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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2022 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

A Brief Review on Nutraceuticals and its Application 

Sameeksha Jain, Arpana Purohit, Prakhar Nema, Harshna Vishwakarma, Prateek Kumar Jain 

Adina College of Pharmacy, ADINA Campus Rd, Lahdara, Sagar, MP, 470001 

Article Info: 
_________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received 07 Jan 2022      
Reviewed 23 Feb 2022 
Accepted 04 March 2022 
Published 15 March 2022 

_________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Jain S, Purohit A, Nema P, Vishwakarma H, Jain PK, 

A Brief Review on Nutraceuticals and its 
Application, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2022; 2(1):7-13 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i1.10                                 

_________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Sameeksha Jain, Adina College of Pharmacy, 
ADINA Campus Rd, Lahdara, Sagar, MP, 470001 

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Because of their putative safety, nutraceuticals have sparked tremendous interest. Nutraceuticals are 
nutritional supplements that are used to improve health, postpone aging, prevent disease and support 
the healthy functioning of the human body. Nutraceuticals are currently gaining popularity due to 
their nutritional and medicinal properties. They are classified as dietary supplements or herbal 
bioactive substances based on their source. Herbal nutraceuticals aid in the maintenance of health and 
the promotion of optimal health, longevity, and quality of life. Nutraceuticals have demonstrated 
encouraging results in the treatment of a variety of ailments, including cancer, neurological diseases, 
cardiovascular disease, and others. The current review provides an overview of several bioactive 
substances that operate as nutraceuticals (carbohydrates, lipids, edible flowers, alkaloids, medicinal 
plants, etc.) and their involvement in health benefits. Focus on the need for appropriate diets, health 
issues associated with failure to adhere to known healthy eating models, development of new 
nutraceuticals/functional foods/food supplements with novel health benefits, elucidation of 
mechanisms of action of these products, and to define and understand the analytical, formulation, and 
regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals. The use of nutraceuticals in the prevention of certain diseases 
has also been addressed. 

Keywords: Nutraceutical, Dietary supplements, Herbal bioactive compounds, Application 

Email; sameejain888@gmail.com  

Introduction  

Stephen L. Defelice, founder and chairman of the Foundation 
of Innovation Medicine, invented the term in 1989 as a 
combination of the words nutrition and pharmaceutical. 
Nutraceuticals are products produced from food resources 
that are claimed to provide additional health advantages in 
addition to the fundamental nutritional content present in 
foods. Depending on the jurisdiction, items may promise to 
prevent chronic diseases, promote health, slow the aging 
process, extend life expectancy, or support the structure or 
function of the body1. Nutraceuticals are biologically active 
compounds found in food that have properties similar to both 
nutrition and medications. Nutraceuticals are natural bio-
active or chemical compounds that, in addition to serving as a 
nutritional supplement, have health-promoting, disease-
curing, or preventative qualities. Nutraceuticals are 
supplements that contain lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, 
proteins, minerals, or other essential ingredients. 
Nutraceuticals have been found to be potential agents in the 
treatment of a variety of maladies, including cardiovascular 
disease2, 3, diabetes 4, 5, atherosclerosis6, 7, cancer8,9 and 
neurological disorders10,11. 

The causes for the trend toward nutraceuticals are as 
follows12-16. 

1. A growing proportion of customers are concerned about 
rising healthcare prices. 

2. People who are dissatisfied with pharmaceutical agents for 
health promotion are turning to nutraceuticals to improve 
their health and prevent chronic disease. 

3. Health care providers realize that our excessively processed 
food supply, which is derived from crops farmed with 
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and frequently 
genetically engineered seeds, lacks the nutrients required for 
optimal health. 

4. People who believe in prevention rather than cure. 

5. People suffering from chronic ailments who have found no 
relief from allopathic medication. 

6. Patients with limited financial resources. 

Bioactive Compounds as Nutraceuticals  

Bioactive chemicals are found in trace amounts in foods, 
particularly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and so on. They 
have a wide range of therapeutic possibilities and provide 
numerous health advantages in addition to basic nutritional 
value. Bioactive chemicals are classified into two types based 
on their origins: herbal sources and dietary supplements 
(Table. 1). 

Table 1 Bioactive ingredients 

Herbal bioactive ingredients Dietary supplements 
1. Anthraquinones 1. Charbohydrates  
2. Alkaloids 2. Proteins 
3. Tannins 3. Lipids 
4. Carotenoids 4. Vitamins 
5. Flavonoids 5. Probiotics 
6. Bitters 6. Prebiotics 
7. Essential oil  7. mushroom 

 

                       Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                            Review Article                                                                          

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i1.10


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Herbal Bioactive Ingredients  

Therapeutic Plants Herbs have received a lot of attention over 
the years because of their diverse array of scents and flavors, 
which make them useful not only as medicines but also in 
cooking. Herbal bioactive substances found in herbs, such as 
carotenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, lignans, phthalates, plant 
sterols, polyphenols, saponins, sulphides, and terpenoids, are a 
significant category of nutraceuticals17,18.  

Alkaloids  

Alkaloids are a unique family of substances that play crucial 
functions in the biological processes of animals, plants, and 
microorganisms. It is a heterocyclic chemical molecule with 
nitrogen that is used in pharmacology, medicine, and 
ecology19. Since alkaloids have potent physiological effects 
when they interact with much cellular and molecular level of 
organisms, they have been widely used as curative 
medications in the pharmaceutical industry20. Alkaloids can 
occasionally be exceedingly harmful in small concentrations 
and are soluble in organic solvents21. In the pharmaceutical 
business, alkaloids from plants are widely used as anti-
malarial (quinine and chloroquinine), anti-cancer (vinblastine, 
vincristine, and taxol), and blood circulation (in the brain) 
boosting drugs (vincamine) 22, 23. The most of us love a cup of 
black tea or coffee, which include the pharmacologically active 
alkaloids theophylline and caffeine, respectively, and are 
essential components of the human diet24. Long pepper (Piper 
longum L.) and pepper (Piper nigrum L.), which both contain 
the alkaloid piperine, are additional often used spices in 
Indian cuisine as well as many other cuisines25. Capsicum 
peppers like chili and red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), bird 
pepper or tabasco (Capsicum frutescens L.), Peruvian pepper 
(Capsicum bac catum L.), aji pepper (Capsicum Chinese Jacq.), 
and rocoto pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) are some other 
plants that contain significant amounts of alkaloid (Capsicum 
pubescens Ruizet Pav.). According to research, piperine has 
significant physiological activity and is not harmful26. 

Saponins  

Steroid saponins can be obtained from a wide range of plants, 
microorganisms, and animals27. Aubergines (Solanum 
aethiopicum L.), capsicum peppers (Capsicum annuum), 
ginseng (Panax ginseng), and yucca (Yucca schidigera) are a 
few typical medicinal plants that contain saponins28. Saponins 
are essential for a variety of pharmacological processes, such 
as hypoglycemic activity, lowering of LDL cholesterol and 
serum cholesterol, inhibition of cancer cell growth, stimulation 
of the cell-mediated immune system, antioxidant activity, 
antifungal activity, neurotrophic and neuroprotective activity, 
and viricidal effects29. 

Tannins  

These are a collection of substances that include phenolic and 
polyphenolic chemicals. They function as astringents in our 
body by causing tissues to contract and structural proteins in 
the mucosa and skin to shrink. The prevention of lipid 
peroxidation, the production of super-oxides, and the 
completion of free radical scavenging activity are additional 
roles for tannins30-32. Tannins are used to treat ulcerative 
colitis because they have a number of beneficial health 
features, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, 
antileishmanial, immunomodulatory, analgesic, anti-
lymphocytic, neuroprotective, antidiarrheal, and antihy 
pertensive actions33,34. Legumes with tannin have been 
utilized as nutritional feed for livestock to protect it against 
parasites such gastrointestinal worms35.  

 

Bitters  

They are a combination of bitter-tasting chemicals that are 
present in many herbs. Yarrow (Achilles mille folium), 
chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), horehound (Marrubium 
vulgare), peppermint (Mentha piperita), rue (Ruta), milk 
thistle (Silybum marianum), and dandelion are among 
common herbs that contain significant quantities of bitter 
(Taraxacum). Bitter compounds primarily affect the digestive 
system, which in turn causes the stomach to release digestive 
enzymes. Additionally, it facilitates the flow of bile from the 
liver, increasing appetite and facilitating better nutritional 
absorption from food36. Patients with symptoms like 
gallbladder issues, liver issues, poor appetite, gastritis, 
sluggish bowel, and symptoms after the flu are typically 
advised to take bitters [37]. Other pharmacological advantages 
of bitters include their ability to treat cancer, to calm the 
nervous system, and to have antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and anti-diabetic properties38. Despite their 
disagreeable taste, the beneficial effects of bitters begin in the 
mouth itself, therefore oral use is required for the optimum 
results. Some of the bitters described in Indian Ayurveda are 
guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), manjista (Rubia cordifolia), 
and neem (Azadirachta indica), as well as turmeric (Curcuma 
longa) and Rubia cordifolia. Because of their predilection for 
the liver and spleen, they are widely utilized to treat 
ailments39.  

Carotenoids  

Carotenoids can be made by bacteria, fungus, algae, and plants. 
Carotenoids are responsible for the orange, yellow, and red 
colors that can be seen in fruits, vegetables, and seafood40. 
Animals must obtain carotenoids through dietary intake and 
metabolize them in order to use them for physiological 
processes because they are unable to produce them on their 
own41. Carotenes have crucial roles in biology as antioxidants, 
membrane fluidic regulators, and auxiliary light-harvesting 
components of photosynthetic systems42. Apricots (Prunus 
armeniaca) and broccoli are good sources of ß-carotene and 
lutein, while carrots and tomatoes are excellent sources of ß-
carotene and lycopene, pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) is a good 
source of ß-carotene, ß-cryptoxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin, 
and green leafy vegetables offer both lutein and ß- Few 
carotenoids (about 50 out of the 600 discovered) have 
provitamin A activity, and the three most significant ones are -
carotene, ß-carotene, and ß cryptoxanthin43,44. Thus, eating 
these carotenoids can help us from developing significant eye 
conditions. Carotenoids serve as antioxidants and improve 
oxidative stress resistance in all species45. They also have anti-
cancer properties46. 

Flavonoids 

In nature, flavonoids can be found as glycosides and anti-
oxidants. Vegetables such as broccoli, green pepper, kale, 
onion, spinach, and tomato; fruits such as orange, grapefruit, 
apple, and grape; herbs such as Citrus grandis, Hypericum 
perforatum, and Sophora japonica; and soybeans are major 
sources of flavonoids47. Flavonoids have a protective impact 
against coronary heart disease in addition to having antiviral, 
antiallergic, anticholinesterase, anticancer, and antioxidant 
properties48. A variety of products containing flavonoids are 
either being researched and developed or are already being 
sold as functional foods and/or dietary supplements. The 
ADME property of flavonoids in animals has received less 
attention in published research, which makes it harder to 
anticipate the biological effects of flavonoids. This restricts the 
use of them as possible food sources49.  

 



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Essential oils  

The following plant components can be used to make essential 
oils: buds, bark, fruits, flowers, herbs, leaves, roots, seeds, 
twigs, and wood50. They may be extracted using techniques 
like solvent or steam extraction since they are a naturally 
occurring combination of aromatic chemicals. A subcritical 
water extraction technique has also been used to extract 
essential oils from Thymbraspicata leaf material51. These 
volatile oils typically contain a distinctive aroma and are a 
blend of terpenes, aldehydes, esters, ketones, phenolic 
chemicals, and aldehydes. Significant levels of terpenoids are 
found in essential oils, which have antiseptic and antibacterial 
properties52 and stimulate the body's natural defense 
mechanisms against a number of infectious disorders. It has 
beneficial effects on and is anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and 
antispasmodic (yarrow and chamomile) on the heart and 
circulatory system (rosemary, ginger, and thyme) 53.  

Anthraquinones  

A variety of molecules with different biological characteristics 
are included in anthraquinones54. As a result of their 
stimulation of muscle contraction, they frequently have a 
laxative effect. Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller), cascara 
(Rhamnus purshianus), dock (Rumex crispus), rhubarb 
(Rheum palmatum), and senna are among the numerous plant 
species that contain high concentrations of anthraquinones 
(Senna alexandrina). Researchers have found that the 
hydroxyanthra quinone found in aloe vera, aloe-emodin, has 
the ability to limit the proliferation of a variety of tumor cell 
lines, including lung cancer cells55, hepatoma cells, and 
leukemia cells56. Similar to this, Rheum rhabarbarum's emodin 
and rhein also have anticancer effects57. A particular in-vivo 
and in-vitro anti-neuroectodermal tumor property of the anti-
cancer drug aloe-emodin has been reported58. Aloe's latex 
contains significant amounts of anti-inflammatory 
anthraquinones, which are known for their ability to heal and 
stop pain. Anthraquinone has been found to be produced not 
just by plants but also by marine life. Two anthraquinones 
(Lupinacidin A and Galvaquinone B) with anti-tumor 
capabilities were recently found in sea anemone from Easter 
Island, and a new analysis by a group of researchers in 
Germany suggested that it might be used as a nutraceutical59. 

Dietary Supplements  

Probiotics  

Probiotics, or helpful microorganisms, which improve human 
health, are the subject of rising research. When administered 
in the proper dose, probiotics are a culture of live 
microorganisms (which can be a single or mixed culture) that 
have therapeutic benefits for the recipient (FAO and WHO, 
2006). Russian immunologist Elie Metchnikoff made 
observations and hypothesized that the consumption of 
fermented milk, which contains beneficial Lactobacillus 
bacteria, is the cause of the healthy and long lives of Bulgarian 
peasants. Probiotics are a result of these observations. Years 
later, it is evident that bacteria are not just static colonists but 
rather dynamic, symbiotic co-residents in our bodies60. Some 
modern ailments, such as the increase in inflammatory and 
allergy disorders, are caused by a decrease in the consumption 
of helpful microbes as compared to our ancient ancestors61. 
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 
are the three bacterial species that are most frequently used to 
make commercial probiotics. Consuming probiotics has been 
shown to enhance immune defense against pathogens, 
suppress auto-immune responses, shorten the duration of 
infectious diarrhea, increase gastrointestinal tolerance to 
antibiotics, improve treatment of women with bacterial 

vaginosis, lessen symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, and 
decrease the incidence of dental caries62. 

Prebiotics  

Prebiotics are food ingredients that, in little amounts, promote 
the growth of helpful bacteria, whose, when colonized by the 
host, has a good impact on the health of the host63. Prebiotics 
can be thought of as food for the different bacterial species 
that inhabit the inside of humans and are essential to their 
health and wellbeing. Probiotic bacteria like Lactobacillus and 
Bifidobacterium are among the microbes that use prebiotic 
fiber as a substrate and consume it. In order to ascertain 
prebiotic fermentation characteristics in a variety of hosts, 
including humans, prebiotic compounds often undergo a wide 
range of in-vivo and in-vitro testing. The examined 
fermentation parameters are often linked to healthy colon 
function and metabolism64, 65. Numerous food items that 
contain fermentable fiber are available for human nutrition66. 
A substance's potential to ferment may be the only 
consideration for selecting it as a prebiotic67. Some studies, 
however, believe that this shouldn't be used as the only 
criterion because food matrices are diverse and have a variety 
of metabolic and nutritional advantages68. When determining 
if a substance is a prebiotic, it's also important to consider the 
fermentation products, which may be advantageous or 
harmful66. The two most popular sources of prebiotics at the 
moment are resistant starch and fructans. 

Proteins  

Proteins are key constituents of food as they have or 
ganoleptic properties especially texture, tissue building, a 
valuable source of nutrition, and possess various other health 
benefits. In order to enhance the development of healthy, 
novel and safe foods, the use of the plant-derived nutrients is 
increasing as it is beneficial from both economic and 
environmental perspectives69. Similarly, there is an increasing 
demand for plant proteins for applications in food matrices to 
improve the nutritional and health profiles of these food 
products. One of the modern-day examples is the use of 
legume proteins as food ingredients that have been 
traditionally used for derivation of oils and fats. Amongst 
legumes, Lupin (Lupinus albus L.) is the richest source of 
protein, its protein content is equivalent to soybean, almost 
35% of its dry weight70. Recently, interest in dietary proteins 
from seed has emerged around the globe for their nutritional 
role. They possess various therapeutic activities, such as 
hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancer and anti-obesity 
activities71,72. Therefore, plant proteins possess a vital role in 
the improvement of human health. Apart from this egg 
protein, which is considered as an essential source of proteins 
in a balanced diet, also possesses health benefits, such as 
anti�cancer, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, 
im�munomodulatory, and protease inhibitor activities73. 
Protein isolate has been prepared using by-products of waste 
generated during the milling process of pigeon pea. This 
protein isolate has been reported as a good source of 
nutraceuticals and also as an encapsulating material with 
bioactive properties74. 

Carbohydrates  

It is the most widely distributed nutritional class, and it plays 
an important role in the human body. Carbohydrate molecules 
in the dietary matrix range from complicated to tiny. 
According to dietary standards, carbohydrates should account 
for at least 5% of total calories ingested in a balanced diet75. 
Carbohydrates help with human physiology and metabolic 
activity. It aids in the prevention of a number of chronic 
diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, 



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obesity, and gastrointestinal disorders. Starchy carbs are an 
important source of energy and help keep the digestive tract 
healthy. Untapped research potential exists in the application 
of bioactive carbohydrates in functional meals76. Inulin 
(fructans), fructose, as well as other oligosaccharides, for 
example, promote the growth rate measures how fast of 
health-promoting bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, which can 
limit the proliferation of potentially hazardous anaerobic 
microbes in the gut and act as immunomodulators77. Chitosan 
and chitin have been used as functional dietary additives, with 
possible anti-obesity activity78. According to study conducted, 
consuming carbs together with a suitable amount of protein 
has a good impact on the gut bacteria count, which has 
numerous benefits in humans79. As a result, the utilization of 
carbohydrates as a nutraceutical offers great promise for 
human health. 

Lipids  

Lipids are a broad category of compounds that share the trait 
of being soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. 
Initially, it was assumed that consuming dietary fats causes 
weight gain and other health concerns. Recent technologies, 
however, combine the beneficial effects of fatty acids with 
triacylglycerol molecules to increase the nutritional value of 
lipids. Structured fats play an obvious function in lowering the 
caloric value of the diet to which they are added, as well as 
providing certain medical benefits. The link between lipid 
nutrition and stereospecific fatty acid position suggests that 
acidolysis could be used to improve the nutrition profiles of 
triacylglycerols. Because of such advantages of lipid isolation, 
more research is required for cost-effective lipid 
manufacturing. According to one investigation, kelp is an 
alternate source of nutraceuticals80. Take Control®, Becel 
Proactiv, and Flora Proactiv by Unilever, CookSmart® by 
Procter & Gamble, Danacol® by Danone, and others81 are 
some of the prominent nutraceuticals on the market that 
include large levels of phytosterols, phytostanols, and their 
fatty acid esters. Aside from these items, new study indicates 
that flaxseed is a good source of lipids and could be used as a 
nutraceutical. It is projected that eating flaxseed reduces the 
chance of cancer and cardiovascular disease, relaxes artery 
smooth muscles, and lowers cholesterol levels82. 

Vitamins  

Due to their anti-oxidant properties, vitamins can be used as 
nutraceuticals and play a significant part in maintaining 
human health. These nutraceutical items may be helpful to 
people on special diets and smokers who are prone to vitamin 
deficiencies. Lack of food intake, poor body absorption, and 
insufficient use are causes of vitamin insufficiency. As their 
nutrient profiles contain adequate concentrations of the B 
complex vitamins (B1, B2, and B12), vitamins with antioxidant 
properties (such as vitamin C and E), provitamins A and E, and 
carotenoids, seaweeds are a rich source of vitamins83. It has a 
beneficial effect on lung and cervical malignancies and aids in 
the decrease of cases of death brought on by cerebrovascular 
illnesses84. 

Red algae are a rich source of vitamin B12, which is typically 
insufficiently prevalent in vegan diets (Porphyra sp.). People 
who consume vitamin C-rich diets often have a lower chance 
of acquiring stomach cancer than patients who consume 
regular diets85. According to a study, the combination of 
Shilajit and B-complex vitamins is effective in preventing 
Alzheimer's disease86. For the treatment of dry eye symptoms, 
it is advantageous to employ oral supplementation of 
nutraceuticals containing vitamins, minerals, omega-3 fatty 
acids, and antioxidants87. As a result, vitamins have a lot of 

potential, and adding them to the diet as a nutraceutical is 
good for people's health. 

Mushrooms  

Humans have recently exploited mushrooms for both culinary 
and medicinal purposes. Its applications have grown to 
include cosmeceuticals, nutraceuticals, and medicines. Around 
2000 of the approximately 12000 diverse species of 
mushrooms are suitable for human consumption88. Around 35 
different species are commercially produced throughout the 
world (Agaricus bisporus is the most common species41, while 
200 different wild species are used for therapeutic purposes89. 
Fruiting bodies contain between 50 and 65 percent 
carbohydrates and 20 to 30 grams of unsaturated fatty acids 
per kilogram of dry mass90. In addition to polysaccharides (ß-
glucans), peptides, minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, dietary 
fiber, terpenes, glycoproteins, alcohols, and antioxidants, 
edible mushrooms also contain other active ingredients91. 
Because ergothioneine, selenium, vitamin B1 and vitamin D2 
are highly bioavailable when consumed, mushrooms are 
regarded as great functional foods. Mushrooms are 
pharmaceutically significant for boosting the immune system 
to treat and prevent life-threatening disorders such cerebral 
stroke, cancer, heart disease, and hypertension because they 
contain unique biologically active compounds. The 
antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-fungal, anti-
inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiviral, and hypolipidemic 
effects of mushrooms are among their other qualities92,93.  

Application of Nutraceuticals  

For more than 20 years, researchers have been attempting to 
link phytochemicals with potential health advantages. 
Research shows that consuming fruits and vegetables lowers 
the incidence of esophageal, stomach, lung, endometrial, oral 
cavity, pancreatic, pharyngeal, and colon disorders94. The main 
phytochemicals that play a role in disease prevention are 
allium compounds; beta carotene, dietary fibers, flavonoids, 
folic acid, D-limonene, dithiolthiones, indole-3-carbinol, 
inositol hexaphosphate, iso flavones, isothiocyanates, lutein, 
lycopene, phytosterols, selenium, saponin Heart and blood 
vessel problems are referred to as cardiovascular diseases 
(CVD). Low intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with 
increased risk of CVD95. Numerous studies have documented 
the beneficial effects of a diet high in fruits and vegetables on 
the prevention of CVD. For the prevention and treatment of 
CVD, nutraceuticals in the form of minerals, vitamins, dietary 
fibers, antioxidants, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 
are recommended together with physical activity. The 
likelihood of vascular disease is decreased by polyphenols 
because they alter cellular communication and metabolism 96. 
Additionally, flavonoids are crucial for preventing CVD. They 
prevent platelet aggregation by inhibiting angiotensin-
converting enzyme and cyclooxygenase enzymes97. One of the 
main public health issues nowadays is cancer. Carotenoids 
have antioxidant properties and are helpful in preventing 
cancer. Lycopene and other carotenoids like it provide a 
protective role against cancer98. By reducing oxidative stress 
and DNA damage, lycopene-rich fruits and vegetables have an 
anti-cancer impact99. Tomatoes, pink grapefruit, guava, water 
melon, and papaya all contain lycopene. Apples contain pectin, 
a soluble fiber that has been shown to be protective against 
prostate cancer by preventing cancer cells from sticking to 
healthy cells in the body. Natural phenolic substances with 
anticancer properties include gallic acids, curcumin, ferulic 
acid, and caffeic acid97. An extract of Curcuma longa called 
curcumin has been found to have anti-inflammatory, anti-
oxidative, and anti-carcinogenic properties. Obesity is a global 
health issue that is linked to a number of serious illnesses, 



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including cancer, congestive heart failure, hypertension, 
angina pectoris, hyperlipidemia, osteoarthritis, respiratory 
issues, and renal vein thrombosis. The eating of high-fat foods 
is one of the key contributors to obesity. The potential of 
nutraceuticals to help manage obesity is now being studied. 
Nutraceuticals with putative anti-obesity benefits include 
capsaicin conjugated linoleic acid, Momordica charantia, 
Citrus aurantium, and psyllium fiber97, 100. Herbal stimulants 
that help with weight loss include ephedrine, caffeine, 
chitosan, and green tea. 

Conclusion  

Nutraceuticals are a different source of all-natural treatments 
that not only treat but also prevent a wide range of fatal 
illnesses. They are in demand because they are more 
affordable and accessible than prescription medications. Long-
term study is necessary to understand the function that 
nutraceuticals play in health and how diseases are treated. It is 
also necessary to conduct more study on how nutraceuticals 
affect disease activity and pathogenesis. It is necessary to 
conduct research on how bioactive compounds interact with 
other food components and how this interacts with their 
ability to act as drugs. In addition, depending on the type and 
quantity of bioactive compounds added to the food products, 
sensory qualities such as look, body, flavor, color, and texture 
may also be impacted. This will have an impact on how well 
the product functions as a whole. The microbial instability of 
these functional elements when they are incorporated into the 
food matrix is another obstacle that needs to be overcome. To 
boost the acceptability of these products in the global marker, 
clinical studies must be conducted more quickly, precisely, and 
uniformly. 

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