ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT AZOJETE June 2024. Vol. 20(2):375-384 Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818 www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 375 DESIGN OF A SMART SOLAR HYBRID EGG INCUBATOR FOR SMALL SCALE POULTRY FARMERS M. A. Abba-Aji, A. R. Usman and M. Shuwa Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maiduguri,, Maiduguri, Nigeria *Corresponding author's email address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com ARTICLE INFORMATION Submitted 13 January, 2024 Revised 24 April, 2024 Accepted 30 April, 2024 Keywords: Incubator Hatching Fertilization MDF-Plywood ABSTRACT In this study, an electro-mechanical device (incubator) was designed to provide temperature and humidity for fertilization of eggs. A 132 capacity egg crates and medium density fiber board plywood (MDF- plywood) with a 15mm thickness for the incubation chamber were used. A 200AH lithium phosphate battery, 300W capacity solar panel and inverter were used to power the 200W electric bulb and other incubator components in the time of power shortages. Incubation temperature of 37.50C and average relative humidity of 45% were considered during the design. A 3D model of the designed incubator was produced using Solid works software package. The model provided some important information on the material properties of the proposed plywood for construction of the casing, the plastic egg crates and the egg turning tray. The required number of egg crates and egg turning trays were determined as 8 and 4 respectively with two plastic crates sitting on each tray. Heat generation and heat losses of the system were also determined as 139.482595W and-3.395925W respectively. The total power consumption of the designed incubator was 150.4159W. Design of a cost-effective solar hybrid eggs incubator (N940, 200), with a dimension of 1100mm for poultry farmers was successfully carried out with a hatching capacity of 1056eggs. 1.0 Introduction An incubator is an electro-mechanical device that is used to provide temperature and humidity for fertilization of eggs (Kanu et al., 2016). Egg fertilization is an important factor in the hatching of poultry eggs. It is possible to hatch eggs without the consent of the mother hen. The fertilization of egg embryo remains a priority of any farmer since his profits depend on hatchability rate of the eggs, this embryo when mature well give birth to a chick. It is therefore necessary to manage the fertilized eggs with care which latter develop into a normal chicken. (Adegbulugbe et al., 2013) The eggs required warmness either naturally or artificially as the case may be. The natural method required the bird to provide the warmness or the required temperature by sitting on the eggs in an open space (Idoko et al., 2019). Poultry is a kind of domestic birds that can be kept at home by human so that their eggs are collected. It is second most widely eaten meat. Poultry farming include egg brooding and hatching. Incubation is a process whereby poultry undergoes to hatch their eggs. (Mohammed et al., 2015). Incubation is also being described as technology by which eggs are incubated and hatched with help of man- made technology called incubator. The incubator controls the temperature and humidity in preparation for hatching process, and also determines the fertility of egg with the moist warm air and artificial stirrer as the embryo emerges into a poultry within a period of 21 to 41 days (Kifildeen et al., 2018). http://www.azojete.com.ng/ file:///C:/Users/Engr.%20Samuel/Documents/Engr%20Oyeniyi/azojete/AZOJETE%20ARCHIVE/UPLOAD/VOL%2020%20NO%201/PUBLISH/niyiolabisi@gmail.com mailto:%20salami.lukman@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng mailto:%20salami.lukman@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June 2024; Vol. 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 376 Hatching of eggs comes in two different ways; natural (where mother chicken provides the warm by direct contact with egg for the required period) and the artificial egg incubator technology which provides opportunity for farmers to produce chicks from eggs without the consent of the mother hen. Artificial incubation is one of the fastest ways of transforming eggs to chicks (Adetola et al., 2019). The most important difference between natural and artificial incubation is the fact that the natural parent provides warmth by contact rather than surrounding the egg with warm air (Salawu and Rukaiyat, 2020). Artificial incubation procedures of eggs were originated in both China and Egypt. China developed a method of burning charcoal to supply the required heat, the Egyptian incubator was developed by constructing a large brick incubator which was heated with fire right in the room where the eggs are kept for hatching (Ajani et al., 2020). Modern poultry industry incubation requires mechanical systems to replace the mother hen for egg incubation which was commercialized into large scale only within the period of 60 -70 years (Ajani et al., 2020). The three important parameters for incubation of eggs are the relative humidity (warmed air surrounding the egg), temperature and egg turning in terms of angles of inclination of egg tray as it swing in either side of the axes within the incubator. The ambient temperature has a strong relation with the incubator as it forms the basis for calibrating the incubator chamber temperature against the ambient temperature, and this relationship can be used for predicting the incubator temperature at any given time for unknown ambient temperature (Kifildeen et al., 2018). Solar energy has gain significant interest as means of providing the electricity to the incubator for incubation of eggs, this will have answer to the insufficient power constraints faced by poultry industries in remote areas. Continuous supply of electricity in Nigeria is a mirage due to the frequent power failure which also lead to the use of other sources like generators, kerosene and gas, therefore building and utilizing a solar powered egg incubator will improve the result of poultry chicken farming and the overall living of the farmers and communities in general (Kelebaone et al., 2019). High demand in day old poultry chick by commercial poultry farmers has always been on the increase, since the process of natural incubation alone cannot sustain the poultry demand considering the fact that eggs are being exposed to diseases and predators due to lack of care by the mother hen, there ever increase in poultry meat all over our immediate environment in response to public concern over dietary fat (Kifildeen et al., 2018). Some incubators cannot be used commercially due to minimum numbers of eggs they can accommodate, their mode of operation and maintenance of power failure is also a hindrance to the development of the poultry industry which result to difficulties in the smooth running of the incubator for hatching large number of eggs, difficulties in sourcing of electricity from stand -by generator in order to compliment the shortage of power for the incubator (Kifildeen et al., 2018). The significance of this research work is to improve the production rate and capacity of a day- old poultry chick for sustainable economic development. This design was carried out by considering locally source available materials to promote easy construction of the incubator. This work is based on the design of a smart solar hybrid eggs incubator with 1056 hatching capacity egg incubator for the hatching of chicken, duck, guess, guinea fowl, and pigeon and turkey eggs. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Abba-Aji et al: Design of a Smart Solar Hybrid Egg Incubator for Small Scale Poultry Farmers. AZOJETE, 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596- 2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 377 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Material Selection and Design Analysis The research design is divided into two section, mechanical systems design, and electrical system design these two combines to give the hybrid egg incubator for hatching varieties of eggs. The mechanical section of the incubator consists of the incubator chamber, egg turning tray, rotation mechanism while the electrical sections includes the dc fan for humidification, and ventilation, intelligent hatch controller. The incubator design will be in such that the solar power will complement the shortage of electricity at the period of power failure. In order to design the incubator system, the following consideration were made. i. Plastic crate with capacity of 132 eggs ii. Medium density fiber –board plywood (MDF plywood) of 15mm thickness. iii. Optimum incubation temperature 37.5 0C iv. Humidity within the incubator of average of 45% v. Capacity of the incubator 1056 eggs vi. Angle iron 3mm thickness. vii. Maximum distance between egg trays 150mm. 2.2 Design Consideration Detail design analysis of incubator sections such as egg tray, incubator casing or chamber, strength of the wood is provided below 2.2.1 Design of egg tray and incubator chamber The egg turning tray was designed from an angle iron and plastic crates. Each of the tray contained 264 eggs and four trays. Since the incubator was designed to hatch all types of domestic eggs. Egg with the maximum mass was considered in the design of the egg turning tray. Area of the egg turning tray for 1056 eggs was obtained from equation 1. breadthlengthArea = (1) Let “n” be the Number of eggs to be hatched in this case is 1056 eggs C = Number of crates required in the incubator = 𝑛 132 (2) The number of egg tray = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 Me = the average mass of egg is 0.068kg Where g is the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81m/s2 Wtotal = total weight = Mtotal (3) Weight of egg tray Wtr = 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 8 (4) The incubator chamber was rectangular box like structure, which was designed to contain the egg trays and its turning mechanism, hatching tray, electrical components and circuit. The volume of the incubator was obtained from Figure 1a and 1b using equation 5. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ file:///C:/Users/Engr.%20Samuel/Documents/Engr%20Oyeniyi/azojete/AZOJETE%20ARCHIVE/UPLOAD/VOL%2020%20NO%201/PUBLISH/niyiolabisi@gmail.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June 2024; Vol. 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 378 Figure 1a: Side view of the incubator chamber Figure 1b: back view of the incubator chamber heightbredthlengthvolume = (5) 2.2.2 Determination of Heat Requirement of the Incubator The amount of heat generated in the incubator chamber is determined from the expression MC∆𝑇 (Ajani et al., 2020). The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the incubator will be heat required to raise the temperature of air, eggs, egg turning tray, water, and the QI = MI CI∆TI. Therefore, the heat required to raise the temperature of air, eggs, wooden egg turning tray can be determine as follow. Considering the heat generated in the incubator as QI; 𝑄𝐼 = 𝑀𝐼𝐶𝐼∆𝑇 (6) To determine the heat required in the incubator, the volume of the incubator chamber is first determined as suggested by (Bharosh et al., 2021) (7) Total heat required in the incubator chamber Qinc = 𝑀𝑎𝑖𝑟𝐶𝑎𝑖𝑟∆𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑀𝑠𝐶𝑠∆𝑇𝑠 (8) Where: (Ajani et al., 2020). 2.2.3 Heat Loss by the Incubator There is heat loss through the wooden wall, 100% work is not guaranteed, there would be heat loss due to conduction. Considering the plane layer of the thickness dx with one face maintained at temperature T and other end as (T+𝑑𝑡). The heat loss due to conduction can be estimated from the following equation. (Ajani et al., 2020). 𝑄 = −𝐾𝐴( 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑥 ) (9) The flow of air is a steady inside the incubator therefore it does not vary with time Therefore Qdx = - kAdT (10) file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Abba-Aji et al: Design of a Smart Solar Hybrid Egg Incubator for Small Scale Poultry Farmers. AZOJETE, 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596- 2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 379 X TsincT KAQ − −= ( (11) Where Q is the heat K is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the plywood (0.65) in this design X is the thickness of the plywood 15mm. Heat loss during the incubation is given as Top and bottom of the plywood (12) Where Q = is the heat (Bala et al., 2020) Pf = plywood front, Ps plywood side Pb plywood back side and Pt = is the plywood top Pbt and bottom. A is the area of the incubator’s chamber, K is thermal conductivity coefficient (0.65 for MDF plywood (Ajani et al., 2020) The quantity of heat is loss is calculated using the following expression QL = QPTB+ QPSS+QPFB (13) The actual heat required for the incubation is Q = QL+ QI (14) 2.2.4 Design of Ventilation Ventilation is provided on the incubator in order to allow of air in and out of the incubator. It is the volume of mass flow in and out of the incubator. Volume of flow rate = cross- sectional area (Ajani et al., 2020). Where the volume = 𝑝𝑑3 4 (15) DC electric motor will be based on the torque generated by electric motor Tm = 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = where N is the speed of the fan. 2.2.5 Determination of Humidity Humidity is moisture in circulation within the incubator, in order to estimate the humidity requirement of the incubator. It is calculated as mass of water vapor per unit volume over a unit volume of air. The humidity keeps the eggs from losing too much moisture in the process of incubation (Ajani et al., 2020). Mathematically is calculated from the following relation 𝐻 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑣 (16) 𝜌 = 𝑚𝑣𝑅𝑣𝑇 (17) 𝐻 = 𝑣 𝑅𝑣𝑇 (18) Where H = humidity, Mv =molar mass of water , 𝜌 =energy density or heat density of water, 𝑅𝑣 = gas constant 𝑇 = temperature 𝑉 = volume of the incubator’s chamber http://www.azojete.com.ng/ file:///C:/Users/Engr.%20Samuel/Documents/Engr%20Oyeniyi/azojete/AZOJETE%20ARCHIVE/UPLOAD/VOL%2020%20NO%201/PUBLISH/niyiolabisi@gmail.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June 2024; Vol. 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 380 2.2.6 Determination of Bending Moment and Shear Forces The uniformly distributed load UDL will be the weight of the egg divided by the total span of the wood which is 1.1m in this design. 𝑈𝐷𝐿 = 𝑤𝑒 𝐿 (19) Shear force at point A and B will be calculated from the relation. 𝑆𝐴 = 𝑊𝑙 2 (20) And 𝑆𝐵 = 𝑊𝑙 2 (21) Then bending moment is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the supports. The distance is taken as ½ of the total length of the incubator chamber, in this case 0.55m.s Bending moment about the center C (22) 2.2.7 Total Power Consumption The total power consumption of the entire incubator system can be calculated from the following relation. Total power consumption 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃ℎ + 𝑃𝑓𝑠 + 𝑃𝑓𝑏 + 𝑃c (23) Where; 𝑃i = Power of the incubator chamber 𝑃𝑓v = Power of ventilation fan 𝑃𝑓h = Power of humidity fan 𝑃𝑐 = Power of control board Hence total power consumption. (Bala, et al., 2020) 2.2.8 Power Requirements and Selection of Battery Solar Panel and inverter. Total power consumption is added up to 150.4159W. Base on the total power requirement of the incubator, a 200AH lithium phosphate acid battery 12V, a 1KVA inverter and a 300W solar panel will be used to power the entire incubator. The maximum total power requirement of the incubator is 200W; therefore, a 200A/H battery will serve. Since power is given by: 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉, a fully charged 200A/H battery rate at 12V with a load of 200W will be discharged in 12 hours. Where: 𝑃 = 200W, 𝑉 = 12V 𝐼 = 𝑃 𝑉 = 200 12 = 16.667𝐴. 200A/H battery will be discharged in 200 16.667 = 12ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 In order to sustained the insufficient electricity a solar panel of 300W capacity can be used to properly charge the battery and used. 2.3 Bills of Engineering Measurements and Evaluation The production cost is evaluated based on market prices of materials, the overhead and labour cost which is presented under section 2.3.1. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Abba-Aji et al: Design of a Smart Solar Hybrid Egg Incubator for Small Scale Poultry Farmers. AZOJETE, 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596- 2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 381 2.3.1 Analysis of Bill of Engineering Measurements The material cost depends on the market prices, given in Table 1, as MC = N 626,800 Table 1: Price of Materials S/No. Description Rate (N) Quantity Amount (N) 1 MDF Plywood 15cm 30, 000 4 120, 000 2 Plastic egg crates 600 8 4, 800 3 Angle iron 3mm thickness 10, 000 2 length 20, 000 4 Aluminum sheet 4, 000 ½ sheets 2000 5 4.8W Direct current (DC) fan 4, 500 1 4, 500 6 i. Humidity and temperature sensor. ii. Intelligent hatch controller 95, 000 1 95, 000 7 4.8W Ventilation fan (DC fan) 4, 500 1 4, 500 8 Photovoltaic solar panels 300W 95, 000 1 95, 000 9 Inverter 70, 000 1 70, 000 10 Chain and sprocket 1000 1 1000 11 Electric motor (savor motor) 35, 000 1 35, 000 12 Battery 240V 175, 000 1 175, 000 Total 626, 800 Direct labour cost was assumed to be 40% of the material cost from table 1, that is, 𝐷𝐿𝐶 = 40 100⁄ × 626, 800 = 𝑁 250, 720.00 Overhead cost was assumed to be 10% of the material cost; 𝑂𝐻𝐶 = 10 100⁄ × 626, 800 = 𝑁 62, 680.00 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑃 = 626, 800 + 62, 680 + 250, 720 = 𝑁 940, 200.00 From the market survey conducted so far, the price of similar device ranges from N1, 200, 000 to N1, 300, 000. This indicates the cost effectiveness of the present device. 3. Results and Discussion The design of the solar hybrid eggs incubator with a capacity of 1056eggs was carried out, the number of eggs trays and the crates, the heat requirement, heat losses and the strength of the plywood, power consumption were determined 3.1 Results The modelling of the incubator is shown in Figure 2. The solid works software was used to draw the incubator chamber, egg crate and the egg turning trays. Each of the material properties was estimated from the solid works design software. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ file:///C:/Users/Engr.%20Samuel/Documents/Engr%20Oyeniyi/azojete/AZOJETE%20ARCHIVE/UPLOAD/VOL%2020%20NO%201/PUBLISH/niyiolabisi@gmail.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June 2024; Vol. 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 382 Figure 2a: Egg tray support Figure 2b: Frame view of egg incubator and egg trays Table 2 shows the number egg trays, number of crate per tray and number egg on each tray. Table 2: Incubator specifications in terms of capacity number of crates and trays Number of crates per tray. Number of eggs per tray is Total number of crate Number of egg trays 2 264 8 4 The shear force and bending moment of the incubator were also determined and for both side and is presented in table 3 Table 3: Uniformly distributed load UDL shear force and bending moment Uniformly distributed load Shear forces and point A Shear stresses force at point B Bending moment bending moment about the center 38.2746𝐾𝑁/𝑚 SA = -21.05103KN/m. SB = 21.05103KN/m. 11.5780665𝑁𝑀. Table 4 shows the heat generation heat loss of the entire incubator, 200Watt of heat is derived from electric bulb which is the main source of heat in the system Table 4: The vale heat generation, heat loss Heat generation and heat losses in the incubator Heat generation is 200W. Heat required in the incubator = 139.482595J/s = 139.482595W. Total heat losses = -3.395925W. 3.2 Discussion The solid work software was used to design the incubator chamber, egg crates and egg turning tray, it provides vital information concerning materials and components, medium density fiber board plywood is suitable which earlier suggested by (Bala et al.,2020). The egg crate and egg file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Abba-Aji et al: Design of a Smart Solar Hybrid Egg Incubator for Small Scale Poultry Farmers. AZOJETE, 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596- 2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 383 turning tray also is crucial in the designing of the incubator a plastics crate material was selected in the solid work software because of its light weight, availability and does not also conduct too much heat the weight and strength were determined from solid work drawings based on the dimensions of the crate, and egg turning tray, 4 egg trays are the required in order to accommodate 1056 eggs each tray containing 264 eggs. In order to avoid failure on materials for construction the shear stress and bending moments were also calculated as shown table 2 above the shear stresses of the egg trays that carries a total of 1056 egg for both side are SA = -21.05103KN/m, SB = 21.05103KN/m. Uniformly distributed load UDL was also determined as 38.2746𝐾𝑁/𝑚. The Bending moment bending moment about the center.11.5780665𝑁𝑀. Table 3 showing the heat generation and losses as Heat generation is 200W. This value was estimated as the heat of the bulb which is the main source of heat within the incubator’s chamber the heat required in the incubator is 139.482595J/s = 139.482595W. Total heat losses = 3.395925W. According to Ajani, et al., (2020) and Bala, et al., (2020) and others, the heat generated is sufficient to provide the required temperature of 37.50C and average humidity of 45%. Other components such as the intelligent hatch controller, thermostat, and electric savor motor humidity fan and ventilation fan does not consumed much power. The total power consumption of the incubator is 150.4159W. Lithium phosphate battery 200AH 12volt capacity with 300W solar panel can provide the power to the incubator system, this battery will be discharge in a period of 12hours. 4. Conclusion The design of solar hybrid egg incubator for poultry farmers to contain 1056 involved, designing the incubator’s chamber, egg crate and egg trays the simulation was done using solid works software in order to determine the properties of the materials for predicting some parameters, the strength of the materials such as Medium density fiber board plywood, angle iron steel, and plastic egg crate were determined and recorded, the bending moment and shear forces were calculated as11.5780665𝑁𝑀,-21.05103KN/m, and 21.05103KN/m respectively. Heat transfer principles were considered in determining the heat requirement of the incubator was also calculated as 139.482595W. A 200AH lithium phosphate acid battery 12V and 300W solar panel were used to power the entire incubator, ventilation fan, electric motor, humidity fan. The temperature of 37.50C and average humidity of 45% were achieved. The following recommendations were drawn after successfully designing the incubator 1. Information obtained from this design should be made available to relevant agencies for direct uses. 2. There is need to construct and test the incubator of this capacity. References Adegbulugbe, TA., Atere, AO. and Fasanmi, OG. 2013. Development of an Automatic Electric Incubator. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 4(9): 914-918. Adetola, SO., Adegbite, AS., Adewale, KA. and Ibiwoye, OS. 2019. Design, Construction and Testing of Kerosene Powered multi-bird- Egg Incubator. LAUTECH Journal of Civil and Environmental Studies, 3(1):1-14. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ file:///C:/Users/Engr.%20Samuel/Documents/Engr%20Oyeniyi/azojete/AZOJETE%20ARCHIVE/UPLOAD/VOL%2020%20NO%201/PUBLISH/niyiolabisi@gmail.com Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, June 2024; Vol. 20(2):375-384. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: birma4real2004@yahoo.com 384 Ajani, AS., Olusoji, AO., Egbeyele, G. and Babatunde, AM. 2020. Design and Construction of Automated Eggs Incubator for Small Scale Poultry Farmers. International Journal of Technical Research & Science, 5(8): 1-9. Bala, AM., Abubakar, MA., Bello, MS. and Sakalo, T. 2020. Design, Construction of a Fully Automated Egg Incubator Using Electric Battery. African Scholar Journal of African Sustainable Development, 18(2): 319-332. Bharosh, KY., Nischal, P., Dinesh, K., Madan, K., Triratna, B. and Rabin, D. 2021. Design, Fabrication, and Performance Analysis of an Automatic Horizontal Egg Incubator. Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 16(1): 77-85. Idoko, E., Ogbeh, GO. and Ikule, FT. 2019. Design and Implementation of Automatic Fixed Factors Eggs Incubator. International Journal for Innovative Research in Multidisciplinary Fields, 5(6): 1-8. Kelebaone, T., Kagiso, M., Rapelang, K., Ishmael, Z. and Refilwe, M. 2019. Construction and Operation of Solar Powered Egg Incubator. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, 12(8): 675-677 Kifildeen, LO., Adewole, AA. and Olayide, RA. 2018. Performance Evaluation of a Solar Poultry Egg Incubator. International Research Journal of Advance Engineering and Science, 3(2): 255- 264. Mohammed, BR.., Hooi, L., Md Saidin, W., Mohd, F. and Mohammed, Z. 2015. Egg Hatching Incubator using Conveyor Rotation System. 2nd International Material, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Conference held in Bali, Indonesia: 527-531 Salawu, G. and Rukayat, A. 2020. Design of a Portable Solar Powered Incubator. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 9(4): 2366-2369. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com