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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2023 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited  

 

 

The Effect of Dental Caries Incidence Rate (DMF-T), Dental and Oral 
Hygiene Status (OHI-S) on Adolescent Tooth Brushing Behavior based on 
the area of residence on the River Coast and Highlands in Tayan Hilir 
District in 2023 

Rusmali, Miftah Tri Abadi, Mery Sartika 

Department of Dental Health, Health Polytechnic of Pontianak, Indonesia 

Article Info: 
_______________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received 12 June 2023    
Reviewed  05 August 2023 
Accepted 26 August 2023 
Published 15 September 2023 

_______________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Rusmali, Abadi MT, Sartika M, The Effect of 
Dental Caries Incidence Rate (DMF-T), Dental 
and Oral Hygiene Status (OHI-S) on Adolescent 
Tooth Brushing Behavior based on the area of 
residence on the River Coast and Highlands in 
Tayan Hilir District in 2023, Asian Journal of 
Dental and Health Sciences. 2023; 3(3):5-9 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v3i3.46        

_______________________________________
*Address for Correspondence:   

Rusmali, Department of Dental Health, Health 
Polytechnic of Pontianak, Indonesia. 

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Concerning oral health in Sanggau District is still quite high, the results of an initial survey in Tayan Hilir 
District on MTsN3 children used a questionnaire on 42 respondents. The results obtained are as follows, 
knowledge about dental and oral health is good (54.8%, and moderate (45.2%). This study aims to 
describe and analyze the influence of the incidence of dental caries (DMF-T), the status of dental and 
oral hygiene ( OHI-S) on tooth brushing behavior of young men based on their area of residence on the 
river coast and highlands in Tayan Hilir District, Sanggau Regency.The tools used were a questionnaire 
with Cross Sectional, Correlate Spearman and Kendall's test and Regression, with Univariate, Bivariate 
analysis, Multivariate The results showed that the incidence of dental caries (DMF-T) was 32.3%, oral 
hygiene status (OHI-s) was 48%. river (54.5%), types of food consumed on average non-cariogenic 
types every day (61.1%), the age of most respondents aged 13 years (40.4%), the incidence of caries 
(DMF-T) is influenced by status dental and oral hygiene (OHI-s) by (R=15.7%), influenced by tooth 
brushing behavior by (R=15%), influenced by living area by (R=8.8%), influenced by type of food ( 
R=6.3%), and influenced by age (R=6.5%). Dental and oral hygiene status (OHI-s) affected the incidence 
of dental caries (DMF-T) by (R=16.4%), influenced tooth brushing behavior by (R=15%), affected area 
of residence (R=9, 9%), affecting the type of food consumed every day non cariogenic type (R = 9%), as 
well as influencing age (R = 21.3%). Overall the incidence of dental caries (DMF-T) is influenced by oral 
hygiene status (OHI-s), and vice versa, including the type of food consumed daily and age. The 
significance value is 0.00 <0.05 with the number (r) close to 1, so it can be concluded that the effect is 
perfect. 

Keywords: DMF-T, OHI-S, Toothbrushing Behaviour, Place of Residence 

 

INTRODUCTION  

Efforts to provide dental health services are aimed at groups 
prone to dental and oral health problems, such as pregnant 
women, nursing mothers, toddlers, preschool age and school-
age children. The group of school-age children is one of the 
vulnerable groups, because these school-age children have 
habits and behaviors that are less supportive of dental and 
oral health. Knowledge is fundamental and very important for 
cultivating a person's habits to be able to change attitudes and 
behavior. Knowledge can be obtained directly or indirectly 
both planned and without planning, whether through formal 
or informal education processes, because knowledge is a 
predisposing factor of attitudes and behavior.1,2  

Based on the 2020 Tayan Hilir District Profile, the topography 
or living areas of Tayan Hilir District are generally located in 
river coastal areas or hilly and swampy highlands which are 
flowed by several rivers such as the Kapuas River and 
tributaries of the Sembesut River. Cempedak River, Semendok 
River, Segelam River, Mata Burik River and Tayan River. Local 
culture (Social Sciences) states that different topography can 
cause differences in light intensity, humidity, air pressure and 
air temperature. High-altitude topography will also affect 
living creatures in receiving oxygen and air pressure, so it will 
affect a person's health status.3  

The results of research conducted by researchers in 2020, 
regarding empowering people by directly reading personal 
hygiene books to maintain oral hygiene with a sample of 
children from SDN 01 Semanget Village and SDN 08 Nekan 
Village, which had a very positive impact. The difference in 
value between the control and intervention groups before and 
after receiving treatment by reading Personal Hygiene books 
on how to maintain oral hygiene. There was a difference in 
value of 49.4% between the intervention group and the 
control group and a siq value of 0.00 <0.05. This means that 
providing knowledge by directly empowering respondents 
will be better and very significant than just using lectures and 
regular question and answer. 

Based on these problems, the researcher wants to describe the 
results of the analysis of the effect of the incidence of dental 
caries (DMF-T), dental and oral hygiene status (OHI-S) on the 
teeth brushing behavior of young men based on the area of 
residence on the river coast or highlands in Tayan Hilir 
District, Sanggau in 2023. 

METHOD AND MATERIAL  

This study used a survey method with observation to collect 
data on the incidence of dental caries (DMF-T), dental and oral 
hygiene status (OHI-S), on the toothbrushing behavior of 
young women based on the area of residence on the river 

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Rusmali et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2023; 3(3):5-9 

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coast or highlands. The tools used are questionnaires, 
Spearmant Kendalls test and Regression. The total number of 
respondents was 198 people. The subjects of this study are 
especially young men aged between 12 and 25 years and who 
live in coastal areas or highlands in Tayan Hilir District, 
Sanggau Regency in 2023. 

The research was carried out in Tayan Hilir District, with the 
location of the schools in the coastal area of the river or 
highlands in the village of Tayan Hilir District, Sanggau 

Regency. The time provided adjusts to the academic calendar, 
so that the secondary and premier data collection schedules 
are also adjusted, data collection can be carried out between 
Friday - Saturday. 

The analysis used is Univariate, Bivariate, Multivariate, the 
test used is Regression to find the magnitude of the effect 
while corelate is to find out whether there is no correlation or 
perfect correlation. The data is displayed in the form of a 
frequency distribution table. 

 

 

RESULT  

Table 1: Frequency Distribution based on respondent characteristics, dental caries incidence rate (DMFT), Dental and oral hygiene 
status (OHI-S), Tooth brushing behavior and Types of food that are often consumed every day 

Variable n % 

Age  

12 years 16 16.7 

13 years 80 40.4 

14 years 50 25.3 

15 years 21 10.6 

16 years 17 8.6 

17 years 11 5.6 

18 years 1 0.5 

19 years 2 1 

Domicile 
River Coast 108 54.5 

Plateau 90 45.5 

Dental caries incidence rate (DMFT) 

Very Low (0.0-1.1) 56 28.3 

Low (1.1-2.6) 29 14.6 

Medium (2.7-4.4) 64 32.3 

Height (4.5-6.5) 31 15.7 

Very High (> 6.6) 18 9.1 

Dental and oral hygiene status (OHI-S) 

Good 94 47.5 

Moderate 95 48 

Bad 9 4.5 

Tooth brushing behavior 

1x a day 33 16.7 

2x a day 134 67.7 

3x a day 26 13.1 

> 3x a day 5 2.5 

Type of Food 
Cariogenic 77 38.9 

Non cariogenic 121 61.1 

Table 1 shows that the most dominant average age is 13 years 40.4% and 14 years 25.3%. It can be seen that the average area of 
residence for young men on the river coast is 54.5% and that in the highlands is 45.5%. The average incidence of dental caries (DMF-
T) is in the moderate category, 32.3%. The average oral hygiene status (OHI-S) was moderate 48% and good 47.5%. The average 
tooth brushing behavior of young women is 67.7% twice a day and the average number of young men consuming cariogenic types of 
food is 38.9% while non-cariogenic types are 61.1%. 

 

 

 

 



Rusmali et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2023; 3(3):5-9 

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Table 2: Correlation test analysis results 

Correlation r Siq. R 

DMF-T Vs OHI-S 0.147 0.03 0.157 

 Tooth brushing behavior 0.57 521 0.150 

 Domicile 0.061 390 0.088 

 Age 0.065 372 0.77 

 types of food 0.067 282 0.063 

Table 2 shows that the influence of the number of dental caries incidents (DMF-T) on OHI-S status is very perfect because the r value 
is close to 1 and is also very significant because the p value = 0.03 <0.05. 

 

Table 3: Regression test analysis results 

Correlation r Siq. R 

OHI-S Vs DMF-T 0.147 0.03 164 

 Tooth brushing behavior 0.57 0.36 150 

 Domicile 0.061 0.58 099 

 Age 0.065 0.00 213 

 types of food 0.067 0.21 211 

Table 3 shows that the effect of status (OHI-S) on the DMF-T number is 16.4% and is very perfect because the r value is close to 1. It 
is also very significant because the siq value. 0.03<0.05. Likewise with the magnitude of the age of 21.3% and is very perfect because 
the value of r is close to 1 is also very significant because the value of p = 0.00 <0.05. 

 

DISCUSSION 

The incidence of dental caries (DMF-T) is in the moderate 
category of 64 (32.3%), this shows that teenagers need to pay 
special attention to increasing knowledge, taking preventative 
action against existing cases to prevent and avoid further 
damage. from tooth decay so that it does not interfere with 
future activities. Tooth decay will greatly affect activities and 
even interfere with school activities, as well as disrupting 
appetite which can result in malnutrition due to lack of intake 
that can be absorbed by the body, thus special attention needs 
to be paid to changing attitudes and behavior among 
teenagers so that the number of cases increases. Dental and 
oral health continues to improve with age. It is also necessary 
to pay attention to why, because today's teenagers will 
continue to grow and develop.4,5 

This growth and development will be disrupted or become a 
separate problem for adolescents, when they later enter the 
world of work, if the teeth are not treated comprehensively, it 
can result in these adolescents being unable to enter the world 
of work due to toothache, for example. In the world of work, if 
this happens, the company or place where youth work will 
lose a number of production due to absence from work. For 
the growth and development that can occur in adolescents 
where there is a lot of damage to the teeth, it will result in 
difficulty eating because it hurts. If the toothache persists, it 
can cause you to be lazy about eating, which can lead to a lack 
of nutritional intake in the body. The lack of nutritional intake 
will affect the organs in the body, and if this continues without 
improving the nutritional intake of these adolescents they can 
be malnourished or even anemia. If malnutrition or anemia 
continues without adequate nutritional support, something 
even worse can happen, namely stunting. What young men can 
do is to carry out simple promotive, preventive and curative 
activities, with the aim of changing attitudes and behavior 
through increased knowledge.6–8 

Knowledge is a very important domain for changes in one's 
attitude and behavior, moreover this knowledge has been 
instilled from an early age. Based on the opinion of several 
experts, if we reach 40 years of age, we must have a minimum 
of 28 teeth. Preventive activities that can be carried out are 
closing fissures using Glass Ionomer (GI) materials, or cleaning 
tartar if tartar is present. While the curative action that can be 
done is in the form of fillings with the ART technique, using 
composite materials or other tooth-colored filling materials. 
The influence of tooth brushing habits can reduce the plaque 
index and pH of saliva, according to Triswari & Pertiwi, this 
habit needs to be instilled as early as possible especially in 
children who have the potential to damage their teeth more, 
so it is necessary to instill the habit from an early age, so that 
this habit will carry over until adulthood.9 Based on the results 
of research from Wijayanti & Rahayu, it is stated that getting 
used to brushing your teeth is the main action in efforts to 
improve dental and oral health. Knowledge is a very important 
domain in shaping a person's actions (overt behavior).10 
According to written research experience by Handayani and 
Ratnaningsih in Rusmali that behavior based on knowledge 
will be more lasting than behavior that is not based on 
knowledge. Knowledge is justified true belief, which means 
confirming the truth of a belief based on observation.11 

The dental and oral hygiene status (OHIS) of respondents in 
this study was in the moderate criteria, namely 95 (48%). 
Dental and oral hygiene status (OHI-S) is an indicator of dental 
and oral health in terms of hygiene. Efforts to keep your teeth 
and mouth healthy and clean are necessary, you have to go to 
the nearest dental and oral health service facility, whether it is 
a health center, hospital or private service clinic, at least twice 
a year to have it checked according to recommendations. This 
status is the result of combining the Debris Index (DI) and 
Calculus Index (CI) values. If these values are combined, a 
person's dental and oral hygiene status will be depicted. This 
status can be included in the Good criteria if the value is 0.0-
1.0, the medium criteria if the combined value is 1.13.0 and 
the worst is if the combined value is ranging from 3.1-6.0. 



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Teeth with a lot of tartar will cause buildup on the teeth and 
make the oral cavity smelly. If a large amount of tartar is not 
cleaned for a long time, it can cause the teeth to become loose. 
The degree of mobility of the teeth will cause the mouth to feel 
painful when chewing while eating and drinking, as a result 
the teeth are an indication for extraction. Teeth should stay in 
a person's oral cavity longer, with good teeth the digestive 
process in the digestive tract will still be good.12–14 

Based on research results from Wijayanti & Rahayu, it is stated 
that getting used to brushing your teeth is the main action in 
efforts to improve dental and oral health. Teeth are healthy 
and clean if the teeth do not have cavities, when used they do 
not feel painful, there is no tartar, the color of the gums is pink. 
The best way to do this is to brush your teeth properly and 
regularly.10 According to Arianto, factors related to dental and 
oral hygiene maintenance behavior (OHI-S) and oral hygiene 
maintenance attitudes (OHIS) have a value of p=0.018, 
knowledge of maintenance behavior with a value of p=0.044, 
maintenance actions dental and oral hygiene (OHIS) p = 0.013. 
OR=1,749 value. Oral hygiene status (OHIS) affects the DMF-T 
rate of 16.4% and the siq. 0.03 <0.05, this value shows that the 
influence of dental and oral hygiene is very large and very 
significant in influencing the occurrence of cavities.15 

The behavior of adolescents in brushing their teeth on average 
with a frequency of 2x a day is 67.7%. However, the 2x a day 
must be adjusted according to the time such as: Why do you 
brush your teeth after breakfast, because after you have 
breakfast your mouth will have a rest period so you don't 
chew food while someone is active. Thus, during rest, 
acidogenic germs will not metabolize cariogenic food waste in 
the oral cavity, so that the process of demineralization or 
shedding of the tooth enamel layer does not occur. Brushing 
your teeth before going to bed at night, because when we sleep 
with a clean oral cavity, we can avoid the demineralization 
process mentioned above. A person's behavior or habit of 
brushing their teeth properly and regularly, which is done 
every day, can have an influence on the occurrence of dental 
caries of (R = 0.570 = 57.0%) and the siq value. 0.000 < 0.05. 
The behavioral factor turns out to have a very large influence, 
reaching 57.0%, behavior is a habit and is usually carried out 
every day by someone.16 

Behavior does not mean it cannot be changed, but it can be 
done even though it takes time because it depends on the 
person's wishes. According to Covey in the book The Seven 
Habbits, this habit can be quickly adopted if it is started from 
childhood, so that later when an adult someone is used to 
these positive things. These habits require knowledge, so 
knowledge is a very important domain for behavior change to 
occur. Human behavior is an action that is influenced by 
several factors such as custom, emotion, ethics and others. 
Activities can be interpreted in a broad form, therefore these 
activities can be observed directly or indirectly, human 
behavior is a form of emotion that is stimulated from 
outside.17 

The behavior of Indonesian children in maintaining dental and 
oral health is still very low, dental care is considered not very 
important even though it is very useful in supporting health 
and appearance. This behavior arises from children's lack of 
knowledge about the importance of maintaining healthy 
teeth.18,19 It was recorded that behavior from the results of 
this research had a 15% influence on tooth brushing behavior. 
Behavior can change once there is knowledge. So it is 
necessary to cultivate habits from an early age. 

The average respondent who became the research sample was 
40.4% aged 13 years and 25.3% aged 14 years, according to 
WHO the youth category is between 12 years and 25 years old. 
This means that teenagers who are currently the sample in 

this study can still be guided and directed on how to maintain 
healthy teeth and mouths to stay healthy. Nurwati said that 
one of the factors that influences the occurrence of dental 
caries is age.20 It turns out that age can also affect the 
occurrence of one's dental caries, the magnitude of the 
influence of the age scale for the occurrence of dental caries is 
(R = 0.107 = 10.7%), meaning that it is also necessary to pay 
attention to it because it has quite a large effect. Tooth decay is 
strongly influenced by age, as evidenced by the results of this 
study showing the magnitude of the influence of age is 21.3% 
and is very significant. Siq value. 0.00 <0.05, meaning that a 
person's age has a very significant influence on the occurrence 
of cavities, it is possible that at the age of 13 he is still unstable 
or indeed his knowledge is still limited, especially about 
maintaining healthy teeth and mouth. 

The average area where respondents live is along the river 
coast, 108 (54.5%), where they live may also have an influence 
on the occurrence of cavities, the status of dental hygiene and 
so on, although it is less significant, it is strongly correlated, 
namely (0.61 %). This means that people who live on the coast 
of rivers or highlands can have an influence on the occurrence 
of dental caries. A living area is a place that shows that we live 
there, a living area is not just a living area because 
topographically there are differences in the reception of light, 
oxygen, etc., these differences in reception can affect the 
reception of oxygen (O2), for example, including a person's 
level of pain. This different acceptance will of course also 
affect a person's level of pain. The coastal area of the river is 
synonymous with lots of water, lots of fish etc. This 
assumption makes us think that in river coastal areas the teeth 
will definitely be in the good category, apart from consuming 
lots of fish, by eating lots of fish it is also hoped that the 
calcium levels will be sufficient to meet the needs of a person's 
bone and tooth growth. However, rivers are currently starting 
to be disrupted both in terms of function and usefulness, 
rivers could be polluted by home industry waste or large-scale 
industrial waste such as factories, meaning that rivers could 
be polluted by industrial waste. 

A plateau is possible due to calcium levels obtained from the 
use of artificial well water if this water is consumed daily, as 
well as sources of vitamins and minerals as well as calcium 
obtained for daily needs. Based on the results of this research, 
it turns out that people living in highland areas can influence 
the occurrence of caries or cavities. Efforts that we can make 
are to increase knowledge through education about dental and 
oral health. The next step that can be taken is to apply high 
doses of flour to prevent the process of demineralization by 
germs on tooth enamel. It is hoped that the promotive and 
preventive efforts carried out will help prevent the occurrence 
of cavities. Regarding the area of residence, it also includes the 
food consumed, according to Ramayanti & Purnakarya in 
Rusmali et al stated that the role of food in the incidence of 
dental caries really needs to be paid attention to, because the 
type of food is cariogenic along with microorganisms, teeth as 
(Host) and time change the pH very quickly. Saliva reaches 5.5 
and can drastically cause demineralization. Microorganisms 
can convert sugars such as glucose, especially sucrose, very 
effectively, because they have a more efficient ability to grow 
acidogenic microorganisms. Apart from that, there is a 
deficiency of several vitamins and minerals which can lead to 
dental caries such as deficiencies of vitamins A, B, C and D, Ca, 
Phosphorus, Fluorine and Zinc, therefore preventive measures 
are needed at primary, secondary or tertiary stages. 
Geographical differences greatly influence individual health, 
such as clinical and sub-clinical infections, namely intestinal 
infections, diarrhea, environmental enteropathy, worm 
infections, ARI, etc. The cultural factor of food is a basic human 
need, so it must be fulfilled and if the fulfillment is inadequate 
it will result in malnutrition or even stunting.21 



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The type of food consumed daily can influence the occurrence 
of dental caries, whether it is cariogenic or non-cariogenic. Of 
course, the type of food is very influential for people who 
frequently consume it, especially the type of cariogenic food, 
the type of cariogenic food is the type of food that sticks 
together easily when consumed and tastes sweet. Even though 
it is already known that this type of cariogenic food is a 
favorite for germs in our oral cavity to reproduce. This type of 
cariogenic food is metabolized by germs to become acid. This 
acid will dissolve (demineralize) the outer layer of the teeth, 
namely the enamel, until cavities occur. What can be done to 
prevent the demineralization process by germs is by brushing 
your teeth. Brushing your teeth is a real form of activity to 
break the chain of metabolism by germs. Microorganisms can 
convert sugars such as glucose, especially sucrose, very 
effectively, because they have a more efficient ability to grow 
acidogenic microorganisms. Apart from that, there is a 
deficiency of several vitamins and minerals that can lead to 
dental caries, such as deficiencies of vitamins A, B, C and D, Ca, 
Phosphorus, Fluor and Zinc. 

In this study, 61.1% of teenagers usually consumed non-
cariogenic foods. This figure of 61.1% may be related to the 
income of the students' parents, because students are also 
found living in private special school dormitories. However, 
the dental caries rate reached 32.3% and the dental and oral 
hygiene status was 48%, each in the moderate category. This 
means that non-cariogenic eating habits do not absolutely 
influence the incidence of cavities or oral hygiene. Teenagers 
who usually consume non-cariogenic foods are 61.1%. This 
figure of 61.1% may be related to the income of the students' 
parents, because students are also found living in private 
special school dormitories. However, the dental caries rate 
reached 32.3% and the dental and oral hygiene status was 
48%, each in the moderate category. This means that non-
cariogenic eating habits do not absolutely influence the 
incidence of cavities or oral hygiene. Therefore, preventive 
measures are needed at primary, secondary or tertiary stages. 

CONCLUSION 

The conclusion of this study is that the incidence of dental 
caries (DMF-T) has a significant effect on oral hygiene status 
(OHI-S). In addition, OHI-S status also has a significant effect 
on the incidence of dental caries (DMF-T) and age. 

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