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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2025 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited  

 

 

Innate Immune Memory in HIV-Positive Sickle Cell Disease Patients 

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1*  and Priya Homa Chukwu 2  

1 Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

2 Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion Science, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Science, Rivers State University of Science and 
Technology, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   06 Jan 2025     
Reviewed  05 Feb 2025 
Accepted   01 March 2025 
Published 15 June 2025 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Obeagu EI, Chukwu PH, Innate Immune 
Memory in HIV-Positive Sickle Cell Disease 
Patients, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19                                                                     

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v5i2.126             

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Innate immune memory represents a crucial aspect of the immune response, particularly in 
individuals with chronic infections and genetic disorders such as HIV and sickle cell disease (SCD). 
This review explores the complex interplay between innate immune memory and the health 
outcomes of HIV-positive patients with SCD. The presence of both conditions leads to unique 
immune dysregulation characterized by heightened inflammation, altered innate immune cell 
functionality, and increased susceptibility to infections. The pathophysiology of innate immune 
memory in HIV-positive SCD patients is multifaceted, influenced by chronic inflammation, microbial 
translocation, and immune cell exhaustion. These factors can exacerbate the clinical manifestations 
of both diseases, resulting in recurrent infections, vaso-occlusive crises, and other complications. As 
innate immune cells acquire memory-like properties in response to persistent inflammatory stimuli, 
their functionality may be altered, impacting the overall immune response and treatment efficacy. 
Recognizing these implications is vital for developing targeted therapeutic strategies aimed at 
enhancing immune competence in this population. 

Keywords: Innate Immune Memory, HIV, Sickle Cell Disease, Immune Response, Inflammation 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe 

 

Introduction 

Sickle cell disease (SCD) and human immunodeficiency 
virus (HIV) infection are two significant health 
challenges that disproportionately affect individuals, 
particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and other resource-
limited settings. SCD, a genetic disorder characterized 
by the production of abnormal hemoglobin S, leads to a 
range of complications, including painful vaso-occlusive 
crises, acute chest syndrome, and an increased risk of 
infections. Simultaneously, HIV infection results in 
progressive immune dysfunction, primarily through the 
depletion of CD4+ T cells, leading to a state of chronic 
immunosuppression. The coexistence of these two 
conditions presents unique clinical challenges, as the 
interactions between SCD and HIV can exacerbate 
disease complications and impact patient 
management.1-2 Innate immune memory is an emerging 
concept that describes the enhanced responsiveness of 
innate immune cells following prior exposure to 
pathogens. Unlike adaptive immunity, which relies on 
the activation of lymphocytes and the formation of 
memory cells, innate immune memory is characterized 
by the ability of innate immune cells, such as monocytes, 
macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells, to 
"remember" previous encounters with pathogens. This 
phenomenon has been observed in various contexts, 

including viral infections and chronic inflammatory 
diseases, and its relevance in the context of HIV and SCD 
remains a critical area of investigation. Understanding 
how innate immune memory functions in HIV-positive 
SCD patients may provide insights into their immune 
responses and susceptibility to infections.3-5 The impact 
of chronic inflammation on immune regulation in 
patients with SCD is well documented. Recurrent vaso-
occlusive crises and tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury 
contribute to a pro-inflammatory state characterized by 
elevated levels of cytokines, chemokines, and other 
inflammatory mediators. This persistent inflammation 
not only affects the bone marrow and hematopoiesis but 
also alters the functionality of innate immune cells. In 
HIV-infected individuals, the inflammatory milieu may 
further disrupt immune homeostasis, leading to 
alterations in innate immune memory and responses. 
The interplay between these two conditions 
necessitates a deeper understanding of their combined 
effects on innate immune function.6-7 

Emerging evidence suggests that innate immune 
memory may play a role in shaping the clinical 
outcomes of HIV-positive SCD patients. The altered 
functionality of innate immune cells, coupled with the 
chronic inflammatory state, may influence susceptibility 
to opportunistic infections and the severity of SCD-

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                                Review Article                                                                           

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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                            Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19 

[15]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

related complications. Additionally, the presence of HIV 
may exacerbate the immune dysregulation associated 
with SCD, leading to a cycle of inflammation and 
immune dysfunction. Investigating the prevalence and 
mechanisms of innate immune memory in this 
population could uncover potential therapeutic targets 
and improve clinical management strategies.8-9 

Furthermore, the role of microbial translocation in HIV-
positive individuals may contribute to the development 
of innate immune memory. Gut barrier dysfunction, 
common in HIV infection, allows the translocation of 
microbial products into the bloodstream, triggering 
systemic inflammation and innate immune activation. 
This process can perpetuate immune activation and 
alter the characteristics of innate immune cells, 
potentially influencing their memory-like properties. 10-

11 Current management approaches for HIV-positive 
patients with SCD must address the complexities 
associated with both conditions. Tailoring treatment 
strategies to account for the altered immune responses 
and increased risk of infections is essential for 
optimizing patient outcomes. The integration of 
immunomodulatory therapies, lifestyle modifications, 
and preventive measures can enhance immune 
competence and reduce complications in this 
population. However, a thorough understanding of the 
mechanisms underpinning innate immune memory is 
necessary to inform the development of such 
strategies.12-13 

Prevalence of Innate Immune Memory in HIV-
Positive Sickle Cell Disease Patients 

The prevalence of innate immune memory in HIV-
positive sickle cell disease (SCD) patients is an area of 
emerging research that highlights the complex 
immunological interactions between these two 
conditions. While specific studies directly addressing 
the prevalence of innate immune memory in this unique 
population are limited, available data on individual 
conditions provide important insights. Sickle cell 
disease is characterized by chronic inflammation and 
repeated vaso-occlusive crises, which can significantly 
affect innate immune cell function. Concurrently, HIV 
infection leads to a state of immune dysregulation 
marked by persistent inflammation, immune activation, 
and alterations in the population and functionality of 
innate immune cells.14-16 Research has shown that HIV 
infection induces changes in innate immune cells, 
including monocytes and macrophages, which can 
exhibit memory-like responses following exposure to 
inflammatory stimuli or pathogens. These changes may 
manifest as enhanced cytokine production and altered 
surface marker expression, suggesting a degree of 
innate immune memory. In the context of SCD, the 
chronic inflammatory state may further amplify these 
responses, leading to an increased prevalence of innate 
immune memory features among HIV-positive SCD 
patients. For instance, elevated levels of pro-
inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in SCD patients 
may prime innate immune cells, enhancing their 
responsiveness to subsequent inflammatory 
challenges.17-19 

Studies investigating the effects of SCD on immune 
function have demonstrated that patients with SCD 
often experience increased immune activation and 
altered innate immune cell profiles. This may contribute 
to a heightened state of innate immune memory, as seen 
in patients with chronic infections. However, the direct 
impact of HIV on the prevalence of innate immune 
memory in SCD patients remains less clear, requiring 
further exploration. Research focusing on the 
interactions between SCD and HIV, particularly in terms 
of immune responses, is essential to determine the 
prevalence and significance of innate immune memory 
in this dual population.20-21 Moreover, the prevalence of 
innate immune memory in HIV-positive SCD patients 
can also be influenced by various factors, including 
disease severity, treatment regimens, and the presence 
of comorbid conditions. For example, antiretroviral 
therapy (ART) has been shown to reduce systemic 
inflammation and restore some aspects of immune 
function in HIV-infected individuals, potentially 
impacting the development of innate immune memory. 
Understanding how these variables affect innate 
immune responses in the context of HIV and SCD is 
crucial for improving management strategies and 
patient outcomes.22-23 

Pathophysiology of Innate Immune Memory in 
HIV-Positive Sickle Cell Disease Patients 

The pathophysiology of innate immune memory in HIV-
positive sickle cell disease (SCD) patients is a complex 
interplay of genetic, immunological, and environmental 
factors that contribute to altered immune responses. 
Innate immune memory is characterized by the 
enhanced responsiveness of innate immune cells, such 
as monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) 
cells, following exposure to pathogens or inflammatory 
stimuli. In the context of HIV infection and SCD, this 
phenomenon is exacerbated by chronic inflammation, 
immune dysregulation, and the unique clinical 
manifestations of both conditions.24-25 Sickle cell disease 
is associated with a state of chronic inflammation 
resulting from recurrent vaso-occlusive crises, tissue 
damage, and hemolysis. The release of pro-
inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and 
chemokines, perpetuates an inflammatory environment 
that can significantly affect the functionality of innate 
immune cells. For instance, elevated levels of 
interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor 
necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are commonly observed 
in SCD patients, leading to the activation of immune 
pathways and the priming of innate immune cells. This 
persistent inflammatory state can promote the 
development of innate immune memory features, 
resulting in an exaggerated response to subsequent 
infections or inflammatory triggers.26-27 

In individuals living with HIV, the virus leads to chronic 
immune activation and the depletion of CD4+ T cells, 
which can further disrupt immune homeostasis. The 
depletion of T cells reduces the regulatory capacity of 
the immune system, resulting in increased activation of 
innate immune cells. This dysregulation can lead to 
changes in the expression of surface markers, cytokine 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                            Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19 

[16]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

production, and overall functionality of innate immune 
cells. For example, monocytes and macrophages from 
HIV-infected individuals often exhibit an increased 
production of inflammatory cytokines and altered 
phagocytic activity. These changes can enhance the 
memory-like characteristics of innate immune cells, 
potentially increasing susceptibility to opportunistic 
infections and other complications.28-29 The interaction 
between HIV and SCD complicates the pathophysiology 
of innate immune memory. The presence of both 
conditions can create a vicious cycle of inflammation 
and immune activation, further altering the 
functionality of innate immune cells. For instance, HIV 
infection may exacerbate the inflammatory responses 
observed in SCD, while the chronic inflammatory state 
of SCD can enhance the immune dysregulation caused 
by HIV. This interplay may lead to a unique profile of 
innate immune memory that differs from individuals 
with either condition alone.30 Additionally, microbial 
translocation is a critical factor in the pathophysiology 
of innate immune memory in HIV-positive SCD patients. 
HIV infection often leads to gut barrier dysfunction, 
allowing microbial products to enter the bloodstream 
and trigger systemic inflammation. This process can 
activate innate immune cells, promoting the 
development of memory-like characteristics and 
exacerbating immune activation. The combination of 
chronic inflammation from SCD and microbial 
translocation in HIV-infected individuals highlights the 
complexity of the immune landscape in this 
population.31-32 The consequences of altered innate 
immune memory in HIV-positive SCD patients can 
significantly impact clinical outcomes. Enhanced innate 
immune responses may contribute to increased 
susceptibility to infections, recurrent crises, and other 
complications associated with both conditions. 33 

Clinical Manifestations and Implications 

The clinical manifestations of innate immune memory in 
HIV-positive sickle cell disease (SCD) patients are 
multifaceted and can significantly impact disease 
outcomes, patient management, and overall quality of 
life. The interaction between chronic inflammation, 
immune dysregulation, and the unique characteristics of 
both HIV and SCD can lead to several complications that 
require careful monitoring and intervention.34 One of 
the most prominent clinical manifestations in HIV-
positive SCD patients is an increased susceptibility to 
infections. The altered innate immune responses 
associated with innate immune memory can lead to an 
enhanced inflammatory response, which, while initially 
protective, may ultimately prove detrimental. This 
hyper-inflammatory state can result in complications 
such as recurrent bacterial infections, opportunistic 
infections, and other infectious diseases that are more 
common in immunocompromised individuals. For 
example, patients may experience frequent episodes of 
pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections, 
necessitating aggressive antibiotic therapy and 
increased healthcare utilization.35-36 Another significant 
clinical manifestation is the exacerbation of SCD-related 
complications, including vaso-occlusive crises and acute 
chest syndrome. The presence of innate immune 

memory may influence the severity and frequency of 
these complications. Increased inflammatory cytokines 
can contribute to vasculopathy and endothelial 
dysfunction, leading to more severe pain crises and 
complications associated with acute chest syndrome.37  

In addition to infection and SCD-related complications, 
the psychological and social implications of living with 
both HIV and SCD can profoundly affect patients' quality 
of life. Chronic health issues and the associated stigma 
of HIV can lead to significant emotional distress, anxiety, 
and depression. The interplay between these conditions 
may exacerbate the psychological burden, as patients 
may struggle with the implications of their dual 
diagnoses and the ongoing management of their health. 
Addressing these psychosocial aspects is essential for 
comprehensive patient care and improving overall well-
being.38 The impact of innate immune memory on 
treatment strategies in HIV-positive SCD patients is 
another critical consideration. The complex interplay of 
immune responses necessitates a tailored approach to 
therapy, including the use of antiretroviral therapy 
(ART) and other immunomodulatory treatments. While 
ART can help restore some aspects of immune function 
in HIV-infected individuals, its effects on innate immune 
memory in the context of SCD require further 
investigation. Optimizing treatment regimens to 
consider the unique immunological landscape of this 
population may enhance therapeutic outcomes and 
reduce complications.39 Furthermore, the presence of 
innate immune memory may also influence vaccine 
responses in HIV-positive SCD patients. Vaccination is 
an essential component of preventive healthcare for this 
population, given their increased susceptibility to 
infections. However, the effectiveness of vaccines may 
be compromised by the underlying immune 
dysregulation associated with both HIV and SCD.40  

Management Strategies and Therapeutic 
Implications 

Managing innate immune memory in HIV-positive sickle 
cell disease (SCD) patients requires a multifaceted 
approach that addresses the unique challenges posed by 
the interplay of these two chronic conditions. Effective 
management strategies must focus on reducing the risk 
of infections, mitigating inflammatory responses, and 
enhancing overall immune function. A comprehensive 
treatment plan should include pharmacological 
interventions, lifestyle modifications, and preventive 
measures tailored to the individual patient's needs.41 

Pharmacological management primarily involves the 
use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected 
patients. ART has been shown to reduce viral load, 
restore CD4+ T cell counts, and improve immune 
function. However, its role in modulating innate 
immune memory in SCD patients is not fully 
understood. Future research should investigate the 
optimal ART regimens that not only effectively manage 
HIV but also positively influence the innate immune 
response in the context of SCD. Additionally, 
incorporating anti-inflammatory agents, such as 
corticosteroids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory 
drugs (NSAIDs), may help alleviate the chronic 
inflammation associated with SCD and potentially 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                            Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19 

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mitigate some of the adverse effects of innate immune 
memory.42 In addition to pharmacological treatments, 
vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing infections 
in this vulnerable population. Given the altered immune 
responses associated with innate immune memory, 
careful consideration must be given to vaccine selection 
and administration. Standard vaccinations, such as 
those for influenza, pneumococcus, and hepatitis B, are 
essential, but the efficacy of these vaccines in HIV-
positive SCD patients may be compromised. Ongoing 
research is necessary to evaluate the immunogenicity of 
vaccines in this group and to determine optimal 
vaccination strategies to ensure adequate protection 
against infectious diseases.43 

Lifestyle modifications can also significantly impact the 
management of innate immune memory in HIV-positive 
SCD patients. Encouraging a healthy diet, regular 
physical activity, and proper hydration can help 
improve overall health and potentially enhance immune 
function. Moreover, patient education on the 
importance of adherence to ART and routine healthcare 
visits is vital for preventing complications and managing 
comorbidities. Addressing psychosocial factors, such as 
providing mental health support and counseling, can 
also contribute to better health outcomes by reducing 
stress and improving quality of life.44 Regular 
monitoring and surveillance of immune function and 
overall health are critical components of management 
strategies for HIV-positive SCD patients. Healthcare 
providers should consider implementing routine 
assessments of immune markers, inflammatory 
cytokines, and overall disease burden. This approach 
can help identify patients at higher risk for infections 
and complications, allowing for timely interventions and 
adjustments to treatment plans as necessary.45 

Therapeutic implications of understanding innate 
immune memory in this population extend beyond 
managing infections. The recognition that innate 
immune memory may influence the severity and 
frequency of vaso-occlusive crises and acute chest 
syndrome highlights the need for targeted therapies 
aimed at modulating inflammatory responses. For 
example, research into the use of monoclonal antibodies 
or other immunomodulatory agents may provide new 
avenues for managing inflammation and improving 
clinical outcomes in HIV-positive SCD patients.46 

Challenges and Future Directions 

The management of innate immune memory in HIV-
positive sickle cell disease (SCD) patients presents 
numerous challenges that hinder optimal patient care 
and outcomes. One of the primary challenges is the 
complexity of the interactions between HIV, SCD, and 
the immune system. The dual burden of chronic 
infection and a genetic disorder results in a unique 
immunological landscape that is not yet fully 
understood. This complexity complicates the 
development of targeted therapeutic strategies and 
effective management protocols tailored to this 
population. Another significant challenge is the 
variability in patient responses to treatments. Factors 
such as genetic background, the severity of HIV and SCD, 

and the presence of comorbidities can all influence how 
patients respond to therapies. The existence of innate 
immune memory may further contribute to this 
variability, leading to unpredictable outcomes in terms 
of infection susceptibility and inflammatory responses. 
Identifying biomarkers that can predict treatment 
responses and individualize therapeutic approaches will 
be essential for improving outcomes in HIV-positive SCD 
patients.47 Furthermore, the current body of research on 
innate immune memory in HIV-positive SCD patients is 
limited, leading to a knowledge gap regarding the 
mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Much of the 
existing literature has focused on either HIV or SCD in 
isolation, with relatively few studies examining their 
combined effects on innate immunity. Future research 
must prioritize understanding the interactions between 
these two conditions, particularly how innate immune 
memory influences disease progression, treatment 
responses, and the risk of complications. Addressing the 
psychosocial aspects of living with both HIV and SCD is 
another critical challenge. Patients may experience 
increased stigma, anxiety, and depression, which can 
adversely affect treatment adherence and overall health 
outcomes. Incorporating mental health support and 
counseling into standard care for HIV-positive SCD 
patients is vital for improving quality of life and 
ensuring better management of both conditions.48 

In terms of future directions, there is a pressing need for 
interdisciplinary research that brings together experts 
in immunology, hematology, infectious diseases, and 
mental health to develop comprehensive management 
strategies. Collaborative research efforts can lead to a 
deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of innate 
immune memory in this unique population and drive 
innovations in treatment approaches. For instance, 
studies exploring novel immunomodulatory therapies 
that target chronic inflammation and restore immune 
function may hold promise for improving health 
outcomes in HIV-positive SCD patients.47 Moreover, 
advancements in personalized medicine and genomic 
technologies present exciting opportunities for 
optimizing treatment strategies. By identifying genetic 
markers associated with immune responses, 
researchers can develop tailored therapeutic 
interventions that address the specific needs of HIV-
positive SCD patients. Additionally, the exploration of 
novel vaccination strategies, including mRNA vaccines 
and adjuvants that enhance immune responses, could 
provide new avenues for preventing infections in this 
vulnerable population.48 

Conclusion 

Innate immune memory in HIV-positive sickle cell 
disease (SCD) patients presents a complex interplay of 
immunological factors that significantly impacts disease 
management and patient outcomes. The chronic 
inflammation associated with both conditions can lead 
to heightened susceptibility to infections, exacerbation 
of SCD-related complications, and challenges in 
treatment responses. As healthcare providers navigate 
the intricacies of managing these patients, it becomes 
evident that a comprehensive understanding of innate 



Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                            Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19 

[18]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

immune memory is essential for optimizing therapeutic 
strategies. Despite the challenges presented by this dual 
burden, there are promising avenues for future research 
and intervention. Ongoing studies aimed at elucidating 
the mechanisms underlying innate immune memory in 
this population will be crucial in identifying targeted 
therapies and improving treatment outcomes. 
Additionally, a focus on personalized medicine, 
psychosocial support, and interdisciplinary 
collaboration will be essential in addressing the unique 
needs of HIV-positive SCD patients. 

Conflict of Interest: Author declares no potential 

conflict of interest with respect to the contents, 

authorship, and/or publication of this article. 

Source of Support: Nil 

Funding: The authors declared that this study has 

received no financial support. 

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.  

Data Availability Statement: The data supporting in 

this paper are available in the cited references.  

Ethics approval: Not applicable. 

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Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu et al.                                                                                            Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2025; 5(2):14-19 

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26. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Hematological Changes Following Blood 
Transfusion in Young Children with Severe Malaria and HIV: A 
Critical Review. Elite Journal of Laboratory Medicine. 2024; 
2(1):33-45. 

27. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. The Role of L-selectin in Tuberculosis and 
HIV Coinfection: Implications for Disease Diagnosis and 
Management. Elite Journal of Public Health, 2024; 2 (1): 35-51 

28. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unraveling the Role of Eosinophil 
Extracellular Traps (EETs) in HIV-Infected Pregnant Women: A 
Review. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(3): 
84-99 

29. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Unveiling the Role of Innate Immune 
Activation in Pediatric HIV: A Review. Elite Journal of 
Immunology, 2024; 2(3): 33-44 

30. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Impact of Blood Transfusion on Viral Load 
Dynamics in HIVPositive Neonates with Severe Malaria: A Review. 
Elite Journal of Scientific Research and Review, 2024; 2(1): 42-60 

31. Obeagu EI, Youth-Friendly HIV Prevention: Tailoring Interventions 
for Young Populations, International Journal of Medical Sciences 
and Pharma Research, 2024;10(4):62-67. 
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.125 

32. Obeagu EI, Faith-based initiatives, HIV awareness, religious 
communities, health education, stigma reduction, International 
Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharma Research, 2024;10(4):74-
79 https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.127 

33. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin Expression in HIV-Associated 
Coagulopathy: Implications for Treatment. Elite Journal of 
Haematology, 2024; 2(3): 25-41 

34. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. P-Selectin and Immune Activation in HIV: 
Clinical Implications. Elite Journal of Health Science, 2024; 2(2): 
16-29 

35. Obeagu EI, Amaeze AA, Ogbu ISI, Obeagu GU. B Cell Deficiency and 
Implications in HIV Pathogenesis: Unraveling the Complex 
Interplay. Elite Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2024; 2(2): 
33-46 

36. Obeagu EI, Obeagu, GU. Platelet Dysfunction in HIV Patients: 
Assessing ART Risks. Elite Journal of Scientific Research and 
Review, 2024; 2(1): 1-16 

37. Kibaru EG, Nduati R, Wamalwa D, Kariuki N. Impact of highly 
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38. Enawgaw B, Alem M, Addis Z, Melku M. Determination of 
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treatment naïve in the antiretroviral therapy clinic of Gondar 
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39. Gudina A, Wordofa M, Urgessa F. Immuno-hematological 
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Plos one. 2024; 19(10):e0310239. 
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40. Geletaw T, Tadesse MZ, Demisse AG. Hematologic abnormalities 
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PMid:28831276 PMCid:PMC5552149 

41. Jegede FE, Oyeyi TI, Abdulrahman SA, Mbah HA, Badru T, 
Agbakwuru C, Adedokun O. Effect of HIV and malaria parasites co-
infection on immune-hematological profiles among patients 
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174233 PMid:28346490 
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42. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. ART and Platelet Dynamics: Assessing 
Implications for HIV Patient Care. Elite Journal of Haematology. 
2024; 2(4):68-85. 

43. Obeagu EI, Ayogu EE, Obeagu GU. Impact on Viral Load Dynamics: 
Understanding the Interplay between Blood Transfusion and 
Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV Management. Elite Journal of 
Nursing and Health Science. 2024;2(2):5-15. 

44. Ciccacci F, Lucaroni F, Latagliata R, Morciano L, Mondlane E, 
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Hematologic alterations and early mortality in a cohort of HIV 
positive African patients. PLoS One. 2020; 15(11):e0242068. 
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242068 PMid:33170905 
PMCid:PMC7654783 

45. Ashenafi G, Tibebu M, Tilahun D, Tsegaye A. Immunohematological 
Outcome Among Adult HIV Patients Taking Highly Active 
Antiretroviral Therapy for at Least Six Months in Yabelo Hospital, 
Borana, Ethiopia. Journal of Blood Medicine. 2023:543-554. 
https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S419414 PMid:37881654 
PMCid:PMC10595970 

46. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. The Role of Inflammation in HIV and 
Sickle Cell Disease Co-Morbidity. Lifeline HIV, 2025; 3(1): 1-12 

47. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. Oxidative Stress in HIV and Sickle Cell 
Disease: A Double Burden. Lifeline HIV, 2025; 3(1): 13-24 

48. Obeagu EI, Goryacheva OG. HIV and Sickle Cell Disease: A Focus on 
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https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.125
https://doi.org/10.22270/ijmspr.v10i4.127
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-015-0069-4
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https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242068
https://doi.org/10.2147/JBM.S419414

