







































 
 

119 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

Asian Business Research Journal 
Vol. 9, 119-126, 2024 
ISSN: 2576-6759 
DOI: 10.55220/25766759.227 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 
 

 

 
Towards Halal Tourism: Orientation towards the “Titik Nol Nusantara” 
Destinations 

 
Nurjanana Nurjanana1 
Sri Wayhuni2

 
Abdul Gafur3 
 

 
 

1Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia.  
Email: nurjanana@feb.unmul.ac.id      
2Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia.  
Email: sri.wahyuni@feb.unmul.ac.id     
3Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, Indonesia.  
Email: abdul.gafur@feb.unmul.ac.id  
( Corresponding Author) 
 
 

 
Abstract 

The purpose of this article is to study the effect of interest and awareness on halal tourism which 
is mediated by Islamic leadership and religiosity. The interview process focused on a random 
sample by inviting 1,191 respondents who were currently visiting the "Titik Nol Nusantara". To 
extract the questionnaire observations, the data is extracted in the form of a Likert scale. 
Afterward, the data was conducted using quantitative methods. This study concludes two main 
findings: (1) Interest and awareness significantly influence Islamic leadership and halal tourism, 
but interest and awareness have no significant effect on religiosity; and (2) Interest and awareness 
influence halal tourism through the mediation of Islamic leadership, but not for other cases such 
as religiosity which fails to mediate in the relationship between interest and awareness of halal 
tourism. Because the premise of halal tourism is seen as new for the "Titik Nol Nusantara", so it is 
still in progress. 

 
Keywords: Halal tourism, IKN destination, Interest and awareness, Islamic leadership, Religiosity. 
JEL Classification: Z1; M12; Z12; Z32. 

 
1. Introduction 

Relocating the transfer of the administrative center of the Indonesian government from Jakarta to East 
Kalimantan is a logical alternative option. The status of the new capital city in East Kalimantan which is located in 
Sepaku (Penajam Paser Utara) is the most reasonable long-term solution to respond to a holistic polemic including: 
land degradation and limitations, conversion of agricultural land to densely populated settlements, strategies to 
accelerate economic equity, pioneering disaster management and prevention which so far has been centered on 
Java, stability and balance between regions, as well as boosting people's welfare, including encouraging a 
comprehensive revitalization of tourism. Speaking of Indonesian tourism, vital destinations need to be upgraded 
(Cahyadi & Newsome, 2021). To stimulate tourism, it does not only start with developing interest and awareness 
alone, but also intersects with local wisdom marked by the majority of anthropologists who are in charge of 
managing the destination as well as visitors. 

One of the most popular examples of tourism in the Ibu Kota Nusantara (IKN) is the “Titik Nol Nusantara” 
which was initiated in February 2022. This tour is included in the category of monuments which symbolize part of 
the history of Indonesia's rise towards "Golden Indonesia" in the coming 2045 (Pulungan & Sumarlam, 2017). The 
role of "Titik Nol Nusantara" is expected to be able to give a new color to the development of Indonesian tourism, 
especially in IKN and its surroundings. Even though it was only inaugurated and opened in early 2022, tourism 
affairs in East Kalimantan have not been fully conceptualized properly. There must be characteristics that are 
highlighted without neglecting the sense of unity that binds the bonds of brotherhood between religious 
communities. It should be noted, the understanding of the mindset of halal tourism so far has only focused on one 
religion, for example Islam. However, halal tourism invites all elements of culture, religion, ethnicity, and races of 
society universally to think openly about how to operate, appreciate, understand, up to actualizing halal tourism 
designs that can be accepted by a wide variety of groups. In practice, Anwar (2022), Battour and Ismail (2016), 
Mohsin et al. (2016), Parhan et al. (2021), and Putra and Tucunan (2021) explain that halal tourism has long been 
branding, transitioning, and inspiring many tourist attractions in several corners of the world. Material from halal 
tourism aims, emphasizes, and prioritizes the heterogeneity of privacy contained in the religious observance and 
practice of Muslim tourists. Then, halal tourism is also concentrated on the perspective of the tourism industry 
which involves Islamic teachings and does not deviate from the principles of Islamic law. 

In Indonesia, the prospects for halal tourism are quite shining (Jaelani, 2017; Muhajir & Al Hasan, 2021; 
Ningsih et al., 2022). The potential of the Halal tourism discipline does not only highlight business and economic 
aspects alone, but also provides tourism services and products that facilitate the needs of tourists from various 
backgrounds (especially Muslims), such as places of worship or the value of da'wah and worship, availability of 
halal drinks and food. , attributes that do not contradict the Islamic label, and its flexibility can be felt by visitors 

mailto:nurjanana@feb.unmul.ac.id
mailto:sri.wahyuni@feb.unmul.ac.id
mailto:abdul.gafur@feb.unmul.ac.id
https://www.doi.org/10.55220/25766759.227


Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

120 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

according to Islamic sharia standards (Moshin et al., 2020; Rahmawati et al., 2021). Reflecting on similar types of 
tourism, such as examples from China (Daheishan, Miaodao, and Xiaoheishan Islands), the Balearic Islands–Spain, 
Pescadores–Taiwan Islands, and the Japanese Islands, where tourism monuments or monuments are placed side by 
side with residential areas (Chao & Chao, 2017; Garcia et al., 2022; Kohno & Higuchi, 2023; Ma et al., 2023). To 
meet the demands of stability, monitoring and safety of the island, it is connected to a single point to monitor, 
protect and reduce natural disasters. In addition, another reason is to support the tourism sector. 

Yudiandri and Sulistyo (2022) claim that the success of tourism attraction is inseparable from the leadership 
factor. Take the example of Islamic leadership which synergizes with control and evaluation of the progress of a 
tourist destination (Soemaryani, 2018). Wise leadership determination requires maturation in preparing integrated 
tourism planning. The function of a leader with Islamic character is to uphold civilization, be firm, trustworthy, fair 
and moral. Therefore, it is not difficult to adapt in every type of work, especially in the field of tourism. Besides 
that, the essence of Islamic leadership also advocates and initiates empowering workers without leaving a spiritual 
element (Wijayati & Rahman, 2022). 

Furthermore, religiosity in each individual is expressed through a spiritual level related to rituals, applied laws, 
values, and belief systems. In the tourism context, the position of religiosity is reflected by the understanding of 
halal and the critical attitude of tourists in making choices about visiting tourist destinations (Arta & Fikriyah, 
2021). In fact, interest in halal tourism is closely related to individual adherence to their religion (Cahyaningsih, 
2020). On the lens of halal tourism, there are challenges as well as great opportunities to be elaborated on. To 
intensify the idea of halal tourism in IKN, as it has not been touched on the "Titik Nol Nusantara" tour, but not 
completely mixed with the foundations of leadership and religiosity which are managed according to sharia. From 
an open point of view, progress in interest and awareness of travel should be channeled through leadership and 
religiosity, so that it will automatically create a space for halal tourism. In the urgency of halal tourism, familiarity, 
sense of responsibility, and solidarity in the interest and awareness must be formed by consistent leadership 
enthusiasm and religiosity. Through this momentum, an investigation is proposed in the capacity of interest and 
awareness of Islamic leadership, religiosity, and halal tourism for the "Titik Nol Nusantara" case at IKN. The 
specification of the paper is divided into five structures. Point 1: dissecting the background and explaining the 
research motive. Point 2: describes the theoretical basis and demonstrates the proposed hypothesis. Point 3: 
creating methodological instruments. Point 4: describes the findings and reviews comparative studies. Point 5: 
summarizing the results based on the outline analysis, discussing limitations, identifying implications, and sharing 
practical suggestions and empirical sustainability. 

 

2. Literature Review 
2.1. Halal Tourism 

From various theoretical horizons, Azam et al. (2019), Firdaus et al. (2021), Slamet et al. (2022), as well as 
Vargas-Sánchez and Moral-Moral (2020) define halal tourism as a fundamental that is intended to demonstrate the 
same literacy, which too to the lack of appropriate interpretation of how and what is required by Islamic law in 
providing services to guarantee visitor acceptance when traveling. Implicitly, halal tourism regulates what is 
permissible when traveling or vice versa. Referring to the diversity of halal tourism at the global level, besides 
being moral, it is also faced with religious qualities. The most important guideline is to combine halal with 
goodness components that contribute to the spread of religious enthusiasm. Accepting and welcoming tourism 
collectively to complement each other can be integrated with halal preferences. The ultimate target is to create 
harmonization among destination stakeholders in promoting the halal tourism order. The benefits of halal tourism 
cannot be separated from the Hadith and Al-Qur'an which are believed in and know heredity, honor, property, 
mind, soul, and especially maintaining religion. 
 
2.2. Interest and Awareness of Travel 

In the view of tourism, interest and awareness have different articulations, but are still attached to each other. 
In relation to tourism interest, this is largely determined by demand. Requests for tourism visits are compiled by 
decision-making (Singleton, 2013). The most rational key behind the interest in traveling is the reason for 
pleasure. Normatively, ideally a person experiences a "saturation point" in life, so that humans stay away from the 
normal environment for a while (Tasci & Ko, 2017). Within certain groups, the need for travelers is implied by 
self-efficacy, passion, and social affiliation in attitudes of escaping or vacationing to a particular place. In the 
"Escape Theory" framework, travel motivation is based on a hierarchy of individual needs, which is based on the 
pattern of each trip (Yousaf et al., 2018). On the other hand, in the psychological dimension, the travel model is 
understood as a cognitive form in processing empathy and communicating individual behavior (Yi et al., 2021). 
Complexly, tourism flows are relatively constructed by utilities, positive assumptions, and sociological conditions 
in enjoying travel (Bert van Wee & Mokhtarian, 2023). Generally, travelers will aspire negatively when 
accessibility levels are low as opposed to high expectations and desires. On the contrary, it applies positively when 
high accessibility is implemented, so that they feel proportional comfort. 

Next, is tourism awareness. Ideally, travel awareness is highly dependent on each traveler's physique, time, 
happiness, and affluence. According to Dewi (2019), awareness of travel is very relevant to intentions and 
perceptions which are moderated by marketing strategies. The importance of traveling awareness also depends on 
the intensity of other people's decisions. In fact, in tourism activities, intention and awareness enable the 
realization of visits (Ervina & Octaviany, 2022). To prove it works, take the example of "Theory of Planned 
Behavior" modified by Pahrudin et al. (2021). Subjective norms in destination visits are moderated by tourist 
decisions. Naseer et al. (2022) predicts that “Situational Awareness and Belief Theory” is connected to travelers' 
perceptions. 

Publications regarding interest and awareness that accumulate into creativity blending with Islamic values are 
highlighted by Amir Abdullah et al. (2020) and Zarkasyi et al. (2021). Lifestyle trends that absorb adherence to 
Islam are able to introduce and organize halal tour packages. The insistence on halal tourism programs is in line 
with interest, religiosity and awareness. In this modern era, the topic of Islamic tourism in developing markets has 
opened up Muslim travelers to explore more innovative and memorable experiences (Hanafiah et al., 2022). There 
is a significant correlation between the interests and attitudes of the tourist community in developing halal tourism 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

121 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

(Juliana et al., 2021). The image of halal tourism is driven by intention, awareness and trust (Safitri & Pratomo, 
2023). Based on the above argument, the first hypothesis is opened as follows: 

H1, H2, and H3: Increasing interest and awareness, further fostering Islamic leadership, religiosity and halal tourism. 
 
2.3. Religiosity 

From the existing literature, social and personal tendencies influence the image of the destination. Coherently, 
pillars such as religious antecedents play an important schema in representing loyalty and satisfaction. Islamic 
religiosity considers that the religious approach has an effect on the size of tourist decision-making (Mohamed, 
2018). With high loyalty, it can attract religious feelings. Uniquely, tourism which adopts "halal materials" in all 
places has been accepted by the public en masse. Many academic reports have concluded that concern about halal 
tourism is the true meaning of Islam (Moufakkir et al., 2018). 

From across generations, insights about religiosity have an inclusive impact in controlling behavior, attitudes, 
and norms that are felt in situations that confirm visiting decisions (Sudarsono et al., 2021). To strengthen 
religiosity in halal destinations, one must think about and improve the performance of tourism management in an 
adaptive manner (Riyanto et al., 2022). In “Relationship Marketing Theory”, Abror et al. (2019) places a more 
dominant proportion of religiosity in customer satisfaction and engagement. Today, in a multi-religious and multi-
ethnic society, Muslim tourism hospitality is an introduction to symbols of memory, affection, and a means of 
identity (Losurdo, 2022). The Islamic insight doctrine is so diverse for Muslim travelers to localize the tourism 
business. For this reason, the scenario in the next hypothesis is written as follows: 

H5: Increasing religiosity, growing halal tourism. 
H7: Increasing religiosity can bridging the relationship between interest and awareness of halal tourism. 
 

2.4. Islamic Leadership 
Accelerated institutional supply into Islamic leadership indicates a bright future for halal tourism. Realizing 

this, leadership actors are required to formulate regulations on halal tourism in a partnership that accommodates 
community and religious leaders (Prajasari, 2022). To optimize this, halal tourist destinations are fully and actively 
involved in covering Muslim visitor facilities. Recently, Anwar (2022) detected that sharia tourism services 
describe Islamic disciplines and are often misunderstood by many scientists. In reality, the message from the 
concept of halal tourism does not run into local wisdom. In essence, the idea of halal tourism in Muslim-majority 
and minority nations is able to maintain impressive economic growth. Even though the narrative of halal tourism is 
enforced differently in each country, some consumers who are Muslim are still hindered by legal certainty and 
formal legality (Mawardi et al., 2022). The reputation of halal destinations is a priority framed by affective Islamic 
leadership (Widjaja et al., 2020). Halal tourism specialization is addressed in parallel to access to appropriate and 
sufficient information to introduce products (Martín et al., 2020). Thus, the handling of Islamic culture must be 
carried out concretely by a skilled leadership style. Then, the final hypothesis is arranged as follows: 

H4: Increasing Islamic leadership, further growing halal tourism. 
H6: Increasing Islamic leadership can bridging the relationship between interest and awareness of halal tourism. 

 
2.5. Variable 

The variable composition is amplified into four phase including: (1) interest and awareness, (2) religiosity, (3) 
Islamic leadership, and (4) halal tourism. In a hypothetical format, these four variables have different forms. 
Referring to its function, interest and awareness are set as independent variables. In the interaction between 
interest and awareness of halal religiosity and Islamic leadership, both variables are classified as dependent 
variables. The blueprint for halal tourism, religiosity and Islamic leadership serves as an independent variable and 
on the one hand, it is also operated as a mediating variable which is instructed to relate the influence of interest and 
awareness on halal tourism. 
 

 
Figure 1. Conceptual model. 

 
Meanwhile, each variable has a different indicator. The interest and awareness variables consist of nine items: 

liking tourist destinations, inviting other people to travel, being interested in the products offered, setting 
departure schedules, asking for other people's suggestions, seeking information about destination destinations, 
feelings and true knowledge, visiting decisions, and considerations (Samuel et al., 2022; Nugraha & Adiita, 2021; 
Wahyuningsih et al., 2022). The religiosity variable is converted into five items: faith/ideology, ritualistic, 
experimental, intellectual, and consequences (Abqoriyyah & Sakinah, 2022; Fauzan, 2009; Septian, 2019; Wardani, 
2019). Objectivity in Islamic leadership variables is allocated to seven items: spiritual-based personal, commitment, 
istiqamah, tabligh, fathanah, amanah, and shiddiq (Akbar, 2018; Irawan, 2021). In terminology, halal tourism 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

122 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

variables are distributed into five items: activities, accommodation, amenities, accessibility, and attractions (Nekha 
& Kartikawati, 2022; Purusottama, 2022; Rahmawati et al., 2022). Figure 1 displays the conceptual variables. 

 

3. Methods 
3.1. Sample 

Substantively, primary based data. Data were collected through interview techniques. The data collection 
cluster originates from the opinions of tourists who have visited the "Titik Nol Nusantara" during 2022. The 
duration of the interviews was carried out from January 2024 to October 2024. The samples were selected 
randomly. The random sample focuses on tourists at the “Titik Nol Nusantara” who are willing to be asked for 
their statements about a list of openly asked questions. The procedure in a random sample is incidental, in which 
the researcher does not know the object, members, or correspondence set without knowing the strata in the 
population. The mechanism for tabulating data using a questionnaire. It was recorded that there were 1,375 sample 
ecosystems, but only most of the questionnaires were returned in full, so that the verified sample was 1,191 
informants (N = 1,191). Each question extracted into a Likert scale includes six classifications: 1–don't know, 2–
strongly disagree, 3–disagree, 4–neutral, 5–agree, and 6–strongly agree. 

 
3.2. Data Processing Systematics 

After the data survey was carried out, the data was processed into a quantitative method. There are four 
versions of data evaluation: reliability testing, descriptive statistics, validity testing, and regression analysis. 
Broadly speaking, reliability serves to clarify the results of measuring data using the same subject, descriptive 
statistics represented by the mean score focuses on calculating a particular variant given as a comparison 
differently in a group, validity to confirm how appropriate variables and indicators are applied, as well as regression 
analysis to calculate the direct relationship between variables. As a complement in evaluating the indirect 
relationship, a statistical tool, namely Sobel, is used. The five landscapes above have different assumptions. For the 
mean, the maximum score is 6 and the lowest score is 1. It is adjusted according to the Likert scale. In terms of 
reliability, the parameter is assumed to be a minimum Cronbach's Alpha (CA) score of 80 percent (0.8). In terms of 
validity, the product moment is the basic criterion, where the minimum correlation value is 70 percent (0.7). 
Finally, the terms of the direct effect and the indirect effect on linear regression are the probability or critical 
threshold of no more than 5 percent (0.05). 
 

4. Results and Discussion 
4.1. Main Findings 

Table 1 below reviews the profile of respondents based on demographics. Looking at the characteristics of 
tourists, ages 25–31 years (34 percent), 19–25 years (30 percent), and 21–37 (24 percent) are the most dominant to 
visit the "Titik Nol Nusantara". Among 1,191 informants, 54 percent were male, and the rest were female (46 
percent). On profession, 41 percent have a school and university background, 23 percent are entrepreneurs, 18 
percent say they are not working or are looking for work and taking care of the household, 12 percent are private 
employees, 5 percent are civil servants. In nominal Rupiah (IDR), the average monthly income in the interval of 
3,000,001–4,000,000 is the highest, reaching 61 percent, 12 percent of interviewees said they had no income, 11 
percent above 4,000,000, those with an income of around 2,000,001–3,000,000 by 9 percent, and 7 percent are those 
who earn less than 2,000,000. Based on the intensity of visits, it appears that 71 percent of them have traveled to 
the "Titik Nol Nusantara" and 29 percent are considered "favorite" to this destination. From the tourist category, 
54 percent are those from the East Kalimantan region, 31 percent include domestic tourists (from Indonesia, but 
outside East Kalimantan), and 15 percent are foreign visitors who deliberately drive to these destinations via air, 
sea or land and have the status of foreign citizens who have received permission to stay temporarily in Indonesia or 
asylum seekers. 
 

Table 1. Characteristics of informants (N = 1,191). 

Item Segment Frequency Percentage 

Age 19–25 
25–31 
21–37 
37–43 
43–49 
> 49      

356 
402 
287 
90 
13 
43 

30% 
34% 
24% 
8% 
1% 
4% 

Gender Female 
Male 

552 
639 

46% 
54% 

Background Private sector employee 
Entrepreneur  
Student 
Government employees 
Doesn't work 

148 
276 
491 
65 

211 

12% 
23% 
41% 
5% 

18% 
Income per month 0 

<2,000,000 
2,000,001–3,000,000 
3,000,001–4,000,000 
> 4,000,000 

144 
87 

105 
729 
126 

12% 
7% 
9% 

61% 
11% 

Travel enthusiasm 2 times 
> 2 times 

841 
350 

71% 
29% 

Tourist type Overseas/foreign 
Domestic  
Local 

175 
369 
647 

15% 
31% 
54% 

 
 
 
 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

123 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

Table 2. Questionnaire feasibility test. 

Variable Reactions Reliability 

(α = 0.8) 

Mean 

(�̅�) 

Validity 

( 𝒓 = 0.7) 

Interest and 
awareness 

I like this tourist destination 0.879 4.84 0.938 
I will invite other people to travel to this place  3.63 0.712 
I am interested in the products offered  4.42 0.945 
I have set a scheduled departure  2.19 0.850 
I asked others for advice  5.04 0.953 
Before leaving, I looked for information about the destination  3.57 0.726 
The feeling and truth of knowledge increases when traveling  3.18 0.717 
I decided to visit  5.02 0.605 
I ask for consideration before traveling  3.91 0.710 

Religiosity Faith and ideology for tourism development 0.935 4.66 0.829 
Ritualistics are needed for this tour  4.50 0.513 
Experimentation can strengthen tourism  5.81 0.804 
This tour relies on competent intellectuals  2.88 0.901 
Anticipate the consequences of problems  3.22 0.693 

Islamic 
leadership 

This destination is led by a spiritual character 0.856 4.07 0.740 
Commitment to addressing the symptoms and flare of all 
disputes 

 3.74 0.521 

Istiqamah in dispute resolution  3.67 0.912 
Communicate tabligh  3.59 0.721 
I believe that the management of this tour maximizes fathanah's 
attitude 

 2.94 0.750 

This destination is dedicated to trust  4.17 0.963 
This tour respects the diversity of the visitors with shiddiq 
traditions 

 4.29 0.665 

Halal tourism Halal tourism activities in this place have been under control 0.949 5.57 0.716 
The accommodation provided meets the criteria for halal 
tourism 

 4.45 0.865 

Amenities that are enforced provide convenience for tourists  3.61 0.741 
Accessibility is expected to be sufficient  2.77 0.920 
Attractions at this destination do not violate Islamic law  3.83 0.734 

 
Overall, the reliability results prove that all variables have CA scores above 80 percent, where the largest is 

halal tourism (0.949> 0.8), while among the four the lowest is Islamic leadership (0.856> 0.8). In another corridor, 
the mean value indicates if there is one indicator that has a score close to the "strongly disagree" category in the 
interest and awareness variables, to be precise the dimensions of the departure schedule dimension (2.19). In 
particular, the two dimensions of the religiosity variable and the halal tourism variable have the most striking 
mean values or are classified as "strongly agree". This dimension includes experimental (5.81) and activity (5.57). 
Amazingly, the average mean score was at 3–4, which means that the informants relatively stated “disagree”, 
“neutral” and “agree” in responding to the questionnaire. In this paper, also displays the validity score. Using a 
standard of 70 percent, it is known that only the halal tourism variable has all dimensions above the validity 
criterion (r> 0.7). Surprisingly, although the Islamic leadership variable has the most prominent indicator 
compared to the other 25 dimensions, where the score for the trustworthy indicator reaches 0.963, the Islamic 
leadership variable also has two indicators below 70 percent (commitment = 0.521 <0.7; shiddiq = 0.665 <0.7). It also 
happens in the religiosity variable. This is because there are two indicators that do not meet the validity parameter 
(ritualistic = 0.513 <0.7; consequence = 0.693 <0.7). In other words, ritualistic is the only indicator that is the 
smallest among other indicators. Finally, Table 2 also corrects that for the interest and awareness variables, there 
is one indicator that has a validity score below the reference (decision to visit = 0.605 <0.7). 

In Table 3, the R2 scores in the first and second models are 0.611 and 0.475. That is, IL and Rgt formed by I&A 
gained 61.1 percent and 47.5 percent respectively. Outside this regression model, there is still a direct effect of 
around 38.9 percent and 52.5 percent which can form between I&A on IL and Rgt. The combination of the I&A, IL, 
and Rgt variables can predict that the HT will reach 0.916. With a degree of probability (0.028 <0.05; 0.003 <0.05), 
I&A has an effect on IL and HT. Yet, I&A had no effect on Rgt (0.074> 0.05). IL (0.019 <0.05) and Rgt (0.000 
<0.05) form a systematic influence for HT. With a coefficient of -0.049, an increase in I&A actually decreases Rgt. 
On another occasion, the more I&A was increased, the more it had a crucial effect on IL and HT, where the 
coefficients reached 0.398 and 0.012. Also, the more IL and RGT increased by 0.721 and 0.125, the more positive 
the effect on HT. 
 

Table 3. Regression for direct causality. 

Linkages Coefficient (β) Determination 
(R2) 

Probability 

(ρ = 0.05) 

Actions 

I&A --> IL 0.398 0.611 0.028 H1 accepted 
I&A --> Rgt -0.049 0.475 0.074 H2 rejected 
I&A --> HT 0.012 0.916 0.003 H3 accepted 
IL --> HT 0.721  0.019 H4 accepted 
Rgt --> HT 0.125  0.000 H5 accepted 

Source:   Abbreviations: I&A = Interest–Awareness, IL = Islamic Leadership, Rgt = Religiosity, and HT = Halal Tourism. 

 
Table 4. Sobel's test for indirect causality. 

Linkages  Coefficient (β) Determination 
(R2) 

Probability 

(ρ = 0.05) 

Actions 

I&A --> IL --> HT 0.286 0.354 0.006 H6 accepted 
I&A --> Rgt --> HT -0.006 0.766 0.265 H7 rejected 

Source:   Abbreviations: I&A = Interest–Awareness, IL = Islamic Leadership, Rgt = Religiosity, and HT = Halal Tourism. 

 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

124 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

Table 4 describes the mediating effect of I&A on HT through IL and Rgt functions. As a result, only IL had a 
significant impact (0.006 <0.05) to bridging the link between I&A and HT. But, Rgt does not act as a mediating 
variable in the relationship between I&A and HT. Through Rgt (0.265> 0.05), I&A has no significant impact in 
favor of HT. With the achievement of a coefficient of -0.006, the increase in Rgt is proven not to affect the 
relationship model between I&A and HT. Too, IL plays a positive role in the relationship between I&A and HT, 
where the coefficient reaches 0.286. Even so, with a value of R2 = 76.6 percent, I&A has a dominant influence on 
HT through Rgt. The effectiveness of this mediation effect also reflects the effectiveness of the accurate model even 
though 23.4 percent is the variable component outside the discussion. The relationship between I&A and HT 
mediated by IL is shown by R2 = 35.4 percent, representing that the capability in the model still depends on 64.6 
percent of other variables that have not been highlighted. 

 
4.2. Justification 

In this section, it describes the partial test results and compares them with scientific magazines highlighting 
the relevance of the hypothesis sketches. Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3 read "increasing interest and awareness, further 
growing Islamic leadership, religiosity, and halal tourism", but only two are accepted and one is rejected. The 
hypotheses that were accepted were the first and third proposals, while the second proposal was rejected. The 
acceptance of the first and third hypotheses implied in the direct link between interest and awareness of Islamic 
leadership and halal tourism is inseparable from the role of stakeholders in forming the "Titik Nol Nusantara" 
destination. This is in line with the scientific work tested by Amoako et al. (2022), Nõmm (2019), Pechlaner et al. 
(2014), and Zehrer et al. (2014). In the tourism paradigm, tactical intervention by destination leadership is required. 
Contemplation on the broader “Leadership Theory”, embedding leadership resolutions that fit the organizational 
context. Illustratively, social mobility among leaders, governance arrangements, and power structures depends on 
who is adopted and the atmosphere of the environment. This harmony brings cooperative participation among 
much tourism destination actors. Illustratively, creativity in a dynamic organizational mechanism can reduce 
thematic leadership behavior. The expansion and volume of major changes in destination management advocacy 
are interconnected, thus transmitting the traits of resilient leadership. In order to ensure the sustainability of the 
“Tourism Resource Theory”, the competitive advantage one must try to involve the entire destination community. 
The uniqueness in the style of a tourist attraction that cannot be imitated and cannot be replaced by other 
destinations can be increased. 

Halal tourism not only demonstrates the wishes of Muslim tourists during their travels, but also their spiritual 
needs. In its application, non-Muslim tourists can also enjoy halal tourism (Andriany & Arda, 2019). In a certain 
chronology, so far it has been assumed that there is still an element of uncertainty in halal tourist destinations, 
which has proven contradictory. The Islamic principles contained in the halal label are more in line with the 
lifestyle of Muslim tourists anywhere and anytime (Marlinda et al., 2023). In essence, apart from its spiritual 
benefits, religious tourism can also solve health problems. An environment that is concerned with the consensus of 
an entity that is not trapped in visibility can create a sense of serenity (Lin et al., 2021). Multidimensional from the 
development of religion, does not limit the value of sharing and closeness (Tsironis, 2022). Aulet and Vidal (2018) 
and Terzidou et al. (2017) revealed that the intersection between materiality, sacredness, and conventional 
religious essence in the world of tourism is the basis for textual understanding. There are sacred spaces that need 
to be separated to pass on or convey ancient heritage. 

In hypotheses 4 and 5 it is explained "increasing Islamic leadership and religiosity, further growing halal 
tourism". Furthermore, for hypotheses 6 and 7 which read "increasing Islamic leadership and religiosity can 
bridging the relationship between interest and awareness of halal tourism", it is concluded that it is not fully 
optimal. Battour et al. (2018), Huda et al. (2021), as well as Wulpiah and Rusydiana (2022), focus on the response of 
non-Muslim tourists to halal tourism services in some countries. A conducive way to increase international arrivals 
and serve foreign tourists is to spur the level of professional insight of the authorities. Halal tourism economic 
development pioneers ethics in destination management through charismatic leadership transformation. This 
religious attitude causes the promotion of halal tourism to grow. Although there are dynamics in the operation of 
halal destinations, the function of moderating religious beliefs aims to promote social knowledge, friendship, 
history, environment, and various cultures. To meet the level of tourist satisfaction, accommodation, 
transportation, food and places of worship must be driven in sync (Rahman et al., 2022; Saifudin, 2021). Currently, 
halal tourist attractions are the choice and favorite of cultural and religious traditions to drive education about 
Islam in the eyes of Indonesian tourists (Sholehuddin et al., 2021). 

 
5. Conclusions 

This paper was created to investigate the relationship between interest and awareness (I&A), Islamic leadership 
(IL), and religiosity (Rgt) towards halal tourism (HT) at the "Titik Nol Nusantara". As is known, interest and 
awareness influence Islamic leadership and halal tourism. Even so, high interest and awareness, does not affect 
religiosity. Other results found that interest and awareness influence halal tourism which is mediated by Islamic 
leadership. On the one hand, religiosity does not play a mediating role in the relationship between interest and 
awareness of halal tourism. 

For academic novelty, it is suggested that in the future study agenda pay attention to the type of sample. It is 
feared that the random sample may trigger multiple interpretations in understanding the questionnaire material. In 
addition to the large size, the sample is also narrowed to smooth update the data. 

Tourism development at IKN continues to grow. The term "halal tourism" often triggers debate among 
tourists, policymakers, destination business people, and intellectuals. Even though a series of controversies have 
created a dilemma, the turbulence in interpreting the workings of halal tourism is dwindling. In practice, there are 
no substantial barriers to implementing this concept. The irony is, even though there are still groups who don't 
care and some of them reject halal tourism, this concept is expected to continue. Managerial recommendations 
consider the risks in practicing halal tourism. Therefore, the intelligence of leaders is needed in the decision-
making process. In contemporary times, at least it takes maturation and introspection in the concept of halal 
tourism. As an illustration, if the concept of halal tourism is implemented at the "Titik Nol Nusantara", it is also 
obligatory to listen to comments channeled by widespread tourists who aim to improve management. 
 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

125 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

References 
Abror, A., Wardi, Y., Trinanda, O., & Patrisia, D. (2019). The impact of halal tourism, customer engagement on satisfaction: Moderating 

effect of religiosity. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(7), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1611609 
Abqoriyyah, F. H., & Sakinah, R. M. N. (2022). Perspektif religiusitas dalam wisata edukasi layang-layang di pantai pangandaran melalui 

analisis SWOT. Responsive: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Bidang Administrasi, Sosial, Humaniora dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(3), 118–
131. https://doi.org/10.24198/responsive.v5i3.43086  

Akbar, N. (2018). Kepemimpinan Islam: Kepemimpinan yang membimbing. Banjarmasin: Antasari Press. 
Amir Abdullah, A., Daud Awang, M., & Abdullah, N. (2020). Islamic tourism: The characteristics, concept and principles. KnE Social Sciences, 

4(9), 196–215. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v4i9.7326 
Amoako, G. K., Obuobisa-Darko, T., & Ohene Marfo, S. (2022). Stakeholder role in tourism sustainability: The case of Kwame Nkrumah 

Mausoleum and centre for art and culture in Ghana. International Hospitality Review, 36(1), 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-
09-2020-0057 

Andriany, D., & Arda, M. (2019). Effect of halal tourism on interest for visit of tourists in Medan City. Proceeding International Seminar on 
Islamic Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 560–567. Medan, Desember 10-11, 2019. 

Anwar, K. (2022). The concept of halal tourism: Between business or Islamication process?. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Raushan Fikr, 11(1), 
112–127. https://doi.org/10.24090/jimrf.v11i1.6239 

Arta, A. D., & Fikriyah, K. (2021). Pengaruh religiusitas dan pengetahuan halal terhadap minat berkunjung pada objek wisata di Malang 
Raya. Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Islam, 4(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.26740/jekobi.v4n2.p179-187 

Aulet, S., & Vidal, D. (2018). Tourism and religion: Sacred spaces as transmitters ofheritage values. Church, Communication and Culture, 3(3), 
237–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/23753234.2018.1542280 

Azam, M. S. E., Abdullah, M. A., & Razak, D. A. (2019). Halal tourism: Definition, justification, and scopes towards sustainable development. 
International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 18(3), 23–31.  

Battour, M., & Ismail, M. N. (2016). Halal tourism: Concepts, practises, challenges and future. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19(Part B), 
150–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.008 

Battour, M., Hakimian, F., Ismail, M., & Boğan, E. (2018). The perception of non-Muslim tourists towards halal tourism: Evidence from 
Turkey and Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 9(4), 823–840. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2017-0072 

Cahyadi, H. S., & Newsome, D. (2021).  The post COVID-19 tourism dilemma for geoparks in Indonesia. International Journal of Geoheritage 
and Parks, 9(2), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2021.02.003 

Cahyaningsih, E. (2020). Minat berwisata halal: Pengaruh religiusitas dan efikasi diri berwisata ke Yogyakarta. Thesis. Fakultas Ilmu Agama 
Islam, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta. 

Chao, Y-L., & Chao, S-Y. (2017). Resident and visitor perceptions of island tourism: Green sea turtle ecotourism in Penghu Archipelago, 
Taiwan. Island Studies Journal, 12(2), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.27 

Dewi, I. J. (2019). Influence of awareness, perceived importance, and perception toward others on intention to implement responsible tourism 
marketing. JELAJAH: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 1(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.33830/jelajah.v1i1.684 

Ervina, E., & Octaviany, V. (2022). The role of tourist attitude toward destination awareness, destination personality and future visit 
intention. Asia-Pacific Management and Business Application, 11(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2022.011.01.1   

Fauzan, F. (2009). Pengaruh religiusitas terhadap prestasi kerja pegawai alumni dan bukan alumni pesantren (studi pada Kantor Depag 
Kabupaten Bangkalan). Jurnal Ekonomi Modernisasi, 5(2), 127–154. https://doi.org/10.21067/jem.v5i2.244  

Firdaus, F., Saharuddin, D., & Hayati, I. (2021). Halal tourism in the perspective of the Qur'an and Hadith and Maqashid Syari'ah. Majalah 
Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Pemikiran Keagamaan Tajdid, 24(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.15548/tajdid.v24i1.2837  

Garcia, C., Deyà-Tortella, B., Lorenzo-Lacruz, J., Morán-Tejeda, E., Rodríguez-Lozano, P., & Tirado, D. (2022). Zero tourism due to 
COVID-19: Anopportunity to assess water consumption associated to tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 
https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2079652  

Hanafiah, M. H., Hasan, M. R., & Mat Som, A. P. (2022). Managing modern Muslim travellers: Emerging trends and issues for Islamic 
tourism destinations. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(4), 908–918. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3040058 

Huda, H., Rini, N., Muslikh, M., & Zulihar, Z. (2021). Youth’s behaviour towards halal tourism in West Sumatra. Islam Realitas: Journal of 
Islamic and Social Studies, 7(1), 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30983/islam_realitas.v7i1.4305 

Irawan, A. (2021). Protokol Islam dalam penerapan wisata halal selama masa pandemi. Kapita Selekta Pariwisata di Era Adaptasi Kebiasaan 
Baru (Book Chapter). Retrieved from https://stipram.org/index.php/ksp/article/view/65 

Jaelani, A. (2017). Halal tourism industry in Indonesia: Potential and prospects. International Review of Management and Marketing, 7(3), 25–
34. 

Juliana, J., Pramezwary, A., Yuliantoro, N., Purba, J. T., Pramono, R., & Purwanto, A. (2021). Perceptions, attitudes, and interests of halal 
tourism: An empirical study in Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(7), 265–273. 
https://doi.org/10.13106/JAFEB.2021.VOL8.NO7.0265 

Kohno, M., & Higuchi, Y. (2023). Landslide susceptibility assessment in the Japanese archipelago based on a landslide distribution map. 
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 12(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020037 

Lin, H. H., Ling, Y., Lin, J. C., & Liang, Z. F. (2021). Research on the development of religious tourism and the sustainable development of 
rural environment and health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2731. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052731 

Losurdo, R. (2022). A new niche in the Islamic tourism: Muslim friendly tourism. Journal of Modern Science, 49(2), 463-481. 
https://doi.org/10.13166/jms/156405 

Ma, D., Zhao, R., Li, Y., & Li, Z. (2023). Land subsidence assessment of an archipelago based on the InSAR time series analysis method. 
Water, 15(3), 465. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15030465 

Marlinda, A. P., Al-Fadhat, F., Cipto, B., & Jubba, H. (2023). Halal tourism as a strategic option for South Korean tourism. Journal of Islamic 
Marketing, 14(5), 1276–1290. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2021-0074 

Martín, J. C., Orden-Cruz, C., & Zergane, S. (2020). Islamic finance and halal tourism: An unexplored bridge for smart specialization. 
Sustainability, 12(14), 5736. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145736 

Mawardi, I., Sugihartati, R., & Reindrawati, D. Y. (2022). Comparing the concept of halal tourism in Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. 
Mozaik Humaniora, 21(2), 178–192. https://doi.org/10.20473/mozaik.v21i2.27309 

Mohamed, N. (2018). The influence of religiosity upon Muslim tourists’ travel decision-making processes for an Islamic leisure destination. 
Dissertation. School of Social Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. 

Mohsin, A., Ramli, N., & Alkhulayfi, B. A. (2016). Halal tourism: Emerging opportunities. Tourism Management Perspectives, 19(Part B), 137–
143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2015.12.010 

Moshin, A., Brochado, A., & Rodrigues, H. (2020). Halal tourism is traveling fast: Community perceptions and implications. Journal of 
Destination Marketing and Management, 18, 100503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100503 

Moufakkir, O., Reisinger, Y., & AlSaleh, D. (2018). Much ado about halal tourism: Religion, religiosity or none of the above?, 1st Edition. London: 
Routledge. 

Muhajir, M. N. A., & Al Hasan, F. A. (2021). The development of halal tourism destinations in Indonesia: Potentials, opportunities and 
challenges. Al-Kharaj: Journal of Islamic Economic and Business, 3(2), 63–79. https://doi.org/10.24256/kharaj.v3i2.2652   

Naseer, K., Qazi, J., Qazi, A., Avuglah, B. K., Tahir, R., Rasheed, R. A., Khan, S. K., Khan, B. A., Zeeshan, M., Humayun, M. A., & Naseem, U. 
(2022). Travel behaviour prediction amid covid-19 underlaying situational awareness theory and health belief model. Behaviour & 
Information Technology, 41(15), 3318–3328. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2021.1984579   

Nekha, A., & Kartikawati, D. R. (2022). How far has halal travel been studied?. Halal Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1), 1–10. 
https://doi.org/10.58968/htp.v2i1.154 

Ningsih, D. S., Astuti, R. S., & Priyadi, B. P. (2023). Prospects of halal tourism development in West Aceh District. Jurnal Public Policy, 8(2), 
96–100. https://doi.org/10.35308/jpp.v8i2.4569  

Nõmm, A. H. L. (2019). Advocacy and community leadership in destination management. Thesis. Master of Commerce in Tourism, 
University of Otago, Dunedin. 

Nugraha, A. S., & Adialita, T. (2021). The effect of social media marketing on the visit intention in Bandung mediated by perceived value. 
Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 2(3), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.35912/jakman.v2i3.381 



Asian Business Research Journal, 2024, 9: 119-126 

126 
© 2024 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 

 

Pahrudin, P., Chen, C-T., & Liu, L-W. (2021). A modified theory of planned behavioral: A case of tourist intention to visit a destination post 
pandemic Covid-19 in Indonesia. Heliyon, 7(10), e08230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08230   

Parhan, M., Islamy, M. R. F., Budiyanti, N., Nugraha, R. H., Subakti, G. E., & Fuaddin, A. (2021). The opportunities and challenges halal 
tourism in Bandung-Indonesia Regency. Jurnal IPTA (Industri Perjalanan Wisata), 9(1), 81–87. 
https://doi.org/10.24843/IPTA.2021.v09.i01.p08 

Pechlaner, H., Kozak, M., & Volgger, M. (2014). Destination leadership: A new paradigm for tourist destinations?. Tourism Review, 69(1), 1–
9. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2013-0053 

Prajasari, A. C. (2022). How to promote halal tourism through the stakeholders? Case of halal tourism market in Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah 
Ekonomi Islam, 8(1), 411–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v8i1.4401 

Pulungan, H. R., & Sumarlam, S. (2017). Conflict of deciding zero point kilometer on Islamic entrance in Indonesian archipelago (critical 
discourse analysis with norman fairclough approach). KARSA Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 25(1), 118–225. 
https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v25i1.1223 

Purusottama, A. (2022). Tourists’ perceptions of halal destinations in Indonesia. Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen, 13(2), 264–281. 
https://doi.org/10.15294/jdm.v13i2.37697 

Putra, M. F. S., & Tucunan, K. P. (2021). The concept of halal tourism and the fulfillment of Muslim tourist needs in halal tourism. Halal 
Research Journal, 1(2), 56–62. https://doi.org/10.12962/j22759970.v1i2.52 

Rahman, M. K., Rana, M. S., Ismail, M. N., Muhammad, M. Z., Hoque, M. N., & Jalil, M. A. (2022). Does the perception of halal tourism 
destination matter for non-Muslim tourists’ WOM? The moderating role of religious faith. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 
8(2), 478–496. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-12-2019-0207 

Rahmawati, R., Oktora, K., Ratnasari, S. L., Ramadania, R., & Darma, D. C. (2021). Is it true that Lombok deserves to be a halal tourist 
destination in the world? A perception of domestic tourists. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 34(1), 94–101. 
https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.34113-624 

Rahmawati, R., Hidayati, T., & Achmad, G. N. (2022). Experience quality as the key to successful halal tourism development. Tourism and 
Sustainable Development Review Journal, 3(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31098/tsdr.v3i1.57  

Riyanto, K. B., Bangsawan, S., Mahrinasari, M. S., & Ribhan, R. (2022). The mediating role of halal tourism destination image and the 
moderating effect of religiosity in Islamic attributes and halal service quality effect to strengthen tourist loyalty behavior. Journal of 
Positive School Psychology, 6(9), 2186–2213.  

Safitri, N. D., & Pratomo, L. A. (2023). Effect of halal awareness, destination image, and destination trust on visit intention. Jurnal Ekonomi 
Trisakti, 3(1), 1045–1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jet.v3i1.16037 

Saifudin, S. (2021). Can religious tourism meet tourist satisfaction through its halal-friendly?. BISNIS: Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam, 
9(2), 205–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/bisnis.v9i2.11999 

Samuel, S., Rahadian, W. R., Utami, N. R., & Maulana, F. (2022). Pengaruh kesadaran akan destinasi dan motivasi wisatawan terhadap 
keputusan berkunjung di Hademen camp, Megamendung, Kabupaten Bogor. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 1(1), 33–49. 
http://dx.doi.org/10.30591/3613  

Septian, R. (2019). Pengaruh religiusitas terhadap komitmen karyawan pada hotel Syariah di Bandar Lampung. Skripsi. Fakultas Ekonomi 
dan Bisnis, Universitas Lampung, Bandar Lampung. 

Sholehuddin, M. S., Munjin, M., & Adinugraha, H. H. (2021). Islamic tradition and religious culture in halal tourism: Empirical evidence 
from Indonesia. IBDA`: Jurnal Kajian Islam dan Budaya, 19(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.24090/ibda.v19i1.4470 

Singleton, P. A. (2013). A theory of travel decision-making with applications for modeling active travel demand" (2013). Dissertations and 
Theses, Paper 1494. Portland State University. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1493 

Slamet, S., Abdullah, I., & Laila, N. Q. (2022). The contestation of the meaning of halal tourism. Heliyon, 8(3), e09098. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09098 

Soemaryani, I. (2018). Model for improving the employee productivity through Islamic leadership and internalization of Islamic work ethic 
in sharia tourism (study on sharia hotels in Bandung). Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, 19(2), 122–139. 
https://doi.org/10.24198/jbm.v19i2.207 

Sudarsono, H., Shidiqie, J. S. A, & Tumewang, Y. K. (2021). The impact of religiosity and knowledge on the intention of young Muslim 
generation toward halal tourism in Indonesia. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 27(2), 255–272. 
https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.27.2.2 

Tasci, A. D., & Ko, Y. J. (2017). Travel needs revisited. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(1), 20–36. 
https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715617499 

Terzidou, M., Scarles, C., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2017). Religiousness as tourist performances: A case study of Greek Orthodox pilgrimage. 
Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 116–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.06.009 

Tsironis, C. N. (2022). Pilgrimage and religious tourism in society, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: A paradigmatic focus on ‘St. 
Paul’s route’ in the Central Macedonia Region, Greece. Religions, 13(10), 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13100887 

van Wee, B., & Mokhtarian, P. (2023). Escape theory: Explaining a negative motivation to travel. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and 
Practice, 169, 103603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2023.103603   

Vargas-Sánchez, A., & Moral-Moral, M. (2020). Halal tourism: Literature review and experts’ view. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(3), 549–
569. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-04-2017-0039 

Wahyuningsih, D., & Pratidhina, P. H. (2022). Studi tentang dorongan minat beli ulang oleh pengunjung Kampung Tulip (Bandung). Jurnal 
Ekonomi & Ekonomi Syariah, 5(2), 1238–1251. https://doi.org/10.36778/jesya.v5i2.654  

Wardani, L. A. K. (2019). Pengaruh lokasi dan religiusitas terhadap keputusan wisatawan Muslim berwisata di Pulau Lombok pasca 
penghargaan halal tourism. Tesis. Program Studi Ekonomi Syariah, Pascasarjana Universitas Islam Negeri Mataram, Mataram. 

Widjaja, Y., Khalifa, G., & Abuelhassan, A. (2020). The effect of Islamic attributes and destination affective image on the reputation of the 
halal tourism destination of Jakarta. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 11(2), 299–313. 
https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v11.2(42).08  

Wijayati, D. T., & Rahman, Z. (2022). The role of Islamic leadership on work engagement in the industrial revolution 4.0: Work ethic as 
intervening variable. Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah, 6(1), 128–142. 
https://doi.org/10.29313/amwaluna.v6i1.8899  

Wulpiah, W., & Rusydiana, A. S. (2022). Perception and attitude toward the development of halal tourism in Bangka District Indonesia. 
Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah, 6(2), 324–339. https://doi.org/10.29313/amwaluna.v6i2.9891 

Yi, K., Wang, Q., Xu, J., & Liu, B. (2021). Attribution model of travel intention to internet celebrity spots: A Systematic exploration based on 
psychological perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 797482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.797482 

Yousaf, A., Amin, I., & Santos, J. A. C. (2018). Tourists’ motivations to travel: A theoretical perspective on the existing literature. Tourism 
and Hospitality Management, 24(1), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.24.1.8    

Yudiandri, T. E., & Sulistyo, A. (2022). Excellent and sustainable tourism management through the baldrige criteria (case study: Mangunan 
orchard tourism attraction). Journal of Research on Business and Tourism, 2(2), 78–94. https://doi.org/10.37535/104002220221 

Zarkasyi, M., Kurniawan, D., & Darma, D. C. (2021). Urgensity of “halal tourism”: Religiosity, awareness, and interest from stakeholders. 
Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 12(4), 968–976. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v12.4(52).11 

Zehrer, A., Raich, F., Siller, H., & Tschiderer, F. (2014). Leadership networks in destinations. Tourism Review, 69(1), 59–73. 
https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2013-0037  

 

 


