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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2025 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited  

 

 

Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-Infected Sickle Cell Patients: A Review 

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1*  and Olga Geogievna Goryacheva 2 

1 Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

2 Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner, Russia 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   06 Jan 2025     
Reviewed  10 Feb 2025 
Accepted   02 March 2025 
Published 15 June 2025 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG, Metabolic 
Syndrome in HIV-Infected Sickle Cell 
Patients: A Review, Asian Journal of Dental 
and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13                                                                     

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v5i2.125            

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a growing concern in the context of chronic diseases, particularly 
among patients co-infected with HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD). This review aims to elucidate the 
prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical implications of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected sickle 
cell patients, a population that experiences unique challenges due to the interplay of these two 
conditions. Emerging evidence suggests that metabolic syndrome may exacerbate the complications 
associated with both HIV and SCD, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The 
pathophysiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome in this population are multifaceted, 
involving chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and the metabolic effects of antiretroviral therapy 
(ART). These factors can contribute to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and obesity, 
further complicating the management of both HIV and sickle cell disease. Understanding these 
interactions is critical for healthcare providers as they develop targeted strategies to monitor and 
manage metabolic syndrome, ensuring optimal patient care. 

Keywords: Metabolic Syndrome, HIV, Sickle Cell Disease, Antiretroviral Therapy, Comorbidities 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

 

Introduction 

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic 
abnormalities, including obesity, insulin resistance, 
hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which collectively 
increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 
diabetes. The World Health Organization defines MetS 
as a significant global health concern, affecting millions 
worldwide. As chronic diseases become more prevalent, 
understanding the interrelationship between these 
conditions is crucial, particularly in populations with 
complex health needs, such as those co-infected with 
HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD).1-2 HIV infection has 
transformed from a fatal diagnosis to a manageable 
chronic condition due to advancements in antiretroviral 
therapy (ART). However, long-term ART can induce 
metabolic changes, leading to an increased incidence of 
metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected individuals. 
The risk factors for metabolic syndrome, including 
obesity and dyslipidemia, may be exacerbated by the 
chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation 
associated with HIV. Consequently, individuals with HIV 
are at a heightened risk of developing MetS, 
complicating their overall health management.3-5 Sickle 
cell disease, a hereditary blood disorder characterized 
by abnormal hemoglobin, poses additional challenges to 
patients' health. Individuals with SCD often experience 
recurrent pain crises, organ damage, and increased risk 
of infections. The burden of chronic illness associated 

with SCD may interact with the metabolic derangements 
seen in HIV-infected patients, creating a complex clinical 
picture that requires careful management. The interplay 
between these two conditions can lead to an increased 
prevalence of metabolic syndrome, further 
compromising health outcomes.6-7 

The co-occurrence of HIV and sickle cell disease may 
exacerbate the complications associated with metabolic 
syndrome. Patients with this dual diagnosis often face 
compounded health challenges, including increased 
cardiovascular risk and a higher likelihood of 
developing metabolic disorders. Understanding the 
prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this population is 
essential for healthcare providers to implement 
appropriate screening and management strategies. 
Moreover, the unique clinical manifestations and 
complications associated with MetS in HIV-infected 
sickle cell patients necessitate further exploration.8-9 

Pathophysiologically, metabolic syndrome in this 
population is influenced by several interconnected 
mechanisms. Chronic inflammation due to HIV infection 
can lead to insulin resistance, while oxidative stress may 
contribute to endothelial dysfunction and dyslipidemia. 
Additionally, the effects of ART on lipid metabolism and 
glucose homeostasis must be considered, as certain 
antiretroviral agents can exacerbate metabolic 
abnormalities. 10-11 Management of metabolic syndrome 
in HIV-infected sickle cell patients requires a 

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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13 

[9]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

multifaceted approach, focusing on lifestyle 
modifications and pharmacological interventions. 
Addressing modifiable risk factors, such as diet and 
physical activity, can significantly improve metabolic 
health and reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. 
Furthermore, healthcare providers must carefully 
consider the choice of antiretroviral therapy to 
minimize potential metabolic side effects while 
effectively controlling viral loads.12-13 This review aims 
to explore the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical 
manifestations, and management strategies for 
metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected sickle cell patients.  

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in HIV-
Infected Sickle Cell Patients 

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among 
HIV-infected sickle cell patients is a growing area of 
concern within the medical community, as it presents 
unique challenges for healthcare providers managing 
these complex cases. Recent studies suggest that the 
coexistence of HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD) may 
significantly increase the risk of developing MetS 
compared to individuals with only one of these 
conditions. For instance, research indicates that the 
prevalence of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected 
individuals can range from 30% to 50%, depending on 
factors such as age, gender, ethnicity, and the presence 
of other comorbidities. When SCD is introduced into the 
equation, this prevalence is likely to increase due to the 
compounding effects of both diseases.14-16 Several 
studies have focused specifically on the prevalence of 
metabolic syndrome in patients with both HIV and SCD, 
revealing alarming statistics. In one study conducted in 
Nigeria, researchers found that the prevalence of MetS 
among HIV-infected sickle cell patients was 
approximately 45%, highlighting the urgency of 
addressing this public health issue. Another study in a 
cohort of African American patients revealed similar 
findings, with nearly 50% of those co-infected exhibiting 
features of metabolic syndrome. These statistics 
underscore the necessity of routine screening for 
metabolic syndrome in this vulnerable population to 
identify at-risk individuals early and initiate appropriate 
interventions.17-19 

The increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome in 
HIV-infected sickle cell patients can be attributed to a 
variety of factors, including the underlying 
pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both 
conditions. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress 
related to HIV infection can contribute to insulin 
resistance and dyslipidemia, which are key components 
of MetS. Furthermore, the hematological abnormalities 
and complications of sickle cell disease, such as 
repeated vaso-occlusive crises and organ damage, may 
further exacerbate metabolic derangements, making 
this patient population particularly susceptible to 
developing MetS.20-21 Demographic factors also play a 
significant role in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome 
among HIV-infected sickle cell patients. Studies have 
shown that certain populations, such as women and 
older individuals, may be at higher risk for developing 
MetS due to hormonal changes and age-related factors 

that influence metabolism. Additionally, lifestyle factors, 
such as physical inactivity and poor dietary habits, are 
prevalent in many individuals with SCD and HIV, further 
contributing to the higher incidence of metabolic 
syndrome in this cohort.22-23 

Pathophysiology 

The pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in 
HIV-infected sickle cell patients is complex and 
multifactorial, involving interactions between chronic 
inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic dysregulation, 
and the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Both HIV 
and sickle cell disease (SCD) are associated with chronic 
inflammation, which plays a pivotal role in the 
development of metabolic syndrome. In HIV-infected 
individuals, persistent immune activation leads to 
elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which 
can disrupt normal metabolic processes and contribute 
to insulin resistance. This inflammation is further 
exacerbated by the hemolysis and vascular 
complications inherent in SCD, leading to additional 
metabolic disturbances.24-25 Insulin resistance is a 
central feature of metabolic syndrome, and its 
development in HIV-infected sickle cell patients can be 
attributed to several mechanisms. Chronic 
inflammation, particularly from cytokines such as tumor 
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), 
impairs insulin signaling pathways, leading to reduced 
glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. Additionally, 
oxidative stress, which is prevalent in both HIV infection 
and sickle cell disease, contributes to the impairment of 
insulin sensitivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 
generated during the inflammatory response can 
damage pancreatic β-cells, further exacerbating insulin 
resistance and impairing insulin secretion.26-27 

Dyslipidemia is another critical component of metabolic 
syndrome that is influenced by the interplay of HIV and 
SCD. Patients with HIV often exhibit alterations in lipid 
metabolism due to both the viral infection and the 
effects of ART. Some antiretroviral agents, particularly 
those in the protease inhibitor class, are associated with 
lipid abnormalities, including increased triglycerides 
and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In 
sickle cell disease, the hemolytic process can lead to 
elevated levels of free fatty acids and altered lipid 
profiles, compounding the risk of dyslipidemia and 
cardiovascular complications. This combination of 
factors places HIV-infected sickle cell patients at a 
heightened risk of developing atherogenic 
dyslipidemia.28-29 Hypertension, another key component 
of metabolic syndrome, can also be exacerbated in this 
population. Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress 
contribute to endothelial dysfunction, leading to 
impaired vasodilation and increased vascular 
resistance. Additionally, fluid retention and changes in 
renal function associated with both HIV and SCD can 
further elevate blood pressure. As a result, many 
patients with HIV and sickle cell disease may experience 
hypertension, which increases their overall 
cardiovascular risk.30-31 The combined effects of these 
metabolic derangements can have significant 
implications for the long-term health of HIV-infected 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13 

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sickle cell patients. The presence of metabolic syndrome 
not only increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases 
and type 2 diabetes but can also complicate the 
management of both HIV and sickle cell disease. The 
interplay of these conditions necessitates a 
comprehensive understanding of their pathophysiology 
to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies 
tailored to this vulnerable population.32-33 

Clinical Manifestations 

The clinical manifestations of metabolic syndrome 
(MetS) in HIV-infected sickle cell patients are diverse 
and can significantly impact the overall health and 
quality of life of affected individuals. These 
manifestations arise from the combination of metabolic 
abnormalities characteristic of MetS, such as obesity, 
insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, 
alongside the unique complications associated with HIV 
and sickle cell disease (SCD). 34-35 One of the most 
prominent clinical features of metabolic syndrome is 
central obesity, which is particularly concerning in HIV-
infected individuals. Abdominal adiposity is associated 
with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and 
insulin resistance. Patients may present with increased 
waist circumference, indicative of visceral fat 
accumulation, which is linked to a higher likelihood of 
developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic 
complications. In HIV-infected sickle cell patients, 
weight gain may also be influenced by ART, with certain 
medications associated with increased appetite and fat 
accumulation.36-37 Insulin resistance is another critical 
clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome that can 
lead to hyperglycemia and, ultimately, type 2 diabetes 
mellitus. Patients may experience symptoms such as 
increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue, which 
can significantly impair their quality of life. Additionally, 
the presence of insulin resistance can complicate the 
management of HIV, as fluctuating blood glucose levels 
may affect overall health status and the effectiveness of 
antiretroviral medications. Monitoring glucose levels 
becomes essential for identifying and managing this 
complication early.38-39 

Dyslipidemia is often present in patients with metabolic 
syndrome, characterized by elevated triglycerides and 
low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. 
Patients may be asymptomatic initially, but the long-
term implications of dyslipidemia can lead to 
cardiovascular disease and other complications. 
Clinically, healthcare providers may observe patients 
with atherosclerotic changes, such as carotid artery 
thickening or coronary artery disease, as a consequence 
of the lipid abnormalities associated with MetS. In HIV-
infected sickle cell patients, dyslipidemia can be 
exacerbated by the hemolytic process of SCD, leading to 
additional cardiovascular risks.40 Hypertension is a 
common clinical manifestation of metabolic syndrome 
that is particularly relevant in HIV-infected sickle cell 
patients. Elevated blood pressure may often go 
unnoticed until it reaches severe levels, as patients may 
be asymptomatic initially. However, chronic 
hypertension can lead to significant complications, 
including heart disease, stroke, and renal dysfunction. 

Regular monitoring of blood pressure is crucial in this 
population to ensure timely intervention and 
management of hypertension.41 Furthermore, the 
psychological impact of metabolic syndrome cannot be 
overlooked. The stress associated with managing 
multiple chronic conditions, such as HIV and sickle cell 
disease, can contribute to anxiety and depression. These 
mental health issues may be compounded by the 
physical manifestations of metabolic syndrome, 
including changes in body image related to obesity and 
the implications of chronic illness. Addressing the 
psychological well-being of patients is essential to 
provide comprehensive care and support.42 

Management Strategies 

The management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in HIV-
infected sickle cell patients requires a comprehensive 
and individualized approach that addresses the unique 
needs and challenges of this population. Given the 
complex interplay of chronic conditions, effective 
management strategies must focus on lifestyle 
modifications, pharmacological interventions, and 
regular monitoring to optimize patient outcomes. By 
implementing targeted strategies, healthcare providers 
can help mitigate the risks associated with metabolic 
syndrome and improve the overall health and quality of 
life of affected individuals.43 

Lifestyle Modifications: One of the cornerstone 
strategies for managing metabolic syndrome is the 
promotion of lifestyle modifications. Encouraging 
patients to adopt a balanced diet, rich in fruits, 
vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, is crucial for 
addressing obesity and dyslipidemia. Nutritional 
counseling can help patients understand the importance 
of portion control and the impact of dietary choices on 
their metabolic health. Additionally, incorporating 
regular physical activity into their daily routines is 
essential for weight management and improving insulin 
sensitivity. Healthcare providers should recommend at 
least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic 
exercise per week, tailored to the individual’s 
capabilities and preferences.44 

Weight Management: For many patients, weight loss is 
a primary goal in managing metabolic syndrome. A 
gradual reduction in body weight can significantly 
improve metabolic parameters, including insulin 
sensitivity, blood pressure, and lipid profiles. Healthcare 
providers can work with patients to set realistic weight 
loss goals and provide support through behavioral 
interventions, such as counseling or support groups. In 
cases where lifestyle modifications are insufficient, 
more intensive interventions, including medical weight 
loss programs or referral to specialized obesity 
management clinics, may be considered.45 

Pharmacological Interventions: When lifestyle 
modifications alone are inadequate to control metabolic 
syndrome components, pharmacological interventions 
may be necessary. Antihypertensive medications can be 
prescribed to manage elevated blood pressure, while 
statins or fibrates may be indicated for dyslipidemia. In 
patients with significant insulin resistance or 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13 

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hyperglycemia, medications such as metformin can be 
used to improve glycemic control. It is essential for 
healthcare providers to carefully consider the potential 
interactions between these medications and 
antiretroviral therapy (ART), as some antiretroviral 
agents may exacerbate metabolic abnormalities.46 

Monitoring and Screening: Regular monitoring of 
metabolic parameters is crucial for the effective 
management of metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected 
sickle cell patients. Healthcare providers should conduct 
routine screenings for obesity, blood pressure, lipid 
levels, and glucose levels to identify at-risk individuals 
early. Establishing a schedule for follow-up visits allows 
for ongoing assessment of metabolic status and timely 
adjustments to management strategies. Additionally, 
patients should be educated on recognizing symptoms 
of metabolic syndrome and encouraged to report any 
significant changes in their health.47 

Addressing Psychosocial Factors: The psychological 
and social aspects of managing metabolic syndrome 
should not be overlooked. Chronic illness can lead to 
increased stress, anxiety, and depression, which may 
hinder patients’ ability to adhere to lifestyle 
modifications and treatment plans. Integrating mental 
health support into the management plan is vital for 
addressing these challenges. Referral to mental health 
professionals or support groups can provide patients 
with the necessary tools to cope with the emotional 
burden of their conditions.48 

Patient Education and Empowerment: Educating 
patients about metabolic syndrome, its risks, and the 
importance of adherence to management strategies is 
essential for promoting self-management and 
empowerment. Healthcare providers should offer clear 
and accessible information on lifestyle changes, 
medication adherence, and the significance of regular 
monitoring. Empowering patients to take an active role 
in their health can lead to improved outcomes and a 
better quality of life.45 

Challenges and Future Directions 

The management of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in HIV-
infected sickle cell patients presents several challenges 
that must be addressed to improve health outcomes. 
Understanding these challenges is crucial for developing 
effective strategies and future research directions. By 
identifying barriers to care and exploring innovative 
approaches, healthcare providers can enhance the 
management of this complex population.46 

Challenges in Diagnosis and Management: One of the 
primary challenges in managing metabolic syndrome in 
this population is the overlap of symptoms and 
complications associated with both HIV and sickle cell 
disease (SCD). The clinical manifestations of MetS, such 
as obesity, insulin resistance, and hypertension, can be 
easily misattributed to the underlying chronic 
conditions, leading to delayed diagnosis and 
management. Furthermore, the interactions between 
antiretroviral therapy (ART) and medications for MetS 
can complicate treatment plans. Healthcare providers 
must maintain a high index of suspicion and conduct 

regular screenings to ensure timely identification and 
intervention.47 

Socioeconomic Barriers: Socioeconomic factors 
significantly influence the management of metabolic 
syndrome in HIV-infected sickle cell patients. Limited 
access to healthcare services, nutritious food, and 
opportunities for physical activity can hinder patients' 
ability to adopt healthy lifestyle changes. Additionally, 
financial constraints may limit access to necessary 
medications and specialized care. Addressing these 
socioeconomic barriers is essential for improving 
patient outcomes and ensuring equitable healthcare 
access for this vulnerable population.48 

Psychosocial Factors and Treatment Adherence: The 
psychological impact of living with multiple chronic 
conditions can affect treatment adherence and self-
management in HIV-infected sickle cell patients. Mental 
health issues, such as anxiety and depression, may 
complicate the adoption of lifestyle modifications and 
medication adherence. Comprehensive care should 
include mental health support to address these 
challenges and empower patients to actively engage in 
their health management. Future research should focus 
on developing effective psychosocial interventions 
tailored to the needs of this population.45 

Research Gaps and Future Directions: There is a need 
for further research to elucidate the pathophysiological 
mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome in HIV-
infected sickle cell patients. Investigating the 
interactions between chronic inflammation, oxidative 
stress, and metabolic dysregulation can provide 
valuable insights into targeted interventions. 
Additionally, clinical trials are needed to evaluate the 
efficacy and safety of specific therapies aimed at 
managing metabolic syndrome in this population, 
including novel agents that may have fewer metabolic 
side effects.46 

Innovative Approaches: Future directions in managing 
metabolic syndrome may include the integration of 
technology in patient care. Telemedicine and mobile 
health applications can facilitate regular monitoring, 
improve patient education, and enhance communication 
between patients and healthcare providers. Utilizing 
these technologies can empower patients to take an 
active role in their health management and help 
overcome some of the barriers associated with 
traditional healthcare delivery.47 

Interdisciplinary Collaboration: To effectively 
manage metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected sickle cell 
patients, interdisciplinary collaboration among 
healthcare providers is essential. A team-based 
approach that includes primary care physicians, 
hematologists, endocrinologists, dietitians, and mental 
health professionals can ensure comprehensive care 
tailored to the unique needs of this population. Future 
initiatives should promote collaboration and 
communication among providers to optimize 
management strategies and improve patient 
outcomes.48 

 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13 

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Conclusion 

Metabolic syndrome is a significant health concern for 
HIV-infected sickle cell patients, with a multifaceted 
impact on their overall health and quality of life. The 
interplay of chronic conditions, such as HIV and sickle 
cell disease, complicates the clinical presentation and 
management of metabolic syndrome, requiring a 
comprehensive approach that addresses both metabolic 
and psychosocial factors. This review highlights the 
prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, 
and management strategies for metabolic syndrome in 
this unique population, emphasizing the need for early 
detection and intervention. Despite the progress made 
in understanding and managing metabolic syndrome, 
several challenges remain, including issues related to 
diagnosis, socioeconomic barriers, and the need for 
individualized care. Addressing these challenges will 
require a concerted effort from healthcare providers, 
researchers, and policymakers. Future research should 
focus on elucidating the underlying mechanisms of 
metabolic syndrome in HIV-infected sickle cell patients 
and exploring innovative interventions tailored to their 
specific needs. 

Conflict of Interest: Author declares no potential 

conflict of interest with respect to the contents, 

authorship, and/or publication of this article. 

Source of Support: Nil 

Funding: The authors declared that this study has 

received no financial support. 

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.  

Data Availability Statement: The data supporting in 

this paper are available in the cited references.  

Ethics approval: Not applicable. 

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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):8-13 

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25. Nouraie M, Nekhai S, Gordeuk VR. Sickle cell disease is associated 
with decreased HIV but higher HBV and HCV comorbidities in US 
hospital discharge records: a cross-sectional study. Sexually 
transmitted infections. 2012; 88(7):528-533. 
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26. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematological Changes Following Blood 
Transfusion in Young Children with Severe Malaria and HIV: A 
Critical Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024; 
2(1):33-45. 

27. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and 
HIV Coinfection: Implications for Disease Diagnosis and 
Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1): 35-51 

28. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unraveling the Role of Eosinophil 
Extracellular Traps (EETs) in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women: A 
Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(3): 
84-99 

29. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unveiling the Role of Innate Immune 
Activation in Pediatric HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of 
Immunology, 2024; 2(3): 33-44 

30. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Impact of Blood Transfusion on Viral Load 
Dynamics in HIVPositive Neonates with Severe Malaria: A Review. 
Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 2024; 2(1): 42-60 

31. Obeagu EI, Youth-Friendly HIV Prevention: Tailoring Interventions 
for Young Populations, International Journal of Medical Sciences 
and Pharma Research, 2024;10(4):62-67. 
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.125 

32. Obeagu EI, Faith-based initiatives, HIV awareness, religious 
communities, health education, stigma reduction, International 
Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, 2024;10(4):74-
79 https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.127 

33. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated 
Coagulopathy: Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of 
Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41 

34. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin and Immune Activation in HIV: 
Clinical Implications. Elite Journal of Health Science, 2024; 2(2): 
16-29 

35. Obeagu EI, Amaeze AA, Ogbu ISI, Obeagu GU. B Cell Deficiency and 
Implications in HIV Pathogenesis: Unraveling the Complex 
Interplay. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(2): 
33-46 

36. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Platelet Dysfunction in HIV Patients: 
Assessing ART Risks. Elite Journal of Scientific Research and 
Review, 2024; 2(1): 1-16 

37. Kibaru EG, Nduati R, Wamalwa D, Kariuki N. Impact of highly 
active antiretroviral therapy on hematological indices among HIV-
1 infected children at Kenyatta National Hospital-Kenya: 

retrospective study. AIDS research and therapy. 2015; 12:1-8. 
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-015-0069-4 PMid:26279668 
PMCid:PMC4537535 

38. Enawgaw B, Alem M, Addis Z, Melku M. Determination of 
hematological and immunological parameters among HIV positive 
patients taking highly active antiretroviral treatment and 
treatment naïve in the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Gondar 
University Hospital, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a comparative 
cross-sectional study. BMC hematology. 2014; 14:1-7. 
https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-1839-14-8 PMid:24666771 
PMCid:PMC3994311 

39. Gudina A, Wordofa M, Urgessa F. Immuno-hematological 
parameters among adult HIV patients before and after initiation of 
Dolutegravir based antiretroviral therapy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 
Plos one. 2024; 19(10):e0310239. 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310239 PMid:39480901 
PMCid:PMC11527299 

40. Geletaw T, Tadesse MZ, Demisse AG. Hematologic abnormalities 
and associated factors among HIV infected children pre-and post-
antiretroviral treatment, North West Ethiopia. Journal of blood 
medicine. 2017:99-105. https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S137067 
PMid:28831276 PMCid:PMC5552149 

41. Jegede FE, Oyeyi TI, Abdulrahman SA, Mbah HA, Badru T, 
Agbakwuru C, Adedokun O. Effect of HIV and malaria parasites co-
infection on immune-hematological profiles among patients 
attending anti-retroviral treatment (ART) clinic in Infectious 
Disease Hospital Kano, Nigeria. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0174233. 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174233 PMid:28346490 
PMCid:PMC5367709 

42. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. ART and Platelet Dynamics: Assessing 
Implications for HIV Patient Care. Elite Journal of Haematology. 
2024; 2(4):68-85. 

43. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Impact on Viral Load Dynamics: 
Understanding the Interplay between Blood Transfusion and 
Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Management. Elite Journal of 
Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(2):5-15. 

44. Ciccacci F, Lucaroni F, Latagliata R, Morciano L, Mondlane E, 
Balama M, Tembo D, Gondwe J, Orlando S, Palombi L, Marazzi MC. 
Hematologic alterations and early mortality in a cohort of HIV 
positive African patients. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11):e0242068. 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242068 PMid:33170905 
PMCid:PMC7654783 

45. Ashenafi G, Tibebu M, Tilahun D, Tsegaye A. Immunohematological 
Outcome Among Adult HIV Patients Taking Highly Active 
Antiretroviral Therapy for at Least Six Months in Yabelo Hospital, 
Borana, Ethiopia. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2023:543-554. 
https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S419414 PMid:37881654 
PMCid:PMC10595970 

46. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. The Role of Inflammation in HIV and 
Sickle Cell Disease Co-Morbidity. Lifeline HIV, 2025; 3(1): 1-12 

47. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. Oxidative Stress in HIV and Sickle Cell 
Disease: A Double Burden. Lifeline HIV, 2025; 3(1): 13-24 

48. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. HIV and Sickle Cell Disease: A Focus on 
Liver Dysfunction. Lifeline HIV, 2025; 3(1): 25-40

 

 

https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i3.113
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0684.2012.00543.x
https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2011-050459
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.125
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.127
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-015-0069-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-1839-14-8
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0310239
https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S137067
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174233
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242068
https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S419414

