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Asian Business Research Journal 
Vol. 10, No. 5, 19-29, 2025 
ISSN: 2576-6759 
DOI: 10.55220/25766759.422 
© 2025 by the authors; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 
 

 

 
Theoretical Framework and Measurement Scale for Sustainable Tourism 
Development in the Mekong Delta Region, Vietnam 

 
Nguyen Huynh Phuong Thao1 
Nguyen Thien Dung2 
Do Van Quang3 
 

 
 
 

1,2,3Thuyloi University, Vietnam. 
Email: dzungngt@tlu.edu.vn  
Email: nhpthao.vosco@gmail.com  
Email: quangkttl@tlu.edu.vn  

( Corresponding Author) 
 

Abstract 
This study focuses on developing and validating a measurement scale to assess the factors 
influencing sustainable tourism development, with Long An province as a case study. Based on 
theoretical foundations and data collected through qualitative discussions with ten experts and a 
quantitative survey of 500 tourists, the study identifies six key factors: tourism resources, tourism 
infrastructure, tourism types, regulatory policies, community participation, and tourism demand. 
Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) reveals a total variance explained of 84.967%, confirming high 
convergent and discriminant validity of the factors. The measurement scales achieve a Cronbach’s 
Alpha coefficient exceeding 0.9, ensuring reliability and internal consistency. This study 
contributes to the theoretical understanding of sustainable tourism development by providing a 
comprehensive framework for future research. Additionally, the developed measurement scales 
serve as a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners seeking to enhance tourism 
competitiveness in diverse contexts beyond the study’s focal area. The research findings offer 
essential scientific tools to support strategic planners and tourism enterprises in formulating 
effective development strategies, thereby strengthening the theoretical foundation of sustainable 
tourism while providing practical insights to improve the competitiveness and sustainability of 
tourist destinations. 

 
Keywords: Exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Service quality, Sustainable tourism development. 

 
1. Introduction 

Sustainable tourism development is a crucial objective aimed at meeting the current needs of tourists while 
simultaneously preserving natural and cultural resources for future generations. According to Sen (1999), 
development is not merely about economic growth but also encompasses improvements in quality of life and social 
equity. Furthermore, Butler (2019) emphasizes that sustainable tourism must achieve a balance between 
environmental protection, economic development, and cultural preservation. Innovation in the tourism sector is 
therefore considered a key factor in enhancing service quality, improving tourist experience, and ensuring long-
term sustainability (Ottenbacher & Gnoth, 2005). In this context, the development of reliable and valid 
measurement scales serves as a fundamental basis for evaluating and refining tourism development strategies. 
Methods such as Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Cronbach’s Alpha are commonly employed to assess the 
reliability and validity of these scales, ensuring that research concepts are measured accurately and consistently. 

In previous studies, such as that of Binh, N. V. (2021), indicates that tourism demand has a significant impact 
on tourism resources, exerting considerable pressure on resource exploitation and conservation. The increasing 
demand for tourism, particularly sustainable tourism, necessitates stringent management measures to safeguard 
natural and cultural resources. Additionally, Hsu et al. (2009) affirms that tourism demand not only places pressure 
on resources but also navigates infrastructure development to support the sustainable utilization of resources. 
Therefore, it is evident that tourism demand not only influences tourism resources but also shapes more effective 
approaches to resource management and conservation. 

According to Weaver (2006), changes in tourist demand serve as the primary driving force behind the 
development of sustainable tourism forms such as ecotourism, cultural tourism, and community-based tourism. 
Additionally, Lim et al. (2019) argue that the emergence of new tourism models, such as eco-tourism and luxury 
retreats, not only enables resource conservation but also supports economic growth. Thus, it can be observed that 
shifting tourist demands not only drive the expansion of sustainable tourism but also shape the overall 
development of the tourism industry. 

The increasing demand for international tourism, particularly from travelers seeking high-end leisure and 
luxury experiences, has driven the development and expansion of tourism infrastructure in many countries. Lim et 
al. (2019) indicate that this growth has generated new demands for tourism-related facilities. Additionally, Hai, 

mailto:dzungngt@tlu.edu.vn
mailto:nhpthao.vosco@gmail.com
mailto:quangkttl@tlu.edu.vn
https://doi.org/10.55220/25766759.422


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N.Q. (2021) argues that the rising demand for international tourism has encouraged emerging economies to invest 
heavily in information and communication technology infrastructure to fulfill global travelers. Consequently, 
tourism demand not only serves as a key motivation for the development of infrastructure but also directly 
influences the modernization of technological platforms, thereby enhancing the competitiveness of tourism 
destinations in the global market. 

Local community participation plays a crucial role in the development of sustainable tourism infrastructure. 
Tosun (2000) highlights that such participation not only enhances community acceptance of tourism projects but 
also ensures the sustainable development of infrastructure. Similarly, Garrod (2003) affirms that collaboration 
between communities and related parties, including government authorities and businesses, can foster greater 
consensus and improve the effectiveness of infrastructure development projects. Furthermore, the study by 
Goodwin and Santilli (2009) in South Africa demonstrates that community involvement can promote sustainable 
tourism while generating economic benefits for local residents. Thus, community participation is not only a 
fundamental factor in the development of sustainable tourism infrastructure but also contributes to improving the 
quality of life for local populations. 

According to Scheyvens (2002), local community participation enhances the quality of tourism services by 
tailoring tourism products to align with cultural characteristics and local resources. Studies by Murphy (1985) and 
Hung, N.V., (2022) emphasize that community involvement in tourism planning and development contributes to 
service quality improvement, thereby fostering economic growth and benefits both tourists and local communities. 
Furthermore, such participation plays a crucial role in preserving the local natural and cultural resources, thereby 
promoting sustainability in tourism. 

Moreover, Lee and Jan (2019) show community participation not only enhances awareness of natural resource 
conservation but also contributes to economic and socio-cultural aspects. Sharpley (2020) observes that such 
participation fosters a sense of ownership and responsibility in natural resource management, thereby ensuring 
long-term sustainability. Supporting this perspective, Nguyen Van Binh (2021) also emphasizes the role of the 
community in forming managerial policies in substainable tourism. Accordingly, community engagement not only 
promotes sustainable development but also ensures the benefits of tourism in the long run. 

Tourism resources including natural and cultural ones, serve as fundamental factors in attracting visitors and 
forming conservation policies. Bramwell and Lane (1993) emphasize that high-quality tourism resources not only 
sustain the appeal of a destination but also contribute to long-term conservation efforts. Similarly, Hunter (1997) 
highlights the crucial role of tourism resources in establishing sustainable policies and alleviating the negative 
impacts of tourism activities. Therefore, tourism resources not only enhance destination attractiveness but also 
serve as a determining factor for long-term development when they are managed and utilized appropriately. 

Hall and Page (1999) explain that high-quality infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and 
public utilities, not only enhances the visitor experience but also supports resource conservation and sustainable 
tourism development. Similarly, the study by N.V. Hung (2022) indicates that well-developed infrastructure 
enables to minimize negative environmental impacts and enhances the competitiveness of tourist destinations. 
Thus, sustainable infrastructure is a fundamental factor in achieving balanced and long-term tourism development. 

There are several sustainable tourism models such as eco-tourism, community-based tourism, and cultural 
tourism which have emerged as significant trends in maintaining a balance between economic development and 
resource conservation. Weaver (2006) highlights that evolving tourist demands serve as a driving force behind 
developing these tourism models. Lim et al. (2019) further confirm that the advancement of green tourism and 
high-end resorts contributes to the balancing of resource conservation and economic growth. Additionally, the 
studies conducted by Ha, N.T.T., (2021) indicate that sustainable tourism not only meets tourist demands but also 
plays a crucial role in environmental protection and the preservation of local culture. Therefore, the development of 
sustainable tourism models is essential for maintaining harmony between conservation efforts and economic 
growth. 

Finally, service quality is an indispensable factor in enhancing tourist satisfaction and promoting sustainability 
in the tourism industry. Masrurul (2019) asserts that service quality intensifies tourist’s experiences, thereby 
developing sustainability. He also emphasizes that environmental friendliness and professional courtesy are 
fundamental elements in ensuring tourist satisfaction. The study by Alsiehemy (2023) in Saudi Arabia indicates 
that service quality not only increases tourist satisfaction but also stimulates their likelihood of returning which 
leads to the contribution to sustainable growth in the tourism industry. 

The study also identifies several gaps needing to be addressed to promote sustainable tourism development. 
One of these gaps is that previous researches have primarily considered regulatory policies as independent factors 
influencing sustainable tourism, without analyzing their moderating role. This omission has led to a limited 
understanding of how managerial policies can either enhance or minimize the impact of other factors. The studies 
by Smith et al. (2020) demonstrate that policy interventions can induce significant shifts in the effectiveness of 
sustainable development measures. Additionally, existing researches have predominantly focused on direct 
relationships among factors such as tourism demand, tourism resources, and service quality, while overlooking 
more complex interactions. The absence of mediating and moderating variables in research models has prevented 
the real reflex of tourism development. Therefore, this study aims to develop a comprehensive measurement 
framework to assess the factors influencing sustainable tourism development, including the relationships among 
independent, mediating, moderating, and dependent variables to ensure a more accurate and holistic representation 
of these dynamics. 
 

2. Research Process and Model 
2.1. Research Process 

The research process consists of two carefully designed phases to ensure methodological rigor and reliability, 
as shown in Figure 1. In the preliminary phase, data were collected from 150 tourists through direct interviews and 
online surveys to develop and refine the measurement scale. Cronbach’s Alpha was employed to assess reliability, 
while exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine convergent and discriminant validity, removing any 



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non-compliant variables. The main survey involved 500 tourists in Long An, a province in Vietnam’s Mekong 
Delta, selected through stratified random sampling to ensure representativeness. Reliability was further assessed 
using Cronbach’s Alpha, while EFA confirmed the validity of the factors. The total variance extracted and factor 
loadings met the required thresholds, reinforcing the strong association between the measurement scale and its 
respective factors. 
 

Start

Theoretical Basis and Research Model

Discussion on Research Model

Initial Scale Development

Preliminary Scale

Data Collection Method and Sampling

Final Scale

Discussion on Research Findings

Conclusion

Expert Interviews

Initial Scale and Expert Opinions

Cronbach s Alpha and EFA Analysis

Random Sampling and Pilot Survey

Cronbach s Alpha and EFA Analysis

Comparison and Expert Opinions

 
Figure 1. Research Process. 

 

2.2. Development of the Research Model 
2.2.1. Hypothesis Development 

Tourism demand is driven by various factors, including cultural and natural exploration, mental well-being 
enhancement, and high-quality service experiences (Hsu et al., 2009; Moutinho, 2011). Accordingly, travelers are 
increasingly interested in tourism activities that are environmentally and socially responsible (Tosun, 2006). These 
demands play a crucial role in shaping sustainable travel behaviors. Based on this foundation, the following 
hypotheses are proposed: 

• Hypothesis 1 (H1a): Tourism demand has a positive influence to the sustainable utilization of tourism 
resources (Hsu et al., 2009; Tosun, 2006). 

• Hypothesis 2 (H1b): Tourism demand has a positively impact the development of sustainable tourism types 
(Moutinho, 2011; Swarbrooke, 1999). 

• Hypothesis 3 (H1c): Tourism demand positively contributes to the upgrading and improvement of tourism 
infrastructure (Dwyer et al., 2004; Lee & Chang, 2008). 

The participation of local comunity is a fundamental factor in sustainable tourism development, encompassing 
the conservation of cultural and natural resources as well as the enhancement of service quality (Murphy, 1985; 
Tosun, 2000). Previous researches indicate that active community involvement not only contributes to resource 
protection but also enhances the effectiveness of sustainable tourism policies (Garrod, 2003). Based on this premise, 
the following hypotheses are proposed: 

• Hypothesis 4 (H2a): Community participation has a positive impact on sustainable tourism infrastructure 
(Murphy, 1985; Tosun, 2000). 

• Hypothesis 5 (H2b): Community participation positively influences the quality of tourism services (Garrod, 
2003; Goodwin & Santilli, 2009). 

• Hypothesis 6 (H2c): Community participation contributes positively to sustainable tourism development 
(Tosun, 2006; Scheyvens, 1999). 

Tourism resources, both natural and cultural, serve as the foundation for sustainable tourism development. 
Previous researches have found that managing the resources effectively not only preserves cultural values but also 



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fosters long-term economic growth (Bramwell & Lane, 1993). Building upon this theoretical framework, the 
following hypothesis is proposed: 

• Hypothesis 7 (H3): Tourism resources have a positive impact on sustainable tourism development 
(Bramwell & Lane, 1993; Hunter, 1997). 

Regulatory policies play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainable development of tourism (Hall & Page, 1999; 
Dwyer & Edwards, 2009). These policies not only support infrastructure development but also navigate the 
advancement of sustainable tourism models, contributing to the preservation of natural and cultural resources. 
Based on this foundation, the following hypotheses are proposed: 

• Hypothesis 8 (H4a): Regulatory policies moderate the relationship between tourism infrastructure and 
sustainable tourism development (Hall & Page, 1999). 

• Hypothesis 9 (H4b): Regulatory policies moderate the relationship between sustainable tourism types and 
sustainable tourism development (Dwyer & Edwards, 2009). 

Tourism infrastructure plays a crucial role in sustainable development, including both physical facilities and 
technological support. Previous studies have pointed out that investments in high-quality infrastructure enhance 
tourist experiences, optimize the management of destination, and mitigate negative impacts to environment (Ali & 
Frew, 2014; Hall & Page, 1999). Based on this foundation, the present study proposes the following hypothesis: 

• Hypothesis 10 (H5): Tourism infrastructure has a positive influence on sustainable tourism development (Hall 
& Page, 1999; Ali & Frew, 2014). 

Sustainable tourism models include ecotourism, community-based tourism, and cultural tourism play a crucial 
role in maintaining a balance between economic development and resource conservation (Weaver, 2006). Previous 
researches have indicated that the development of these tourism models can enhance the overall quality of the 
tourism experience (Swarbrooke, 1999). Based on these findings, the following hypothesis is proposed: 

• Hypothesis 11 (H6): Sustainable tourism models have a positive influence on the development of 
sustainable tourism (Weaver, 2006). 

Service quality plays a crucial role in enhancing tourists' experiences and promoting sustainable tourism. 
Previous studies have indicated that comfortable accommodations, safe culinary experiences, and professional 
service attitudes not only increase tourist satisfaction but also contribute to forming a sustainable destination 
image (Alsiehemy, 2023; Masrurul, 2019). Furthermore, high-quality service promotes economic growth, improves 
the income rate of local communities, and facilitates further investments in sustainable tourism projects (Khan et 
al., 2017). Based on this foundation, the study proposes the following hypothesis: 

• Hypothesis 12 (H7): Service quality have a positive impact to sustainable tourism development (Masrurul, 
2019; Alsiehemy, 2023). 

 
2.3. Research Model 

Based on the hypotheses relating to the above-presented relationships, the research model outlines the factors 
influencing sustainable tourism development in Figure 2. 
 

Sustainable 

Tourism 

Development

Control variables:

- Gender

- Age

- Education Level

- Travel Frequency

- Expenditure Level

Tourism Demand

Tourism 

Infrastructure

Tourism 

Resources

Community 

Participation

Regulatory 

Policies

Service Quality

Sustainable 

Tourism Types H6+

H2a+

H2b+

H1a+

H1c+

H1b+

H3+

H5+

H7+

H2c+

H4b+

H4a+

 
Figure 2. Research Model. 

 
The study proposes hypotheses and a research model, refined through feedback from ten experts with over five 

years of experience in tourism management and development. These experts provided insights on theoretical 
foundations, hypotheses, the research model, and criteria for evaluating sustainable tourism. 

Firstly, there was a high level of consensus among the experts regarding the proposed model for sustainable 
tourism development. The model was deemed to accurately reflect economic, social, and environmental factors, 
demonstrating strong potential for practical application. Secondly, fundamental theories, including those on 
sustainable development, sustainable tourism management, community participation, and tourism demand, were 
considered both relevant and essential. This consensus not only strengthens the validity and reliability of the 
research but also affirms the applicability of the model in managing and promoting sustainable tourism 
development. 

Based on expert feedback, the hypotheses and research model were finalized and maintained as illustrated in 
Figure 2. 
 
2.4. Characteristics of the Research Model 

The survey respondents, summarized in Table 1, consist of 500 tourists, including both local residents and 
international visitors, who participated in tourism activities in Long An Province from 2022 until the survey period 



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(September–December 2023). Data was collected through both direct and online methods, yielding a total of 526 
responses, of which 500 were deemed valid after screening. The results indicate that most tourists were young 
females (aged 25–34) with high educational attainment. These individuals frequently engaged in travel (2–3 trips 
per year) and exhibited moderate to high expenditure levels, ranging from 2 to 10 million VND per trip. This 
demographic profile suggests a strong inclination toward investing in high-quality travel experiences. 
 

Table 1. Summary Statistics of the Official Sample. 

Subject Frequency Percentage Accumulative 
Percentage 

Genders Male 199 39.8 39.8 
Female 301 60.2 100.0 
Total 500 100.0  

Age 18 - 24  112 22.4 22.4 
25 - 34  214 42.8 42.8 
35 - 44  112 22.4 22.4 
Above 45  62 12.4 12.4 
Total 500 100.0  

Education background Post-graduated 387 77.4 77.4 
other 113 22.6 22.6 
Total 500 100.0  

Frequency of travelling At least once a year 157 31.4 31.4 
2 - 3 times a year 182 36.4 36.4 

4 - 5 times a year 113 22.6 22.6 
More than 5 times a year 48 9.6 9.6 
Total 500 100.0  

Expenditures 2 million/ time 122 24.4 24.4 
2 - 5 million/ time 169 33.8 33.8 
5 - 10 million/ time 152 30.4 30.4 
 More than10 million/ time 57 11.4 11.4 
Total 500 100.0  

 
2.5. Original Scale 

Based upon the original scale or conceptual framework, the author has adjusted align with the specific context 
of the current study. The detailed content has been developed as outlined in Table 2. This draft scale will undergo 
refinement by experts before the establishment of a preliminary measurement scale for the study. 
 

Table 2. Forming and developing preliminary scale of the study. 

 Scale Original scale  

Tourism demand scale (Khalid et al., 2019) 

NCDL1  Tourists increasingly seek not only 
experiences of exploration, 
entertainment, and adventure but 
also prioritize responsible tourism 
activities and services that 
contribute to environmental 
conservation, cultural preservation, 
and sustainable socio-economic 
development at their chosen 
destinations. 

Having an interest in engaging in tourism activities that have the 
least possible impact on the natural environment. 

NCDL2  Exploring and acquiring knowledge about local culture and 
heritage while traveling, with a strong inclination toward their 
preservation. 

NCDL3  Experience tourism services that adhere to sustainability criteria.  

NCDL4  Expenditure on tourism services contributes to the economic 
development of local communities. 

Local community participation scale (Khalid et al., 2019) 
STGCD1  Local communities pro-actively 

participate in decision-making and 
tourism-related activities to ensure 
that they not only benefit 
economically from tourism but also 
contribute to the preservation of 
cultural heritage and 
environmental resources. 

The local community is involved in decision-making processes 
regarding tourism development in their area. 

STGCD2  Local communities pro-actively support and engage in tourism 
projects. 

STGCD3  Local communities have an important role in conserving natural 
and cultural resources related to tourism. 

STGCD4  Economic benefits from tourism are equitably distributed within 
the local community. 

STGCD5  Local communities participate in the monitoring and management 
of tourism activities to ensure sustainability. 

Tourism resources scale (Masrurul, 2019)  
TNDL1  Tourism resources comprise of all 

natural and cultural elements that 
hold value in supporting the 
development of tourism products 
and services.  

The natural resources of a locality possess significant potential for 
fostering sustainable tourism development. 

TNDL2  Local festivals, cultural heritage, and traditional customs play a 
crucial role in sustainable tourism. 

TNDL3  The natural and cultural resources of a locality are preserved and 
effectively utilized in tourism activities. 

TNDL4  Tourism resources make a substantial contribution to promoting 
the economic development of the locality. 

TNDL5  The exploitation and management of tourism resources at the local 
level are conducted in a rational manner, ensuring long-term 
sustainability. 

Tourism infrastucture scale (Nguyen Quang Hai, 2021)  
HTDL1  Tourism infrastructure comprises 

of the entirety of physical facilities 
The transportation system at tourist destinations should be easily 
accessible and convenient for mobility. 



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HTDL2  and essential support services 
required for tourism activities, 
including transportation networks, 
hotels, entertainment areas, and 
other public amenities. 

The quality of hotels, resorts, and lodging facilities at a tourist 
destination plays a crucial role in enhancing visitor experiences. 

HTDL3  Entertainment facilities, amusement parks, and supporting services 
should be well-planned and environmentally friendly. 

HTDL4  The quality of electricity, water supply, and sanitation services at 
tourist destinations is a fundamental factor influencing the overall 
tourist experience. 

HTDL5  The application of information technology (e.g., smart tourism 
applications, digital maps) facilitates easier navigation and 
enhances the overall travel experience. 

Regulatory policies scale (Khan et al., 2020) 
CSQL1  The policies, regulations, and 

strategies implemented by local 
governments, authorities, and 
relevant organizations aim to 
ensure that tourism development 
progresses in harmony with the 
objectives of conserving natural, 
cultural, and environmental 
resources while maintaining 
economic and social benefits for 
local communities. 

Local tourism management policies are clearly defined and highly 
feasible in practical application. 

CSQL2  Local tourism management policies play a crucial role in protecting 
the natural environment. 

CSQL3  Tourism management policies are designed to align with the 
characteristics of local natural and cultural tourism resources. 

CSQL4  Local tourism management policies are enforced consistently and 
effectively. 

Subtainability tourism types scale (Holden, 2020)  

LHBV1  The development of tourism types 
is based on the integration of 
tourism resources, development 
objectives, and visitor demands. 
Tourism types can comprise of 
activities such as recreation, 
exploration, learning, or relaxation 
at the destination. 

The local offers a diverse range of tourism types that align with my 
preferences. 
 

LHBV2  The tourism types are developed in the local aim to contribute to 
the preservation and promotion of cultural and natural values. 

LHBV3  Local tourism activities are characterized by sustainability and 
environmental friendliness. 

LHBV4  The tourism types facilitate community involvement in the tourism 
development process. 

Tourism quality scale (Masrurul, 2019)  

CLDV1  The level of tourist satisfaction 
towartd the torism services are 
provided throughout the travel 
experience to ensure that these 
services not only meet their 
current needs but also do not pose 
any harm to environmental and 
social resources. 

The level of friendliness and professionalism of the staff in local 
tourism services. 

CLDV2  The provision of tourism services in the local area adheres to 
environmental protection standards. 

CLDV3  The delivery of tourism services that are culturally and local 
community-friendly  

CLDV4  The quality of tourism services offered in this region aligns with 
sustainability principles and environmental friendliness. 

Subtainability development scale (Cao Tan Binh et al., 2023) 

PTDLBV1  The development and management 
of tourism activities must be 
conducted in a manner that 
prevents the depletion of natural 
resources, ensures the preservation 
and respect of cultural heritage, 
and simultaneously promotes 
economic and social benefits for 
local communities. 

Local tourism plays a pivotal role in the economic development of 
the region, growth of the Gross Regional Domestic Product 
(GRDP). 

PTDLBV2  The expansion of the tourism sector has created numerous stable 
employment opportunities for the local. 

PTDLBV3  Tourism activities in the area do not have negative impacts on the 
natural environment. 

PTDLBV4  These activities actively support the conservation and sustainable 
development of natural resources. 

PTDLBV5  Tourism contributes to the enhancement of local communities' 
livelihoods through various economic and social engagements. 

PTDLBV6  Local tourism initiatives have facilitated the preservation and 
promotion of traditional cultural values. 

 
2.6. Scale Content Discussion  

In general, experts acknowledge that the scale content covers a broad range of aspects related to the studied 
factors. However, after collecting the discussion inputs, experts suggested that several elements require 
adjustments to refine the scale. The researchers also agreed with these modifications, and the results are presented 
in Table 3 below: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 3. Adjusted content of scale.  
Oringinal scale Adjustments 

Tourism demand scale (Khalid et al., 2019) 

NCDL1 Having an interest in engaging in tourism activities that have 
the least possible impact on the natural environment. 

[Adjusted] 
Tourism activities do not cause harm to the 
natural environment. 

NCDL2 Exploring and acquiring knowledge about local culture and 
heritage while traveling, with a strong inclination toward their 
preservation. 

[Adjusted] 
Exploration of local cultures and the 
aspiration for their preservation. 

NCDL3 Experience tourism services that adhere to sustainability 
criteria. 

[Adjusted] 
Utilization of tourism services that 
contribute to environmental and community 
protection. 

NCDL4 Expenditure on tourism services contributes to the economic 
development of local communities. 

[Adjusted] 
Expenditure aimed at supporting local 
communities. 

Local community participation scale (Khalid et al., 2019) 

STGCD1 The local community is involved in decision-making processes 
regarding tourism development in their area. 

[Adjusted] 
Local community participate in the 
importants decision of tourism development. 

STGCD2 Local communities pro-actively support and engage in tourism 
projects. 

[Adjusted] 
Local community pro-actively participate in 
tourism projects. 

STGCD3 Local communities have an important role in conserving 
natural and cultural resources related to tourism. 

[Remained] 

STGCD4 Economic benefits from tourism are equitably distributed 
within the local community. 

[Remained] 

STGCD5 Local communities participate in the monitoring and 
management of tourism activities to ensure sustainability. 

[Remained] 

Tourism resources scale (Masrurul, 2019) 
TNDL1 The natural resources of a locality possess significant potential 

for fostering sustainable tourism development. 
[Remained] 

TNDL2 Local festivals, cultural heritage, and traditional customs play a 
crucial role in sustainable tourism. 

[Adjusted] 
Local festivals, cultural heritage, and 
traditional customs play a crucial role in the 
preservation and sustainable development of 
tourism. 

TNDL3 The natural and cultural resources of a locality are preserved 
and effectively utilized in tourism activities. 

[Adjusted] 
The natural and cultural resources of local 
communities are preserved and utilized 
appropriately in tourism activities. 

TNDL4 Tourism resources make a substantial contribution to 
promoting the economic development of the locality. 

[Remained] 

TNDL5 The exploitation and management of tourism resources at the 
local level are conducted in a rational manner, ensuring long-
term sustainability. 

[Adjusted] 
The exploitation and management of local 
tourism resources are conducted in a planned 
manner, ensuring long-term sustainability. 

Tourism infrastucture scale (Ng. Quang Hai, 2021)) 

HTDL1 The transportation system at tourist destinations should be 
easily accessible and convenient for mobility. 

[Remained] 

HTDL2 The quality of hotels, resorts, and lodging facilities at a tourist 
destination plays a crucial role in enhancing visitor 
experiences. 

[Remained] 

HTDL3 Entertainment facilities and supporting services are reasonably 
constructed and environmentally friendly. 

[Adjusted] 
Entertainment facilities, amusement parks, 
and supporting services are designed with 
reasonable placement and environmental 
friendliness. 

HTDL4 The quality of electricity, water supply, and sanitation services 
at tourist destinations is a fundamental factor influencing the 
overall tourist experience. 

[Remained] 

HTDL5 The application of information technology (e.g., smart tourism 
applications, digital maps) facilitates easier navigation and 
enhances the overall travel experience. 

[Remained] 

Regulatory policies scale (Khan et al., 2020) 

CSQL1 Local tourism regulatory policies are clearly defined and highly 
feasible in practical application. 

[Remained] 

CSQL2 Local tourism regulatory policies play a crucial role in 
protecting the natural environment. 

[Remained] 

CSQL3 Local tourism regulatory policies are designed to align with 
the characteristics of local natural and cultural tourism 
resources. 

[Adjusted] 
Local tourism regulatory policies are 
consistent with the conservation and 
development of local natural and cultural 
tourism resources. 

CSQL4 Local tourism management policies are enforced consistently 
and effectively. 

[Remained] 

Subtainability tourism types scale (Holden, 2020) 



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Oringinal scale Adjustments 

LHBV1 The local offers a diverse range of tourism types that align 
with my preferences. 
 

[Remained] 

LHBV2 The tourism types are developed in the local aim to contribute 
to the preservation and promotion of cultural and natural 
values. 

[Remained] 

LHBV3 Local tourism activities are characterized by sustainability and 
environmental friendliness. 

[Remained] 

LHBV4 The tourism types facilitate community involvement in the 
tourism development process. 

[Adjusted] 
The tourism types facilitate community 
involvement in the tourism management and 
development process. 

Tourism quality scale (Masrurul, 2019) 
CLDV1 The level of friendliness and professionalism of the staff in local 

tourism services. 
[Remained] 

CLDV2 The provision of tourism services in the local area adheres to 
environmental protection standards. 

[Remained] 

CLDV3 The delivery of tourism services that are culturally and local 
community-friendly  

[Adjusted] 
The delivery of tourism services that show 
respect to local customs, cultures and local 
heritage conservation. 

CLDV4 The quality of tourism services offered in this region aligns 
with sustainability principles and environmental friendliness. 

[Remained] 

Subtainability development scale (Cao Tan Binh et al., 2023) 
PTDLBV1 Local tourism plays a pivotal role in the economic development 

of the region, growth of the Gross Regional Domestic Product 
(GRDP). 

[Adjusted] 
Local tourism plays a pivotal role in the 
economic development of the region, growth 
of the Gross Regional Domestic Product 
(GRDP) through investment incentives and 
expenditures from the touristss. 

PTDLBV2 The expansion of the tourism sector has created numerous 
stable employment opportunities for the local. 

[Remained] 

PTDLBV3 Tourism activities in the area do not have negative impacts on 
the natural environment. 

[Adjusted] 
Tourism activities in the area do not operate 
any polluting activities and contribute to the 
reservation of the natural environment. 

PTDLBV4 These activities actively support the conservation and 
sustainable development of natural resources. 

[Remained] 

PTDLBV5 Tourism contributes to the enhancement of local communities' 
livelihoods through various economic and social engagements. 

[Remained] 

PTDLBV6 Local tourism initiatives have facilitated the preservation and 
promotion of traditional cultural values. 

[Remained] 

 

3. Results and Analysis 
3.1. Assessment of the Reliability of the Official Measurement Scales 

The reliability analysis of the measurement scales (Table 4) was conducted using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient 
over three iterations. 

In the first iteration, the NCDL scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,939), The item-total correlation values for 
variables NCDL1, NCDL2, NCDL3, and NCDL4 ranged from 0.777 to 0.937, indicating a high level of fair 
consistency. Similarly, the STGCD scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,855) exhibited high reliability; however, the 
variable STGCD3 showed a significantly low item-total correlation (0.045), need to remove for the enhancement 
the scale’s reliability. The TNDL scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,940) also demonstrated high reliability, with a item-
total correlation values ranging from 0.785 to 0.965. Likewise, the CSQL scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,945) 
achieved strong reliability, as all observed variables displayed high item-total correlation values (ranging from 
0.812 to 0.920), reflecting strong consistency. The LHBV scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,918), was also highly 
reliable, with item-total correlation values ranging from 0.742 to 0.944. However, the CLDV scale (Cronbach's 
Alpha = 0,755) with the CLDV4 variable showing a low item-total correlation (0.308), indicating removal to 
improve reliability. Similarly, for the PTDLBV scale (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.848), the variable PTDLBV1 recorded 
the lowest item-total correlation (0.487), indicating removal to improve reliability. Finally, the HTDL scale 
(Cronbach's Alpha = 0,970) with item-total correlation values ranging from 0.863 to 0.945, indicating exceptionally 
high consistency. Overall, in this initial iteration, it was necessary to eliminate variables with excessively low item-
total correlation values—such as STGCD3, CLDV4, and PTDLBV1—to ensure reliability. 

In the second run, the NCDL scale achieved Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.939, with item-total correlation 
values ranging from 0.777 to 0.937 for variables NCDL1 to NCDL4, indicating high reliability and strong 
consistency. Similarly, the STGCD scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,941), with item-total correlation values exceeding 
0.8 for STGCD1, STGCD2, STGCD4, and STGCD5, reflecting a strong consistency. The TNDL scale 
(Cronbach's Alpha = 0.940) also demonstrated strong reliability, with item-total correlation values ranging from 
0.785 to 0.965. Meanwhile, the CSQL (Cronbach's Alpha = 0,945) with item-total correlations between 0.812 and 
0.920, reflecting a strong consistency 

Similarly, the LHBV scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.918) demonstrated high reliability, with item-total 
correlation values ranging from 0.742 to 0.944 for variables LHBV1 to LHBV4. The CLDV scale attained 
Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.921, with item-total correlations between 0.804 and 0.888, reflexting a strong reliability. 
However, in the PTDLBV scale (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.872), the variable PTDLBV2 exhibited a low item-total 



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correlation of 0.461, which needs to be removed to enhance overall reliability. Lastly, the HTDL scale achieved an 
outstanding Cronbach's Alpha of 0.970, with item-total correlations ranging from 0.863 to 0.945, indicating 
excellent reliability and high internal consistency. Overall, the scales demonstrated high reliability, except for 
PTDLBV2, which needs to be excluded to maintain consistency and appropriateness in the measurement scales. 

After eliminating unsuitable variables in the third iteration, the measurement scales significantly improved, 
achieving Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.918 to 0.970 and item-total correlations exceeding 0.7. 
These results indicate a high degree of reliability and internal consistency. 

  
Table 4. Results of the Scale Reliability Assessment. 

Cronbach’s Alpha Variable Item-total 
correlation 

Cronbach’s Alpha Variable Item-total 
correlation 

NCDL:  0,939 NCDL1 0,924 LHBV: 0,918 LHBV1 0,792 
NCDL2 0,777 LHBV2 0,742 
NCDL3 0,801 LHBV3 0,944 
NCDL4 0,937 LHBV4 0,780 

STGCD: 0,941 STGCD1 0,848 CLDV: 0,921 CLDV1 0,804 
STGCD2 0,911 CLDV2 0,830 
STGCD4 0,837 CLDV3 0,888 
STGCD5 0,845     

TNDL:  0,940 TNDL1 0,849 PTDLBV: 0,944 PTDLBV3 0,857 
TNDL2 0,821 PTDLBV4 0,883 
TNDL3 0,793 PTDLBV5 0,863 

TNDL4 0,965 PTDLBV6 0,859 
TNDL5 0,785     

CSQL: 0,945 CSQL1 0,871 HTDL: 0,970 HTDL1 0,934 
CSQL2 0,839 HTDL2 0,914 
CSQL3 0,852 HTDL3 0,951 
CSQL4 0,913 HTDL4 0,914 
    HTDL5 0,863 

 
The results indicate that the measurement scales achieved high reliability after the removal of variables with 

low item-total correlation values, specifically STGCD3, CLDV4, PTDLBV1, and PTDLBV2. The revised scales 
are now ready for further analysis, facilitating the accurate measurement of factors influencing sustainable tourism 
development. 
 
3.2. Analysis of Convergent and Discriminant Validity 
3.2.1. Analysis of Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Independent Variables 

The analysis of convergent and discriminant validity for the independent variables (NCDL, STGCD) indicates 
that the dataset is suitable for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), with a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient of 
0.839 and a Bartlett’s test significance level of Sig. = 0.000. A single factor was extracted, with an eigenvalue 
greater than 1, accounting for 82.817% of the total variance explained. Factor loadings exceeding 0.5 confirm 
convergent validity, ensuring that the observed variables are strongly related to their respective factors. 
Furthermore, the absence of cross-loadings validates discriminant validity. The factor matrix presented in Table 5 
demonstrates that all factor loadings are above 0.5, affirming the convergent validity, which indicates that the 
measurement variables are closely associated with their respective constructs. 
 

Table 5. Factor Matrix and Factor Loadings of Independent Variables. 

 Factor 

1 2 

STGCD2 0,924  
STGCD1 0,923  

STGCD5 0,912  
STGCD4 0,905  
NCDL1  0,954 

NCDL4  0,953 

NCDL2  0,860 

NCDL3  0,834 

 
3.3. Analysis of Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Mediating Variables 

An examination of the convergent and discriminant validity of the mediating variables (TNDL, LHBV, HTDL, 
CLDV) reveals that the data aligns well with the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin 
(KMO) coefficient is 0.851, and Bartlett's test of sphericity has Sig. = 0,000. The EFA extracts four factors with 
eigenvalues greater than 1, accounting for 84.209% of the total variance (surpasses the 50%), thereby 
demonstrating strong explanatory power of the data in relation to the observed variables. The factor matrix, as 
presented in Table 6, shows that all factor loadings exceed 0.5, ensuring convergent validity, while loadings below 
0.3 have been excluded from the analysis. 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 6. Factor Matrix and Loading Coefficients of Mediating Variables. 
 Factor 

1 2 3 4 

HTDL3 0,942    

HTDL1 0,939    
HTDL4 0,910    
HTDL2 0,898    
HTDL5 0,869    
TNDL4  0,955   
TNDL1  0,882   
TNDL2  0,854   
TNDL3  0,844   
TNDL5  0,838   
LHBV3   0,943  
LHBV1   0,862  
LHBV4   0,835  
LHBV2   0,821  
CLDV3    0,944 
CLDV2    0,916 
CLDV1    0,911 

 
3.4. Analysis of Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Moderator Variable 

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was 0.858, and Bartlett's test had Sig= 0.000, confirming the 
suitability of the data for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). A single factor was extracted with an Eigenvalue 
greater than 1, dthe total variance is at 86.804%. Factor loadings exceeding 0.5 ensured convergent validity, 
whereas those below 0.3 were excluded, thereby confirming discriminant validity. The findings suggest that the 
measurement scale is appropriate for evaluating the factor of sustainable tourism development. The factor matrix 
presented in Table 7 demonstrates that all factor loadings surpass the threshold of 0.5, reinforcing convergent 
validity. 
 

Table 7. Factor Matrix and Moderator Variable Loadings. 

 Factor 

1 

CSQL4 0,953 
CSQL1 0,925 
CSQL2 0,925 
CSQL3 0,923 

 
3.5. Analysis of Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Dependent Variable 

The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient was determined to be 0.861, and Bartlett’s test yielded a 
significance value of 0.000, confirming the appropriateness of the dataset for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). A 
single factor was extracted, with an Eigenvalue exceeding 1, accounting for 82.944% of the total variance. Factor 
loadings above 0.5 ensured convergent validity, with no cross-loadings observed, thereby confirming discriminant 
validity. The scale exhibited a robust structure, making it suitable for measuring sustainable tourism development. 
The factor matrix presented in Table 8 demonstrates that all factor loadings exceed 0.5, further reinforcing 
convergent validity. 
 

Table 8. Factor Matrix and Dependent Variable Loadings. 

 Factor 

1 

PTDLBV4 0,918 
PTDLBV5 0,910 
PTDLBV3 0,908 
PTDLBV6 0,907 

 
The study confirms the high consistency of the scales, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients ranging from 0.918 

to 0.970, thereby affirming the reliability and suitability of the measurement instruments. Exploratory Factor 
Analysis (EFA) indicates a total variance explained of 84.967%, a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient of 0.861, 
and a statistically significant Bartlett's test (p < 0.001). All factor loadings exceed 0.5, ensuring both convergent 
and discriminant validity. The study identifies six key factors influencing sustainable tourism development: tourism 
demand, community participation, resources, infrastructure, sustainable models, and service quality. These findings 
align with previous research by Murphy (1985) and Bramwell & Lane (1993). The results contribute to the 
establishment of a reliable measurement scale, facilitating the assessment and planning of sustainable tourism 
development. This framework aids policymakers in optimizing strategies, enhancing management effectiveness, 
and promoting community engagement to ensure balanced development. 
 

4. Conclusion 
The study has developed a comprehensive measurement scale to assess the factors influencing sustainable 

tourism development, evaluating the relationships among independent, mediating, moderating, and dependent 
variables in sustainable tourism development. Additionally, the research proposes a model and a comprehensive 
scale for assessing the impact of sustainability on sustainable tourism development, emphasizing environmental 
conservation, community engagement, infrastructure, and service quality. A survey was conducted with 500 
domestic and international tourists participating in tourism activities in the Mekong Delta region to validate the 



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reliability and validity of the measurement scales. Using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, the measurement scales 
demonstrated high reliability, with coefficients exceeding 0.7. the variables that did not meet the standard, with 
item-total correlations lower than 0.3, were eliminated. The findings of this study not only reinforce theoretical 
foundations but also provide a practical basis for implementation, offering tourism managers and businesses a 
scientific tool to deploy sustainable solutions that meet the growing demands of tourists and local communities. 
 

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