Thickness Equal variances assumed Lower Upper 2.512 16 .023 .38000 .15127 .05933 .70067 Equal variances not assumed 2.512 8.195 .036 .38000 .15127 .03262 .72738 Slicing Efficiency Equal variances assumed 9.542 16 .000 4.04444 .42385 3.14592 4.94297 Equal variances not assumed 9.542 15.068 .000 4.04444 .42385 3.14138 4.94795 Percentage Damage Equal variances assumed 5.727 16 .000 15.94444 2.78411 10.04239 21.84650 Equal variances not assumed 5.727 13.065 .000 15.94444 2.78411 9.93277 21.95612 Significantly Different at p≤0.05 4. Conclusion An NCAM Tuber-Shaped vegetable slicer was designed, fabricated and evaluated. The result of the evaluations presented shows the highest mean value of slicing efficiency to be 94.74% and the lowest mean value for percentage damaged was 24.88% for plantain while highest efficiency for cucumber was 90.99% and percentage damage was 15.10%. The percentage damage values shows that the machine will not only serve as an improvement the use of knives to slice but also increase the productivity of small-holder farmers and small scale processing industries. References Adesina, AO., Ajiboshin, IO., Adedeji, WO. and Adelana, SO. 2015. Design, Development and Performance Evaluation of Plantain Slicing Machine. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development, 1(5):204-216. Akande, FB. and Onifade, TB. 2015. Modification of a plantain slicing machine. Innovation System Design and Engineering, 6(10): 41-53. Awoluyi, OO. 2003. Design and construction of plantain slicer. MSc. Thesis, Department of Design and Fabrication, Federal Institute of Industrial Research Organization, Oshodi, Nigeria, pp 72. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June, 2023; Vol. 19(2):309-318. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: asamoolaoluwa@gmail.com 318 Ehiem, JC., Irtwange, SV. and Obetta, SC. 2009. Design and Development of an Industrial Fruit and Vegetable Dryer. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 1(2): 44-53. Ezeanya, NC. 2020. Development and Performance Evaluation of a Slicing Machine for Selected vegetables. Greener Journal of Physical Sciences, 6(1):1-9. Ezugwu, CA. 2019. Design and fabrication of a motorized power operated plantain slicing machine. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(6): 624-635. FAOSTAT, 2019. World crop production indices for 2018. FAO, Rome. www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/crop%20production%20in%20nigeria%202018 accessed on 8 August, 2022. Khurmi, RS. and Gupta, JK. 2004. A text book of Machine Design. Eurasia Publishing House LTD. Ram Nagar, New Delhi, pp.1096. Khurmi, RS. and Gupta, JK. 2010. Theory of Machines. 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Ph.D Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Oyejide, JO., Orhorhoro, EK., Afoegba, SC. and Olaye, M. 2018. Design and fabrication of an improved plantain processing machine. Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH), 37(3): 656 – 662. Rajesh, GK., Pandiselvan R. and Indulekshmi, A. 2016. Development and performance evaluation of plantain peeler cum slicer. Scientific Journal of Agricultural Engineering, (2): 41-50. Sonawane, SP., Sharma, GP. and Pandya, AC. 2011. Design and development of a power operated banana slicer for small scale food processing industries. Journal of Research in Agricultural Engineering, 7(04): 144 152 file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20chykearcade@yahoo.com http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#search/crop%20production%20in%20nigeria%202018