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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2021 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Antioxidant Potential of Cordia dichotoma: A Review 

Ram Chand Dhakar1*, Sunil Kumar Prajapati1*, Sheo Datta Maurya3, Vijay Kumar Tilak4, Manas Kumar Das5, 
Soumya Das6, Krishan Kumar Verma7*, Nilesh Jain 8 

1 Hospital Pharmacy, SRG Hospital & Medical College Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India-326001 

2 Professor, Institute of Pharmacy, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India 

3 Principal, Sarvodaya College of Pharmacy, Azamgarh, India  

4 Apex Professional University, Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh-791102, India  

5 Director, Orlean Collge of Pharmacy, 42-Knowledge Park-3, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 

6 Associate Professor, NIET (Pharmacy Institute), 19-Knowledge Park-2, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 

7 Professor, Lloyd School of Pharmacy, Plot No 3, Knowledge Park-1, Greater Noida, U.P., India-201308 

8 Sagar Institute of Research Technology & Science-Pharmacy, Bhopal, India.  

 

Article Info: 
_________________________________________ 

Article History: 

Received 08 Nov 2021       
Reviewed 18 Dec 2021 
Accepted 21 Dec 2021 
Published 25 Dec 2021 

_________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Dhakar RC, Prajapati SK, Maurya SD, Tilak VK, Das 
MK, Das S, Verma KK, Jain N, Antioxidant Potential 
of Cordia dichotoma: A Review, Asian Journal of 
Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):19-23 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.6                                  

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Many plants of genus Cordia comprise of trees and shrubs are widely distributed in warmer regions 
and have been utilized in management of various diseases. Many phytochemicals like flavonoids, 
alkaloids, terpenes, tannins, and glyceridess having different activities were screened and isolated 
from different parts of C. dichotoma. Various important Pharmacological properties including 
Antiulcer, Contraceptives, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer, Antioxidant, 
antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic and others have been well documented for this plant. C. 
dichotoma is a promising source of natural antioxidants which possess remarkable therapeutic action 
as inflammatory activity. In the present review, we have briefly reviewed the Antioxidant Potential of 
C. dichotoma that can be followed for future research on this plant for health benefits. 

Keywords: Cordia dichotoma, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, flavonoids 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Ram Chand Dhakar, Hospital Pharmacy, SRG Hospital & Medical College Jhalawar, Rajasthan, India-326001    

 

Introduction  

Management of diseases with agents devoid of any side 
effects is still a big challenge to the researchers. There is 
increasing interest in natural medicine due to these 
reasons. Plant species of the genus Cordia are utilized 
for the treatment of various illnesses that affect many 
human systems. C. dichotoma is a tree of tropical and 
subtropical regions, commonly known as Lasura in 
Hindi and Shleshmataka in Sanskrit.  

Various phytoconstituents like flavonoids, triterpenes, 
tannins, alkaloids and fatty acids possessing different 
bioactivities were isolated from different plant parts of 
C. dichotoma. Many researchers reported various 

pharmacological applications of C. dichotoma such as 
Anti-ulcer1, Contraceptives2, anti-inflammatory3, 4, 5, 6 
anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer4,7, 8, Antioxdant8,9, 
antimicrobial10, antifungal10, hepatoprotective11 and 
diuretic purposes and for treating digestive system, 
respiratory, urogenital, cardiac, vascular and blood 
disorders. C. dichotoma is a promising source of natural 
antioxidants which possess remarkable therapeutic 
action as inflammatory activity and may serve as food 
ingredients12, 13, 14, 15. Thus objectives of the present 
review are to provide an overview of the uses of C. 
dichotoma as herbal antioxidant. 

 

                       Open Access                                                                         Review Article                                          DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.6                                 

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.6


Dhakar et al                                                                                                                                 Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):19-23 

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Figure 1: Various Parts of Cordia dichotoma plant3 

 

Classification: 

Kingdom: Plantae;  

Division: Magnoliophyta;  

Class: Dicotyledons;  

Subclass: Astaridae;  

Order: Lamiales;  

Family: Boraginaceae;  

Genus: Cordia;  

Species: C. dichotoma Forst. 

Distribution: 

C. dichotoma is a tree that found in tropical and 
subtropical regions. It grows in the sub-Himalayan tract 
and outer ranges, ascending up to about 1500 m 
elevation. It is found in different types of forests ranging 
from the moist deciduous forests of the Western Ghats 
and tidal forests in Mayanmar to the dry deciduous 
forest of Rajasthan. In Maharashtra, it grows in the 
moist monsoon forest also4.  

Botanical description: 

C. dichotoma family Boraginaceae is a small to moderate 
size deciduous tree with a short bole, short crooked 
trunk and spreading crown. The stem bark is grayish 
brown in color, longitudinally wrinkled or smooth. 
Leaves are simple, entire and slightly dentate, elliptical-
lanceolate to broad ovate with the round and cordate 
base. These flowers are 25mm long, dull pinkish edible 
fruits with sticky flesh flowers are short-stalked, 
bisexual and white in color, appear in loose corymbose 
cymes.12 The fruit is a yellow or greenish-yellow shining 
globose or ovoid drupe seated in a saucer-like enlarged 

calyx (fig. 1). It turns black on ripening and the pulp gets 
viscid. The hard stone is 1-4 seeded.  

C. dichotoma as Herbal Antioxidant: 

Free radicals are responsible for many diseases like 
arthritis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, aging, etc. Herbal 
antioxidants have gained great importance in recent 
years as they are utilizing in the management of such 
diseases due to their ability to neutralize free radicals. 
As plants are the source of natural antioxidants, much 
attention has been gain to plants. Currently, there has 
been an increased interest globally to identify anti-
oxidant compound that has potent bioactivities and has 
low or no side effects. 17 

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the 
production of free radicals and the ability of the 
organism to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects 
through neutralization by antioxidants. As free radicals 
are very reactive species, their overproduction during 
oxidative stress can cause damage to all biological 
macromolecules, such as DNA, proteins and lipids, thus 
leading to cell damage and subsequently, to the 
manifestation of pathological conditions as 
cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and inflammatory 
diseases 18. Antioxidants are secondary molecules or 
metabolites that act as ROS scavenger and activator of 
cellular antioxidative enzymes to prevent the damages 
induced by ROS in biological system. Hence, naturally 
occurring antioxidants from plant polyphenols are 
getting more attention in terms of practical usage as 
safe and potent bioactive compounds19. 

Antioxidant activity of this plant may be attributed to 
presence of phenols, flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, 
xanthones, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phytosterols, 
steroids, amino acids, anthocyanins, isothiocyanate 



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indoles, coumarins lignans, catechins, and isocatechins 
etc20, 21, 22. 

Many in vitro and in vivo studies on antioxidant activity 
of C. dichotoma are available in literature5,6,9,12,20,23,24.  
Quercetin from C. dichotoma is a phytochemical with 
high antioxidant activity that has been shown to 
maintain blood pressure levels and thus improve 
cardiovascular function. Quercetin can inhibit platelet 
aggregation, increase nitric oxide activity and improve 
endothelial function.20, 23 

Sharma et al studied the role of free radical scavenging 
activity of C. dichotoma seeds and leaves extract in 
degenerative disorders16. Author state that these 
models demonstrate positive antioxidant activity in a 
concentration dependant manner and demonstrate that 
highest concentration exhibits highest (100 μg/ml) 
antioxidant activity. Result concluded that antioxidant 
activity was more pronounced in leaves as compared to 
seeds.  

Singh et al. were carried out a comparative study of 
methanolic extract of seeds and leaves of C. dichotoma 
for free radical scavenging potential in the management 
of degenerative disorders. Antioxidant activity was 
more pronounce in methanolic extract of leaves as 
compared to seeds6. 

Nariya et al evaluated the phenolic contents and 
antioxidant potential of methanolic and butanol extract 

of C. dichotoma bark. In the present study three in vitro 
models were used to evaluate antioxidant activity. The 
first two methods employed direct measurement of 
radical scavenging activity and in remaining one method 
evaluated the reducing power. C. dichotoma showed 
strong antioxidant activity by inhibiting DPPH activity 
and reducing power activities when compared with 
standard l–ascorbic acid. In addition, both the extracts 
were found to contain a noticeable amount of total 
phenols, which play a key role in controlling oxidation. 
The results present study show that the extract can be 
used as an easily available source of herbal antioxidant. 
The chemicals present in the bark such as alkaloids, 
terpenoids, reducing sugars, flavonoids, proteins, 
steroids, and tannins may be responsible for such 
activity9.  

Shuge et al carried out a study aiming to determine the 
phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of 
air-dried C. dichotoma seeds. The results from this study 
indicate that C. dichotoma seeds are a rich source of 
polyphenolic compounds and amino acids, which can be 
used for quality assessment. Results revealed that 
ethanolic extract of C. dichotoma seeds has good 
antioxidant capacity23. Mahasweta et al examinated the 
antioxidant potential of C. dichotoma seeds. 
Hentricontanol Fraction (HTF), Hesperetin fraction (HF) 
and Taxifolin fraction (TF) from the seeds of C. 
dichotoma showed promising DPPH free radical 
scavenging activity at a concentration of 100 μg/mL5. 

 

 

Table 1: Reported work on Antioxidant Potential of Cordia dichotoma 

S.N. Source Objective Outcome Ref 

1 Sharma et al 
2007 

To study the role of free 
radical scavenging activity of 
C. dichotoma seeds and leaves 
extract 

Author state that these models demonstrate positive 
antioxidant activity in a concentration dependent 
manner. Result concluded that antioxidant activity 
was more pronounced in leaves as compared to seeds 

16 

2 Singh et al. 
2010 

To compared the  methanolic 
extract of seeds and leaves of 
C. dichotoma for free radical 
scavenging potential 

Both the extracts showed significant activity but 
antioxidant activity was more pronounce in 
methanolic extract of leaves as compared to seeds 
thus it can be used in the management of 
degenerative disorders 

6 

3 Nariya et al 
2011 

phenolic contents were 
screened from methanolic and 
butanol extract of C. 
dichotoma bark to evaluate its 
antioxidant potential 

Both extract showed strong antioxidant activity by 
inhibiting DPPH activity and reducing power 
activities when compared with standard l–ascorbic 
acid. Both the extracts were also found to contain a 
noticeable amount of total phenols, which play a key 
role in controlling oxidation. Thus extracts can be 
used as an easily available source of herbal 
antioxidant. 

10 

4 Rahman et al 
2017 

To evaluate anticancer activity 
of the methanolic extract 
of Cordia dichotoma leaves 
(MECD) against a human 
prostate carcinoma cell line, 
PC3. 

Results of this study confirm that MECD possesses 
antioxidant property due to presence of flavonoids in 
MECD and may be responsible for anti-cancer activity 
due to dual antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties. 

25 

5 Ibrahim et al 
2019 

To investigate the chemical 
composition, antioxidant and 

The CDFPE showed a powerful effect in scavenging 
superoxide radicals and chelating metals ions as well 

26 



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anti-tumor effects of C. 
dichotoma fruit pulp extract 
(CDFPE) 

as high reduction capability. Results concluded that 
anti-tumor activity of CDFPE may be attributed due to 
phenols, flavonoids, tannins and glucouronic acid 
contents that are documented as an antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and antitumor agents. 

6 Hussain  et al 
2020 

To stidy the anti-
inflammatory activity of C. 
dichotoma bark extract. 

The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH 
radical scavenging assay. In in vitro antioxidant 
activity, the methanolic extract of C. dichotoma 
exhibited good DPPH radical scavenging activity. 
Results of this study suggested that the anti-
inflammatory activity of C. dichotoma may be due to 
the presence of phenolic contents or plant flavonoids 
in the bark extract. 

27 

7 Hussain  et al 
2020 

to evaluate the antitumor and 
antioxidant activities of the 
methanol extract of Cordia 
dichotoma (MECD) against 
Ehrlich ascites carcinoma 
(EAC) in Swiss albino mice 

Results of study concluded that the antitumor activity 
of MECD can be inferred from the increased life span 
of EAC bearing mice which is due to its antioxidant 
activity 

28 

8 Usmani et al 
2021 

To assessed the antioxidant 
activity of methanolic extract 
and different fractions of the 
seeds of Cordia dichotoma 

Maximum scavenging activity was exhibited by the 
methanolic extract with a low IC50 value. Presence of 
phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which may be 
acting as the key factors responsible for the 
antioxidant activity. 

29 

9 Swapna et al 
2021 

AgNPs of Cordia 
dichotoma extract was 
fabricated to analyze their 
potential applications as 
antioxidant and biocidal 
agents 

Phytomediated eco-friendly synthesized and 
structurally characterized AgNPs can act as 
antioxidants and exhibited antibacterial activity 
against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and 
Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) pathogenic bacteria. 

4 

 

 

Conclusion and Future Prospective 

Over the past three decades, much scientific information 
has been accumulated regarding phytochemicals and 
pharmacology of C. dichotoma. However, this 
information has not been collectively discussed 
together, which is very important in understanding the 
therapeutic utility of this plant. 

Various compounds like flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins, 
alkaloids and fatty acids possessing different 
bioactivities were isolated from different parts of this 
plant. The various pharmacological studies carried out 
with extracts of different parts indicates that the C. 
dichotoma possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, 
antimicrobial, antiviral, wound healing, antidiabetic and 
antifertility activities.  Antioxidant activity was mainly 
attributed to the presence of flavonoids and phenolic 
compounds, which was confirmed by the IC50 data 
correlation in various reported work. Due to the very 
long tradition using C. dichotoma for management of 
various diseases and also because of what is known 
today about its chemical constituents and biological 
activities, it seems to be worth the effort of exploring 
this plant further and such information may be used for 
further research work related to C. dichotoma and other 
traditional systems of medicine. 

Financial support and sponsorship 

Nil 

Conflict of Interest  

There are no conflicts of interest 

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