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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2022 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Novel Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview 

Sameeksha Jain*, Meena Kirar, Mahima Bindeliya, Lucky Sen, Madhur Soni, Md Shan, Arpana Purohit, Prateek 
Kumar Jain 

Adina College of Pharmacy, ADINA Campus Rd, Lahdara, Sagar, MP, 470001 

Article Info: 
_________________________________________ 

Article History: 

Received 21 Jan 2022      
Reviewed 26 Feb 2022 
Accepted 09 March 2022 
Published 15 March 2022 

_________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Jain S, Kirar M, Bindeliya M, Sen L, Soni M, Shan M, 
Purohit A, Jain PK, Novel Drug Delivery Systems: 
An Overview, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2022; 2(1):33-39 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i1.14                                 

_________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Sameeksha Jain, Adina College of Pharmacy,  
ADINA Campus Rd, Lahdara, Sagar, MP, 470001 

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

The performance of an existing medicinal molecule in terms of patient compliance, safety, and efficacy 
can be greatly enhanced by evolving it from a traditional form to a unique delivery mechanism. An old 
medication molecule can be given new life as a Novel Drug Delivery System. The limitations of the 
conventional drug delivery methods are addressed by the innovative drug delivery system, which is a 
novel method of drug administration. A significant improvement in the ability to release a drug at a 
specified spot and rate is possible with a novel drug delivery system that is properly developed. 
Pharmaceutical companies are working to create novel drug delivery systems in order to give 
medications to patients effectively and with fewer side effects. The fundamentals of novel drug 
delivery systems, as well as their various varieties, are covered in this article. The scientific 
requirements to be incorporated in novel drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticles, 
microemulsions, matrix systems, solid dispersions, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and so on, can 
be met by modern phytopharmaceuticals research, though, by determining pharmacokinetics, 
mechanism of action, site of action, required precise dose, etc. 

Keywords: Novel drug delivery system, Conventional drug delivery, Pharmaceutical companies, 
Pharmacokinetics. 

Email; sameejain888@gmail.com  

Introduction 

The way a medicine is administered can significantly affect 
how effective it is. Concentrations above or below this range 
may be hazardous or fail to yield any therapeutic benefit for 
some medications, which have an optimal concentration range 
within which maximum benefit is obtained1. The very gradual 
improvement in the effectiveness of treating serious diseases, 
on the other hand, has indicated an increasing need for a 
multidisciplinary approach to the delivery of medicines to 
targets in tissues. 

This led to the development of fresh concepts for managing 
the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, non-specific 
toxicity, immunogenicity, biorecognition and effectiveness of 
medications. These innovative approaches-often referred to as 
drug delivery systems (DDS)-combine polymer science, 
pharmaceutics, bioconjugate chemistry and molecular biology. 
Various drug delivery and drug targeting systems are now 
being developed to reduce drug degradation and loss, to 
prevent negative side effects, to boost medication 
bioavailability, and to raise the percentage of the drug 
accumulating in the necessary zone1. Previously simply a pipe 
dream or at most a potential, controlled and novel drug 
delivery is now a reality. Pharmaceutical and other experts 
have conducted considerable and rigorous study in this area of 
drug development during the past 15 years. Soluble polymers, 
microparticles comprised of insoluble or biodegradable, 
natural and synthetic polymers, cells, cell ghosts, lipoproteins, 
liposomes, and micelles are examples of drug carriers. The 
carriers can be engineered to slowly degrade, react to stimuli 

(such changes in temperature or pH), and even be targeted 
(e.g., by conjugating them with specific antibodies against 
certain characteristic components of the area of interest). The 
capacity to steer a drug-loaded system to a specific location is 
known as targeting. To address the intended areas for drug 
release, two main processes can be identified: 

(i) Passive and;  

(ii) Active targeting1  

The preferential accumulation of chemotherapeutic drugs in 
solid tumors as a result of the increased vascular permeability 
of tumor tissues in comparison to healthy tissue is an example 
of passive targeting. Surface functionalization of drug carriers 
with ligands that are specifically recognized by receptors on 
the surface of the cells of interest is a method that might 
enable active targeting. This might enable more exact 
targeting of the location of interest because ligand-receptor 
interactions can be quite selective.  

Any drug delivery system may be defined as a system 
comprising of: 

 a) Drug formulation  

b) Medical device or dosage form/technology to carry the drug 
inside the body  

c) Mechanism for the release  

The formulation of the medicine into an appropriate form, 
such as a crushed tablet for oral administration or a solution 
for intravenous administration, is a traditional drug delivery 

                       Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                           Review Article                                                                           

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http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i1.14


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method. It has been discovered that these dose forms have 
significant drawbacks, including greater dosage requirements, 
decreased effectiveness, toxicity, and negative side effects. To 
fulfill the demands of the healthcare industry, new drug 
delivery systems have been developed or are being developed 
to get around the drawbacks of the traditional drug delivery 
systems. These systems fall under the categories of targeted 
medication delivery systems and controlled drug release 
systems. 

The therapeutic benefits of these new systems include:   

 Increased medication effectiveness and site-specific 
delivery 

 Reduced toxicity and side effects 

 Enhanced convenience 

 Effective therapies for diseases that were once incurable 

 Potential applications for prevention 

 Better adherence from the patient. 

Drug delivery methods don't have a standardized definition 
that is widely accepted. It is presumable that it is based on the 
two fundamental factors of Route of entry (A) and Dosage 
form (B). Any component of (A X Bcartesian )'s product is 
considered a drug delivery mechanism. Such a definition 
suggests that this group contains a sizable number of 
individuals. 

Carrier based drug delivery system 

A) Liposomes  

B) Nanoparticles  

C) Microspheres  

D) Monoclonal antibodies  

E) Niosomes  

F) Resealed erythrocytes as drug carriers 

Transdermal drug delivery systems 

A) Sonophoresis 

 Supramolecular delivery systems 

  Variable release delivery systems 

B) Osmotic pump  

C) Microencapsulation  

Drug delivery carriers 

Micellar solutions, vesicle and liquid crystal dispersions, as 
well as nanoparticle dispersions made up of tiny particles with 
a diameter of 10–400 nm, all hold considerable potential as 
colloidal drug carrier systems. The objective when creating 
these formulations is to produce systems with ideal drug 
loading and release characteristics, a long shelf life, and low 
toxicity2. The medicine that has been integrated affects the 
system's microstructure and may even change it as a result of 
molecular interactions, particularly if the drug has amphiphilic 
and/or mesogenic features. 

Pharmaceutical carriers 

For drug delivery applications, micelles created by the self-
assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers (5-50 nm) in 
aqueous solutions are of great interest. Drugs can be delivered 
at concentrations that are greater than their intrinsic water 
solubility by becoming physically trapped in the center of 

block copolymer micelles. Additionally, the hydrophilic 
building pieces have the ability to make hydrogen bonds with 
their watery environment and create a solid shell around the 
micellar core. As a result, the hydrophobic core's contents are 
effectively shielded against hydrolysis and enzymatic 
deterioration. Additionally, the corona might inhibit the 
reticuloendothelial system from recognizing the micelles, 
leading to their preliminary removal from the bloodstream. 
Amphiphilic block copolymers' ability to easily adjust their 
chemical composition, total molecular weight, and block 
length ratios, which enables control over the size and shape of 
the micelles, is a final characteristic that makes them 
appealing for drug delivery applications. The stability of the 
associated micelles can be improved as a result of 
functionalizing block copolymers with cross linkable groups. 
Block copolymer micelles can be substituted with certain 
ligands to activate a wider variety of sites with considerably 
higher selectivity3. 

Liposomes 

Vesicles called liposomes might have a lot, a little, or only one 
phospholipid bilayer inside of them. Polar medicinal 
molecules can be encapsulated due to the liposomal core's 
polar nature. According to their affinity for phospholipids, 
amphiphilic and lipophilic compounds are solubilized within 
the phospholipid bilayer. Niosomes are produced when 
nonionic surfactants participate in the bilayer synthesis rather 
than phospholipids. In the hydrophobic region of vesicle 
membranes, channel proteins can be inserted without losing 
their functionality, operating as a size-selective filter that only 
permits passive diffusion of tiny solutes like ions, nutrients, 
and antibiotics. As a result, pharmaceuticals that are enclosed 
in nanocages functionalized with channel proteins are 
efficiently shielded from proteolytic enzymes' premature 
breakdown. The drug molecule, however, is able to diffuse 
through the channel, driven by the concentration difference 
between the interior and the exterior of the nanocage4-8.  

Dendrimers 

Dendrimers are symmetrical macromolecules with 
nanometer-sized, highly branching, monodisperse structures. 
A central core, branching units, and terminal functional 
groupings make them up. The environment of the nanocavities 
and, subsequently, their solubilizing capabilities are 
determined by the core together with the internal units, whilst 
the solubility and chemical behavior of these polymers are 
determined by the exterior groups. Attaching targeting ligands 
to the dendrimers' exterior surfaces influences the efficiency 
of targeting, and functionalizing the dendrimers with 
polyethylene glycol chains increases their stability and 
protects them from the Mononuclear Phagocyte System. The 
characteristics of both the liquid and solid states are combined 
in liquid crystals. They are capable of taking on various 
geometries and can incorporate aqueous medicinal solutions 
in alternative polar and non-polar layers (i.e., a lamellar 
phase) 9, 10.  

Nanoparticles  

Nanoparticles are in the solid form and can be either 
amorphous or crystalline, with sizes ranging from 10 to 200 
nm for nanospheres and nanocapsules. They have the capacity 
to adsorb and/or encapsulate a medication, shielding it from 
enzymatic and chemical deterioration. Given their uses in the 
controlled release of drugs, the ability to target specific organs 
or tissues, the ability to carry DNA in gene therapy, and the 
ability to deliver proteins, peptides, and genes orally, 
biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have received a lot of 
attention recently as potential drug delivery devices11. 

 



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Grouping of nanomaterials: 

A)      Nanowires- Glowing silica nano wire is wraped around a 
single stand of human hair. It looks delicate. It is about five 
times smaller than virus applications for nano wires include 
the early sensing of breast and ovarian malignancies. 

A) Nanocantilever- This tiny carbon cantilever's 
honeycomb mesh serves as the fly's eye's surface. Beams with 
a single end anchored are known as cantilevers. They serve as 
sensors in the nano realm, perfect for identifying the presence 
of incredibly small compounds in biological fluid.   

B) Nanoshells- Gold-coated hollow silica spheres make 
up nanoshells. In order for the shells to target certain shells, 
such as cancer cells, scientists can attach antibodies to the 
surfaces of the shells. One day, polymers holding drugs will 
also be incorporated into nanoshells. 

C) Quantum dots- Quantum dots, which are tiny 
semiconductor particles, can act as markers for specific types 
of cells or substances in the body. They are able to achieve this 
because the type of cadmium employed in their cores affects 
the wavelengths of radiation that they release. Cadmium 
telluride is used for the far infrared and near infrared, 
cadmium sulphide for the ultraviolet to blue, and cadmium 
selinide for the majority of the visible spectrum. 

D) Nano pores- Applications for cancer research and 
treatment involve nanopores. They are holes that have been 
engineered into particles that are so small that DNA molecules 
can flow through them one strand at a time, enabling 
extremely accurate and effective DNA sequencing. Drug 
producers can control the pace of drug diffusion in the body by 
incorporating nanopores into the surface of pill capsules that 
are just a little bit larger than the molecules of the medication. 

E) Gold nanoparticles- The transmission electron 
microscopy image of these nanoparticles reveals that they 
have a solid core. In order to create super sensitive detection 
methods for DNA and protein markers connected to various 
types of cancer, including breast and prostate cancer, 
researchers at North Western University are employing gold 
particles. 

F) Nanotubes - Carbon atoms are arranged in hollow 
cylinders called nanotubes. Additionally, they can be filled 
with liquid and sealed to create test tubes or prospective drug 
delivery systems. 

Carbon nanotubes 

It is possible to modify carbon nanotubes so they circulate 
easily inside the body. Both covalent and non-covalent bonds 
are capable of carrying out these alterations. Changes can 
lengthen or shorten the duration that blood circulates through 
the body. When carbon nanotubes are altered to be soluble in 
aqueous bodily fluids, their toxicity is minimal. They easily 
access the cells. Larger than normal cells and showing leaking, 
cancer cells are found in tumors. Large molecules that move 
slowly can enter cancer cells and build up there. Animal 
investigations have shown that carbon nanotubes carrying 
active substances are capable of doing this. Researchers have 
also using carbon tubes to deliver prodrugs, or precursors to 
active pharmaceutical ingredients. as in: Cisplatin12-16. 

Microspheres 

Microspheres are naturally biodegradable powders made of 
proteins or synthetic polymers that flow freely and preferably 
have a particle size of less than 200 m. Polymers are the 
materials utilized to create Microspheres. 

 

They are classified into two types 

1. Synthetic Polymers  

2. Natural polymers  

Synthetic polymers are divided into two types.  

a. Non-biodegradable polymers   

  Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) 

  Glycidyl methacrylate 

  Epoxy polymers  

b. Biodegradable polymers   

 Lactides, Glycolides & their co polymers  

 Poly alkyl cyano acrylates 

  Poly anhydrides  

Synthetic polymers 

A possible medication carrier for parenteral as well as other 
ophthalmic, oral preparations is poly alkyl cyano acrylates. A 
good carrier for narcotic antagonist, anti-cancer drugs 
including cisplatin, cyclo phosphamide, and doxorubicin is 
poly lactic acid. Co-polymers of poly lactic acid and poly 
glycolic acid have been used in the formulation of sustained 
release formulations for antimalarial medications as well as 
for many other medications. It has been explored to increase 
the precorneal residence duration for ocular administration 
using poly anhydride microspheres (40 m).  Timolol maleate is 
packaged in poly adipic anhydride for ocular administration. 
Functional microspheres are those made of poly acrolein. 
Since the surfacial free CHO groups over the poly acrolein can 
react with the NH2 group of the protein to create Schiff's base, 
they do not need any activation steps. When delivered 
parenterally, non-biodegradable drug carriers have the 
potential to cause long-term carrier toxicity because they stay 
in the body after the drug has been fully released. Parenteral 
applications are better suited for biodegradable carriers that 
break down in the body to non-toxic breakdown products 
since they do not raise the issue of carrier toxicity. 

Natural polymers  

Natural polymers obtained from different sources like 
proteins, carbohydrates and chemically modified 
carbohydrates.  

Proteins: Albumin, Gelatin, and Collagen  

Carbohydrates: Agarose, Carrageenan, Chitosan, Starch 
Chemically modified carbohydrates: Polydextran, Poly starch.  

Gelatin microspheres are an effective means of transporting 
substances that can alter biological responses, such as 
interferon, to phagocytes. Starch is a type of carbohydrate. It is 
mostly composed of the glucopyranose unit, which upon 
hydrolysis produces D-glucose. It has a lot of free OH groups 
because it is a poly saccharide. Numerous active chemicals can 
be integrated into and made active on the surface of 
microspheres using these free OH groups. A deacylated form 
of chitin is chitosan. Due to its charge, the effect of chitosan 
has been taken into consideration. At neutral and alkaline pH 
levels, it is insoluble, although it combines with other salts to 
produce salts. Chitosan's amino groups protonate during 
breakdown, resulting in a positively charged polymer 17-19. 

Resealed erythrocytes as drug carriers 

The most numerous cells in the human body, erythrocytes, 
may be used as a drug delivery vehicle. Erythrocytes can be 
loaded with a number of chemically and physiologically active 



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chemicals utilizing a variety of chemical and physical 
techniques, and they are biocompatible, biodegradable, have 
very long circulation half lifetimes, and all of these 
characteristics. 

erythro = red and  

cytes = cell  

Erythrocyte is red cell. Erythrocyte is biconcave discs, 
anucleate Filled with hemoglobin (Hb), a protein that 
functions in gas transport. It contains the plasma protein 
spectrin. Healthy adult male=4.5millions/µml  

Healthy adult female=4.8million/ µml 

Immature RBC are called “RETICULOCYTES20.”  

Erythrocytes  

Properties of resealed erythrocyte of novel drug delivery 
carriers: 

1) A regulated release of the medicine is required at the target 
spot. 

2) It must be the proper size and form and be able to flow 
through capillaries. And Drug leakage should be kept to a 
minimum. 

3) It should have a low harmful effect and be biocompatible. 

4) It should be able to transport a variety of medications. 

5) It must have distinct physicochemical characteristics that 
enable identification of the intended target size. 

6) After the medicine has been released at the chosen site, the 
degradation product of the carrier system should be 
biocompatible. The two should be physically and chemically 
compatible. 

7) The carrier system must to be noticeably stable when being 
stored.  

Advantage:  

1) They are biodegradable by nature because they are a 
natural component of the body. 

2) Chemical drug modification is not necessary for the 
trapping of drugs. 

3) Drug entrapment does not necessitate chemical alteration 
of the target material. 

4) They can be directed towards diseased tissue or organs and 
have non-immunogenic activity. 

5) They extend the drug's systemic action. 

6) It is simple to isolate erythrocytes, and more medication 
can be contained in a smaller volume of cells. 

7) They are able to focus the medication on the 
reticuloendothelial system. 

8) They make it easier for eukaryotic cells to incorporate 
protein and nucleic acid by infusing the cells with RBC. 

Disadvantage:-  

1) They have a limited potential as carrier to nonphagocyte 
target tissue.  

2) Possibility of clumping of cells and dose dumping may be 
there21. 

Drug loaded erythrocytes 

One of the expanding and potential systems for the delivery of 
medications and enzymes is this one. Erythrocytes can be 

filled with a range of biologically active chemicals and are 
biocompatible, biodegradable, have a long circulation half-life, 
and all of these characteristics. By obtaining blood samples 
from the target organism and separating the erythrocytes 
from the plasma, carrier erythrocytes are prepared. The term 
"resealed erythrocytes" refers to the carriers produced when 
cells are ruptured and drugs are trapped inside of them 
utilizing a variety of physical and chemical techniques. When 
administered again, the drug targets the reticulo-endothelial 
system through the sluggish circulation of the drug-loaded 
erythrocytes22-25. 

Niosomes 

The non-ionic surfactant Span-60, which forms vesicles in 
niosomes, is often stabilized by the addition of cholesterol and 
a little amount of an anionic surfactant like dicetyl phosphate. 
Both niosomes and liposomes have an equivalent ability to 
transport drugs and do so more effectively than free drugs do. 
Niosomes are preferred to liposomes because they have 
higher chemical stability and are more cost-effective. 
Niosomes that generate surfactants are biocompatible, 
nonimmunogenic, and degradable. Drugs with higher 
bioavailability than free drugs, such as nimesulide, 
flurbiprofen, piroxicam, ketoconazole, and bleomycin, are 
more effective when they are incorporated into niosomes26.  

Transdermal drug delivery system 

Transdermal medication delivery is the application of self-
contained, discrete dosage forms to intact skin in order to 
administer drugs to the bloodstream at a controlled rate. An 
essential component of new drug delivery systems, the 
transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has become well-
established27,28. The transdermal route is an intriguing choice 
for delivery because it is practical and secure. 

 The advantages of administering medications through the 
skin to produce systemic effects include: Avoiding first 
pass metabolism 

 Preventing gastro intestinal compatibility issues 

 Predictable action with a long duration 

 Enhancing pharmacological and physiological 
responsiveness 

 Therapy can be stopped at any time with ease. 

 Increased patient compliance as a result of the removal of 
multiple dosing 

 The profile Possess the capacity for self-management 

 To improve therapeutic efficacy  

Sonophoresis  

A technique called sonophoresis uses ultrasonic radiation to 
dramatically accelerate the absorption of topical substances 
(transdermal delivery) into the epidermis, dermis, and skin 
appendages. Low molecular weight medications and 
macromolecules can be quickly and conveniently delivered 
into the skin using sonophoresis. It is a localized, non-invasive, 
convenient technique. Sonophoresis is thought to improve 
medication delivery mechanically by altering the skin tissue in 
a mixture of heat, chemical, and mechanical ways. For 
sonophoresis, ultrasound has been employed at a range of 
frequencies between 20 kHz and 16 MHz, with intensities up 
to 3W/cm2. Percutaneous absorption is known to be affected 
by ultrasound parameters including treatment duration, 
intensity, and frequency, with the latter being the most 
significant. Because ultrasound waves produce micro-
vibrations in the skin's epidermis and boost the overall kinetic 
energy of the molecules making up topical medicines, 



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sonophoresis occurs. The cavitation, micro-streaming, and 
heating caused by the ultrasound most likely improve drug 
delivery. By successfully treating digital polyarthritis with 
hydrocortisone ointment plus ultrasound in 1954, Fellinger 
and Schmid first described ultrasound-mediated transdermal 
delivery of essential chemicals. In hospitals, sonophoresis is 
frequently utilized to administer medications through the skin. 
By combining the medications with a coupling agent (gel, 
cream, or ointment), pharmacists are able to deliver ultrasonic 
energy from the ultrasound transducer to the skin. Thus, 
applying ultrasound to the skin makes it more permeable (a 
process known as sonophoresis) and makes it possible to 
transfer numerous chemicals both into and through the skin. 
Physical therapy also uses sonophoresis. Interstitial fluid 
samples can be extracted for analysis using reverse ultrasound 
technology. Sonophoresis is therefore being researched as a 
method of pulling substances like glucose out of the skin in 
addition to its impact on delivering compounds into the skin29-

33. 

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems 

The situation in which two materials, at least one of which is 
biological in nature, are kept together for a long time by 
interfacial forces is known as bioadhesion. In the field of 
pharmaceutical sciences, the phenomenon is known as 
mucoadhesion when the sticky connection is to mucus or a 
mucous membrane. Mucoadhesive polymers have the 
potential to considerably extend the residence time of 
sustained release delivery systems on mucosal membranes. 
This potential has been demonstrated in drug delivery 
systems for the eyes, nose, mouth, and vagina. Additionally, 
there has always been a lot of interest in the development of 
oral mucoadhesive delivery systems because those that can 
adhere to certain gastrointestinal (GI) segments would have a 
number of benefits34-38. 

Supramolecular drug delivery systems 

An intermolecular non-covalent binding contact holds two or 
more molecular units together and organizes them into a 
supramolecular system. In addition to serving as models for 
understanding natural supramolecular self-assembly and 
molecular recognition, supramolecular structures involving 
macrocyclic compounds have also generated a great deal of 
interest as starting points for the development of novel 
nanomaterials for use in electronics, biomedicine, and 
pharmaceutical applications35. 

Osmotically controlled drug delivery systems 

These systems use osmotic pressure as their driving force in 
order to deliver the medicine in a regulated manner. The most 
intriguing and well-liked method of drug delivery among all 
the available technologies is osmotic. Osmotic systems have 
been the subject of extensive research, and various patents 
have also been made public. Alza was a leader in the 
development of osmotic drug delivery systems, and it 
currently holds the majority of the patents examined as well as 
various products based on the osmotic principle. These 
methods can be employed for parenteral as well as oral 
administration. Gastro-intestinal therapeutic methods include 
oral osmotic systems. Implantable pumps are used for 
parenteral osmotic medication delivery. Osmotic pumps come 
in a variety of shapes and sizes, according to reports in the 
literature but in general they can be divided in oral and 
implantable systems39-43. 

Microencapsulation 

The method of microencapsulation involves surrounding or 
coating tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid substance 
with a continuous film made of polymeric materials. First, the 

gelatin coacervation process was used to prepare gelatin 
spheres for the microencapsulation technique, which was 
developed by Bungen burg de Jon and Kan in 1931. The 
controlled drug delivery system has been utilized to lessen the 
drawbacks of traditional therapy and to increase a specific 
medicine's therapeutic effectiveness. The active substance 
must be delivered to the target tissue at the ideal rate in order 
to have the greatest therapeutic efficacy, while also producing 
the least amount of toxicity and side effects possible. The 
microencapsulation technique aids in the transformation of 
liquids into solids, alteration of colloidal and surface 
properties, protection of the environment, and regulation of 
the release characteristics of various coated materials. In 
contrast to microencapsulation, which uses tiny coated 
particles to create a wide range of dosage forms, 
macropakaging techniques can achieve some of these features. 
Innovative drug delivery methods were developed with the 
goal of optimizing bioavailability by changing the drug's blood 
concentration's bioavailability. Medicine therapy can be 
enhanced with sustained and controlled release products, 
which is a common objective over non sustained and 
controlled release with the same drug. Microencapsulated 
products (micro particles) are the small entities that have an 
active agent know as the core material surrounded by a shell 
known as the coating material or embedded into a matrix 
structure. Most Microparticle shells are of organic polymers, 
but waxes and lipids are also used. Generally the size of the 
microencapsulated products (microparticles) is considered as 
larger than 1 micrometer and up to 1000 micrometers in 
diameter. Commercially available microparticles contained 
10- 90% w/w core. A number of core materials can be 
encapsulated like that live cells, adhesives, flavors, 
agrochemicals, enzymes, pharmaceuticals. The 
microencapsulation technology helps to regulate the release 
characteristics of various coated materials as well as the 
conversion of liquids into solids, adjustment of colloidal and 
surface properties, and environmental protection. Techniques 
for macropakaging can accomplish some of these properties, 
as opposed to microencapsulation, which employs 
microscopic coated particles to produce a variety of dose 
forms. Innovative drug delivery techniques have been created 
with the intention of improving bioavailability by altering the 
drug's bioavailability at different blood concentrations. A 
shared goal over non sustained and controlled release with 
the same drug is to improve medicine therapy with sustained 
and controlled release products.  The more recent finding in 
pharmaceutical research is that the rate at which a drug is 
released from the dosage form can be used to alter how 
quickly it is absorbed. The sustained action, sustained release, 
prolonged action, delayed action, and timed release 
medications are all included in the controlled released dose 
forms. This has been accomplished by creating novel 
pharmacological entities, finding new polymeric materials 
useful for extending the duration of drug release, improving 
patient safety, and increasing therapeutic efficacy44. 

 Novel drug delivery system: in herbal 
formulations 

The creation of innovative drug delivery systems (NDDS) for 
herbal medicines has received a lot of interest during the last 
few decades. Idealistically, the innovative carriers should meet 
two requirements. The medicine should first be delivered over 
the course of treatment at a rate determined by the body's 
needs. Second, it should direct the herbal drug's active 
ingredient to the place of action. None of these can be satisfied 
by conventional dosage forms, including prolonged-release 
dosage forms. Bioactive and plant extracts have been used to 
create a number of innovative herbal formulations, including 



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liposomes, phytosomes, nanoemulsions, microspheres, 
transferosomes, and ethosomes45-52. 

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