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Asian Business Research Journal 
Vol. 10, No. 9, 73-80, 2025 
ISSN: 2576-6759 
DOI: 10.55220/2576-6759.572 
© 2025 by the author; licensee Eastern Centre of Science and Education, USA 

 
 

 

 
Strategic Application of Sustainable Development Goals SDG#3 Wellness and #9 
Innovations for Chair Yoga Services for Silver Economy 

 
Shirley Mo Ching Yeung 
 

 
 

Gratia Christian College, Hong Kong. 
Email: shirleymc@gmail.com   
 

 
Abstract 

The purpose of this paper is to explore the steps of applying Chair Yoga Poses and Technology to 
help elderly community to rebuild socialization bonding with functional fitness. This paper is to 
explore the steps of applying 5 steps of design thinking for chair yoga wellness business model for 
sustainable development. Based on selected literature selected in the past 5 years on chair yoga 
and yoga intervention with technology, it is found that the key factors identified via Nvivo 
analysis related to Chair Yoga Sustainable Wellness Business are: Yoga Technology for 
Socialization via Chair Poses, Multimodibity Care, Mental Focus for Dementia and Yoga Lifestyle 
for Functional Fitness.  And, chair yoga related projects have been initiated by Andiappan Yoga 
Community for seniors since 2017 with positive benefits mentioned. It is time to explore the kinds 
of technology (lighting and online CY training) to be applicable to chair yoga in an innovative 
sustainable chair yoga business model for the silver economy. 

 
Keywords: Chair Yoga Poses, Design Thinking, Functional Fitness Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Yoga Lifestyle, Yoga 
Technology. 

 
1. Introduction 
1.1 Yoga and SDG#3 Wellness  

One of the modern lineages of Yoga is yoga therapy. Patanjali says stiram sukam asanam. It has been 
mentioned that our minds, our muscles, our stretching and breathing are all related to making our health better.  

According to the Guruji, Dr. Andiappan, lots of articles and research have been published and accepted that e 
disease or conditions can be treated by Yoga Therapy, component of Yoga or Yogic life-style as listed below:  

▪ High blood pressure 
▪ Angina 
▪ Myocardial infarction 
▪ Diabetes mellitus 
▪ Obesity 
▪ Headache, Migraine 
▪ Anxiety neurosis 
▪ Drug addiction 
▪ Bronchial asthma 
▪ Premenstrual syndrome 
▪ High serum cholestrol 
▪ Pregnancy 
▪ Acute stress 
▪ Arthritis 
▪ Epilepsy 
The philosophy of Andiappan Yoga is that Andiappan yoga is based on Thirumoolar’s Ashtanga Yoga of which 

Thirumoolar was the father of therapeutic yoga with powers of curative powers of yogic discipline. His message is 
that all of us belong to the same family of God with one Ultimately Reality. Through developing the sequences of 
curative asanas, therapeutic benefits and benefits to yoga practitioners themselves can be generated. Andiappan can 
bring overall improvement of quality of life, physical fitness, work output, memory performances concentration are 
extra bonus of Yogic lifestyle. 

Based on a recent artilcle of Andiappan (2017), “mental and physical fatigue can be lessened by asana practice, 
which rests the brain and rejuvenates the body and the mind. The practice includes inverted postures like 
Sirsasana, Viparata Karani and Sarvangasana; forward bening posture such as Padahasthasana, Paschimottanasana, 
Janu Sisasana and Adho Mukha Svanasana. Backward bending postures like Ustrasana, Chakrasana and 
Bhujangasana are helpful in relieving mental fatigue, which is the casue of physical dullness and laziness. In 
addition, twisting posture keeps the spine supple. Pranayama opens the chest and lungs and bring freedom in the 
diaphragm.” (p. 22) 

mailto:shirleymc@gmail.com
https://doi.org/10.55220/2576-6759.572


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Emergence of business usually goes along with demographics change of a country and new demands of 
customers. Demand chain and supply chain management of product/ service are unique for different newly 
emerged industries under globalization and technological advancement in a society. Educators and industry 
practitioners need to be aware of these changes to catch up with new skills development and new job creation for 
sustainable development. In order to understand the benefits of yoga with new skills development and new job 
creation, Yeung (2017) explored the key elements of yoga business in the past 18 years through literature search. 
17 relevant journal papers related to yoga business (1998-2016) have been selected and analyzed with N’vivo 
software. Based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of these selected literature, three major constructs are 
found – Inputs of moral development (385 references), quality of education (191 references), commitment (94 
references), innovations (85 references), process of services (48 references), and outputs of sustainable development 
(338referecnes), decent job creation (312 references), peace of mind (85 references) and social impacts (57 
references). 

From the perspective of United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDGs), the results align with the 
goal#4 – quality of education with transferable skills, goal # 3 well being for quality of life, goal# 8 economic 
growth with decent job creation and goal #9 innovations for sustainable business. These findings are of practical 
value in terms of understanding the key elements for sustainable yoga business through re-visiting the ways of 
educating employees, ways of creating or making use of innovations and ways of measuring improvement in health 
conditions. This brings insights to industry practitioners, investors, educators and policy makers on the 
importance of tracing the trend of emerging industry for sustainable development. And, the findings are well 
aligned with the philosophy of Andiappan’s therapeutic yoga. 
 

2. Yoga Training and Quality Service 
Embedding Quality, Process Management, ISO 10015 into UNSDGs with the key concepts of “Quality” – 

meeting or exceeding customers’ requirements and “Continual improvement” – Plan, Do, Check and Act for 
making continual imrpovements in manpower, machinery, methods and materials of total quality management 
(TQM) philosophy have been discussed in different kinds of industries, especially for value-added industries as 
supply chain management (SCM). Among the four main functions of management – planning, organising, 
motivating and controlling, each process of management is supposed to add value in the supply chain to fulfil and 
excel customer needs. Lo et al. (2005) brought forward the concept of customer-perceived values that integrates 
customer expectations into the designing of supply chain strategies. They mentioned that value of customer 
perceptions has to be considered carefully during the development stage of supply chain strategies. The insightful 
contributions of them are to simplify the complex internal operations system into seven categories. They are: 
strategic planning process (often referred to as the plan supply chain), three operational planning processes (also 
often referred to as plan source, plan make, and plan deliver) and three operational processes of source, make and 
deliver. The importance of perceived customer values is clearly demonstrated in the management strategic process; 
and embedded into operational performance. The systematic concept of “Plan, Do, Check, Act” of ISO 9000 
standards can help organizations to make improvement. ISO standards are stepping stone for reaching the ultimate 
aim of UNSDG 4 quality of education in skill development with knowledge, attitude and values. When applying 
the concepts of ISO in training design, vision, mission and strategic goals of an organization are very important for 
delivering quality training services and improving skill development of staff members. ISO 10015:1999 training 
guidelines can be considered as a holistic framework to cover all the core activities – availability of training 
materials, training aid and equipment, knowledgeable and accountable trainers, innovative training strategy and a 
user-friendly and caring training environment for students. As the quality management training guidelines ISO 
10015 was born in 1999, the DLDDC (Yeung, 2014) was used to provide a new perspective to ensure training 
relevancy to achieve UNSDG4.4 with the consideration of the context of chair yoga in this paper. 
 

2.1. Chair Yoga and Functional Benefits   
After COVID-19, emotion stability and social relationship have been a concern not only appear in young 

generation, but also among older adults, especially those managing multiple chronic conditions (multimorbidity) 
that their social lives may be affected. UNSDG#3 quality of life with wellness with innovative interventions is a 
buring issue that is prompting a growing interest in non-pharmacological approaches, such as yoga. chair yoga 
(CY), a modified form of yoga performed while seated or with support, offers a feasible and accessible modality for 
older adults with physical limitations and multimorbidity (Yen et al., 2021). 

Recent studies underscore the effectiveness of chair yoga in enhancing wellness, happness and reducing anxiety 
for older populations (Liu et al., 2023). Additionally, applying the 5 steps of design thinking—emphasizing users’ 
needs from an empathetic approach is the first step, for example, the design of chair yoga sequences to meet the 
specific needs of individuals is a user-centric process. This paper proposes thoughtfully sequenced chair yoga 
routines aimed at releasing enhancing wellness, happiness, reducing anxiety and multibiodiversity (a term 
encompassing multisystem health), and improving functional fitness, grounded in recent empirical evidence and 
innovative design methodologies. 

 
3. Understanding the Context: Multimorbidity and Anxiety in Older Adults 

Multimorbidity—the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions—is increasingly prevalent among aging 
populations (Vetrano et al., 2020). It complicates management and often leads to increased psychological distress, 
including anxiety (Huang et al., 2022). Very often, anxiety comes with physical symptoms, impaired mobility, 
andthe overall well-being will be deteriorated. Therefore, interventions that target both psychological wellness and 
physical healthiness are essential. 

Juyoung et al. (2022) mentioned that social isolation and caregiver burden have underlined the need for an 
innovative way to deliver the chair yoga (CY) intervenion to older adults with dementia and their caregivers. 
Online intervenion could eliminate the fear of being infected and the need to travel to an exercise place. 
Technological intervenions for assisting older adults with dementia (e.g. application development, use of robotics, 



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sensors, locator devices, reminders, virtual realted technology) have created the potential for home-based CY 
interventions with real –time monitoring through a secure videoconferencing platofrm. (p. 3)  
 

4. Design Thinking in Developing Chair Yoga Sequences 
Design thinking emphasizes 1) empathy, 2) define, 3) ideation, 4) prototyping, and 5) testing—approaches that 

can be applied to develop user-centered chair yoga sequences tailored for older generation to enhance wellness with 
multimorbidity and reduce anxiety (Brown, 2022). Engaging stakeholders to understand the needs of CY users and 
the concerns of carers in the CY sequence design process is important so as to bring enjoyable and effective 
intervention. 
The key principles include: 

• Empathy: Understanding the needs of service users and physical limitations, preferences, and emotional 
states of CY service users and carers. 

• Ideation: Brainstorming with CY practitioners for a design plan of diverse movement sequences for 
wellness, relaxation, mobility, and mindfulness. 

• Prototyping: Developing steps with replicated procedures with feedback for improving the implementation 
of CY sequences. 

• Testing and Iteration: Refining sequences based on CY users and carers’ feedback to meet expected 
outcomes. 

It is suggested to apply these principles results in a personalized CY sequences to foster engagement, reduce 
anxiety, and promote physical resilience. 

 
4.1. Strategies for Chair Yoga Sequences 

1. Time Allocation and Lesson Plan  
   Warm-Up and Grounding (5-7 minutes) 

Objective: Prepare the body and mind, promote grounding, and set an intention for relaxation. 
For example: 

• Seated Breath Awareness: Sit upright with feet flat, hands resting on thighs. Inhale slowly through the 
nose and exhale through the mouth 

• Neck Rolls: Gently roll head clockwise and counterclockwise to release tension. 

• Shoulder Rolls: Lift shoulders towards ears on inhale, roll back and down on exhale. Repeat 5 times. 
 

2. Present, Practice and Play (3Ps)  
Gentle Mobilization and Stretching  
(10-15 minutes) 

Objective: Increase circulation, reduce muscular tension, and foster bodily awareness. 
For example: 

• Arm Cross Stretch: Bring right arm across chest, use left hand to gently press, hold for 3 breaths; repeat on 
the other side. 
 

3. Rubrics for Measuring and Achieving above item 1) and 2)  
From warm-up, 3Ps to Breathing and Mindfulness Practice (10 minutes) 

Objective: Activate relaxation response and reduce anxiety. 
For example: 

• Loving-kindness Meditation: Focus on sending goodwill and compassion to oneself and others, fostering 
positive emotional states. 
 

4. Relationship Building with Trust of CY Service Providers and Carers 
Gentle Dynamic Movements (10 minutes) 

Objective: Improve joint mobility and promote positive mood through movement. 
For example: 

• Arm Circles: Small arm circles forward and backward for 30 seconds each. 

• Cool-Down and Relaxation (5-7 minutes) with colorful diagrams for a peaceful place for CY to engaging all 
senses for 3-5 minutes. 

 

4.2. Design Thinking and Benefits of Chair Yoga Sequences  
To effectively implement these sequences, a user-centered approach is essential. Involving older adults in co-

creating routines ensures relevance and adherence. For example, initial focus groups can gather preferences, 
physical limitations, and cultural considerations. Iterative testing allows practitioners to refine sequences, ensuring 
they are safe, engaging, and effective. 

Intervention strategy with modifications—for instance, using resistance bands or cushions—can personalize 
the experience. Incorporating feedback on perceived difficulty, enjoyment, and psychological effects guides ongoing 
improvements. Digital platforms with visual cues and instructions can enhance accessibility, especially during 
remote interventions. 
Benefits of the Proposed Chair Yoga Sequences 
Empirical evidence supports the multifaceted benefits of such sequences: 

• Anxiety Reduction: Breathing exercises and mindfulness within chair yoga have been shown to decrease 
perceived stress and anxiety (Liu et al., 2023; Huang et al., 2022). 

• Multibiodiversity Enhancement: Gentle movements support multisystem health, including cardiovascular, 
musculoskeletal, and nervous systems (Vetrano et al., 2020). 

• Functional Fitness: Improved joint mobility, muscle strength, and balance contribute to independence and 



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safety (Yen et al., 2021). 
By integrating these sequences into regular routines, older adults managing multimorbidity can experience 
improved mental health, physical resilience, and overall quality of life. 
 

5. Methodology and Key Findings 
5.1. Research Objectives (ROs):  
Previous research has found that UNSDG#4 quality of education in sustainable development has not been 
comprehensively explored in yoga business. This research explores further on the key elements for building an 
intangible culutral heritage yoga practice model for sustainable development.   
Two Research Objectives (RQs):  
1) What are the key elements for Chair Yoga Wellness Business Model?  
2) What are the recommendations for technology applied in chair yoga related services for social impacts in yoga 
business?   
 
Part 1 – Qualitative Analysis  

A research was performed to analyze factors possibly related to chair yoga wellness model (2942 references). 12 
articles published from 2022 to 2025 were discovered. By thoroughly delving into the articles, various relatable 
factors are identified to the topic. To further determine their relationship to the topic, by using Nvivo, a text search 
was performed for the mentioned keywords. The search result showed that a few of the factors such as 1) Yoga 
Technology for Socializtion via Chair Poses (3206 references), 2) Multimodibity Care (612 references), 3) Mental 
Focus for Dementia (442 references) and 4)Yoga Lifestyle for Functional Fitness (2624 references) were cited 
relatively more frequently correspondingly. (Table 1). This is managerial relevant to chair yoga wellness services 
planning and curriculum planning. However, quantitative and qualitative research for chair yoga wellness business 
framework on Qualifcation Framework (QF) is needed for competency building of chair yoga service trainers and 
service providers.   
 

 
Figure 1. Chair Yoga Wellness Business Model 

 
Table 1. Text Search on Chair Yoga Wellness Business. 

Name Sources References 

'Chair Yoga Wellness Business 12 2942 
'Yoga Technology for Socialization via Chair Poses 12 3206 

'Miltimobidity Care 11 612 
'Mental Focus for Dementia 12 442 
'Yoga lifestyle for Functional Fitness 12 2636 
Balance to avoid Falls 12 269 

'Happiness with Self Confidence 12 173 
'Emotional Lonliness Reduction 11 73 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 2.  Text Search – Chair Yoga Sustainable Wellness Business. 

Name References Coverage 

Association_between_yoga_and_multimorbidity_a_nati 102 0.48% 
Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 154 0.81% 
Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 201 0.68% 
claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 164 1.70% 
Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 45 0.14% 
U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 30 0.74% 
Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-
improved-mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

264 1.27% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 446 0.72% 
Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 201 0.68% 
Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 685 0.27% 
Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 201 0.68% 
Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 449 0.83% 

 
Table 3. Text Search on Yoga Technology for Socialization. 

Name References Coverage 

Association_between_yoga_and_multimorbidity_a_nati 102 0.48% 
Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 159 0.83% 
Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 208 0.73% 
claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 165 1.73% 

Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 116 0.47% 
U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 31 0.84% 
Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-
improved-mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

272 1.32% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 452 0.74% 
Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 208 0.73% 
Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 927 0.46% 
Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 208 0.73% 
Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 358 0.69% 

 
Table 4. Text Search on Multimobidity with Care. 

Name References Coverage 

Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 6 0.03% 
Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 16 0.05% 

claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 3 0.03% 

Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 4 0.01% 

U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 7 0.16% 

Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-
improved-mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

74 0.32% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 28 0.04% 

Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 16 0.05% 

Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 435 0.17% 

Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 16 0.05% 

Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 7 0.01% 

 
Table 5. Text Search - Mental Focus for Dementia 

Name References Coverage 

Association_between_yoga_and_multimorbidity_a_nati 6 0.04% 

Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 5 0.04% 

Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 22 0.11% 

claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 5 0.09% 

Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 71 0.41% 

U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 8 0.30% 

Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-improved-
mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

61 0.47% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 34 0.09% 

Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 22 0.11% 

Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 109 0.07% 

Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 22 0.11% 

Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 77 0.22% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 



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Table 6. Text Search – Balance to Avoid Falls. 

Name References Coverage 

Association_between_yoga_and_multimorbidity_a_nati 1 0.01% 
Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 28 0.21% 
Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 4 0.02% 
claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 11 0.13% 
Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 16 0.07% 
U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 4 0.13% 
Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-improved-
mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

24 0.16% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 97 0.23% 
Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 4 0.02% 
Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 67 0.04% 
Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 4 0.02% 
Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 9 0.03% 

 
Table 7. Text Search on Happiness with Self Confidence. 

Name References Coverage 

Association_between_yoga_and_multimorbidity_a_nati 4 0.05% 

Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 2 0.01% 

Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 10 0.04% 

claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 2 0.02% 

Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 3 0.01% 

U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 2 0.08% 

Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-
and-improved-mood-in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-
after 

1 0.01% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 21 0.03% 

Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 10 0.04% 

Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 84 0.04% 

Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 10 0.04% 

Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 24 0.07% 

 
Table 8. Text Search on Emotional Lonliness Reduction (Least Importance). 

Name References Coverage 

Chair Yoga 2023 MDPI healthcare-11-01024 2 0.02% 

Chair Yoga 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 2 0.01% 

claritylitrevi Chair Yoga 2023 2 0.04% 

Home Based Chair Yoga nihms-1835405 8 0.05% 

U of York Yoga GYY summary briefing v11Oct23 1 0.05% 

Yoga and Anxiety 2024-reduced-anxiety-and-depression-and-improved-mood-
in-older-adults-living-in-care-homes-after 

1 0.01% 

Yoga and Eldery obm.geriatr.2202197 18 0.06% 

Yoga and General Sickness 2025 s12877-025-05782-3 (2) 2 0.01% 

Yoga and Multimobidity 3046211 17 0.02% 

Yoga Northumbia s12877-025-05782-3 (4) 2 0.01% 

Yoga Strategies 2023 978-3-030-91262-8_21-1 (1) 18 0.07% 

 

5.2. What are the Recommendations for Technology Applied in Chair Yoga Related Services for Social 
Impacts in Yoga Business?   

Technology in chair yoga related services primarily involves using virtual platforms like Zoom for 
remote service delivery, and interacting with trainers and participants for improving the wellbeing of older 
adults who may be socially isolated individuals.  

Juyoung Park et al. (2022) mentioned that “it is feasibale to conduct a home-based remotely supervised 
online Chair Yoga (CY) intervention with older adults with dementia.” (p. 11) They highlighted that it is 
possible to have a remotely supervised online CY intervention targeted at older adults with dementia and 
measuring outcomes virtually under the remote guidance.  

“The results indicated that this remotely supervised online CY intervention was feasible for this population. 
Telehealth-based CY intervenion was found t be convenient to both participants and their caregivers because it was 
accessible from home and did not equire transportation or getting dressed, which reduced caregiver burden and stress.” 
(Juyoung, 2022, p. 11/12) 

Moreover, Yeung & Lee (2025) mentioned that the feasible actionable steps aligned with the SDGs, 
particularly SDG3 (Wellness), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), SDG 13 (Climate 
Action), SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 Innovations, and SDG 17 (Partnerships for 
the Goals). It is suggested to implement ISO 14068-2023 Climate Change Management System for 
Transition to Net Zero in design of lighting in hotels to reinforce responsible management in the hotel 
common areas and hotel rooms with wellness. (Yeung & Lee, p.1388). 

“ISO 14068 provides a framework for impact governance, emphasizing transparency, stakeholder engagement, and 
lifecycle assessment in environmental management (ISO, 2020). For hotel lighting, ISO 14068 encourages companies 
to evaluate the entire lifecycle—from sourcing lighting components to disposal—ensuring eco-friendly practices. Recent 
publications highlight the integration of ISO 14068 standards into hotel sustainability strategies, focusing on energy-
efficient lighting systems that minimize environmental impacts (Yeung & Sachs, 2022). This involves selecting low-
impact materials, utilizing renewable energy sources, and designing for recyclability.” (Yeung & Lee, 2025, p.1390) 



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Moreover, City University, London has published a paper on “Lighting WWell-being and Performane 
at Work”, mentioning that “Studies have also found that the colour of lighting can have an effect on a 
persons’ mood and work performance (Kuller, 2006). One experimental study of the effects of lighting, age 
and gender on mood and cognitive performance, found a gender difference in that younger females 
experienced positive and negative mood for longer than the males. Older adults showed a negative mood in 
cool bluish lighting, whilst younger adults showed a more negative mood in warm, reddish light (Knez & 
Kers, 2000). ” (p.11)  

Morever, it put forward that “globalisation, international working, and increasing workplace diversity, 
together with the rise in knowledge intensive work, all bring significant challenges for companies.” There 
are five areas of lighting related to the design of the workplace: 1. Service work 2. Knowledge work 3. 
Virtual working 4. Working across space and time zones 5. Changing demographics. For chair yoga service 
providers, lighting should be considered to the CY service work delivery, including virual CY space and the 
lighting applied in the physical space for better CY participants’ engagement and performance. For example, 
the lighting may be softer and warmer for restorative or meditative sessions to create a tranquil atmosphere 
while cooler, energizing lights are suitable for dynamic chair yoga for younger silver aged participants. 
Overall, warmer, dimmer lighting is generally more appropriate, especially for evening or relaxation-
focused CY classes for older silver aged participants. Here are the key strategies for applying appropriate 
lighting in Chair Yoga Services: 

1) Visibility - Ensure there is sufficient lighting so all participants can clearly see the instructor(s) and 
the chairs in front of them, especially in the limited virtual space.  

2) Use of Warmer Color Lighting Tones for Relaxation: 
Soft, warm lighting (2700K-3000K) may create a calm and peaceful environment for trying some basic 
CY poses for elderly. 

3)  Cooler Color Lighting Tones for Energy: 
For dynamic or morning chair yoga sessions, a brighter, cooler light (4000K-5000K) can help elderly 
to have bettr energy to try some challenging poses.  

4)  Flexibility in the Control of Lighting: 
Having user-friendly and adjustable lighting for CY trainers is helpful in terms of moderate the 
atmosphere of CY yoga.  

5) Complete Darkness May Not Be Desirable: 
For the final relaxation phase of a chair yoga class, dimer lights be better if compared to complete 
darkness in the physical space. In general, for older adults with dementia practising CY poses in 
virtual space is feasible to tackle the issue of socially isolation of elderly community. A well designed 
chair-based yoga service, the strategy is properly use of lighting and technology both online and 
offline to generate better impacts for CY users, for example:  

• Reducing caregiver burden and stress if zoom CY class with lighting is properly designed;  

• Improving interoceptive body awareness; and   

• Reducing emotional loneliness.  
 

6. Conclusion and Discussion   
Based on the qualitative analysis on Chair Yoga Wellness Business Model, it is found that: Yoga 

Technology for Socializtion via Chair Poses, Multimodibity Care, Mental Focus for Dementia and Yoga 
Lifestyle for Functional Fitness are relevant to the model. Besides, technology (lighting and online CY 
training) is feasible to make chair yoga services more interactive and achieve remote delivery, for 
example, video conferencing platforms with Zoom to facilitate the delivery of chair yoga sessions directly 
to elderly participants' homes so as to overcome the issue of social isolation. For future research, it is 
recommended to collect quantitative data to support the findings mentioned in this paper for a CY wellness 
business model for psychosocial impacts (e.g., stress, loneliness) with SDG#3 wellness, #9 innovative use of 
technology as a strategy for home-based intervention to serve the silver community. 
 

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