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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided 

the original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Mental Health and Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster on HIV 
Patients 

*Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu 1  and Getrude Uzoma Obeagu 2  
1 Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Kampala International University, Uganda,  

2 School of Nursing Science, Kampala International University, Uganda,  

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   27 December 2023     
Reviewed  29 January 2024 
Accepted   22 February 2024 
Published 15 March 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Mental Health and 
Psychosocial Effects of natural disaster on HIV 
Patients, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2024; 4(1):38-44 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.63      

_____________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Department of Medical 
Laboratory Science, Kampala International 
University, Uganda, 0000-0002-4538-0161 

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Natural disasters pose unique challenges to individuals living with HIV/AIDS, impacting their 
mental health and psychosocial well-being. This review explores the complex interplay between 
natural disasters and the mental health implications for HIV patients. Disruptions in healthcare 
infrastructure, medication access, and treatment continuity during disasters significantly affect 
disease management, leading to heightened stress, anxiety, and trauma among this vulnerable 
population. Social support networks, crucial for those with HIV, often suffer severe setbacks, 
exacerbating mental health issues. The aftermath of disasters may induce long-term psychological 
effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Understanding these 
multifaceted impacts is critical in developing tailored interventions and support systems to mitigate 
the mental health consequences experienced by individuals living with HIV in the wake of natural 
disasters. Further research and targeted interventions are essential to address the specific needs of 
this population and promote resilience in the face of such calamities. 

Keywords: mental health, psychosocial effect, natural disaster, HIV, AIDS, emergency 

 

Introduction 

Natural disasters, ranging from hurricanes and earthquakes to 
floods and wildfires, present multifaceted challenges that 
extend beyond immediate physical devastation. Amidst the 
chaos and upheaval caused by these catastrophic events, 
individuals living with HIV/AIDS constitute a particularly 
vulnerable population facing unique mental health and 
psychosocial ramifications. The intersection of natural 
disasters and the complex landscape of HIV care introduces 
intricate challenges, disrupting access to crucial healthcare 
services, medication adherence, and psychosocial support 
networks.1-11 The impact of natural disasters on the mental 
health of HIV patients is a topic of increasing concern and 
study.12 Disruptions in healthcare infrastructure, exacerbated 
by the chaos following disasters, disrupt the continuity of care 
essential for managing HIV. This disruption not only amplifies 
the existing stressors but also triggers heightened levels of 
anxiety, fear, and uncertainty among individuals grappling with 
the dual burden of a chronic illness and the aftermath of a 
disaster.13-19 

Moreover, the erosion of social support networks - a 
cornerstone of coping mechanisms for those living with HIV - 
during and after a natural disaster intensifies the psychosocial 
strain.20 Loss of familial ties, community structures, or access to 
essential support services compounds the challenges faced by 
HIV-positive individuals, often leading to profound isolation 
and exacerbating mental health vulnerabilities.21-28 While 

immediate relief efforts focus on addressing physical needs and 
infrastructural rehabilitation post-disaster, the long-term 
mental health implications for individuals living with HIV often 
remain overlooked. Understanding the intricate interplay 
between natural disasters and mental health outcomes in this 
population is pivotal in devising targeted interventions and 
support systems that cater to their specific needs. This paper 
aims to delve into the nuanced dynamics of how natural 
disasters impact the mental health and psychosocial well-being 
of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. By synthesizing existing 
literature and highlighting key challenges, it seeks to 
underscore the urgency of addressing the mental health 
repercussions of disasters among this vulnerable demographic. 
Ultimately, this exploration underscores the importance of 
tailored interventions and comprehensive support frameworks 
to mitigate the mental health burden experienced by HIV 
patients in the wake of natural disasters. 

Disruption of Healthcare Services 

Disruption of healthcare services due to natural disasters 
presents a critical challenge for individuals living with 
HIV/AIDS.29 The aftermath of such calamities often leads to 
severe disruptions in healthcare infrastructure, hindering 
access to essential medical care, medications, and ongoing 
treatment for HIV-positive individuals.30-34 Natural disasters, 
whether hurricanes, earthquakes, or floods, can damage 
healthcare facilities, compromise supply chains, and displace 
healthcare providers.35 This disruption not only limits the 

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http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i1.63
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immediate availability of medical care but also impedes the 
continuity of treatment essential for managing HIV/AIDS. 
Interruptions in the supply of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 
other necessary medications can have dire consequences, 
leading to treatment interruptions, viral resistance, disease 
progression, and increased morbidity among those living with 
HIV.36-44 

Moreover, displaced populations or individuals forced to 
evacuate their homes due to disasters often encounter 
challenges in accessing healthcare services, including HIV 
testing, counseling, and follow-up care. This displacement can 
sever the established patient-provider relationships crucial for 
effective disease management, leaving individuals without 
critical medical guidance and support.45-52 Furthermore, the 
overwhelming demands on healthcare systems in the aftermath 
of a natural disaster often divert resources away from 
HIV/AIDS care programs. The allocation of resources towards 
immediate emergency response efforts may result in a 
temporary or prolonged neglect of ongoing HIV treatment and 
care services, exacerbating the vulnerabilities of HIV-positive 
individuals.53-60 Addressing the disruption of healthcare 
services during and after natural disasters necessitates 
proactive planning, resource allocation, and resilient 
healthcare systems. Ensuring the continuity of HIV/AIDS care 
amidst such crises requires pre-disaster planning, establishing 
contingency measures, and strengthening healthcare 
infrastructures to withstand the impact of disasters.61-68 Efforts 
to enhance disaster preparedness within healthcare systems 
should prioritize strategies for maintaining the supply chain of 
medications, securing alternative care sites, training healthcare 
personnel in disaster response protocols, and fostering 
collaborations between disaster response agencies and HIV 
care providers. By mitigating the disruptions to healthcare 
services, it becomes possible to safeguard the well-being and 
health outcomes of individuals living with HIV/AIDS in the face 
of natural disasters. 

Stress and Psychological Impact 

The experience of natural disasters significantly impacts the 
mental health and psychological well-being of individuals living 
with HIV/AIDS. The combination of managing a chronic illness 
and enduring the traumatic aftermath of a disaster creates a 
complex and heightened psychological burden on this 
vulnerable population.69-74 Natural disasters generate an array 
of stressors that exacerbate the existing challenges faced by 
HIV-positive individuals. The uncertainty surrounding access 
to essential medications, disrupted healthcare services, and the 
loss of stable living conditions can trigger acute stress, anxiety, 
and fear. The fear of treatment interruption, disease 
progression, or complications due to the unavailability of 
necessary medical care intensifies psychological distress 
among those managing HIV.75-79 Moreover, the trauma 
experienced during disasters, including the loss of loved ones, 
displacement, property damage, or witnessing distressing 
events, compounds the psychological impact. Individuals living 
with HIV may be particularly susceptible to the mental health 
consequences of such traumas, leading to heightened levels of 
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety 
disorders. The psychological toll extends beyond the immediate 
aftermath, often resulting in prolonged mental health 
challenges. Chronic stressors stemming from the disruption of 
daily routines, loss of social support networks, and ongoing 
uncertainty regarding healthcare access contribute to 
sustained psychological distress among HIV-positive 
individuals affected by natural disasters. Addressing the stress 
and psychological impact necessitates comprehensive mental 
health support and interventions tailored to the unique needs 
of this population. Integrating mental health services into 
disaster response efforts and HIV care programs is crucial. 

Providing accessible and culturally sensitive mental health 
support, counseling services, and psychosocial interventions 
can aid in coping with trauma, reducing stress, and fostering 
resilience among individuals living with HIV in the wake of a 
natural disaster. Additionally, community-based support 
networks and peer-led interventions play a pivotal role in 
offering emotional support, sharing coping strategies, and 
reducing the isolation experienced by those affected. 
Empowering individuals with information, promoting self-care 
practices, and building adaptive coping mechanisms are 
essential components of mitigating the psychological impact of 
disasters on HIV-positive individuals, promoting mental well-
being, and facilitating their recovery process. 

Social Support Networks 

Social support networks serve as a crucial lifeline for 
individuals living with HIV/AIDS, offering emotional, practical, 
and informational support.80 However, the disruption caused 
by natural disasters profoundly impacts these support systems, 
leaving those affected by HIV more vulnerable and isolated. The 
aftermath of a natural disaster often leads to the disintegration 
or severe strain on established social support networks. Loss of 
family members, friends, or community ties, displacement, and 
relocation to unfamiliar environments can sever the vital 
connections that individuals living with HIV rely on for 
emotional support and solidarity. The breakdown of these 
networks intensifies feelings of loneliness, isolation, and 
helplessness among this already marginalized population.80 

Moreover, disruptions in communication infrastructure and 
community services hinder the ability to access support groups, 
counseling services, and peer networks that are instrumental in 
coping with the challenges of HIV/AIDS. Lack of access to these 
resources further compounds the sense of social isolation and 
exacerbates the psychological distress experienced by HIV-
positive individuals.80 Rebuilding and strengthening social 
support networks are pivotal in mitigating the psychosocial 
impact of natural disasters on individuals living with HIV/AIDS. 
Efforts aimed at community resilience and recovery should 
focus on reestablishing these networks, fostering community 
engagement, and providing platforms for mutual aid and peer 
support. Community-based organizations, NGOs, and 
healthcare providers play a critical role in facilitating the 
reconnection of affected individuals to support groups and 
community services. Creating safe spaces for dialogue, peer 
support initiatives, and support groups—whether in-person or 
through virtual platforms—can help individuals rebuild their 
social networks, share experiences, and access essential 
emotional support. Additionally, interventions that empower 
community members to become peer supporters or advocates 
within their communities can enhance social cohesion and 
resilience. Training programs aimed at equipping individuals 
with the skills to provide emotional support, disseminate 
accurate health information, and promote self-care practices 
foster a sense of empowerment and belonging among those 
affected by both HIV and natural disasters. By prioritizing the 
restoration and strengthening of social support networks, it 
becomes possible to alleviate the isolation and psychological 
distress experienced by individuals living with HIV in the 
aftermath of natural disasters, fostering resilience and 
promoting their overall well-being. 

Medication Adherence and Disease 
Management 

Natural disasters pose significant challenges to medication 
adherence and disease management among individuals living 
with HIV/AIDS. The disruptions caused by these catastrophic 
events often lead to barriers that compromise the continuity of 
care, medication adherence, and disease management for this 
vulnerable population.81 The aftermath of a natural disaster can 



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result in the displacement of individuals, damage to healthcare 
facilities, and disruptions in supply chains, leading to 
difficulties in accessing essential medications, including 
antiretroviral therapy (ART). Displaced individuals may face 
challenges in locating healthcare providers or pharmacies that 
supply their prescribed medications, resulting in treatment 
interruptions or delays in accessing necessary drugs.81 

Moreover, the chaos and upheaval following a disaster can 
create logistical obstacles that hinder adherence to strict 
medication schedules. Individuals may lose their medication 
supply, have medications damaged, or face difficulties in 
storing medications properly in emergency situations, 
impacting their ability to adhere to the prescribed treatment 
regimens. Disruptions in healthcare services, including the 
unavailability of healthcare providers, the loss of medical 
records, and the absence of regular follow-up appointments, 
further complicate disease management for those living with 
HIV. The lack of continuity in care can lead to challenges in 
monitoring the progression of the disease, addressing potential 
complications, and providing necessary medical guidance to 
patients.81 Addressing medication adherence and disease 
management during and after natural disasters requires a 
multi-faceted approach that encompasses both short-term and 
long-term strategies. Pre-disaster planning and preparedness 
efforts are crucial in ensuring the availability and accessibility 
of medications, establishing contingency plans for medication 
distribution, and securing alternative healthcare facilities in the 
event of healthcare infrastructure damage. Furthermore, 
educating and empowering individuals living with HIV/AIDS 
about emergency preparedness, including strategies for 
medication storage, retrieval, and adherence during disasters, 
can enhance their resilience. Providing emergency medication 
kits, promoting adherence reminder systems, and utilizing 
telemedicine or remote consultations where feasible can also 
support continued disease management amidst disruptions. 
Collaboration between healthcare providers, public health 
agencies, community organizations, and disaster response 
teams is essential in developing comprehensive strategies that 
prioritize the continuity of HIV/AIDS care during and after 
natural disasters.80 By addressing the challenges related to 
medication adherence and disease management, it becomes 
possible to minimize the adverse effects on the health outcomes 
of individuals living with HIV in the face of such crises. 

Long-term Mental Health Effects 

The long-term mental health effects resulting from natural 
disasters among individuals living with HIV/AIDS can persist 
well beyond the immediate aftermath, posing substantial 
challenges to their overall well-being and quality of life.82 The 
traumatic experiences associated with natural disasters can 
leave enduring psychological impacts on HIV-positive 
individuals. Prolonged exposure to stress, loss of social support 
networks, displacement, and uncertainty about healthcare 
access contribute to the development of persistent mental 
health conditions among this vulnerable population.82 

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the long-term 
mental health effects commonly observed in individuals 
affected by both natural disasters and HIV/AIDS. Symptoms of 
PTSD, such as intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and avoidance 
behaviors, may persist long after the disaster has occurred, 
significantly impairing daily functioning and exacerbating the 
existing challenges of managing a chronic illness like HIV.83 

Additionally, depression and anxiety disorders tend to linger as 
enduring mental health concerns among HIV-positive 
individuals affected by natural disasters. The ongoing stressors 
stemming from the disruption of routine, loss of stability, and 
difficulties in rebuilding life post-disaster contribute to a higher 
prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders 
within this demographic.83 These long-term mental health 

effects often lead to a complex interplay of physical and 
psychological health issues. Chronic stress and mental health 
disorders can impact immune function, potentially affecting 
HIV disease progression and treatment outcomes. Moreover, 
untreated mental health conditions can hinder medication 
adherence, further complicating disease management and 
increasing the risk of adverse health outcomes.82 Addressing 
the long-term mental health effects necessitates sustained and 
tailored interventions that prioritize mental health support as 
an integral component of ongoing care for individuals living 
with HIV/AIDS post-disaster. Long-term mental health 
programs, counseling services, and access to psychiatric care 
should be integrated into HIV care settings to ensure continued 
support for those grappling with persistent psychological 
challenges. Psychoeducation, coping skills training, and 
trauma-focused interventions are essential in helping 
individuals build resilience, manage stress, and address 
lingering mental health issues. Moreover, fostering peer 
support networks and community-based initiatives that 
promote social connectedness and emotional support can aid in 
mitigating the long-term mental health effects, promoting 
recovery, and enhancing overall well-being among individuals 
living with HIV affected by natural disasters. 

Recommendations and ways forward 

Addressing the mental health and psychosocial effects of 
natural disasters on individuals living with HIV/AIDS requires 
a multi-dimensional approach that integrates various 
strategies and interventions.  Develop comprehensive disaster 
preparedness plans within healthcare systems that specifically 
address the needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS. 
Integrate strategies to ensure continuity of care, medication 
access, and psychosocial support during and after disasters. 
Establish contingency plans for the distribution of essential 
medications, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), during 
disasters. Ensure stockpiling, alternative distribution methods, 
and collaborations with local pharmacies or healthcare 
facilities to provide uninterrupted access to medications. 

Integrate mental health services into routine HIV care settings. 
Provide access to counseling, psychotherapy, and support 
groups tailored to address trauma, stress, depression, and 
anxiety among HIV-positive individuals affected by disasters. 
Foster community resilience by empowering and engaging 
local communities in disaster response efforts. Develop peer 
support networks, community-based organizations, and 
initiatives that provide emotional support, information 
dissemination, and assistance in rebuilding social support 
structures. Conduct education and training programs aimed at 
raising awareness about disaster preparedness, stress 
management, and coping strategies among individuals living 
with HIV/AIDS. Empower them with knowledge and skills to 
navigate emergencies and mitigate mental health challenges. 
Forge partnerships between healthcare providers, disaster 
response agencies, governmental organizations, NGOs, and 
community groups. Collaborate to create a coordinated 
response system that addresses both immediate and long-term 
needs of HIV-positive individuals affected by disasters. 

Utilize telemedicine and technology to facilitate remote 
healthcare consultations, medication monitoring, and 
psychosocial support services, especially in situations where 
physical access to healthcare facilities is disrupted. Encourage 
research initiatives to understand the specific mental health 
and psychosocial needs of individuals living with HIV/AIDS 
after disasters. Collect data to inform evidence-based 
interventions and policies aimed at better supporting this 
population. 

Advocate for policies that prioritize the mental health needs of 
individuals living with HIV/AIDS in disaster response and 



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recovery efforts. Support policy changes that ensure equitable 
access to healthcare and mental health services in post-disaster 
scenarios. 

Conclusion 

The intersection of natural disasters and the lives of individuals 
living with HIV/AIDS presents complex challenges, significantly 
impacting their mental health and psychosocial well-being. The 
aftermath of disasters disrupts healthcare services, medication 
adherence, social support networks, and exacerbates stress, 
trauma, and long-term mental health conditions among this 
vulnerable population. Addressing the mental health and 
psychosocial effects of natural disasters on individuals living 
with HIV/AIDS requires concerted efforts at various levels. 
Integrating disaster preparedness plans within healthcare 
systems, ensuring uninterrupted access to medications, and 
strengthening mental health support services are crucial steps 
in mitigating the impact. 

Community-based initiatives that rebuild social support 
networks, educate and empower individuals, and foster 
resilience within affected communities play a pivotal role. 
Collaboration between healthcare providers, disaster response 
agencies, policymakers, and community organizations are 
essential in creating a holistic response that meets the specific 
needs of this population. Sustained interventions focused on 
mental health, psychosocial support, and rebuilding resilience 
can contribute significantly to the recovery and well-being of 
individuals living with HIV/AIDS affected by natural disasters. 
By prioritizing these efforts, we can strive towards ensuring 
equitable access to healthcare, promoting mental well-being, 
and enhancing the overall quality of life for this vulnerable 
demographic in the wake of calamities. Ultimately, these 
actions are fundamental in creating a more supportive and 
resilient environment for individuals managing HIV/AIDS 
amidst the challenges posed by natural disasters. 

Acknowledgements 

Not applicable 

Authors contribution 

All the authors were involved in conceptualization, 
methodology, visualization, validation, drafting and editing of 
the article 

Funding source 

No fund was received to write this paper 

Conflict of Interest 

The authors declare that they have no conflict interests. 

Ethical Clearance 

Not applicable 

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19. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, 
Amadike JN, Elendu HN, Ofoedeme CN, Ozims SJ, Nwankpa P. 
Change in Lipid Peroxidation Marker (MDA) and Non enzymatic 
Antioxidants (VIT C & E) in HIV Seropositive Children in an Urban 
Community of Abia State. Nigeria. J. Bio. Innov. 2016;5(1):24-30. 
https://5ae735e9a6fdcc5b33eb8d6a/CHANGE-IN-LIPID-
PEROXIDATION-MARKER-MDAAND-NON-ENZYMATIC-
ANTIOXIDANTS-VIT-C-E-IN-HIV-SEROPOSITIVE-CHILDREN-IN-
AN-URBAN-COMMUNITY-OF-ABIA-STATE-NIGERIA.pdf  . 

20. Au A. Mental Health in East Asia: Cultural Beliefs, Social Networks, 
and Mental Health Experiences. Taylor & Francis; 2023. 
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003308720 

21. Igwe CM, Obeagu IE, Ogbuabor OA. Clinical characteristics of 
people living with HIV/AIDS on ART in 2014 at tertiary health 
institutions in Enugu, Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022 
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5 (6). 2022;130. https://645a166f5762c95ac3817d32/Clinical-
characteristics-of-people-living-with-HIV-AIDS-on-ART-in-2014-
at-tertiary-health-institutions-in-Enugu.pdf  . 

22. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU, Ijeoma FO, Chioma UI. The values of 
activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) among HIV positive 
patients in FMC Owerri. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev. 2015; 3:139-144. 
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nuel_Ifeanyi3__et_al.IJCRAR.pdf . 

23. Obiomah CF, Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Swem CA, Amachukwu BO. 
Hematological indices o HIV seropositive subjects in Nnamdi 
Azikiwe University teaching hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi. Ann Clin 
Lab Res. 2018;6(1):1-4. 
https://5aa2bb17a6fdccd544b7526e/Haematological-Indices-of-
HIV-Seropositive-Subjects-at-Nnamdi-Azikiwe.pdf    

24. Omo-Emmanuel UK, Ochei KC, Osuala EO, Obeagu EI, 
Onwuasoanya UF. Impact of prevention of mother to child 
transmission (PMTCT) of HIV on positivity rate in Kafanchan, 
Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(2): 28-34.DOI: 
https://10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.02.005  

25. Aizaz M, Abbas FA, Abbas A, Tabassum S, Obeagu EI. Alarming rise 
in HIV cases in Pakistan: Challenges and future recommendations 
at hand. Health Science Reports. 2023 Aug;6(8):e1450. 
https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1450 PMid:37520460 
PMCid:PMC10375546 

26. Obeagu EI, Amekpor F, Scott GY. An update of human 
immunodeficiency virus infection: Bleeding disorders. J Pub 
Health Nutri. 2023 

6 (1). 2023;139. links/645b4a6c2edb8e5f094d9bd9/An-update-of-
human-immunodeficiency-virus-infection-Bleeding.pdf. 

27. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Ofodile AC, Edoho SH, Ahamefula 
C. Prevention of New Cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus: 
Pragmatic Approaches of Saving Life in Developing Countries. 
Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health Sciences. 
2022;2(3):128-34. 
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine
/article/view/86 . 

28. Walter O, Anaebo QB, Obeagu EI, Okoroiwu IL. Evaluation of 
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Prothrombin Time in 
HIV and TB Patients in Owerri Metropolis. Journal of 

Pharmaceutical Research International. 2022:29-34. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2022/v34i3A35560 

29. Obeagu EI, Ubosi NI, Uzoma G. Storms and Struggles: Managing 
HIV Amid Natural Disasters. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 
2023;10(11):14-25. 

30. Odo M, Ochei KC, Obeagu EI, Barinaadaa A, Eteng EU, Ikpeme M, 
Bassey JO, Paul AO. Cascade variabilities in TB case finding among 
people living with HIV and the use of IPT: assessment in three 
levels of care in cross River State, Nigeria. Journal of 
Pharmaceutical Research International. 2020;32(24):9-18. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2430789 

31. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI. Seroprevalence of human 
immunodeficiency virus based on demographic and risk factors 
among pregnant women attending clinics in Zaria Metropolis, 
Nigeria. J Pub Health Nutri. 2022 
https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2022/v13i230295 

5 (8). 2022;137. links/6317a6b1acd814437f0ad268/Seroprevalence-
of-human-immunodeficiency-virus-based-on-demographic-and-
risk-factors-among-pregnant-women-attending-clinics-in-Zaria-
Metropolis-Nigeria.pdf. 

32. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. A Review of knowledge, attitudes and 
socio-demographic factors associated with non-adherence to 
antiretroviral therapy among people living with HIV/AIDS. Int. J. 
Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 2023;10(9):135-42.DOI: 
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attitudes-and-socio-demographic-factors-associated-with-non-
adherence-to-antiretroviral-therapy-among-people-living-with-
HIV-AIDS.pdf    

33. Obeagu EI, Onuoha EC. Tuberculosis among HIV Patients: A review 
of Prevalence and Associated Factors. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. 
2023;10(9):128-34.DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2023.10.09.014  
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Patients-A-review-of-Prevalence-and-Associated-Factors.pdf  . 

34. Obeagu EI, Ibeh NC, Nwobodo HA, Ochei KC, Iwegbulam CP. 
Haematological indices of malaria patients coinfected with HIV in 
Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2017;3(5):100-4.  
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al_indices_of_malaria_patients_coinfected_with_HIV.pdf  
https://doi.org/10.22192/ijcrms.2017.03.05.014 

35. Dixit A, Dutta P. Thematic review of healthcare supply chain in 
disasters with challenges and future research directions. 
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2023 :104161. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.104161 

36. Jakheng SP, Obeagu EI, Abdullahi IO, Jakheng EW, Chukwueze CM, 
Eze GC, Essien UC, Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Vidya S, Kumar S. 
Distribution Rate of Chlamydial Infection According to 
Demographic Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Clinics 
in Zaria Metropolis, Kaduna State, Nigeria. South Asian Journal of 
Research in Microbiology. 2022;13(2):26-31. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/sajrm/2022/v13i230295 

37. Viola N, Kimono E, Nuruh N, Obeagu EI. Factors Hindering 
Elimination of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Service 
Uptake among HIV Positive Women at Comboni Hospital 
Kyamuhunga Bushenyi District. Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2023;3(2):7-14.  
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https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v3i2.39 

38. Okorie HM, Obeagu Emmanuel I, Okpoli Henry CH, Chukwu Stella 
N. Comparative study of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay 
(Elisa) and rapid test screening methods on HIV, Hbsag, Hcv and 
Syphilis among voluntary donors in. Owerri, Nigeria. J Clin 
Commun Med. 2020;2(3):180-83.DOI: DOI: 
10.32474/JCCM.2020.02.000137 
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Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-HCV-and-Syphilis-among-
Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf  . 

39. Ezugwu UM, Onyenekwe CC, Ukibe NR, Ahaneku JE, Onah CE, 
Obeagu EI, Emeje PI, Awalu JC, Igbokwe GE. Use of ATP, GTP, ADP 

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https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/86
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https://doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v3i2.39
https://5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf
https://5f344530458515b7291bd95f/Comparative-Study-of-Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay-ElISA-and-Rapid-Test-Screening-Methods-on-HIV-HBsAg-HCV-and-Syphilis-among-Voluntary-Donors-in-Owerri-Nigeria.pdf
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Obeagu et al                                                                                                                                 Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(1):38-44 

[43]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            AJDHS.COM 

and AMP as an Index of Energy Utilization and Storage in HIV 
Infected Individuals at NAUTH, Nigeria: A Longitudinal, 
Prospective, Case-Controlled Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical 
Research International. 2021;33(47A):78-84. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47A32992 

40. Emannuel G, Martin O, Peter OS, Obeagu EI, Daniel K. Factors 
Influencing Early Neonatal Adverse Outcomes among Women 
with HIV with Post Dated Pregnancies Delivering at Kampala 
International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda. Asian Journal 
of Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2023 Jul 29;6(1):203-211. 
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/ . 

41. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO, Eze GC, Ikpenwa JN, Eze-Steven 
PE. Socio-Demographic Variables of People Living with HIV/AIDS 
Initiated on ART in 2014 at Tertiary Health Institution in Enugu 
State. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases. 
2022;10(4):1-7. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2022/v10i430294 

42. Vincent CC, Obeagu EI, Agu IS, Ukeagu NC, Onyekachi-Chigbu AC. 
Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy among HIV/AIDS in Federal 
Medical Centre, Owerri. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 
International. 2021;33(57A):360-368. 
https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i57A34007 

43. Igwe MC, Obeagu EI, Ogbuabor AO. ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS 
AND PREDICTORS OF ADHERENCE TO HEALTHCARE OF PEOPLE 
LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN TERTIARY HEALTH INSTITUTIONS IN 
ENUGU STATE. Madonna University journal of Medicine and 
Health Sciences. 2022;2(3):42-57. 
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine
/article/view/75 . 

44. Madekwe CC, Madekwe CC, Obeagu EI. Inequality of monitoring in 
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Tuberculosis and Malaria: A 
Review. Madonna University journal of Medicine and Health 
Sciences. 2022;2(3):6-15. 
https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine
/article/view/69  

45. Echendu GE, Vincent CC, Ibebuike J, Asodike M, Naze N, Chinedu 
EP, Ohale B, Obeagu EI. WEIGHTS OF INFANTS BORN TO HIV 
INFECTED MOTHERS: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN 
FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE, OWERRI, IMO STATE. European 
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 2023; 10(8): 
564-568 

46. Nwosu DC, Nwanjo HU, Okolie NJ, Ikeh K, Ajero CM, Dike J, Ojiegbe 
GC, Oze GO, Obeagu EI, Nnatunanya I, Azuonwu O. BIOCHEMICAL 
ALTERATIONS IN ADULT HIV PATIENTS ON ANTIRETRQVIRAL 
THERAPY. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical 
Sciences, 2015; 4(3): 153-160. 
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ALTERATIONS-IN-ADULT-HIV-PATIENTS-ON-ANTIRETRQVIRAL-
THERAPY.pdf  . 

47. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU. Effect of CD4 Counts on Coagulation 
Parameters among HIV Positive Patients in Federal Medical 
Centre, Owerri, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol. 
2015;2(4):45-49. 

48. Obeagu EI, Nwosu DC. Adverse drug reactions in HIV/AIDS 
patients on highly active antiretro viral therapy: a review of 
prevalence. Int. J. Curr. Res. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 2019;6(12):45-
8.DOI: 10.22192/ijcrcps.2019.06.12.004 
https://650aba1582f01628f0335795/Adverse-drug-reactions-in-
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review-of-prevalence.pdf  . 

49. Obeagu EI, Scott GY, Amekpor F, Obeagu GU. Implications of 
CD4/CD8 ratios in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infections. Int. 
J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2023;9(2):6-13.DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.22192/ijcrms.2023.09.02.002  
https://645a4a462edb8e5f094ad37c/Implications-of-CD4-CD8-
ratios-in-Human-Immunodeficiency-Virus-infections.pdf . 

50. Obeagu EI, Ochei KC, Okeke EI, Anode AC. Assessment of the level 
of haemoglobin and erythropoietin in persons living with HIV in 
Umuahia. Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2016;2(4):29-33. 
https://5711c47508aeebe07c02496b/Assessment-of-the-level-
of-haemoglobin-and-erythropoietin-in-persons-living-with-HIV-
in-Umuahia.pdf . 

51. Ifeanyi OE, Obeagu GU. The Values of CD4 Count, among HIV 
Positive Patients in FMC Owerri. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 
2015;4(4):906-910. 
https://www.academia.edu/download/38320134/Obeagu_Emma
nuel_Ifeanyi_and_Obeagu__Getrude_Uzoma.EMMA2.pdf . 

52. Obeagu EI, Okeke EI, Anonde Andrew C. Evaluation of haemoglobin 
and iron profile study among persons living with HIV in Umuahia, 
Abia state, Nigeria. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biol. Med. 2016;1(2):1-5. 

53. Alum EU, Ugwu OP, Obeagu EI, Okon MB. Curtailing HIV/AIDS 
Spread: Impact of Religious Leaders. Newport International 
Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 2023;3(2):28-
31. 

54. Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Paul-Chima UO. Stigma Associated With 
HIV. AIDS: A Review. Newport International Journal of Public 
Health and Pharmacy (NIJPP). 2023;3(2):64-67. 

55. Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OP, Aja PM, Okon MB. HIV Infection and 
Cardiovascular diseases: The obnoxious Duos. Newport 
International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences (NIJRMS). 
2023;3(2):95-99. 

56. Ibebuike JE, Nwokike GI, Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI. A Retrospective 
Study on Human Immune Deficiency Virus among Pregnant 
Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Imo State University 
Teaching Hospital. International Journal of Medical Science and 
Dental Research, 2018; 1 (2):08-14. 
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retros
pective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency
%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%2
0Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20
Teaching%20Hospital.pdf . 

57. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Omeh YN, Okoro NK, Eze OB. Assessment of 
some haematological and biochemical parametrs in HIV patients 
before receiving treatment in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria. Res J 
Pharma Biol Chem Sci. 2014; 5:825-830. 

58. Obeagu EI, Obarezi TN, Ogbuabor BN, Anaebo QB, Eze GC. Pattern 
of total white blood cell and differential count values in HIV 
positive patients receiving treatment in Federal Teaching Hospital 
Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Life 
Science, Biotechnology and Pharama Research. 2014; 391:186-9. 

59. Obeagu EI. A Review of Challenges and Coping Strategies Faced by 
HIV/AIDS Discordant Couples. Madonna University journal of 
Medicine and Health Sciences. 2023; 3 (1): 7-12. 

60. Oloro OH, Obeagu EI. A Systematic Review on Some Coagulation 
Profile in HIV Infection. International Journal of Innovative and 
Applied Research. 2022;10(5):1-1. 

61. Nwosu DC, Obeagu EI, Nkwuocha BC, Nwanna CA, Nwanjo HU, 
Amadike JN, Ezemma MC, Okpomeshine EA, Ozims SJ, Agu GC. 
Alterations in superoxide dismutiase, vitamins C and E in HIV 
infected children in Umuahia, Abia state. International Journal of 
Advanced Research in Biological Sciences. 2015;2(11):268-271. 

62. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in 
patients with Sickle Cell Anaemia. Newport International Journal 
of Scientific and Experimental Sciences (NIJSES). 2023;3(2):56-59. 

63. Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Stella EI, Chinedum OK, Abum SC. Vitamin D 
and insulin resistance in HIV sero positive individuals in Umudike. 
Int. J. Curr. Res. Med. Sci. 2018;4(2):104-108. 

64. Ifeanyi OE, Leticia OI, Nwosu D, Chinedum OK. A Review on blood 
borne viral infections: universal precautions. Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. 
Sci. 2018;5(6):60-66. 

65. Nwovu AI, Ifeanyi OE, Uzoma OG, Nwebonyi NS. Occurrence of 
Some Blood Borne Viral Infection and Adherence to Universal 
Precautions among Laboratory Staff in Federal Teaching Hospital 
Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Arch Blood Transfus Disord. 2018;1(2). 

66. Chinedu K, Takim AE, Obeagu EI, Chinazor UD, Eloghosa O, Ojong 
OE, Odunze U. HIV and TB co-infection among patients who used 
Directly Observed Treatment Short-course centres in Yenagoa, 
Nigeria. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2017;12(4):70-75. 

67. Offie DC, Obeagu EI, Akueshi C, Njab JE, Ekanem EE, Dike PN, Oguh 
DN. Facilitators and barriers to retention in HIV care among HIV 
infected MSM attending Community Health Center Yaba, Lagos 

https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i47A32992
http://research.sdpublishers.net/id/eprint/2819/
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https://madonnauniversity.edu.ng/journals/index.php/medicine/article/view/69
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https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf
https://www.ijmsdr.org/published%20paper/li1i2/A%20Retrospective%20Study%20on%20Human%20Immune%20Deficiency%20Virus%20among%20Pregnant%20Women%20Attending%20Antenatal%20Clinic%20in%20Imo%20State%20University%20Teaching%20Hospital.pdf


Obeagu et al                                                                                                                                 Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(1):38-44 

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78. Obeagu EI, Malot S, Obeagu GU, Ugwu OP. HIV resistance in 
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https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33593
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036599
https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2101
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036342
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035910
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000036166
https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000035673
https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.1450
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000269
https://doi.org/10.59298/NIJBAS/2023/1.2.11000
https://doi.org/10.34172/ajmb.2023.2421
https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v8i2.6404
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09271-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-09271-4
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amp.2022.07.004
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04630-1

