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VOL. 9, NO. 1 
SPRING 2020 

 

 SPECIAL ISSUE: DETROIT  

GUEST EDITORS’ INTRODUCTION 

Detroit’s Perpetual Renaissance  
Timeless Visions and Daily Blindness in the Detroit Arts Scene 

Susan Badger Booth  
Eastern Michigan University 

Mark Clague 
University of Michigan 

Most people just found out their jobs are bullshit (or at least not essential). We 
also just realized that migrant farmers, grocery clerks, and janitors are. It is 
the role of the artists to bear witness to our collective shifts, and continue to 
bear our souls. We are acting not only as a mirror that reflects moments/space 
in history but a window that allows for radical collective re-imagination of a 
future that is vastly different than what we have been led to believe was 
normal. (Cassells 2020)  

As we write, the COVID-19 pandemic has invaded the city of Detroit, which has become a 
regional hotspot. “Southeast Michigan Is Burning,” reads a recent headline in the Detroit Free 
Press as it describes how the virus’s case count has doubled every three days. Some thirty percent 
of cases in the state of Michigan are found in Detroit (Shamus & Tanner 2020). All public 
gatherings have been canceled. There are no concerts. Museum doors are locked. Galleries are 
shuttered. Only the city’s public art is on display, yet no one is looking at the murals in Eastern 
Market—the streets barren, the city is closed. 



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It seems likely that the COVID-19 pandemic will be a transformative event for Detroit and, 
indeed, the world. Art will survive, but it will be different; reshaped not only by short-term cash 
crises and institutional closures, but by a shift in the psyche of our audiences as well as the 
communities artists serve. Myriad questions arise: when will audiences be willing to assemble 
by the thousands in Orchestra Hall? Will artists, whose sheer grit, before COVID-19, allowed 
them to survive, scrape by economically as arts entrepreneurs into the future? Will the gigs 
return? Will artists pursue other work? How will they adjust to changing circumstances? The 
answers to these questions will be many, but the history of Detroit suggests one conclusion: that 
the determination of artists will find a way forward, probably outside the focus of the media 
spotlight and outside the galleries and stages of the city’s premier institutions. But Detroit’s 
artists will find a way to make their art and by doing so will (re)make the city. 

Right now—with COVID-19 in the city of Detroit—Detroiters have got to sit down and 
remember who we were during Bankruptcy, who we were during the riots, who we were 
personally in the microcosm of existence—in your mother’s house, grandmother’s house, 
grandfather’s house, father’s house. When things looked bleak. When it seemed like you were 
in your own personal famine. To remember how you made it out of there. If you don’t do that, 
you run the risk of assimilating into the fear. . . . That’ll be the death of me, quicker than COVID-
19. (Smith 2020) 

Detroit’s Renaissance Dilemma 

I have a problem with the phrase ‘renaissance’ to describe the era that Detroit finds itself in right 
now. It seems to imply that we were a podunk town that needed a renaissance. I like to call it an 
‘enlivening’ not a renaissance.  (Perron 2020) 

Figure 1. Detroit. July 25, 2019. Brandan “BMike” Odums and Rick Williams’s “They Tried to 
Bury Us. They Didn’t Know We Were Seeds” mural displayed in the Eastern Market in Detroit, 
MI. Photo by Raymond Boyd/Getty Images. 



ARTIVATE 9.1 

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The incessant repetition of Detroit’s urban ‘Renaissance’ narrative offers an instructive 
perspective. As interviews with the city’s artists and arts administrators signal, an endless public 
relations cycle has emerged around Detroit that alternates claims of crisis and proclamations of 
Detroit’s rebirth. Artists/Community Organizer Halima Cassells laments, “From a corporate 
media lens, invitations for people from the outside to come in and take advantage of the city are 
offered. Recovery is a loaded concept. What has recovered? Education, water, parking – 
everything is being privatized,” (Cassells 2020). 

No matter how well intentioned, this Renaissance ruse focuses journalistic attention on 
political solutions that have one common thread—a devaluing of the community already 
present. While the term “Renaissance” in reference to Detroit often invokes art (sometimes 
literally in discussing the 16th-century gallery of the Detroit Institute of Arts), it rarely is 
associated with the artists who live and work there. The story of Detroit’s artists entrepreneurs 
is, as often as not, a tale of determination to survive being written against a background of 
indifference; at best, and, at worst, a series of disruptive urban renewal initiatives that make 
survival in the city, itself, into an art. 

The phrase “Detroit’s Renaissance” first appears on the front page of the city’s Detroit Free 
Press newspaper in 1954 under the banner headline “Dynamic City of Future Now Being 
Forged.” Written at what would be the statistical height of the city’s population, then at some 
1.8 million, the article’s lede invokes—seemingly for the first time—the notion of a Detroit 
reborn: 

Detroit’s renaissance, its civic reawakening, is upon us. This rebirth already is beginning to 
breathe new spirit into the city. Along the waterfront, where the city took roots and sprouted to 
great size, new milestones are being laid for the Detroit of tomorrow. With each passing day, the 
concepts of architects and planners are taking form in cement and steel and marble, as Detroit’s 
Civic Center rises toward completion. (Beckman 1954) 

The article praises the creation of a “Civic Center for Detroit,” a project long-delayed by 
the Depression and WWII, that would not only memorialize the sacrifice of the city’s veterans, 
but create a series of buildings that would make Detroit into “one of the country’s greatest 
convention cities.” These modernist, international-style buildings were intended to signal that 
Detroit was a city of progress. They included the Veterans Memorial Building (1948–50), the 
City-County Building (1951–54), and the Henry and Edsel Ford Auditorium (1955). A 
Convention Hall-Exhibits Building (which would open as Cobo Hall in 1960) was also planned. 
As would be expected in the “motor city,” the plans called for additional automobile parking 
and a rerouting of highways to serve the new urban design. These new arteries and amenities 
would bring people downtown, yet highways flow both ways—they also let people escape to the 
suburbs.  

The stated goal of the program was economic development. Its main ‘accomplishment,’ 
however, was to wrest Detroit’s urban center from its African Americans residents. Racist 
segregated housing laws confined Detroit’s black population to the Black Bottom and Paradise 
Valley neighborhoods, just northeast of the area targeted for renewal as the new City Center. 



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These black neighborhoods, sometimes compared in vitality to New York’s Harlem, supported 
a vibrant ecosystem of black-owned businesses, including a dynamic music scene. This arts 
scene is discussed in Jeremy Peters’ article in this issue—”A Cultural and Social Mecca: 
Entrepreneurial Action & Venue Agglomeration in Detroit’s Paradise Valley Neighborhood.” 
Community allowed Detroit to thrive; Detroit’s thriving engendered community. 

While the decimation of these neighborhoods is often blamed on developments in the 
1960s— when Detroit’s ‘urban revitalization’ project was complete — the area’s fate was actually 
determined in the immediate post-WWII era by the 1946 Detroit Plan. The first of three 
highways to dissect Detroit’s downtown, placing barriers in the urban landscape, appeared two 
decades earlier. The Detroit Crosstown Expressway was renamed as the “Edsel Ford Highway” 
in honor of the eponymous carmaker’s only son in 1946 (Michigan Highways 2020). It bisected 
the city, creating a high-speed path through, not to, Detroit. Work on the highway, now I-94, 
progressed over the next decade, along with construction of two other downtown roadways—
the Chrysler Freeway (I-375) and Fisher Freeway (I-75), which were built in the 1960s. This 
blacktop trio divided and subdivided the city center as effectively as a series of walls, here made 
of asphalt and whizzing automobiles. For Detroit, this solution failed to find its problem. 
Detroit’s black neighborhoods suffered not from blight, but poverty. Through development, the 
city’s “slums” were razed, but no alternative housing was offered to black residents. The result 
was to banish Detroit’s core inhabitants from the very lifeblood of their community and vice 
versa. Thus, the 1946 Detroit Plan established a flawed pattern: Detroit’s residents, including its 
signature artist entrepreneurs, were not consulted in drafting the city’s revitalization plan, but 
instead were seen as a source of resistance, as a barrier to the renaissance that must be removed. 

In a February 1965 article, Detroit Free Press arts critic Morley Driver describes phase two 
of the city’s rebirth—its cultural resurrection. Its physical rebirth complete, he praises the 
cultural patrons of “Detroit’s Renaissance” and their representative masterpieces: Wayne State 
University and its medical center, the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, 
and the J.L. Hudson Gallery (Driver 1965). Morley thus celebrates the utopian institutions that 
have displaced what he calls the “slums” of Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. Great cultural 
institutions, as Morley explains, must result from Detroit’s manufacturing prowess and 
economic strength: 

To put a world on wheels took brains, imagination, and the ability to look far ahead. . . . But 
there comes a time, with a city, as with people, when economics are not enough; when earnings 
are sufficient and there is leisure and time to think about something else. That something else is 
culture. (Driver 1965, 12) 

Morley defines culture as “education (in a small part) and mental curiosity (in a large 
part).” What is clear from context, however, is that for Morley, culture is measured not 
internally, say by the education and curiosity of the city’s residents, but externally, by the 



ARTIVATE 9.1 

 13 

recognition and respect of outsiders, signified by the educational and cultural institutions that 
the city can command. 

By January of 1970, the Greater Detroit Chamber of Commerce would announce yet 
another rebirth initiative to “revitalize downtown Detroit.” “Detroit Renaissance 70” would 
boast a steering committee that included Michigan Governor William Milliken (who served 
1969–83) and Ford Motor Company Chairman Henry Ford II. The goal of this private 
organization was to bring the “big money of private developers downtown” in order “to help 
government solve problems” and “to restore the confidence of Detroiters in their city.” As one 
organizer put it, the purpose was “to sell Detroit to Detroiters,” (Neuman 1970). But which 
Detroit? And which Detroiters? 

The apex of Detroit’s “Renaissance narrative,” both physically and symbolically, remains 
the $337-million Detroit Renaissance Center (constructed 1973–77). A rosette of five tubular 
skyscrapers that defines the city’s skyline to this day, the complex features four 39-story office 
towers set equally around a 73-story hotel, which since its dedication in 1977 has been the tallest 
building in Michigan and, more importantly to its builders, was at the time it opened, the tallest 
all-hotel skyscraper in the world (Cutter 1976, 19-27). The building was controversial from the 
outset (UPI 1977), but its message about Detroit was clear. It announced the city’s rebirth. 
Detroit Mayor Coleman Young even invited the mayor of Florence Italy to attend the hotel’s 
dedication. He was to be a representative of what Detroit officials called “their Renaissance sister 
city in Europe,” (Indianapolis Star 1977).  

As this historical review shows, Detroit’s renaissance narrative has been popularized for 
some nine decades but has yet to generate a sustained or comprehensive economic advantage. 
Its revitalization efforts seem always to be top-down. A congeries of business and government 
leaders attract positive press and lure investment through a “Renaissance”-themed publicity 
opportunity for the city. Historically, the push behind these initiatives has thrust concerns about 

Figure 2. Arts Village Collective — room without a roof used for children’s creative play 
activities. Photo by Mark Clague. 



 14 

damage to other city resources, both businesses and communities, quietly or not so quietly aside. 
Cries may ring out, but the many voices of community seem to lack the political power to 
reshape these revitalization efforts or the collective voice to be heard above the blare of political 
boosterism.  

The DIA and the Detroit Bankruptcy Narrative 
In March of 2013, Michigan’s governor declared that Detroit was in a state of extreme financial 
distress and appointed an emergency manager with power superior to the city’s own elected 
leaders. Negotiations with creditors and contract holders would prove intractable, and the city 
moved aggressively to file for Chapter 9 Bankruptcy, surprising creditors as well as the city’s 
unions, and making headlines. Faced with $18.5 billion of debt, bankruptcy facilitated the 
reduction of payments to creditors (Bomey 2016). But as with any bankruptcy, debt is only half 
of the equation; assets are the other consideration. Because of a decision from 1919, when the 
Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA) collection was gifted to the City of Detroit, initially as a strategy 
to secure annual operating revenue for the museum, some 2,773 art works donated to and 
purchased by the museum over the years were in a now precarious position—not in public trust, 
but as collateral for a series of desperate loans procured by the city. Christie’s appraised the art 
owned by the city at a value between $454 and $867 million at auction (Bomey 2016, 127). 
Would the city have to sell its art to cover past debts?  

“The Grand Bargain,” a compromise negotiated by Chief Judicial Mediator Judge Gerald 
Rosen, would save the DIA collection, by inspiring some $800 million of support from 
foundations, individuals, and the state of Michigan to help pay off a negotiated portion of the 
city’s debt, thus successfully avoiding the sale of the city owned part of the DIA collection. The 
philanthropic community would be positioned as the social innovators in this story, yet they 
saw this as not saving an art collection but rather saving a city and its people. “It was disruptive 
and it pushed us to our limits in thinking about how we could problems-solve,” reflects Darren 
Walker of the Ford Foundation, which pledged $125 million as part of the agreement. “For me, 
it had all of the elements of something truly transformative—and that’s what I think 
philanthropy should be doing,” (Bomey 2016, 148). Yet in any bankruptcy, whether personal or 
municipal, compromises must be made with creditors to pay off a reduced portion of the debt 
owed.  

The rub was that creditors accepting reduced payments included the city’s general pension 
fund and the pension fund for police and firefighters. Detroit’s retired public workers would 
eventually see their monthly payments reduced by 4.5 percent, future cost-of-living adjustments 
eliminated, and the loss of healthcare coverage in retirement. “In the end, the bankruptcy 
proceedings eliminated $7.8 billion in payments to retired workers and the city got off the hook 
for $4.3 billion in unfunded health-care obligations and future costs,” (Tompar 2018). Detroit 
was able to negotiate a hold on paying into pension funds until 2024, but one must wonder how 
the current COVID-19 crisis will impact this timeline, with risk of setting up pensions for yet 



ARTIVATE 9.1 

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another shortfall. It is impossible not to notice that Detroit continues to shelter its assets through 
the sacrifices of its citizens.  

What is the impact of moving money from foundations to retired city workers? Is this in 
fact a lost opportunity to support creative work in Detroit? Halima Cassells notes during a 
recent interview: “Detroit is the canary in the coal mine – wow, bankruptcy works let’s try it 
somewhere else. Deals are being made without thinking of the people who live in this city. We 
must find new ways to use systems that focus on collective value and participation.” One such 
innovative tool is the “Cultural Community Benefits Principles Toolkit” developed by Cassells 
along with other Detroit cultural organizers. It strives to “seek accountability, through 
community benefits agreements, from private developers who receive public support for large-
scale development projects,” in Detroit and other urban settings (Arts in a Changing America, 
n.d.). If it succeeds, future Renaissance projects will necessarily benefit the community. 

Detroit’s independent artists do not require rebirth, they are survivors. They continue to 
forge community, if largely out of the spotlight of the press and beyond the support of its 
signature cultural institutions. Founded in 1885 by a group of local pianists, the Detroit Tuesday 
Musicale continues to fulfill its original mission to promote classical music in the city and 
advance the artistic growth of its members. Propelled by dedicated volunteers, the Musicale 
persists. It presents an annual slate of some ten concerts in and around the city at low-cost 
venues, including churches as well as piano stores, such as the Steinway Gallery or The Piano 
Place in Troy. With performances at a professional standard, these recitals still occur on a 
Tuesday afternoon or evening. They feature club members, regional guest artists, and students 
at both the high school and collegiate levels (Tuesday Musicale of Detroit, n.d.). Most artists 
perform without pay. Periodically a hometown hero—a concert artist raised in Detroit now on 
the world’s stage—returns to the city to perform (Detroit Free Press, 2010). The club awards a 
dozen annual prizes and scholarships to students, but flies under the radar of cultural notice but 
for a free listing in the newspaper’s events column a couple of times each year or a listing in an 
obituary of a former member (Boston Globe 2013). Detroit’s Musicale is emblematic of the city’s 
art scene in that it survives on a determination for art, despite tenuous economic circumstance. 

The Detroit Symphony Orchestra is at the other end of the economic spectrum of Detroit’s 
cultural institution as an international flagship. Yet the DSO faced its own financial crisis, strike, 
and lock-out that resulted in a twenty-six-week silence in the midst of its 2010-11 season as 
described in Nathinee Chucherdwatanasak’s award-winning article in this issue “Making 
Detroit Sound Great.” This story of the orchestra’s bitterly contested survival is also the story of 
its intrapreneurial transformation, as ideas for “patron minded pricing” and a “Neighborhood 
Concert Series,” a “Social Progress Initiative” at medical care and service agencies, and the “Live 
from Orchestra Hall” webcast series arose from the experiences connected to the work stoppage 
and the orchestra’s “‘entrepreneurial turn’ to be ‘the most accessible orchestra on the planet.’” 
By losing access to their storied music hall, the “Musicians of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra,” 
as the ensemble was known during the lockout, rediscovered the city and its people and restored 
its civic mission, not just as a clarion call to the world of the city’s cultural achievement, but as 
a service organization for Detroit’s people. 



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For the artists of Detroit, the city 
itself is the work. Detroit is both 
canvas and construct. Motown is 
both place and genre. This civic 
ontology is made visible in the 
Detroit Artist Village, created by 
John George and the Motor City 
Blight Busters (1988–). Their 
recovered building on Lahser Road in 
Detroit’s Old Redford neighborhood 
is not only the non-profit’s 
headquarters, but an art gallery, 
performance venue, and community 
center, fused with a revenue-
generating coffee shop and Airbnb 
rental. It is characteristic of Detroit’s 
problem-oriented creativity. Reviewed in this issue is a 2014 book of artist case studies by Julie 
Pincus and Nichole Christian that expands upon the theme of Detroit as both a work of art and 
the work of artists. Titled Canvas Detroit, this illustrated essay serves as a “visual ethnography” 
of the city, according to reviewer Jonathan Kuuskoski, that showcases “art as a way of life for 
local artisans,” while conveying “a sense that art is alive in the city, bound by a common 
understanding that individual works have larger implications when coordinated around social 
action.”  

Detroit rapper Deidre “D.S. Sense” Smith is another example. While making music and 
delivering international workshops for the U.S. State Department through its Next Level 
initiative which uses hip hop dance, music, and art as a cultural diplomacy tool, Smith’s activism 
includes work for Detroit’s Ruth Ellis Center and its programs for LGBTQ+ youth. Her song 
“On My Detroit Everything,” (2013–19) became an anthem among her fans and the title became 
the name of her own renaissance social project. As Smith explains: 

“On My Detroit Everything” started as a mantra. . . . that I would tell myself. At the time I was 
homeless. . . . And also, the city of Detroit was facing its own perils—the emergency manager 
and the bankruptcy and everything. My life and the city’s were sort of synonymous. And I 
needed something to pick me up and to keep me invigorated. . . . I would get up . . . and say “I’m 
On My Detroit Everything”—get myself together and hit the street.  

And then . . . I’m On My Detroit Everything . . . the rhythm started coming through and it 
went from being a mantra to a song, to a crowd favorite, to a chant from the crowd, to an 
initiative. . . . I think it resonated so much, because we had already had our Detroit versus 
Everybody. . . . We are always underdogs, for some reason. And we needed something to 
champion our presence.  

Here I was saying, I’m “On My Detroit Everything,” which is if you never acknowledge me, 
it doesn’t negate the fact that I’m about my business, and I have a job to do, whatever that entails. 

Figure 3. Halima Cassells working on an eco-friendly 
mural constructed with found objects; not toxic 
paints. 



ARTIVATE 9.1 

 17 

. . . For me, it meant get my ass up, and not accepting my situation. And certainly not 
succumbing to it. That’s what it meant for me. . . . It’s beautiful, you can mold it into anything 
you need it to be, as long as it’s positive, positive, highlights Detroit and its citizens. (Smith 2020) 

Many of Detroit’s activist artists have incorporated as non-profits over the years to provide 
a structure to receive grants and donations, yet they still operate as lean start-ups even decades 
after their creation. One example is Aaron Timlin’s Detroit Culture Club and Chalfonte 
Foundation, which operates as an art gallery out of his home. “Detroit has a history of creating 
space for responsiveness to artists, and after funding for artists died in the early 1990s, KAID 
filled an important need.” notes Michelle Perron, who serves as founding director of the 
program. “KAID started as a way to give artists resources, time, and space to reward them for 
their creative practice, but quickly we realized that communities can’t flourish without the 
creative drive of artists. So, we knew we needed to empower artists to be leaders in Detroit if our 
community was to change. “This is why we added the professional practice component that 
would arm artists with the tools, training and expertise so they could create social change,” 
(Perron 2020). A key component of Kresge’s grantmaking is a series of arts entrepreneurship 
workshops. Attendance at the professional practice activities is not required, but awardees are 
encouraged and empowered to participate. This leverages the Kresge Fellowship into a series of 
opportunities that help sustain careers. 

Detroit’s African Bead Museum founded by Olayami Dabls—a Kresge fellow—is a signal 
example. Filling nearly a full city block of indoor and outdoor installations on the corner of 
Grand River and West Grand Boulevard, the museum is an idea at the center of a homegrown 

Figure 4. Olyama Dabls at the African Bead Museum in Detroit, photo by the authors, January 
2020. 



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urban redevelopment project. The museum is both place and performance, centered on what is 
the future museum’s gift shop, over which its founder presides. The full experience is in effect a 
performance art piece with Dabls as architect, designer, sculptor, proprietor, and solo 
performer. Visitors are recruited as interlocutors in a series of historical tales and philosophical 
insights that express the artist’s worldview and serve as a capsule history of Detroit. The gift 
show generates revenue, while also serving as a theatrical set and launching pad for Dabls’ 
visions. 

“I do believe that this is soul work,” notes Deidre “D.S. Sense” Smith, “we are of service, to each 
other, our creator, our community, all of it. It’s not hard.” (Smith 2020) 

The Renaissance narrative of Detroit still dominates city hall, the downtown businesses, 
and the editorial offices of newspapers from the Free Press to the New York Times. Detroit’s 
underground art scene is sustained by a social service mission, the resilience its resident artists 
who ride the ups and downs of the city’s economic cycles with support from one another, and a 
few local foundations. In this sense, Detroit may be a case study in the typical. In Detroit, a city’s 
arts ecosystem is less an integrated, coherent whole than a series of layered sets of social 
relationships. Flagship institutions serve to broadcast the image of civic vitality across borders 
national and international, while local artists serve to create a web of creativity, addressing social 
needs, solving neighborhood problems, and creating a sense of beauty and pride in place.   

“One thing for sure is that the arts help sustain a healthy environment,” said Michelle Perron. 
“It is an empowering kind of food for the community. So much of the richness of Detroit’s art 
scene has been inspired by our challenges. That richness is about hope, drive and desire.” 
(Perron 2020) 

References 

Arts in a Changing America. “Cultural Community 
Benefits Principles.” 
https://artsinachangingamerica.org/cultural-
community-benefits-principles/. 

Beckman, Frank. 1954. “Dynamic City of Future Now 
Being Forged.” Detroit Free Press, Sept. 5, 1954, 
1–2. 

Bomey, Nathan. 2016. Detroit Resurrected: To 
Bankruptcy and Back. New York: W. W. Norton 
& Co. 

Boston Globe. 2013. “Stare, Irene Kinsey,” the Boston 
Globe, March 17, 2013, B9. 

Cassells, Halima. 2020. Interview by Susan Badger 
Booth 

Cutter, Nancy. 1976. “Everything You Ever Wanted 
to Know about Renaissance Center—We Hope!” 
Detroit Free Press, April 4, 1976, 19–27.  

Detroit Free Press. 2010. “Hometown Wonder.” 
Detroit Free Press, May 6, 2010, 15. 

Driver, Morley. 1965. “Detroit’s Renaissance: And Its 
Four Prime Movers,” Parade Magazine, Detroit 
Free Press, Feb. 14, 1965, 12–14. 

Indianapolis Star. 1977. “Detroit Welcomes ‘New 
Beginning’ at Renaissance Center Dedication,” 
The Indianapolis Star, April 16, 1977, 8. 

Louise E. Cuyler Prize in Musicology, University of 
Michigan Department of Musicology 2020 

Michigan Highways. n.d. “Early US-12, Willow 
Run, Detroit Industrial & Edsel Ford 
Freeways.” Accessed March 30, 2020. 
http://www.michiganhighways.org/indepth/ea
rly_I-94.html. 

Neuman, Ladd. 1970. “New Group Promotes 
Downtown,” Detroit Free Press, January 29, 1970, 
3. 

Perron,Michelle. 2020. Interview by Susan Badger 
Booth 



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Shamus, Kristen Jordan & Tanner, Kristi. 2020. 
“‘Southeast Michigan Is Burning’: Michigan’s 
Coronavirus Case Count Doubles Every 3 Days” 
Detroit Free Press, March 29, 2020. 

Smith, Deidre “D.S. Sense.” 2020. Interview by Mark 
Clague. 

UPI. 1977. “Boon or Blight?—Detroit Citizens Argue 
about Building,” United Press International, Feb. 
06, 1977. 

Tompar, Susan. 2018 “Even 5 years later, retirees 
feel the effects of Detroit’s bankruptcy,” 
Detroit Free Press, July 18, 2018. 

Tuesday Musicale of Detroit. “Archives” 
https://www.tuesdaymusicaleofdetroit.org/archiv
es  

  



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