







































Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[57]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited  

 

 

Supporting Elderly Populations with Tailored HIV Prevention Messages 

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu * 

Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   24 Sep 2024     
Reviewed  29 Oct 2024 
Accepted   19 Nov 2024 
Published 15 Dec 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Obeagu EI, Supporting Elderly Populations 
with Tailored HIV Prevention Messages, 
Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 
2024; 4(3):57-62                                                                   

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i4.103               

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

As global life expectancy increases, HIV prevention strategies must adapt to address the unique 
needs of elderly populations, who are often overlooked in traditional HIV prevention efforts. While 
HIV is typically associated with younger adults, the elderly are increasingly at risk due to factors 
such as unprotected sex, misconceptions about HIV transmission, and reduced awareness of 
prevention methods. This review explores the need for tailored HIV prevention messages for older 
adults, emphasizing the importance of addressing barriers such as age-related stigma, healthcare 
access, and a lack of HIV-related education. By considering these factors, healthcare providers and 
public health campaigns can better support elderly individuals in preventing HIV and improving 
overall health outcomes. Older adults face unique challenges in HIV prevention, such as 
misconceptions about HIV risk, physical changes related to aging, and the stigma surrounding both 
aging and sexual health. Many elderly individuals may not perceive themselves as at risk for HIV, 
leading to a lack of preventive measures like condom use or HIV testing. Additionally, healthcare 
systems may not prioritize HIV prevention for older adults, leading to underreporting of sexual 
activity and missed opportunities for education and testing. To address these challenges, it is 
essential to create HIV prevention messages that are culturally sensitive, clear, and specifically 
designed for the elderly population, encouraging open dialogue about sexual health and HIV 
prevention. 

Keywords: HIV, elderly populations, tailored messages, healthcare strategies, aging and HIV 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

 

Introduction 

HIV prevention has traditionally focused on younger 
populations, who are often considered the most at risk 
for infection due to behaviors like unprotected sex, drug 
use, and other high-risk activities. However, with the 
global increase in life expectancy and an aging 
population, the issue of HIV prevention for elderly 
individuals is becoming an important public health 
concern. As the elderly population continues to grow, it 
is crucial to acknowledge that they, too, are at risk for 
HIV, particularly as many of them remain sexually active 
well into later years. Despite this, HIV prevention 
messages are often not targeted to the elderly, and 
many older adults remain unaware of their vulnerability 
to HIV, which puts them at risk for late-stage diagnosis 
and poor health outcomes.1-2 One of the main challenges 
in addressing HIV prevention in older adults is the 
prevalent misconception that HIV is a disease of 
younger people. This perception, combined with age-
related changes such as reduced sexual activity or 
changes in sexual behavior, often leads to older 
individuals overlooking the importance of safe sexual 
practices. Additionally, older adults are less likely to 
seek out HIV testing or discuss sexual health with 
healthcare providers due to the stigma surrounding 

both aging and HIV. This lack of awareness, coupled 
with a failure to discuss sexual health openly, often 
results in a significant gap in HIV prevention knowledge 
and resources for the elderly.3-4 The healthcare needs of 
older adults are also unique, as aging is often associated 
with a decline in immune function, comorbidities, and 
the need for multiple medications. These health issues 
can complicate HIV diagnosis and treatment in older 
individuals. Furthermore, older adults may face barriers 
to accessing HIV prevention services due to mobility 
issues, financial constraints, or a lack of tailored 
healthcare infrastructure. As a result, older populations 
often do not receive the same level of HIV-related care 
and prevention support as younger individuals. This 
disparity in care and awareness exacerbates the risks 
associated with HIV for older adults, making targeted 
prevention strategies even more essential.5 

Tailored HIV prevention messages for elderly 
populations need to address these unique challenges by 
focusing on clear, age-appropriate information. Such 
messages should be designed to inform older 
individuals about their continued risk of HIV, 
emphasizing that HIV is not just a disease for younger 
generations and that HIV prevention, such as condom 
use, HIV testing, and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), 

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                                Review Article                                                                           

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i4.103
https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.22270/ajdhs.v4i4.103&amp;domain=pdf
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4538-0161


Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[58]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

remains relevant for individuals at any age. Additionally, 
these messages should address common 
misconceptions about HIV, such as the belief that older 
individuals cannot transmit or acquire the virus. By 
countering myths and educating older adults about HIV 
risk factors, prevention, and testing, healthcare 
providers can help empower this group to make 
informed decisions about their health.6-7 Integrating HIV 
prevention education into senior healthcare settings, 
such as geriatric clinics, nursing homes, and senior 
community centers, is crucial for reaching elderly 
individuals who may not actively seek out this 
information on their own. Healthcare providers must be 
trained to engage older adults in conversations about 
sexual health, including the risks of HIV and the benefits 
of regular testing. These discussions should be framed 
in a way that acknowledges the elderly person’s dignity 
and respects their autonomy, ensuring that they feel 
comfortable seeking HIV-related care and prevention 
services. Health professionals can also play an 
important role in identifying elderly individuals at 
higher risk for HIV and providing them with the 
necessary resources and referrals to prevent and 
manage the disease.8-9 

Understanding HIV Risk in the Elderly 

While HIV is commonly associated with younger, 
sexually active individuals, older adults are increasingly 
at risk for HIV infection. HIV does not discriminate by 
age, and the elderly are just as susceptible to the virus 
as younger populations, although they may face unique 
challenges in recognizing and mitigating their risk. One 
of the primary factors contributing to HIV risk in older 
adults is the assumption that sexual activity diminishes 
with age. Although sexual activity does decline for some 
elderly individuals, many remain sexually active well 
into their later years. A study by the National Institutes 
of Health found that nearly 40% of men and 20% of 
women aged 60–69 were sexually active, and this trend 
extends to individuals over 70. Unfortunately, this often 
leads to a lack of protective behaviors, such as condom 
use, particularly if there is a lack of awareness regarding 
the continued risk of HIV.10-11 In addition to sexual 
activity, several physiological factors associated with 
aging increase vulnerability to HIV. For women, vaginal 
dryness and thinning of the vaginal walls can create 
micro-tears during intercourse, which can facilitate the 
transmission of HIV. Similarly, erectile dysfunction in 
older men may result in the use of medications such as 
sildenafil (Viagra), which, if not discussed with a 
healthcare provider, can increase the risk of engaging in 
unprotected sex with new or multiple partners. For both 
sexes, immune function declines with age, making the 
elderly more susceptible to infections, including HIV. 
The immune system of older adults is less efficient at 
combating viral infections, which not only increases the 
risk of acquiring HIV but also makes managing the virus 
more complicated once it is contracted.12-13 

Another significant factor is the lack of HIV awareness 
among older adults. Many elderly individuals may not 
perceive themselves as being at risk for HIV, often 
assuming that HIV is a disease of the younger 

generation. The misconception that HIV only affects 
specific populations or behaviors—such as men who 
have sex with men or people who inject drugs—results 
in many elderly individuals neglecting preventive 
measures like regular HIV testing or safe sex practices. 
This lack of awareness and understanding about HIV 
leads to delayed diagnoses, often when the virus has 
already progressed to AIDS. Moreover, many older 
adults may never discuss their sexual health with 
healthcare providers, due to generational taboos or 
discomfort with discussing intimate topics in later life. 
This contributes to the underreporting of sexual activity 
among older individuals, further reducing opportunities 
for appropriate HIV prevention education and testing.14-

15 Additionally, older adults face social and structural 
barriers that can exacerbate their risk of HIV. In many 
cultures, sexual activity in later life is stigmatized, 
making it difficult for older individuals to openly discuss 
their sexual health or seek information about HIV 
prevention. This stigma often leads to feelings of shame 
and isolation, which can prevent elderly individuals 
from engaging in preventive behaviors, such as 
discussing HIV testing with a doctor. Social isolation, 
particularly among widows, divorced individuals, or 
those without a close network of family or friends, can 
also increase the likelihood of engaging in risky sexual 
behaviors, as these individuals may be less likely to have 
conversations about sexual health or HIV prevention.16 

Barriers to HIV Prevention in Older Adults 

Despite the increasing recognition of HIV risks among 
older adults, several barriers continue to prevent 
effective HIV prevention in this population. One of the 
primary challenges is the misconception that older 
adults are not at risk for HIV. Many elderly individuals, 
as well as healthcare providers, assume that sexual 
activity declines significantly with age, and therefore, 
HIV prevention is not a priority for older individuals. 
This assumption results in a lack of emphasis on sexual 
health and HIV education in healthcare settings for 
seniors. As a result, older adults may not engage in 
preventive practices, such as condom use or HIV testing, 
because they do not perceive themselves as being at risk 
for the virus. This lack of awareness, combined with the 
absence of targeted public health messages for older 
adults, leaves many vulnerable to HIV.17-18 Another 
significant barrier to HIV prevention in older adults is 
the stigma associated with both aging and sexual health. 
In many cultures, there is a strong societal belief that 
older individuals are no longer sexually active, and 
discussions about sexuality in later life are often 
considered taboo. This social stigma can prevent older 
adults from seeking information or assistance regarding 
HIV prevention. For example, older individuals may feel 
embarrassed or ashamed to ask their healthcare 
providers about safe sexual practices or request HIV 
testing. This reluctance to openly discuss sexual health 
further exacerbates the risk of undiagnosed HIV, as 
many elderly individuals do not receive the education or 
resources they need to protect themselves.19 

Age-related health changes and coexisting medical 
conditions also present barriers to effective HIV 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[59]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

prevention. Older adults often experience declines in 
sexual function, such as erectile dysfunction in men and 
vaginal dryness in women, which can make sexual 
activity less frequent or more difficult. However, for 
those who remain sexually active, these physical 
changes can increase the risk of HIV transmission due to 
microtears or other issues that facilitate viral entry. 
Additionally, older adults may have more complex 
health conditions that require multiple medications, 
potentially leading to drug interactions or decreased 
condom use due to concerns about the side effects of 
medications like erectile dysfunction drugs. The 
complexity of managing chronic conditions alongside 
HIV prevention can be overwhelming for older 
individuals, particularly when they are not well-
informed about the need for continued safe sexual 
practices.20 Limited access to healthcare and HIV-related 
services also contributes to barriers in HIV prevention 
for older adults. Many elderly individuals face 
difficulties accessing healthcare due to factors such as 
mobility issues, financial constraints, and geographic 
location. This can be particularly challenging for those 
living in rural or underserved areas, where healthcare 
facilities may not be equipped to address the specific 
needs of older adults regarding sexual health and HIV 
prevention. Additionally, healthcare providers may not 
routinely include HIV screening as part of general care 
for older individuals, further compounding the problem 
of missed opportunities for HIV prevention and early 
detection. Without regular screenings or HIV-related 
counseling, older adults are less likely to receive 
appropriate prevention measures or guidance about the 
importance of testing and safe sexual practices.21 

A lack of targeted prevention programs also hinders 
effective HIV prevention efforts for older populations. 
Most HIV awareness campaigns focus on younger adults 
or at-risk groups, neglecting the specific needs of older 
adults. The absence of age-appropriate HIV education 
materials, programs, and services results in older 
individuals being left out of the conversation about HIV 
prevention. Public health campaigns rarely address the 
fact that the elderly are just as vulnerable to HIV as 
younger individuals, leading to a gap in HIV prevention 
knowledge. Tailored interventions that address the 
unique challenges faced by older adults, such as their 
specific sexual health concerns and risk factors, are 
crucial in ensuring that HIV prevention strategies are 
inclusive and effective across all age groups.22 Finally, 
psychological and emotional factors can also serve as 
barriers to HIV prevention in older adults. Many elderly 
individuals may feel that HIV is something that only 
affects younger people or that it is too late to make a 
difference in their sexual health. This mindset can result 
in a sense of resignation, where older individuals may 
not take HIV prevention seriously. Additionally, feelings 
of loneliness and depression, common in older 
populations, can contribute to risky sexual behavior, 
particularly among those who have lost spouses or 
partners. Social isolation can lead to unhealthy 
relationships or casual sex without protection, 
increasing the risk of HIV transmission. Addressing 
these emotional and psychological barriers is an 

essential component of HIV prevention strategies for 
older adults, ensuring that they feel empowered and 
supported in making informed decisions about their 
health.23 

Tailoring HIV Prevention Messages for the 
Elderly 

Tailoring HIV prevention messages for elderly 
populations is essential to ensure that older adults 
understand their risks and take the necessary steps to 
protect themselves. As this demographic often faces 
unique barriers to HIV prevention, public health 
messages must be adapted to address these challenges 
in ways that resonate with their experiences, concerns, 
and perceptions. Key elements of successful HIV 
prevention messaging for older adults include clear 
communication, culturally sensitive approaches, and 
emphasizing practical, age-appropriate strategies to 
reduce risk.24 First and foremost, HIV prevention 
messages for the elderly need to challenge the common 
misconception that HIV is a disease solely affecting 
younger populations. Public health campaigns should 
emphasize that sexual activity in later life is common, 
and older adults remain vulnerable to HIV, regardless of 
age. Messaging should highlight the fact that HIV can be 
contracted at any age, particularly in the context of 
unprotected sex, multiple sexual partners, or coexisting 
health conditions that may make the elderly more 
susceptible to infections. These messages should be 
simple, straightforward, and free from medical jargon, 
as older adults may not always be familiar with the 
latest terminology related to HIV or sexual health. Clear, 
easily understood messages about the importance of 
HIV testing, condom use, and pre-exposure prophylaxis 
(PrEP) can help break through misconceptions and 
encourage older adults to take preventative measures.25 

Another important aspect of tailoring HIV prevention 
messages for the elderly is addressing the social stigma 
surrounding aging and sexual health. Many older adults 
may feel uncomfortable discussing their sexual activity, 
or they may assume that such conversations are 
irrelevant or inappropriate for their age group. HIV 
prevention messages should aim to normalize sexual 
health discussions for people of all ages, framing these 
conversations as an important part of maintaining 
overall health and well-being. By creating a supportive, 
non-judgmental tone in these messages, public health 
campaigns can encourage older adults to engage in 
conversations with healthcare providers about their 
sexual health and HIV risk. These messages should 
emphasize the fact that sexual health is a lifelong 
concern and that taking steps to protect oneself from 
HIV is as important in later life as it is during youth.26 

Culturally sensitive messaging is also crucial when 
targeting older adults, as different cultures may have 
varying attitudes towards aging, sexual health, and HIV. 
Public health campaigns must be inclusive and take into 
account cultural norms, values, and potential barriers 
specific to different communities. For example, older 
adults from certain cultural backgrounds may face 
additional stigma or shame related to discussing sexual 
activity, especially for women. Messages that are 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[60]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

sensitive to these cultural nuances, and that respect the 
diverse identities and experiences within the elderly 
population, are more likely to resonate and be well-
received. Additionally, healthcare providers can play a 
key role in delivering these messages in a way that is 
personalized and culturally competent, ensuring that 
older adults feel understood and supported in their 
efforts to protect themselves from HIV.27 

Incorporating practical, age-appropriate strategies for 
HIV prevention is another key element of tailoring 
messages for the elderly. Older adults may face physical, 
cognitive, or emotional barriers that affect their ability 
to access or adhere to HIV prevention methods. For 
example, individuals with mobility issues or cognitive 
decline may have difficulty using condoms or adhering 
to a daily medication regimen for PrEP. Therefore, 
prevention messages should not only educate older 
adults about the risks of HIV but also provide practical 
advice on how to overcome these barriers. This might 
include suggesting alternative prevention options, such 
as discussing the benefits of HIV testing during routine 
medical visits, or promoting awareness of how 
medications may interact with HIV prevention 
strategies. Additionally, healthcare providers should be 
equipped to offer practical support, such as helping 
older adults understand how to use condoms correctly 
or connecting them to community resources that 
facilitate access to HIV prevention services.28 Finally, it 
is important to consider the mental and emotional 
health of older adults when developing HIV prevention 
messages. Older individuals may experience isolation, 
depression, or loss of a spouse, which could influence 
their sexual behavior and decision-making. Messaging 
should acknowledge the emotional aspects of aging, 
providing reassurance and emphasizing the importance 
of self-care and personal well-being. By integrating 
messages that promote a sense of empowerment and 
self-worth, public health campaigns can encourage older 
adults to take charge of their health, which includes 
preventing HIV and seeking the necessary care if they 
are at risk.29 

Integrating HIV Prevention into Healthcare and 
Social Support Systems 

Integrating HIV prevention into healthcare and social 
support systems is a vital step toward improving the 
overall health and well-being of older adults. Healthcare 
systems, including primary care providers, specialists, 
and community health organizations, play a critical role 
in ensuring that HIV prevention is a routine part of care 
for elderly populations. By embedding HIV prevention 
within existing healthcare services and social support 
structures, older adults can receive more 
comprehensive, accessible, and personalized care. This 
approach requires coordination between healthcare 
professionals, public health programs, and community 
organizations to ensure that prevention efforts are both 
effective and sustainable.30 One key aspect of integrating 
HIV prevention into healthcare systems is ensuring that 
HIV testing and prevention services are routinely 
offered to older adults during regular check-ups. Many 
elderly individuals do not receive HIV testing as part of 

their routine care, largely because healthcare providers 
may not consider HIV a significant risk for older 
populations. By incorporating HIV risk assessments and 
testing as part of general health screenings, healthcare 
providers can identify at-risk individuals early and offer 
appropriate prevention interventions. This includes 
providing information about safe sexual practices, the 
use of condoms, and, where applicable, PrEP (pre-
exposure prophylaxis) for those at higher risk of HIV 
exposure. Training healthcare providers to recognize 
the risks of HIV in older adults and to offer counseling 
without stigma is essential in creating an environment 
where older adults feel comfortable discussing their 
sexual health.31 

In addition to integrating HIV prevention into clinical 
care, social support systems, such as senior community 
centers, caregiving networks, and faith-based 
organizations, can help reinforce prevention messages 
and provide additional resources for older adults. Social 
support systems are particularly important in reaching 
older individuals who may be socially isolated or face 
mobility challenges. These organizations can host 
educational programs, offer HIV testing in community 
settings, and provide a safe space for older adults to 
discuss their sexual health concerns. They can also 
connect individuals to resources such as peer support 
groups, where older adults can share experiences and 
gain support from others facing similar challenges. 
Social networks play a significant role in influencing 
health behaviors, and by leveraging these systems, HIV 
prevention efforts can be extended to those who may 
not otherwise have access to healthcare services.32 

Moreover, integrating HIV prevention into healthcare 
and social support systems requires a comprehensive 
approach that addresses the broader social 
determinants of health. For older adults, factors such as 
economic insecurity, housing instability, and lack of 
access to transportation can significantly affect their 
ability to access HIV prevention and care services. 
Public health programs should collaborate with social 
services to ensure that older adults have access to the 
resources they need to live healthy, fulfilling lives. For 
example, case managers and social workers can assist 
older adults in overcoming logistical barriers, such as 
arranging transportation to medical appointments or 
helping them apply for health insurance programs that 
cover HIV-related services. By addressing the social, 
economic, and environmental factors that influence 
health, HIV prevention can be better integrated into the 
broader support systems that older adults rely on.33 

A critical component of successfully integrating HIV 
prevention into healthcare and social support systems is 
ensuring that services are tailored to the unique needs 
and preferences of older adults. This includes providing 
age-appropriate materials that address the specific risks 
older adults face, such as changes in sexual function, the 
impact of medications on sexual health, and the 
importance of regular HIV testing. Public health 
campaigns must emphasize that HIV is not just a 
concern for younger populations, but also a risk for 
older individuals who may remain sexually active, 
particularly in the context of changing family structures, 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[61]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

divorce, or widowhood. Healthcare providers and 
community-based organizations should offer 
personalized counseling that takes into account the 
individual’s health status, sexual history, and other 
factors that may influence their HIV risk.31 

Lastly, effective communication is essential in 
integrating HIV prevention into both healthcare and 
social support systems. It is important that messages 
are clear, accessible, and sensitive to the needs of older 
adults. This involves offering education in formats that 
are easy to understand, such as written materials in 
large print, video presentations with subtitles, and face-
to-face counseling. Additionally, it is crucial to engage 
older adults in discussions about HIV prevention in a 
way that respects their dignity and autonomy. The 
integration of HIV prevention into healthcare and social 
support systems should be seen as part of a broader 
effort to improve health equity, ensuring that older 
adults, regardless of their background, have access to 
the information and resources they need to protect their 
health.32-33 

Conclusion 

Integrating HIV prevention into healthcare and social 
support systems for older adults is a critical step toward 
ensuring that this vulnerable population receives the 
care and resources needed to protect themselves from 
HIV. As older adults are often overlooked in HIV 
prevention efforts, it is essential to recognize the unique 
challenges they face, such as misconceptions about their 
sexual activity, physical and cognitive barriers, and 
social isolation. By embedding HIV prevention strategies 
into routine healthcare, empowering healthcare 
providers with the tools and knowledge to engage older 
adults in discussions about sexual health, and leveraging 
community-based organizations to reinforce these 
messages, we can ensure that older adults are not 
excluded from HIV prevention initiatives. 

Conflict of Interest: Author declares no potential 

conflict of interest with respect to the contents, 

authorship, and/or publication of this article. 

Source of Support: Nil 

Funding: The authors declared that this study has 

received no financial support. 

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.  

Data Availability Statement: The data supporting in 

this paper are available in the cited references.  

Ethics approval: Not applicable. 

References 

1. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Neonatal Outcomes in Children Born to 
Mothers with Severe Malaria, HIV, and Transfusion History: A 
Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(3): 
38-58 

2. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Obeagu GU, Obeagu AA. Nutritional Strategies 
for Enhancing Immune Resilience in HIV: A Review. Int. J. Curr. 
Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2024;11(2):41-51. 
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i2.102 

3. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding Immune Cell Trafficking in 
Tuberculosis-HIV Coinfection: The Role of L-selectin Pathways. 
Elite Journal of Immunology, 2024; 2(2): 43-59 

4. Obeagu EI. Erythropoietin and the Immune System: Relevance in 
HIV Management. Elite Journal of Health Science, 2024; 2(3): 23-
35 

5. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Obiezu J, Ezeonwumelu C, Ogunnaya FU, 
Ngwoke AO, Emeka-Obi OR, Ugwu OP. Hematologic Support in HIV 
Patients: Blood Transfusion Strategies and Immunological 
Considerations. Applied Sciences (NIJBAS). 2023;3(3). 
https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJBAS/2023/1.2.11000 

6. Parker RG, Perez‐Brumer A, Garcia J, Gavigan K, Ramirez A, Milnor J, 
Terto Jr V. Prevention literacy: community‐based advocacy for 
access and ownership of the HIV prevention toolkit. African 
Journal of Reproduction and Gynaecological Endoscopy. 
2016;19(1). https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.21092 
PMid:27702430 PMCid:PMC5045969 

7. McNeish R, Rigg KK, Tran Q, Hodges S. Community-based behavioral 
health interventions: Developing strong community partnerships. 
Evaluation and Program Planning. 2019; 73:111-115. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.12.005 
PMid:30580000 

8. Schouten DG, Deneka AA, Theune M, Neerincx MA, Cremers AH. An 
embodied conversational agent coach to support societal 
participation learning by low-literate users. Universal Access in 
the Information Society. 2023; 22(4):1215-1241. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-021-00865-5 

9. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Immune Modulation in HIV-Positive 
Neonates: Insights and Implications for Clinical Management. Elite 
Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(3): 59-72 

10. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Understanding ART and Platelet 
Functionality: Implications for HIV Patients. Elite Journal of HIV, 
2024; 2(2): 60-73 

11. Navarra AM, Rosenberg MG, Gormley M, Bakken S, Fletcher J, 
Whittemore R, Gwadz M, Cleland C, Melkus GD. Feasibility and 
acceptability of the adherence connection counseling, education, 
and support (ACCESS) proof of concept: a peer-led, mobile health 
(mHealth) cognitive behavioral antiretroviral therapy (ART) 
adherence intervention for HIV-Infected (HIV+) adolescents and 
young adults (AYA). AIDS and Behavior. 2023; 27(6):1807-23. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03913-0 PMid:36574184 
PMCid:PMC9792943 

12. Frew PM, Archibald M, Schamel J, Saint-Victor D, Fox E, Smith-
Bankhead N, Diallo DD, Holstad MM, Del Rio C. An integrated 
service delivery model to identify persons living with HIV and to 
provide linkage to HIV treatment and care in prioritized 
neighborhoods: a geotargeted, program outcome study. JMIR 
public health and surveillance. 2015; 1(2):e4675. 
https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4675 PMid:27227134 
PMCid:PMC4869208 

13. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Optimizing Blood Transfusion Protocols for 
Breast Cancer Patients Living with HIV: A Comprehensive Review. 
Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(2):1-17 

14. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematologic Considerations in Breast 
Cancer Patients with HIV: Insights into Blood Transfusion 
Strategies. Elite Journal of Health Science, 2024; 2(2): 20-35 

15. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Advancements in HIV Prevention: Africa's 
Trailblazing Initiatives and Breakthroughs. Elite Journal of Public 
Health, 2024; 2 (1): 52-63 

16. Bond V, Chase E, Aggleton P. Stigma, HIV/AIDS and prevention of 
mother-to-child transmission in Zambia. Evaluation and program 
planning. 2002; 25(4):347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-
7189(02)00046-0 

17. Zukoski AP, Thorburn S. Experiences of stigma and discrimination 
among adults living with HIV in a low HIV-prevalence context: a 
qualitative analysis. AIDS patient care and STDs. 2009;23(4):267-
276. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2008.0168 PMid:19260770 

18. Cinthya R, Mohan R, Vijayakumar P, Dayanidhi R, Ramakrishnan H, 
Assessment of oral health awareness among the individuals in 

https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i2.102
https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJBAS/2023/1.2.11000
https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.21092
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2018.12.005
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-021-00865-5
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03913-0
https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4675
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(02)00046-0
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-7189(02)00046-0
https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2008.0168


Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu                                                                                                      Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(4):57-62 

[62]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

chengalpttu district: a questionnaire based study, Asian Journal of 
Dental and Health Sciences, 2024; 4(1):21-25 
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.68 

19. Pandya S, Kan L, Parr E, Twose C, Labrique AB, Agarwal S. How Can 
Community Data Be Leveraged to Advance Primary Health Care? 
A Scoping Review of Community-Based Health Information 
Systems. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2024; 12(2). 
https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00429 PMid:38626945 
PMCid:PMC11057800 

20. Navarra AM, Rosenberg MG, Gormley M, Bakken S, Fletcher J, 
Whittemore R, Gwadz M, Cleland C, Melkus GD. Feasibility and 
acceptability of the adherence connection counseling, education, 
and support (ACCESS) proof of concept: a peer-led, mobile health 
(mHealth) cognitive behavioral antiretroviral therapy (ART) 
adherence intervention for HIV-Infected (HIV+) adolescents and 
young adults (AYA). AIDS and Behavior. 2023;27(6):1807-1823. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03913-0 PMid:36574184 
PMCid:PMC9792943 

21. Billings DW, Leaf SL, Spencer J, Crenshaw T, Brockington S, Dalal 
RS. A randomized trial to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based HIV 
behavioral intervention for high-risk African American women. 
AIDS and Behavior. 2015; 19:1263-1274. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-0999-9 PMid:25616838 
PMCid:PMC4506203 

22. Kessy F, Charle P. Evidence of the Impact of IMF Fiscal and 
Monetary Policies on the Capacity to Address HIV/AIDS and TB 
Crises in Tanzania. CEGAA/RESULTS Educational Fund, June 
(Cape Town: Centre for Economic Governance and AIDS in Africa). 
2009. 

23. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI, Factors Hindering 
Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Service 
Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni Hospital 
Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences, 2023;3(2):7-14 https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v3i2.39 

24. Lynn VA, Webb FJ, Joerg C, Nembhard K. Behavioral Health 
Disorders and HIV Incidence and Treatment Among Women. 
InWomen's Behavioral Health: A Public Health Perspective 2024: 
129-150. Cham: Springer International Publishing. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58293-6_6 

25. Lassi ZS, Salam RA, Das JK, Bhutta ZA. The conceptual framework 
and assessment methodology for the systematic reviews of 

community-based interventions for the prevention and control of 
infectious diseases of poverty. Infectious diseases of poverty. 
2014; 3:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-22 
PMid:25105014 PMCid:PMC4124965 

26. Belus JM, Msimango LI, van Heerden A, Magidson JF, Bradley VD, 
Mdakane Y, van Rooyen H, Barnabas RV. Barriers, Facilitators, and 
Strategies to Improve Participation of a Couple-Based 
Intervention to Address Women's Antiretroviral Therapy 
Adherence in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. International Journal 
of Behavioral Medicine. 2024; 31(1):75-84. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-023-10160-7 PMid:36854871 
PMCid:PMC10803380 

27. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unmasking the Truth: Addressing Stigma in 
the Fight Against HIV. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(1):8-
22. 

28. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Odo EO, Igwe MC, Ugwu OP, Alum EU, 
Okwaja PR. Combatting Stigma: Essential Steps in Halting HIV 
Spread. 

29. Obeagu EI. Breaking Barriers: Mitigating Stigma to Control HIV 
Transmission. Elite Journal of Public Health. 2024;2(8):44-55. 

30. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Preventive measures against HIV among 
Uganda's youth: Strategies, implementation, and effectiveness. 
Medicine. 2024; 103(44):e40317. 
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000040317 
PMid:39496029 PMCid:PMC11537624 

31. Shafique S, Bhattacharyya DS, Nowrin I, Sultana F, Islam MR, Dutta 
GK, Del Barrio MO, Reidpath DD. Effective community-based 
interventions to prevent and control infectious diseases in urban 
informal settlements in low-and middle-income countries: a 
systematic review. Systematic Reviews. 2024; 13(1):253. 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02651-9 PMid:39367477 
PMCid:PMC11451040 

32. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, The Vital Role of Blood Transfusions during 
Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review, Asian Journal of Dental and 
Health Sciences, 2024;4(1):26-31 
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.58 

33. Perry H, Zulliger R, Scott K, Javadi D, Gergen J. Case studies of 
large-scale community health worker programs: examples from 
Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Nepal, and Pakistan. 
Afghanistan: Community-Based Health Care to the Ministry of 
Public Health. 2013 

 

 

https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.68
https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-23-00429
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03913-0
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-0999-9
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v3i2.39
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58293-6_6
https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-3-22
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-023-10160-7
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000040317
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-024-02651-9
https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.58

