ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT AZOJETE September 2024. Vol. 20(3):645-656 Published by the Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818 www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 645 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE CUBE USING MAGNETIZED WATER M. M. Adiama1, K. O. Yusuf2*, A. K. Yusuf3, M. A. Moshood4 and H. O. Sanusi5 1,2,3 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria 3,4 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria *Corresponding author's email address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng ARTICLE INFORMATION Submitted 1 March, 2024 Revised 3 July, 2024 Accepted 10 July, 2024 Keywords: compressive strength concrete cube curing of concrete magnetized water tensile strength circulation flow ABSTRACT Report on cases of collapse of residential buildings and other structures are common in Nigeria which is normally due to structural failure, failure of the materials that were used for the construction and poor design. Buildings Collapse normally results to loss of lives and properties. The study was conducted to determine the effect of Magnetized Water (MW) on the Compressive Strength (CS) and Splitting Tensile Strength (STS) of Concrete Cubes (CC). MW is the water that has passed through magnetic field which could enhance proper hydration of concrete and improve the strength of CC. The CC was produced using sand (4.75 mm diameter), ordinary Portland cement, crushed granite (12 mm diameter) and MW. The mixing ratio of cement, sand and granite for the CC was 1:2:4 and water-cement ratio was 0.5. The treatments were T1 (concrete produced with Non-Magnetized Water -NMW and cured in MW treated for 1 minute), T2 (CC with MW treated for 1 minute and cured in NMW), T3 (CC with MW treated for 1 minute and cured in MW treated for 1 minute), T4 (CC with MW treated for 2 minutes and cured in NMW), T5 (CC with MW treated for 2 minutes and cured in MW treated for 2 minutes) and control T0 (CC produced with NMW and cured in NMW). CS and STS were determined after cured for 7, 14 and 28 days. The mean CSs after cured for 28 days T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T0 were 18.13, 22.00, 23.40, 19.07, 17.87 and 18.66 N/mm2, respectively. The mean STSs after cured for 28 days T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T0 were 1.33, 1.38, 1.59, 1.83, 1.21 and 1.32 N/mm2, respectively. MW increased the CS and STS by 25.40% and 37.57% of the concrete cubes, respectively. This shows that magnetized water is economical, simple and environmentally-friendly technology for the production of concrete cubes. 1.0 Introduction In Nigeria, collapse of buildings and other structures is due to structural failure, and failure of the materials that were used for the construction and poor design. The collapse of buildings normally results in loss of lives and properties. Hamma-adama and Kouider (2017) reported that the use of sub-standard building materials is the major cause of building failure and collapse in Nigeria. Sandcrete blocks that is commonly used in Nigeria for the construction of buildings is sub-standard and they normally fail because they are fragile, they have low compressive and tensile strengths due to low cement content. Concrete and sandcrete cube have high compressive strength but they have low tensile strength and brittle in nature. Tensile strength is an important property of concrete because concrete structures are highly susceptible to tensile cracking due to various kinds of loads and other factors which could lead to failure of a building or structure. Therefore, there is a need for economical ways of improving the strength of the materials which are mainly the concrete and sandcrete blocks. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20efegabs@gmail.com mailto:%20salami.lukman@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng mailto:%20salami.lukman@adelekeuniversity.edu.ng Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 646 MW is the water that has been allowed to flow through the magnetic field and the water could enhance proper hydration of the concrete during curing and this could improve the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete cube (Reddy et al., 2014; Patil and Pathak, 2016). MW is also called magnetic water or magnetically treated water and it has a better property than the ordinary water. Ali et al. (2014) pointed out that MW reduced the scale deposition in water pipes. Patil and Pathak (2016) reported that the paste consists of cement and water that binds the aggregate together and hardening of concrete occurs due to chemical reaction between the cement and water during the time of curing thereby making the concrete stronger. Furthermore, MW is environmentally friendly and has low installation cost and no energy requirement for its operation when permanent magnet is used. Magnetic treatment of irrigation water (magnetized water for irrigation) has been used to boost crop yield (Babu, 2010; Yusuf and Ogunlela, 2017). Albahrani (2018) indicated that the compressive strength of concrete produced with MW that was treated in magnetic field for 28 days increased by 26.2%. Kiranmai and Rao (2018) pointed out that the compressive strength of concrete produced with MW that was treated for 24 hours increased by 38.1% after curing for 7 days. Shynier et al. (2012) also stated that magnetic water that was used for mixing the concrete improved the compressive strength of the concrete by 10 - 22 N/mm2. Reddy et al. (2014) stated that MW enhanced proper hydration and improved the compressive strength of concrete by 55%. In this current study, a short period of 1 to 3 minutes were used to produce MW by circulation flow method and determine if the time could be effective for producing MW for concrete cubes instead of 24 hours used by Kiranmai and Rao (2018). Circulation flow method means that water is allowed to flow through magnetic field continuously for a short period of time for about 1 - 2 minutes (Chern, 2012). A static flow method means that there is no flow of water through the magnetic field but a magnet is put by the side of water for a long time like 24 hours or more as reported by Kiranmai and Rao (2018) and 72 hours as reported by Parthiban et al. (2016). Podlesny et al. (2004) reported that 15 seconds was adequate and effective for producing MW but Aladjadjiyan (2007) reported that 1-10 minutes is adequate for effective treatment and production of MW using circulation flow magnetic water treatment method. Circulation flow method is more effective than the single flow magnetic water treatment method and is also better than the static flow magnetic water treatment method for producing MW in which water is allowed to be in the magnetic field for a longer period of time. For the water to be magnetically treated water (magnetized water), the flow of water must cut the magnetic field at right angle based on Fleming’s Right-hand rule so that the magnetic force can act on the water (Chern, 2012), otherwise, the water would not be MW. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of magnetized water produced by circulation flow method within 1 to 3 minutes on the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete cubes. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Location of the study The study was conducted at the Concrete Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The University of Ilorin is located in Ilorin South Local Government Area of Ilorin city, Kwara State. Ilorin lies on latitude 8°30¹N and longitude 4°35¹E, with about 340 m above the mean sea level with annual rainfall of 1300 mm (Ejieji and Adeniran, 2009). 2.2 Materials for production of the concrete block The materials used for the production of the concrete cubes are presented in Table 1. The physical properties of the cement, the sand (fine aggregate) and the crushed granite (coarse aggregate) used in this study are presented in Tables 2, 3 and 4, respectively. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Adiama et al: Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cube Using Magnetized Water. AZOJETE, 20(3):645- 656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 647 Table 1: Materials used for production of the concrete cube S/N Parameters Source / Type Properties 1 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Dangote cement The properties are within the standard permissible value of IS: 12269-1987. 2 Coarse aggregate crushed granite 12 mm single size, with specific gravity (relative density) of 2.7 and water absorption of 0.3%; 3 Fine aggregate sand Specific gravity of 2.63, fineness modulus of 2.6 and water absorption of 2.5% 4 Pure water Tap water Clean water free from impurity 5 PERMAG (Neodymium 406) Magnet permanent magnet length, internal and external diameter of 20 mm 6 Weighing balance ACS-15-ZC73 Max = 30 kg, Min =1g Table 2: The properties of the cement used S/N Parameters Permissible value by IS:12269-1987 Experimental value 1 Specific gravity 3.15 3.11 2 Normal consistency 26-33% 28% 3 Initial setting time Min 45 minutes 80 minutes 4 Final setting time Max 600 minutes 330 minutes 5 Fineness Max 10% 1% Table 3: Physical properties of the sand used (fine aggregate) S/N Parameters Permissible value by IS:12269-1987 Experimental value 1 Specific gravity 2.5 -3.0 2.63 2 Fineness modulus 2.2 -3.2 2.60 (fine sand) 3 Water absorption Max 2.5% 2.5% 4 Zone of FA - 3 Table 4: Physical properties crushed granite (coarse aggregate) passing through 12 mm single size S/N Parameters Permissible value as per IS:12269-1987 Experimental value 1 Specific gravity 2.5 to 3 2.70 2 Particle shape - Angular 3 Water absorption 1% 0.3% 4 Crushing value 45% 17% 5 Impact value 45% 12.6% 2.3 Production of the magnetized water The MW was produced by allowing the water to flow through the magnetic treatment unit that is surrounded by 12 pieces of neodymium magnet (Figure 1). A neodymium magnet is a strong permanent magnet that can work effectively at room temperature and high temperatures up to 80 °C without demagnetization. It is a strong magnet with magnetic flux density ranging from 1.0-1.5 Tesla (10,000 – 15,000 Gauss). Each of the neodymium magnets is 10 × 25 × 50 mm and is produced from Neodymium (Nd), Iron (Fe) and Boron (B) together to form an NdFeB magnet. The water was allowed to pass through the treatment unit in 1 minute for treatment T1 and T2 when the water was passed through the magnetic treatment unit 2 times for 2 minutes. The magnetic treatment unit is a rectangular pipe made from the http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 648 perspex glass (15 by 60 mm and 600 mm long), folded (bend) to form 3 layers to effectively use the available 12 pieces of neodymium magnets in order to have maximum magnetic field and to make it compact. The neodymium magnets cover a total length of 450 mm (50 mm × 3 × 3-layers = 450 mm) on the magnetic treatment unit as shown in Figure 1. Magnetized water is produced when the control tap is opened and the raw water flow from the tank through the pipe to the magnetic treatment unit where the magnetic field radiates or passes across the water and the water becomes magnetically treated water or simply as magnetized water (Figure 2). The flow of water in the magnetic treatment unit is perpendicular to the magnetic field to obey the Fleming’s right-hand rule so that the water become magnetically treated water. The magnetized water was collected from the outlet with a bucket and then used for mixing the concrete and/or for curing the concrete cubes. Figure 1: Magnetic water treatment unit with three pieces of magnets on both sides of the pipe Figure 2: Pictorial view of the water tank connected to the magnetic water treatment unit 2.4 Production of the concrete cubes A 100 x 100 x 100 mm cube mould was used to produce the concrete needed for the compressive test. The materials used for the concrete were sand sieved through 4.75 mm (fine aggregate), crushed granite with the size of 12 mm single size (coarse aggregate), Portland cement and magnetized water. The ratio of cement, sand and crushed granite was 1:2:4 by weight which was by EN BS 812-5 1990. The concrete for splitting tensile strength was produced using a cylindrical pipe of 101.6 mm diameter and 200 mm high as the mould. The water-cement ratio by weight was 0.5. The materials were thoroughly mixed and lubricant was added to the formwork before concrete was poured into the mould to ease the removal of the concrete and compacted following ENV 13670-1. A hand trowel was used to finish the top surface of the concrete. Pictorial views of the concrete blocks for compressive strength and splitting tensile strength are shown in Figures 3 and 4. The treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) used to produce the concrete blocks are described in Table 5. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Adiama et al: Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cube Using Magnetized Water. AZOJETE, 20(3):645- 656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 649 Figure 3: Pictorial view of the concrete for compressive strength test Figure 4: Pictorial view of the concrete for splitting tensile strength test Table 5: The description of the treatments used to produce the concrete blocks T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 Concrete cube produced with non- magnetized water and cured in non- magnetized water (T0 = Control) Concrete cube was produced with non- magnetized water and cured in magnetized water that was treated for 1 minute in the magnetic field. The water only passed through the magnetic treatment unit once for 1minute Concrete cube was produced with non- magnetized water and cured in magnetized water treated for 1 minute in the magnetic field. The water only passed through the magnetic treatment unit once to achieve 1minute. Concrete cube produced with magnetized water treated for 1 minute and cured in magnetized water treated for 1 minute in the magnetic field. The water only passed through the magnetic treatment unit once for 1 minute in each case. Concrete cube produced with magnetized water treated for 2 minutes in which the water was passed through the magnetic treatment unit 2 times and cured in non- magnetized water Concrete cube produced with magnetized water treated for 2 minutes and cured in magnetized water treated for 2 minutes. The water only passed through the magnetic treatment unit twice to achieve 2 minutes in each case 2.5 Determination of Compressive Strength of the Concrete Cube The compressive strength of the concrete was determined using a Hand compression machine EL31 – 072 model with 1560 kN capacity (Figure 5) in the Department of Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria following BS EN 1991-5 1998. The concrete cube cracked when the concrete cube could no longer withstand the load (compressive force) exerted by the compression machine. The compressive strength was determined from Equation (1) (Zhang et al., 2008). 𝑓𝑐 = 𝐹 𝐴𝑐 (1) http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 650 where: fc is the compressive strength (N/mm2), F is the failure load (N) and Ac is the area of the concrete block (mm2). 2.6 Determination of splitting tensile strength of the cylindrical concrete block The tensile strength was done using split-cylinder test and was determined using Equation (2) reported by Zhang et al. (2008). 𝑓𝑡 = 2𝐹 𝜋𝐿𝑑 (2) where: ft is the tensile strength of the concrete block (N/mm2), F is the failure load (N), L is the length or height of the concrete block (mm), d is the diameter of the concrete block (mm) and π is equal to 3.142. 2.7 Paired t-test statistical analysis Paired t-test was used to determine if the effect of MW was significant on the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength. The mean difference between the results of MW and that of control (NMW) was determined. The mean, standard deviation, the standard error and the t-test values were determined using Equations (3), (4a) or (4b), (5) and (6), respectively as given by Montgomery (1998) and Ogunlela and Yusuf (2016). n d d  = (3) ( ) 1 22 − − =  n dnd  (4a) ( ) 1 2 − − =  n dd  (4b) n Er   = (5) Er cal d t  = (6) where ͞d is the mean of the difference from x1 and x2, Σd is the summation of d, n is the number of the observations, δ is the standard deviation, δEr is the standard error and tcal is the calculated value of t - test. The data used for the computation of the paired t-test for illustration was the result of compressive strength extracted from Table 7 is presented in Table 6. Table 6: Data of compressive strength of the concrete cubes for computing the paired t-test T3 T0 d = T3- T0 d2 16.27 12.93 3.34 11.1556 20.77 16.53 4.24 17.9776 23.40 18.66 4.74 22.4676 n = 3 ∑d = 12.32 ∑d2 = 51.6008 T0, T3 were as defined in the Abstract and Table 5 𝑑 = 12.32 3 = 4.107 (3) file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Adiama et al: Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cube Using Magnetized Water. AZOJETE, 20(3):645- 656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 651 𝛿 = √ 51.6008−3(4.107)2 3−1 = 0.707 (4a) 𝛿𝐸𝑟 = 0.707 √3 = 0.408 (5) 𝑡𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 4.107 0.408 = 10.066 (6) Similarly, this procedure was used for computing the t-test for T1 versus T0, T2 versus T0, T4 versus T0, and T5 versus T0 for the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Compressive strengths of the concrete cubes The results of mean compressive strength of concrete cubes produced using MW and NMW, cured in MW or NMW for 7, 14 and 28 days are presented in Table 7 and the results of the statistical analysis of t-test for the compressive strength is presented in Table 8. The mean compressive strength of concrete cube produced with MW treated for 1 minute and cured in MW treated for 1 minute which was denoted as treatment T3 had the highest compressive strength. The mean compressive strengths after cured for 28 days for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T0 (control) were 18.13±1.15, 22.00±2.08, 23.40±0.20, 19.07±1.67, 17.87±2.20 and 18.66±0.58 N/mm2, respectively as presented in Table 7. The trends of the impact of magnetized water on the compressive strength of the concrete cubes at 7, 14 and 28 curing days is shown in Figure 5. From Table 7, the compressive strength of the concrete cube increased from 7 days to 28 days during curing both for the concrete cubes produced with magnetized water and non- magnetized water. The concrete cubes produced with the magnetized water treated for 1 minute that was allowed to pass through the magnetic treatment unit 1 time and also cured (soaked in water for hydration) in magnetized water treated for 1 minute which was denoted by T3 had the highest compressive strength than the other cubes produced with MW. T2 in which MW was treated for 1 minute and cured in NMW had higher compressive strength next to T3. The cubes produced using NMW and cured NMW (control denoted as T0) had lower compressive strength than T2 and T3. The concrete cubes produced with MW treated for 2 minutes and cured in NMW (T4) had higher compressive strength than the concrete cubes from the control. The result of this study was in agreement with the studies of (Ahmed, 2009; Reddy et al., 2014; Ghorbani et al., 2018; Kiranmai and Rao. 2018; and Yusuf et al., 2021) which reported that MW increased the compressive strength of concrete. The result of this study revealed that T3 increased compressive strength of concrete cubes by 4.74 N/mm2 (25.40%) when the MW was treated for 1 minute by circulation flow method and cured in MW treated for 1 minute. This was in agreement with the study of Parthiban et al. (2016) that MW increased the compressive strength of the concrete by 39.48% when the water was treated for 72 hours with a static flow method. Kiranmai and Rao. (2018) pointed out that MW increased the compressive strength of concrete increased by 38.1% after curing for 7 days. The result of this study also agreed with the study of Reddy et al. (2014) that MW increased the compressive strength of concrete by 55% because MW enhances better hydration of the concrete thereby making the concrete stronger. Nan et al. (2003) reported that magnetic fields breakdown the clusters of large molecules of water into smaller clusters molecules. This could allow penetration of MW into cement particles and enhances proper hydration thereby improving the strength of the concrete cube. In this current study, T3 increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes by 4.74 N/mm2 (25.40%) when the water was passed through the magnetic field for 1 minute. The effect of MW treated for 1 minute and cured in MW treated for 1 minute (T3) was significant on the compressive strength of the concrete cube http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 652 compared with concrete cube from the control with the calculated Paired t-test was 10.066 which is greater than the table value of t-test of 9.925 at α ≤ 0.010. The effects T1, T2, T4 and T5 were not significant on the compressive strength of the concrete cube when compared to T0 (Table 8). Table 7: Mean compressive strength of the concrete cube Curing day Mean compressive strength of the concrete block (N/mm2) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 7 12.93±0.83 12.40±0.72 13.70±0.17 16.27±1.01 12.07±0.31 10.77±143 14 16.53±0.25 16.07±0.25 19.43±0.43 20.77±0.35 16.93±0.31 13.60±0.25 28 18.66±0.58 18.13±1.15 22.00±2.08 23.40±0.20 19.07±1.67 17.87±2.20 T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were as defined in the Abstract and Table 5 Table 8: Result of Paired t-test for the compressive strength of the concrete cube Treatment DF Calculated value of t Table value of t at α ≤ 0.025 Table value of t at α ≤ 0.010 T1 versus T0 2 -25.350* 6,205 9.925 T2 versus T0 2 2.966NS 6,205 9..925 T3 versus T0 2 10.066** 6,205 9.925 T4 versus T0 2 -0.763* 6,205 9.925 T5 versus T0 2 -3.161* 6,205 9.925 DF = Degree of freedom, T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were as defined in the Abstract and Table 5 *= significant (by reducing the compressive strength of the block due to the effect of the treatment) at α ≤ 0.010, **= significant at α ≤ 0.010, NS = Not significant The negative value of the t-test indicates reduction in the strength of the cube due to the effect of the treatment. Figure 5: The trend of impact of magnetized water on the compressive strength of concrete cube T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were as defined in the Abstract and Table 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 7 14 28 C o m p re ss iv e st re n g th (N /m m 2 ) Curing day (day) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Adiama et al: Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cube Using Magnetized Water. AZOJETE, 20(3):645- 656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 653 3.2 Tensile strengths of concrete brick The mean result of tensile strength is presented in Table 9 and the statistical analysis of t-test for the splitting tensile strength was presented in Table 10. The mean tensile strength after cured for 28 days for T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T0 (control) were 1.38±00.03, 1.59±0.24, 1.83±0.22, 1.21±0.06, 1.32±0.32 and 1.33±0.20 N/mm2, respectively (Table 9). The trends of impact of magnetized water on the splitting tensile strength of the concrete brick at 7, 14 and 28 curing day is presented in Figure 6. T2 and T3 also increased the tensile strength of the concrete brick and T3 gave higher tensile strength than T2 but T2 had higher tensile strength than T0, T1, T4 and T5 (Table 9). The concrete brick produced with MW treated for 1 and cured in MW treated for 1 minute (T3) increased the splitting tensile strength by 0.5 N/mm2 (37.57%) while the concrete brick produced with MW treated for 1 but cured in NMW increased the splitting tensile strength by 0.26 N/mm2 (19.55%). The effect of MW treated for 1 minute and cured in MW treated for 1 minute which was allowed to flow 1 time through the magnetic treatment unit was significant on the tensile strength when compared to the concrete brick from the control with the calculated value of t-test of 23.110 that is greater than the table value of t-test of 9.925 at α ≤ 0.010 (Table 10). This means that MW had a positive effect on the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. The finding agrees with the studies of Parthiban et al. (2016) and Kiranmai and Rao (2018) that MW water increased the strength of concrete cubes. The increment in the compressive and tensile strengths of the concrete was enhanced by proper hydration by the MW treated in which water was allow to flow through the magnetic field for 1 minute. In addition, putting the water (MW) into the magnetic treatment unit for the second time and third time after it has been treated, the magnetic properties could be reduced and this could reduce the strength of the concrete cube. Table 9: Mean tensile strength of the concrete brick Curing day Mean tensile strength of the concrete cube (N/mm2) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 7 1.08±0.07 0.95±0.07 1.17±0.10 1.53±0.07 0.74±0.08 0.76±0.11 14 1.12±0.22 1.00±0.03 1.25±0.06 1.62±0.03 0.98±0.26 0.97±0.14 28 1.33±0.20 1.38±00.03 1.59±0.24 1.83±0.22 1.21±0.06 1.32±0.32 T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were as defined in the Abstract Table 10: Paired t-test for the tensile strength of the concrete Treatment DF Calculated value of t Table value of t at α ≤ 0.025 Table value of t at α ≤ 0.010 T1 versus T0 2 -1.451NS 6,205 9.925 T2 versus T0 2 3.119NS 6,205 9..925 T3 versus T0 2 23.110** 6,205 9.925 T4 versus T0 2 -3.085NS 6,205 9.925 T5 versus T0 2 -2.329NS 6,205 9.925 DF = Degree of freedom, T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were as defined in the Abstract **= significant at α ≤ 0.010, NS = Not significant, The negative value of the t-test indicates reduction in the strength of the concrete cube due to the effect of the treatment. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 654 Figure 6: The trend of impact of magnetized water on the tensile strength of concrete brick T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 were as defined in the Abstract 4. Conclusion MW was produced using 12 pieces of 10×25×50 mm neodymium permanent magnet arranged on the two sides of a plastic rectangular pipe. MW that was used to produce concrete cubes increased the compressive and tensile strengths of the cube. MW treated for 1 minute when the water was allowed to flow through the magnetic treatment unit by 1 time and cured in MW treated for 1 minute increased the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength by 4.74 N/mm2 (25.40%) and 0.5 N/mm2 (37.57%), respectively. MW that was treated for 1 minute by passing through magnetic one time and cured in MW was found to produce better results than the MW that was allowed to pass through the magnetic treatment unit two times or by multiple flows which probably reduce the magnetic treatment effect and reduced the strengths of the concrete cubes. MW is recommended for producing concrete cubes. References Ahmed, SM. 2009. Effect of Magnetic water on engineering properties of concrete. Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal, 17 (1): 71-82. Aladjadjiyan, A. 2007. The use of physical methods for plant growing stimulation in Bulgaria. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 8 (3): 369-380. Albahrani, HS. 2018. Improvement of mechanical properties of concrete using magnetic water with different ages of magnetism. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 13 (24): 10384- 10387. Ali, Y, Samaneh, R, and Kavakebian, F. 2014. Applications of Magnetic Water Technology in Farming and Agriculture Development: A Review of Recent Advances. Current World Environment, 9 (3):695-703. Babu, C. 2010. Use of magnetic water and polymer in agriculture, Tropical Research, ID 08- 806-001. Chern, CC. 2012. Application of magnetic water to stimulate the lady’s finger (Abelmosculentus L.) moench plant growth. B.Eng. Thesis submitted to Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Technology, Malaysia. 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 7 14 28 C o m p re ss iv e st re n g th ( N /m m 2 ) Curing day (day) T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com Adiama et al: Compressive Strength and Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Cube Using Magnetized Water. AZOJETE, 20(3):645- 656. 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Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 19 (1): 1-8. http://www.azojete.com.ng/ mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 mailto:%20edetjoseph1991@gmail.com%09 Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September 2024; Vol. 20(3)645-656. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545- 5818; www.azojete.com.ng Corresponding author’s e-mail address: yusuf.ok@unilorin.edu.ng 656 Yusuf, KO., Akpenpuun, TD., David, SO. and Oluwayemi, CH. 2021. Impact of magnetically treated water on compressive and flexural strength of concrete, Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 18 (3): 251-257. Zhang, XX, Ruiz, G. and Yu, RC. 2008. Experimental study of combined size and strain rate effects on the fracture of reinforced concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 20 (8): 544–551. file:///C:/user/Downloads/azojete143/www.azojete.com.ng mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com mailto:%20kunleoluyori@gmail.com