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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2021 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Carriers in the Dentistry 

Sunil Kumar Prajapati1*, Vijay Kumar Tilak2, Ram Chand Dhakar3 , Krishan Kumar Verma4*, Vikrant Saluja5, 
R. Jayakumararaj 6, Rajeshwar Kamal Kant Arya7, Manas Kumar Das8, Soumya Das9 

1 Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India 
2 Apex Professional University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh-791102, India  
3 Hospital Pharmacy, SRG Hospital & Medical College Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India-326001 
4 Professor, Lloyd School of Pharmacy, Plot No 3, Knowledge Park-1, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 
5 Associate Professor, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, PCTE Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, India 
6 PG Department of Botany, Government Arts College, Melur – 625106, Madurai District, TN, India 
7 Assistant Professor, Deparment of Pharma sciences, Kumaun University Nainital, India 
8 Director, Orlean Collge of Pharmacy, 42-Knowledge Park-3, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 
9 Associate Professor, NIET (Pharmacy Institute), 19-Knowledge Park-2, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 

 

Article Info: 
_________________________________________ 

Article History: 

Received 03 Nov 2021       
Reviewed 11 Dec 2021 
Accepted 19 Dec 2021 
Published 25 Dec 2021 

_________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Prajapati SK, Tilak VK, Dhakar RC, Verma KK, 
Saluja V, R Jayakumararaj, Arya RKK, , Das MK, 
Das S, Dendrimers as Drug Delivery Carriers in 
the Dentistry, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2021; 1(1):1-9 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.3                                 

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in 
the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical 
properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. 
Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties 
make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular 
miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility 
with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern 
day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their 
multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of 
chemistry biology, drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self-assembly produces a faster 
means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug 
delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their 
behaviour in vivo.  

Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers. 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Dr. Sunil Kumar Prajapati, Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi  Email:drsunilprajapati@gmail.com    

 

Introduction 

Dendrimers are class of well-defined hyper branched 
synthetic polymer systems, which can be conjugated to 
various chemical species, such as detection agents, 
imaging agents, targeting components, biomolecules, 
pharmaceutical/ therapeutic agents, radio ligands, 
affinity ligands, for various bioanalytical applications1. 
The term “Dendrimer” arise from two Greek words; 
“Dendron” meaning tree and “Meros” meaning part. A 
typical dendrimer structure consists of three basic 
components: a multi-functional central core moiety 
where other molecules can be trapped 2, 3, branched 
units that emanates from the central core and external 
capping�groups. The highly regular branching units are 
organized in layers called “generations”, and represent 
the repeating monomer unit of these synthetic 
macromolecules 4. Therefore, dendrimers can be 
synthesized from simple branched monomer units, in a 
precise and controlled fashion from trunk to branch and 

to leaf “surface groups”. The three-dimensional 
structure of dendrimers gives them a variety of unique 
properties, such as nanoscaled globular shape, well-
defined functional groups at the periphery, hydrophobic 
or hydrophilic cavities in the interior and extremely low 
polydispersity 5, and thus a wide range of potential 
applications. 

The precise control over the distribution of drugs is 
highly valuable to abolish the typical drawbacks of 
traditional medicine. In recent years, improved 
pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and controlled 
release of the drug to the specific targeted site has been 
achieved with polymer based drug delivery6 Unlike 
traditional polymers, dendrimers have received 
considerable attention in biological applications due to 
their high water solubility,7 biocompatibility,8 
polyvalency9 and precise molecular weight.4 These 

                       Open Access                                                                          Review Article                                          DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.3                                

http://jddtonline.info/
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8250-8489
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.3
mailto:drsunilprajapati@gmail.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.3


Prajapati et al                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):1-9 

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features make them an ideal carrier for drug delivery 
and targeting applications. For investigating dendrimers 

as drug delivery vehicles, their biopermeability across 
the biological membranes should be considered. 

  

 

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the Dendrimer Structure1 

Table 1: Various Dendrimer based marketed products for drug delivery, therapy and diagnosis 

Name of 
Product 

Type Company Use Ref 

Priostar  PEHAM/PEA Starpharma  Targeted diagnostic and therapeutic delivery for cancer 10, 11 

Starburst PAMAM Dow chemical Targeted diagnostic and therapeutic delivery for cancer 12 

Stratus CS  PAMAM Dade Behring Cardiac marker 13 

Astramol® PPI Starpharma  - 14 

Taxotere  ND Sanofi Aventis Anticancer drug delivery - 

SuperFect  PAMAM Qiagen Gene transfection 15,16 

Alert ticket  PAMAM US Army 
Research Lab. 

Anthrax detection 17 

ND: not define, PEHAM: Poly (etherhydroxylamine), PEA: Poly (esteramine), PAMAM: Polyamidoamine, PPI: Poly (propylene imine), HIV: 
Human immunodeficiency virus, STDs: Sexually transmitted diseases 

 

Application of Dendrimers in Drug delivery for 
dentistry 

The development of dendrimer based efficient drug 
delivery systems has attracted a great deal of attention 
over the last few years. Unlike traditional polymers, 
dendrimers can be obtained in precise molecular 
weights even at high generations, which as previously 
highlighted can provide a reproducible pharmacokinetic 
behavior. This feature makes them ideal candidates for 
drug delivery applications. 18, 19 

PAMAM dendrimers loaded with calcium and phosphate 
ions and have been used experimentally to prevent 
tooth decay. The loaded PAMAM dendrimer was 
effective for prolonged release of calcium and 
phosphate at low pH, with neutralization of the acidic 
environment and inhibition of dental caries..20 

Many potential uses of dendrimer hydrogels (DH) as a 
drug delivery system in periodontics and implants 

dentistry as they allow clinicians to customize drug 
release kinetics, mechanical properties, and in-situ 
gelling for specific clinical applications. 21 

Dendrimer-based dental composites have attracted 
attention because of the higher cross-link density, 
decreased water sorption and solubility, improved 
mechanical properties, and higher resin melting 
temperature. 22, 23 

Triclosan, an effective antimicrobial agent encapsulated 
into the PAMAM dendrimer resulted in the 
solubilization of TCN, thus slow release of the drug and 
improved efficacy. 24 

PAMAM dendrimer loaded with different metronidazole 
concentrations showed prolonged release of the drug, 
thus proved to be a suitable vehicle for the delivery of 
antimicrobial drugs at the target site. Hence, it has a 
relevant application in periodontal therapy. 25 

 



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Table 1: Reported work on dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in dentistry18 

Source Type of 
Dendrime
r 

Generation Objective Methodical 
approach 

Outcome Ref 

(Dodiuk
-Kenig 
et al., 
2004) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

- To check the 
adhesive 
properties of 
hyper-branched 
and dendritic 
polymers in 
acrylate-based 
dental composite 

Commercial hyper-
branched 
polyesteramide, two 
dendripolyamides 
and PAMAM 
dendrimer 

 Compressive strength 
of dental composite 
with 0.3 wt% hyper-
branched 
polyesteramide 
improved the from 
253 ± 20MPa to 386 ± 
20MPa 

 The same composite 
showed reduction in 
linear shrinkage from 
2.4 ± 0.2% to 1.5 ± 
0.2 % 

 Improved bond 
durability and shear 
bond strength with 
the above 
composition 

26 

(Paul 
et al., 
2006) 

Methyl 
methacryla
te 
dendrimer 

- To enhance the 
composite 
properties in 
dental additive 

Highly branched, 
globular 2,3-
dihydroxybenzyl 
motif to achieve 
multi-methacrylate 
dendritic additive 

 Compared to control, 
addition of 0.5% 
multi-methacrylate 
dendritic additive 
showed 21–35% 
increase in flexural 
strength 

 Flexural strength 
increased with higher 
molecular weight 
dendrimers 

 Increase in additive 
concentration could 
not have positive 
effect on flexural 
strength 

27 

(Gardin
er et al., 
2008) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G3 Incorporation of 
triclosan in 
dendrimer to 
enhance solubility 

π-π stacking 
between G3 
dendrimer and the 
amino acid, 
phenylalanine to 
enhance solubility 

 Solubilization of 
triclosan increased 
with increasing 
concentration of 
dendrimer due to 
ionisation effect 

 Solubility of triclosan 
showed to improve 
with π-π stacking 
between dendrimer 
and phenylalanine at 
1:21 ratio 

 The increase in 
solubility could to 
reflected by change in 
pH 

24 

(Kim 
et al., 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G5 Modified G5 
dendrimer could 

G5 dendrimer with 
RGD ligand 

 Western blot analysis 
suggested increase in 

28 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib78
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib80
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib95
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib108


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2010) bind to dental pulp 
cell to increase 
odontogenic 
potential 

vascular endothelial 
growth factor, matrix 
extracellular 
phosphoglyco-
protein, dentin 
sialoprotein and 
matrix protein 
through JNK pathway 

 Application of G5-
RGD showed 
enhanced 
mineralization as 
evidenced by Von 
Kossa assay 

(Eichler 
et al., 
2011) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G5 PAMAM 
dendrimer could 
modify 
adsorption/desorp
tion behaviour of 
human saliva 
compared to self-
assembled 
monolayers 
grafted surface 

Surface of the 
periodontitis model 
grafted with 
PAMAM-NH2 

 Covalently bound 
PAMAM depicted 
decreased adherence 
of Streptococcus 
gordonii in absence of 
saliva 

 Same approach of 
repelling bacteria 
was observed even 
after saliva 
conditioning 

 Substitution of 
PAMAM lowers the 
amount of absorbed 
protein 

29 

(Li et al., 
2013) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G3 and G4 Restorative 
substitution with 
PAMAM in human 
hard tissues to 
mimic the 
functions of 
noncollagenous 
proteins to 
promote 
mineralization 

Carboxyl (-COOH) 
terminated G3 and 
G4 PAMAM 
dendrimers to 
substitute 
noncollagenous 
proteins on dentine 
surface 

 Monodispersed 
characteristics and 
steric hindrance 
property were 
reported 
advantageous 

 Bioinspired 
mineralization 
process in dentine 
environment was 
facilitated by G4 
dendrimer 

 Dendritic structure 
could be a potential 
restorative material 
for biomineralized 
hard tissue 

30 

Dung Th 
et al. 
2013 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G5 To study the 
sustained release 
of metronidazole 
an antibacterial 
and antiprotozoal 
drug  

A series of 
dendrimer G5-
pluronic F127 
nanofilms (at 1:10, 
1:20 and 1:30 mole 
ratios), loaded with 
various percent of 
metronidazole 

Dendrimers showed 
prolonged release of the 
drug, 
thus proved to be a 
suitable vehicle for the 
delivery of antimicrobial 
drugs at the target site. 

25 

(Bengazi 
et al., 
2014) 

Methyl 
methacryla
te 

- To investigate the 
degree of 
utilization of 

The commercial 
dendrimers of 
different methyl 

 Following heat 
induced 
polymerization, there 

31 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib112
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib113
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib105


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dendrimer methyl 
methacrylate 
monomers in 
different 
dendrimer 
conjugated resins 

methacrylate units 
(12 in D12 and 24 in 
D24) were 
incorporated in 
dental resin 

were 65% and 62% 
degree of conversion 
for D12 and D24, 
respectively 

 Residual monomer 
contents were 1.0% 
and 1.5%, 
respectively for D12 
and D24 

 Following photo 
polymerization, 
degree of conversion 
decreased with 
increase in methyl 
methacrylate 
proportion and thus 
increase in residual 
monomer content 

 Heat induced 
polymerization 
method was 
suggested as best 
method with degree 
of conversion and 
residual monomers 

(Galli 
et al., 
2014) 

Poly(epsilo
n-lysine) 
dendron 

G3 Dendritic 
approach to 
titanium surfaces 
could improve 
differentiation of 
osteoblastic cells 
and the activation 
of Wnt/b-catenin 
signalling 

Phosphoserine-
tethered 
poly(epsilon-lysine) 
dendrons in 
endosseous 
implants 

 Dendrons showed 
increased expression 
of two osteoblastic 
markers, alkaline 
phosphatase and 
osteocalcin in 
primary bone 
marrow cells and 
murine osteoblastic 
MC3T3 cells 

 Osteoclastogenesis 
opposing protein 
osteoprotegerin was 
found to get 
expressed 
significantly higher 

 Wnt target genes, 
Wisp-2 and b-catenin 
were also showed 
increased expression 

32 

(Lin 
et al., 
2017) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

- Application of 
dendrimer 
functionalized 
with nano-
hydroxyapatite in 
dentin tubule 
occlusion 

Modification of 
nano-
hydroxyapatite with 
COOH-terminated 
PAMAM dendrimer 

 Dendrimer 
functionalized nano-
hydroxyapatite found 
to crosslink with 
collagen fibres 

 Therefore, effective 
dental tubule 
occlusion reported 

 Superior value of 
microhardness was 
observed with 
modified nano-

33 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib106
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib74


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hydroxyapatite 

(Tao 
et al., 
2017) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G4 Determination of 
dentin 
remineralization 
extent with 
PAMAM 
dendrimer 

PAMAM-OH, 
PAMAM-COOH, 
PAMAM-NH2 coated 
dentin 

 Dentin coated with 
PAMAM containing 
different functional 
groups showed 
increased hardness of 
dentin, reduced loss 
of mineral and lesion 
depth, with higher 
remineralization 
capability 

 Lower mineral loss 
and lesion depth with 
higher dentin tubule 
blocking effect was 
shown by PAMAM-
COOH, PAMAM-
NH2 than PAMAM-OH 

 Effects of PAMAM-
COOH, PAMAM-
NH2 dentin 
remineralization 
were comparable 

34 

(Xiao 
et al., 
2017) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G3 Development of 
bioactive 
multifunctional 
composite 
(BMC) via nanopar
ticles of 
amorphous 
calcium 
phosphate, 2-
methacryloyl-
oxyethyl 
phosphoryl-
choline, 
dimethylamino-
hexadecyl 
methacrylate and 
silver 
nanoparticles for 
class V restoration 
Investigation of 
BMC with PAMAM 
dendrimer on 
remineralization 
of demineralized 
root dentin in a 
cyclic artificial 
saliva/lactic acid 
environment for 
the first time 

BMC complex 
mixture with 
nanoparticles of 
amorphous calcium 
phosphate, 2-
methacryloyl-
oxyethyl 
phosphoryl-choline, 
dimethylamino-
hexadecyl 
methacrylate and 
silver nanoparticles 
And BMC with 
PAMAM dendrimer 

 PAMAM with BMC 
showed superior 
dentin mineralization 
characteristics 

 The hardness of the 
dentin increased 
enough to match 
healthy root dentin 

 PAMAM with BMC 
induced complete 
and effective root 
dentin 
remineralization in 
an acid challenge 
environment 

35 

(Ge 
et al., 
2017) 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G3 The anti-caries 
effect and 
mechanical 
properties of the 
modified adhesive 
in biofilm 
regulation and 
remineralization 

PAMAM and 
dimethylaminodode
cyl methacrylate in 
biofilm adhesive 

 Addition of PAMAM 
and 
dimethylaminododec
yl methacrylate in 
adhesive showed no 
adverse effecton 
dentin bond strength 

36 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib75
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib76
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6820096/#bib77


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capabilities  The modified 
adhesive with 1% 
PAMAM and 5% 
dimethylaminododec
yl methacrylate 
showed anti-biofilm 
properties and 
developed a healthier 
biofilm to reduce the 
chances of dental 
caries 

 Remineralization 
capabilities of the 
modified adhesive 
was found to have 
similarity with 1% 
PAMAM modified 
adhesive 

El-Aziz 
Khater 
et al 
2018 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

 to evaluate the 
remineralizing 
effect of PAMAM 
dendrimer, 
Gluteraldehyde 
and their 
combination on 
demineralized 
dentin 

luteraldehyde was 
applied to the 
demineralized 
dentin, Group (III), 
(n=10): 
a combination of 
PAMAM dendrimer 
and Gluteraldehyde 

All treatment materials 
used were effective in 
increasing dentin 
microhardness 
and produced 
micromorphological 
changes of the dentin 
surface in  

37 

K. Liang 
et al 
2019 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

 Ca Delivery to 
prevent tooth 
decay 

dendrimers loaded 
with calcium and 
phosphate ions 

 The loaded PAMAM 
dendrimer was effective 
for prolonged release of 
calcium and phosphate at 
low pH, with 
neutralization of the 
acidic environment and 
inhibition of dental caries 

20 

 
Nicholas 
Yesbeck 
2021 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

G5 to prolong the 
release kinetics of 
antibiotics 

Dendrimer 
hydrogels were 
synthesized from 
PAMAM  
and PEG diacrylate 
to contain Cefazolin 

 Dendrimer hydrogels is a 
promising platform for 
long-term release of 
cefazolin in-vitro 

21 

Ramyaa 
Shri K et 
al 2021 

PAMAM 
dendrimer 

 To develop 
PAMAM 
dendrimer to 
enhance the 
antibacterial 
activity 

Entrapping 
dexamethasone into 
the dendrimer's 
cavities was done to 
ensure a slow 
release of the drug 

 PAMAM dendrimer's 
functionalization to silver 
nanoparticles to protect 
the nanoparticles from 
aggregating and reducing 
its cytotoxicity 
without affecting the 
antibacterial properties 

22 

 

 

Conclusion 

PAMAM dendrimer has shown to have marked 
prospective to be used as biomimetic biomaterial for 
remineralisation of enamel.18 Addition of dendrimers 
has shown significant enhancement of mechanical 
properties of adhesive systems and reduction in 

polymerization shrinkage of dental composites. It also 
causes improvement in shear strength and better 
bonding durability of adhesive systems 26, 27. Besides 
drug delivery, dendrimers have been found to have a 
great emphasis in gene delivery, boron neutron capture 
therapy, PDT and as magnetic resonance imaging 
contrast agents. Boosting of commercial applications of 



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dendrimer technology will provide strength for its 
usefulness in future. 

Conflict of Interests 

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests 

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