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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided 

the original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Risk Mitigation and Benefits for Improved 
Patient Outcomes 

*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1  and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu 2  
1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda,  

2 School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda,  

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   24 December 2023     
Reviewed  26 January 2024 
Accepted   19 February 2024 
Published 15 March 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Transfusion Therapy in HIV: 
Risk Mitigation and Benefits for Improved Patient 
Outcomes, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2024; 4(1):32-37 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.62     

_____________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical 
Laboratory Science, Kampala International 
University, Uganda, 0000-0002-4538-0161 

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Transfusion therapy is a pivotal aspect of healthcare, especially for individuals living with Human 
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This comprehensive review aims to dissect the intricate landscape 
of transfusion therapy in HIV patients, emphasizing the delicate balance between risks and benefits 
to achieve enhanced patient outcomes. With advancements in blood safety measures and 
antiretroviral therapy (ART), navigating the complexities of transfusion therapy in HIV 
management becomes paramount for healthcare professionals. The review consolidates current 
knowledge and emerging trends, encompassing challenges, benefits, risks, and strategies to 
optimize transfusion therapy for improved patient care. The paper delineates key areas, including 
blood safety measures such as nucleic acid testing (NAT) and pathogen reduction technologies, 
emphasizing their role in ensuring safer blood products for transfusion in HIV patients. 
Furthermore, it explores the impact of HIV on hematological disorders, delving into transfusion-
transmitted infections and strategies to mitigate these risks. Additionally, it scrutinizes the 
therapeutic benefits of transfusion therapy in managing hematologic complications in HIV, while 
addressing potential risks, including immune reactions and adverse effects. Optimizing transfusion 
therapy in HIV necessitates personalized approaches, considering the individual patient's HIV 
status, comorbidities, and specific transfusion needs. The role of ART in reducing transfusion 
requirements and associated risks is highlighted, alongside emerging trends like novel therapies 
and alternative transfusion practices. 

Keywords: Transfusion therapy, HIV, blood safety, antiretroviral therapy, risks, benefits, patient 
outcomes, transfusion-transmitted infections, personalized treatment, hematology, blood products 

 

Introduction 

Transfusion therapy stands as a cornerstone in the 
multifaceted care of individuals living with Human 
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), presenting both challenges and 
opportunities for optimized patient outcomes. The intersection 
between transfusion therapy and HIV management demands a 
nuanced understanding of the risks and benefits inherent in 
administering blood products to this unique patient 
population.1-8 Individuals infected with HIV often encounter a 
myriad of hematologic complications, ranging from anemia to 
coagulation disorders, necessitating judicious and tailored 
transfusion strategies. Moreover, in the landscape of HIV care, 
the pursuit of safer blood products to mitigate transfusion-
transmitted infections has been an ongoing endeavor, with 
advancements in blood safety measures significantly impacting 
transfusion therapy.9-18 

This paper seeks to comprehensively explore the complex 
relationship between transfusion therapy and HIV, delving into 
the intricacies that healthcare professionals encounter when 
navigating the transfusion landscape for HIV-infected 
individuals. By synthesizing current knowledge, addressing 
challenges, highlighting benefits, and acknowledging potential 
risks, this review aims to provide a comprehensive 
understanding of transfusion therapy's role in improving 
patient outcomes in the context of HIV management. 

By synthesizing and analyzing existing clinical guidelines, 
recommendations, and emerging trends, this review aims to 
serve as a comprehensive guide for healthcare professionals 
involved in the management of HIV-infected individuals 
requiring transfusion support. Ultimately, it endeavors to 
underscore the imperative of a balanced and evidence-based 
approach to transfusion therapy in HIV, striving for improved 
patient outcomes, enhanced quality of care, and ensuring blood 
safety while mitigating potential risks. 

Transfusion Therapy in HIV: Overview 

Transfusion therapy in individuals living with Human 
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a crucial aspect of 
patient care, integral in managing various hematologic 
complications associated with the disease.  Advances in blood 
safety measures have revolutionized transfusion therapy for 
HIV patients. Rigorous screening techniques, including nucleic 
acid testing (NAT) and pathogen reduction technologies, have 
substantially minimized the risk of transfusion-transmitted 
infections (TTIs), ensuring safer blood products for individuals 
living with HIV. This enhanced safety profile has significantly 
improved the overall outlook for transfusion-dependent 
patients, bolstering confidence in transfusion practices.19-32 

HIV infection profoundly affects the hematopoietic system, 
leading to a spectrum of hematologic disorders. Anemia, 
thrombocytopenia, and coagulation abnormalities are among 

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                           Review Article                                                                           

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the common complications encountered in HIV-infected 
individuals. Transfusion therapy emerges as a critical 
intervention to manage these hematologic complications and 
mitigate associated morbidity and mortality. Understanding 
the intricate interplay between HIV pathogenesis and 
hematologic manifestations is pivotal for tailoring appropriate 
transfusion strategies.33-42 Despite advancements in blood 
safety, the risk of Transfusion-Transmitted Infections (TTIs) 
remains a concern in HIV patients requiring transfusions.43 
Addressing the risk of acquiring infections such as Hepatitis B 
and C, as well as other blood-borne pathogens, necessitates 
ongoing vigilance and adherence to stringent blood screening 
protocols. Strategies aimed at minimizing these risks, such as 
the implementation of donor selection criteria and improved 
testing methodologies, continue to evolve to ensure the highest 
standards of safety in transfusion therapy for HIV.44-53 

Transfusion therapy plays a pivotal role in managing anemia, 
thrombocytopenia, and other hematologic complications 
associated with HIV. Red blood cell transfusions alleviate 
symptoms of anemia, improve oxygen-carrying capacity, and 
ameliorate fatigue and weakness. Platelet transfusions, on the 
other hand, aid in preventing or managing bleeding 
complications, reducing the risk of hemorrhagic events in 
thrombocytopenic individuals.54-63 Despite the therapeutic 
benefits, transfusion therapy in HIV patients poses certain 
risks. These risks include immunological reactions, 
transfusion-associated circulatory overload, and potential 
transmission of infections, underscoring the importance of 
stringent screening protocols, close monitoring, and adherence 
to safety guidelines. 

Benefits and Risks of Transfusion Therapy in 
HIV 

Anemia is a common complication in HIV due to various factors, 
including the virus's impact on bone marrow function and 
medication side effects. Transfusions of red blood cells help 
alleviate anemia, improving oxygenation, reducing fatigue, and 
enhancing overall well-being.64 HIV-related thrombocytopenia, 
characterized by low platelet counts, increases the risk of 
bleeding. Platelet transfusions aid in managing or preventing 
hemorrhagic events, reducing the likelihood of severe bleeding 
complications. HIV can disrupt the body's coagulation cascade, 
leading to clotting or bleeding issues. Transfusions of clotting 
factors or fresh frozen plasma can help restore proper 
coagulation function, mitigating bleeding tendencies or 
abnormal clotting. By addressing hematologic complications, 
transfusion therapy enhances the quality of life for HIV 
patients, reducing symptoms such as weakness, shortness of 
breath, and the risk of bleeding events, thereby enabling better 
daily functioning. 

Risks and Challenges of Transfusion Therapy in 
HIV 

Immunologic reactions to transfused blood components, 
including febrile non-hemolytic reactions, allergic responses, 
and more severe conditions like transfusion-related acute lung 
injury (TRALI) or hemolytic reactions, pose risks. HIV-infected 
individuals, particularly those with compromised immune 
systems, might be more vulnerable to these reactions. Despite 
stringent screening protocols, there's a residual risk of 
acquiring infections such as Hepatitis B and C, HIV, or other 
pathogens through transfusions. This risk is a significant 
concern for HIV patients, necessitating continued adherence to 
rigorous blood safety measures to minimize the possibility of 
TTI transmission.65 Transfusion therapy may have 
immunomodulatory effects, potentially impacting the 
recipient's immune response. In HIV-infected individuals, the 
introduction of external blood products might influence disease 

progression or provoke immunological reactions that could 
complicate HIV management. Regular transfusions in HIV 
patients may lead to iron overload, requiring concurrent 
management with iron-chelating agents. This management 
adds complexity to the overall care regimen and requires 
careful monitoring to prevent complications associated with 
excessive iron levels. Transfusion therapy necessitates 
adequate resources, including access to safe blood products, 
specialized equipment, and trained healthcare professionals, 
posing logistical challenges in resource-limited settings. 
Balancing the benefits of transfusion therapy with its 
associated risks is essential in HIV patient care. Healthcare 
providers must carefully evaluate the necessity for 
transfusions, considering the potential risks of adverse 
reactions or infections. Personalized treatment plans, vigilant 
monitoring, and adherence to stringent blood safety protocols 
are vital to optimize patient outcomes while mitigating risks 
associated with transfusion therapy in HIV. 

Optimizing Transfusion Therapy in HIV 

Optimizing transfusion therapy in individuals living with 
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) involves a tailored and 
multidimensional approach aimed at maximizing therapeutic 
benefits while minimizing risks.66  Tailoring transfusion 
strategies based on the specific needs and clinical status of each 
HIV-infected patient is crucial. Factors such as the severity of 
hematologic complications, current viral load, CD4 count, 
comorbidities, and overall health status should be considered 
to develop personalized treatment plans. Adopting a 
conservative approach by using transfusions judiciously and 
only when clinically warranted helps mitigate risks associated 
with transfusion therapy. Implementing evidence-based 
guidelines and thresholds for transfusion triggers based on 
hemoglobin levels or platelet counts aids in optimizing the 
timing and frequency of transfusions. 

ART plays a pivotal role in HIV management, including its 
impact on hematologic parameters. Optimizing HIV control 
through effective ART can potentially reduce the need for 
transfusions by improving hematopoiesis and immune 
function. Close monitoring of patients' response to ART and its 
effect on transfusion requirements is essential.67-71 Long-term 
transfusion therapy can lead to iron overload, posing risks of 
organ damage. Monitoring iron levels and implementing iron-
chelating therapies when necessary are crucial to prevent 
complications associated with excessive iron accumulation in 
HIV patients receiving regular transfusions. Implementing 
stringent protocols for blood product selection, compatibility 
testing, and meticulous screening for potential transfusion-
transmitted infections remains imperative. Close monitoring 
during transfusions and prompt recognition and management 
of transfusion reactions are vital to mitigate associated risks. 

Exploring and utilizing alternative therapies to reduce 
transfusion dependence is beneficial. This may include 
erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), iron 
supplementation, or other adjunctive therapies aimed at 
managing anemia or other hematologic complications, thereby 
reducing the need for frequent transfusions.67 Regular training 
and education of healthcare providers involved in transfusion 
practices regarding updated guidelines, safety measures, and 
advancements in HIV care are crucial. Enhancing awareness 
about the risks and benefits of transfusion therapy fosters a 
patient-centered approach and aids in making informed clinical 
decisions. Encouraging research endeavors focused on 
developing novel therapies, blood substitutes, or transfusion 
alternatives specifically tailored for HIV-infected individuals is 
essential. This ongoing innovation contributes to improving 
transfusion practices, safety, and patient outcomes in the 
context of HIV care. By integrating these strategies into clinical 
practice, healthcare professionals can optimize transfusion 



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therapy in HIV, aiming to improve patient outcomes, reduce 
associated risks, and enhance the overall quality of care for 
individuals living with HIV-related hematologic complications. 

Clinical Guidelines and Recommendations 

Clinical guidelines and recommendations serve as essential 
tools for healthcare practitioners in delivering evidence-based 
care. In the context of transfusion therapy for individuals with 
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), various reputable 
organizations and expert bodies have developed guidelines 
offering recommendations for best practices.  The WHO offers 
comprehensive guidelines on blood transfusion safety and 
practices, emphasizing the importance of ensuring safe blood 
products through rigorous screening, testing, and quality 
assurance measures. These guidelines outline global standards 
for blood transfusion services, including safety protocols 
specifically relevant to HIV-infected individuals. Many 
countries have established national HIV/AIDS programs or 
health departments that issue specific guidelines on managing 
HIV-related complications, including transfusion therapy. 
These guidelines often integrate recommendations on safe 
transfusion practices, blood product selection, and transfusion 
monitoring for HIV-infected individuals. 

International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) provides 
guidance on transfusion practices, emphasizing safety, 
compatibility testing, and the appropriate use of blood 
products. Their recommendations often include considerations 
for vulnerable populations, such as those with 
immunocompromised conditions like HIV. Medical 
associations, such as hematology or infectious disease societies, 
frequently publish clinical practice guidelines focusing on the 
management of hematologic complications in HIV. These 
guidelines encompass transfusion thresholds, indications, and 
precautions specific to HIV-infected patients. Hospitals and 
healthcare institutions often establish transfusion committees 
that develop institution-specific protocols based on national 
and international guidelines. These protocols address 
transfusion safety, indications, and monitoring, taking into 
account the unique needs of HIV-infected individuals. 

Research organizations dedicated to HIV/AIDS, like the Centers 
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or the National 
Institutes of Health (NIH), regularly update treatment 
guidelines for managing HIV and its associated complications. 
These guidelines often contain sections addressing transfusion-
related considerations. Healthcare providers should regularly 
consult and adhere to these guidelines and recommendations 
while making clinical decisions regarding transfusion therapy 
in HIV. These documents provide evidence-based practices, 
safety measures, and considerations essential for optimizing 
care and ensuring the well-being of HIV-infected individuals 
requiring transfusion support. Additionally, staying updated 
with evolving research and guideline revisions is crucial to 
providing high-quality care aligned with the most current 
recommendations. 

Conclusion 

Transfusion therapy stands as a critical component in the 
multifaceted care of individuals living with Human 
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), addressing a spectrum of 
hematologic complications while posing inherent risks that 
necessitate careful consideration. This comprehensive review 
has navigated the landscape of transfusion therapy in the 
context of HIV, emphasizing the imperative of balancing 
therapeutic benefits with potential risks to optimize patient 
outcomes. Advancements in blood safety measures, including 
rigorous screening protocols and pathogen reduction 
technologies, have markedly enhanced the safety profile of 
transfusions, assuring safer blood products for HIV-infected 

individuals. However, despite these strides, the persistent risk 
of transfusion-transmitted infections remains a concern, 
necessitating ongoing vigilance and adherence to stringent 
safety protocols. 

The benefits of transfusion therapy in managing anemia, 
thrombocytopenia, and coagulation disorders in HIV patients 
are undeniable, significantly improving quality of life and 
reducing morbidity. Nonetheless, risks such as immunological 
reactions, transfusion-associated complications, and potential 
impacts on disease progression require meticulous monitoring 
and strategic utilization of transfusions. Optimizing transfusion 
therapy in HIV necessitates a personalized approach, 
considering individual patient factors, integrating 
antiretroviral therapy (ART), and exploring alternative 
therapies to reduce transfusion dependence. Moreover, 
continual adherence to evidence-based clinical guidelines, 
stringent safety measures, and ongoing research to innovate 
transfusion practices remain paramount. A judicious balance 
between maximizing therapeutic benefits and mitigating 
potential risks defines optimal transfusion therapy in HIV care. 
Through tailored treatment plans, adherence to safety 
protocols, integration with HIV management strategies, and 
continual education, healthcare professionals can navigate the 
complexities of transfusion therapy, striving for improved 
patient outcomes and enhanced quality of care in the journey of 
managing hematologic complications in HIV-infected 
individuals. 

Acknowledgements 

Not applicable 

Authors contribution 

All the authors were involved in conceptualization, 
methodology, visualization, validation, drafting and editing of 
the article 

Funding source 

No fund was received to write this paper 

Conflict of Interest 

The authors declare that they have no conflict interests. 

Ethical Clearance 

Not applicable 

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Obeagu et al                                                                                                                                 Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(1):32-37 

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levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of 
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32. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human 
immunodeficiency virus based on demographic and risk factors 
among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis, 
Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022 
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5 (8). 2022;137. links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-
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33. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and 
socio-demographic factors associated with non-adherence to 
antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS. Int. J. 
Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-142. DOI: 
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adherence-to-antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-
HIV-AIDS.pdf  

34. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review 
of Prevalence and Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 
2023;10(9):128-134.DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014 
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35. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. 
Haematological indices of malaria patients coinfected with HIV in 
Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(5):100-104. 
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36. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, 
Eze GC, Essien UC, Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. 
Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection According to 
Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics 
in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of 
Research in Microbiology. 2022;13(2):26-31. 
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37. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering 
Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Service 
Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni Hospital 
Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
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38. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella 
N. Comparative study of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay 
(Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV, Hbsag, Hcv and 
Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin 
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39. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, 
Obeagu EI, Emeje PI, Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP 
and AMP as an Index of Energy Utilization and Storage in HIV 
Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, 
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical 
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40. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors 
Influencing Early Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women 
with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies Delivering at Kampala 
International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal 
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023;6(1):203-211. 
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41. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven 
PE. Socio-Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS 
Initiated on ART in 2014 at Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu 

State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases. 
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42. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. 
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal 
Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 
International. 2021;33(57A):360-8. 
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43. Busch MP, Bloch EM, Kleinman S. Prevention of transfusion-
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44. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. Analysis of the Factors and 
Predictors of Adherence to Healthcare of People Living with 
HIV/AIDS In Tertiary Health Institutions in Enugu State. Madonna 
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45. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in 
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Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15. 
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/article/view/69  

46. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu 
EP, Ohale B, Obeagu EI. Weights Of Infants Born to HIV Infected 
Mothers: A Prospective Cohort Study In Federal Medical Centre, 
Owerri, Imo State. European Journal of Pharmaceutical and 
Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 564-568 

47. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe 
GC, Oze GO, Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. Biochemical 
Alterations in Adult HIV Patients on Antiretrqviral Therapy. World 
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 
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48. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation 
Parameters among HIV Positive Patients in Federal Medical 
Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 
2015;2(4):45-49. 

49. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS 
patients on highly active antiretro viral therapy: a review of 
prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2019;6(12):45-
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50. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of 
CD4/CD8 ratios in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. 
J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI: 
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51. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level 
of haemoglobin and erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in 
Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2016;2(4):29-33. 
links/5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-of-
haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-in-
Umuahia.pdf . 

52. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV 
Positive Patients in FMC Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 
2015;4(4):906-910. 
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53. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin 
and iron profile study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, 
Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5. 

54. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS 
Spread: Impact of Religious Leaders. Newport International 

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Obeagu et al                                                                                                                                 Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(1):32-37 

[37]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            AJDHS.COM 

Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-
31. 

55. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With 
HIV. AIDS: A Review. Newport International Journal of Public 
Health and Pharmacy (Nijpp). 2023;3(2):64-67. 

56. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and 
Cardiovascular diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport 
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 
2023;3(2):95-99. 

57. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective 
Study on Human Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant 
Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo State University 
Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and 
Dental Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14. 
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retros
pective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency
%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%2
0Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20
Teaching%20Hospital.pdf . 

58. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of 
some haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients 
before receiving treatment in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J 
Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830. 

59. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern 
of total white blood cell and differential count values in HIV 
positive patients receiving treatment in Federal Teaching Hospital 
Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life 
Science, Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-
189. 

60. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by 
HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of 
Medicine and Health Sciences ISSN: 2814-3035. 2023; 3 (1): 7-12. 

61. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation 
Profile in HIV Infection. International Journal of Innovative and 
Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-11. 

62. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, 
Amadike JN, Ezemma MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. 
Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins C and E in HIV 
infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of 
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271. 

63. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in 
patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia. NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL 
JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND EXPERIMENTAL SCIENCES 
(NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59. 

64. Kotwal J, Singh V, Kotwal A, Dutta V, Nair V. A study of 
haematological and bone marrow changes in symptomatic 
patients with human immune deficiency virus infection with 
special mention of functional iron deficiency, anaemia of critically 
ill and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. medical journal 
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65. Bloch EM, Vermeulen M, Murphy E. Blood transfusion safety in 
Africa: a literature review of infectious disease and organizational 
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PMid:21872426 PMCid:PMC3668661 

66. Cserti C. Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases. Risk 
Management in Blood Transfusion Medicine. 2019;39. 
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67. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D 
and insulin resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. 
Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2018;4(2):104-108. 

68. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood 
borne viral infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. 
Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66. 

69. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of 
Some Blood Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal 
Precautions among Laboratory Staff in Federal Teaching Hospital 
Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. 2018;1(2). 

70. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong 
OE, Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used 
Directly Observed Treatment Short-course centres in Yenagoa, 
Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75. 

71. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh 
DN. Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV 
infected MSM attending Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos 
Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 
2021;33(52B):10-19. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33593

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mjafi.2012.11.002
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmrv.2011.07.006
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-54837-3.00005-5
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33593

