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[21]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided 

the original author and source are credited  

 

 

Social Media and the Risk of Poor Mental Health Among Young Adults 

Pallav Dave * 

Regulatory Compliance Analyst, Louisville, KY,40223, USA 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   18 April 2024     
Reviewed  16 May 2024 
Accepted   31 May 2024 
Published 15 June 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Dave P, Social Media and the Risk of Poor Mental 
Health Among Young Adults, Asian Journal of Dental 
and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):21-25 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i2.74   

_____________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Pallav Dave, Regulatory Compliance Analyst, 
Louisville, KY,40223, USA 

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Social media platforms have become an integral part of people’s lives in the last decade. As a 
prominent fixture in young people’s lives, social platforms have allowed them to share their 
experiences and connect with peers. However, using these platforms excessively can become 
problematic. Research has linked problematic use of social sites to more risk of having mental health 
issues. Some of the common mental health problems reported include depression, anxiety, 
loneliness, social media-related fatigue, unhappiness, and increased risk of alcohol use. Different 
reasons contribute to the increased risk of developing mental health problems because of excessive 
use of these platforms. They are sedentary behavior, poor sleep patterns, cyberbullying and 
victimization, multitasking, and internalizing online experiences. Others have a high risk of 
developing mental disorders because they neglect important aspects of their lives such as real-life 
social interactions. Addressing these factors can lower individual’s risk of developing mental health 
issues. Besides, some studies have shown that there is a link between using social platforms and 
positive mental health more so for individuals struggling with mental problems. Social sites can be 
used to provide social support for young individuals experiencing mental problems. Individuals can 
use these problems to share about their life struggles with mental issues. They can also use these 
platforms to obtain help and resources. Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore how social 
media increases the risk of mental problems among young adults.  

Keywords: Social media, depression, anxiety, loneliness, social support, problematic/excessive 
social media use 

 

Introduction 

The last decade has seen social media become an integral part 
of individual’s lives more so young adults. Social media 
platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, X formerly 
known as Twitter, and TikTok have become popular tools for 
social interaction more so for youths and young adults. 
According to Pew Research Center, approximately 7 in 10 
Americans use sites such as Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok 
being some of the most famous platforms with a large following 
by young adults.1 The growth in popularity of such platforms 
among young adults can be attributed to a number of factors. 
Key among them is the ability to use the platform to 
communicate, share messages, co-create, and exchange digital 
content including photos and videos.2,3 Social media also plays 
a role in creating and shaping young people’s experiences. For 
most young adults, these platforms provide a means for people 
to interact with others which is crucial in forming their 
identities online.4 However, despite the significance of these 
platforms in shaping the experience of most young people, 
some scholars believe it is like a double-edged sword. Double-
edged sword in the sense that it allows young people to express 
their feelings and receive social support, and also contributes to 
an increased risk of having mental health issues and other 
psychological problems.5,6,7,8,9,10 Research has also shown that 
individuals who live with different mental disorders use social 
platforms more than the general population.11,12 The high use of 
social platforms in this population could be attributed to a 
number of factors including as a platform to seek information, 
as a mechanism to give and receive social support, or as a 
mechanism to cope. Whichever the case, social platforms 

cannot be disregarded pertaining to its contribution to mental 
health. Therefore, this review seeks to explore the role of social 
media as a problematic aspect when it comes to mental health 
in young adults. Particularly, the review explores how these 
platforms are contributing to the risk of having mental health 
issues among young adults.  

Mental Health Among Young Adults 

Mental health disorders remain one of the most significant 
problems affecting the adult population. The World Health 
Organization estimates that 1 in every 8 individuals which is 
approximately 970 million of the world population live with a 
mental health disorder. Among the adult population, young 
adults are one of the groups that is adversely affected by mental 
health problems.13 According to the National Institute of Mental 
Health, about 57.8 million adults in the US suffer from mental 
health disorders with young adults being one of the groups that 
is mostly affected.14 According to the data, young adults aged 18 
to 25 years had the highest prevalence of mental illness at 
33.7%. Adults aged 26 to 49 years accounted for 28.1% and 
those aged 50 years and older were 15%.14 Young adults were 
also the most affected by serious mental illness. Serious mental 
illness in this case is a mental illness that results in severe 
functional impairment. Of the 14.1 million adults who were 
diagnosed with serious mental illness in 2021, 11.4% of these 
were young adults aged 18 years to 25. The number was higher 
than the 7.1% that was reported among adults aged 26 to 49 
years and 2.5% in adults aged 50 years and older.14 

Issues related to mental problems are a major area of concern 
reported among young adults. If not addressed, mental health 

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Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):21-25 

[22]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

problems can lead to severe impairment and significantly affect 
functioning. The Global Burden of Disease study that was 
conducted in 2019 reported mental health disorders contribute 
significantly to years lived with disability (YLD).15 Based on the 
study, the number of YLDs contributed significantly to the 
burden of mental health disorders with 125.3 million YLDs. 
Mental health disorders also contributed significantly to 
disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) with the numbers 
increasing from 80.8 million in 1999 to 125.3 million in 2019.15 

Some of the main mental health disorders affecting young 
adults are major depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, mood 
disorders, and alcohol use disorders.16 

Addressing mental disorders affecting young adults is vital. In 
addition to contributing significantly to mental challenges and 
physical functioning, mental disorders also affect overall health 
and social well-being. However, addressing mental disorders 
can be challenging because of the complexities involved. This is 
particularly the case where social media is involved. The 
growing use of social platforms in young adults’ lives can be 
problematic more so when it comes to problematic behaviors 
such as addiction. Addiction can be a fueling factor for mental 
health problems. Social media addiction can lead to increased 
isolation and loneliness with real-life social contracts leading to 
challenges such as depression. Considering the challenges that 
mental health causes in young adults, there is a need to explore 
how these platforms contribute to increased risk of mental 
health issues.  

Social Media and Mental Health 

The advent of social media has seen an increase in the number 
of people affected by mental health issues. Some studies have 
reported that using social platforms excessively increases 
individual’s risk of having mental problems. Other studies have 
reported that social platforms use leads to positive outcomes 
when it comes to mental health. Although the results on the 
impact of social platforms are mixed, evidence suggests that the 
quantity of exposure is what really matters. Mere exposure is 
not regarded as harmful. However, constant exposure is seen as 
a catalyst factor for mental issues.17 According to a scoping 
review by McCrory et al. the time individuals spend using highly 
visual social platforms impact their mental health.18 Some 
studies report that people who spend more time on these 
platforms report a greater sense of social connection and 
acceptance. Other studies reported that individuals who spend 
more time on social media had higher levels of loneliness and 
depression.18 Similarly, another study by Shensa et found using 
social platforms in a manner that was problematic made people 
be at a higher risk of developing depression.8 Problematic use 
of social platforms in this case refers to the amount of time 
people spent on these sites. Other measures that were used to 
determine problematic social media usage were having an 
uncontrollable urge to use the platforms, logging in social sites 
as way to forget one’s problems, using social sites to an extent 
that it was problematic to one’s job and studies, trying to cut 
down social sites usage without having much success, and being 
restless when asked to stop using social platforms.8 The 
findings from this nationally representative study were similar 
to those by Primack et al.9 According to Primack et al. increased 
social sites usage was associated with both depression and 
anxiety.9 The more time one spent on social sites increased their 
risk of having depression and anxiety symptoms.9 Individuals 
who used 7 to 11 platforms reported more likelihood of 
experiencing depression and anxiety.9 The risk of developing 
anxiety was high because of the fear of missing out. The fear 
made individuals check social platforms on a regular basis 
contributing to anxiety. Lin et al. also established increased 
odds of depression among young adults who reported high 
usage of social sites than those who reported using less time of 

social platforms per day even after controlling for factors such 
as age, sex, and race.19  

In addition to depression and anxiety, social platforms leads to 
risk of having other mental problems. Social media use led to a 
decline in individual’s subjective well-being.20 In this case, two 
components were used to measure the participants' subjective 
well-being namely how they felt from moment to moment and 
how satisfied they were with their lives.20 The study established 
that the more people used Facebook the worse they felt. 
Consistent use over a period of two weeks led to lower levels of 
life satisfaction over time. Another study found that Facebook 
led to decrease in mood.21 The reason why Facebook was 
associated with a decrease in mood is because individuals 
judged the site as less useful, less meaningful, and more of a 
waste of time.21 These perceptions are what could have led to a 
decrease in mood. Other mental problems that are associated 
with social media use are fatigue, loneliness, unhappiness, and 
increased risk of alcohol use.22 Depression seems to be the most 
commonly reported mental disorder in individuals who have 
problematic social platforms use.  

Reasons Why Social Media Increases the Risk of 
Mental Health  

Different plausible explanations have been given as to why 
social platforms increases the risk of having mental challenges. 
One of the reasons is because it is a sedentary behavior. As a 
sedentary behavior, social media increases the risk of health 
problems including mental issues. Research has found that 
leading a sedentary lifestyle increases the risk of mental 
problems.23,24,25 Lack of physical activity is always associated 
with poor mental well-being with individuals that have lower 
levels of exercise being known to lead to poor mental health 
outcomes.26 When it comes to excessive use of social platforms, 
engaging in physical activity becomes a problem. Because of the 
considerable amount of time spent on these platforms, 
engaging in any form of physical activity becomes difficult 
which explains why leading a sedentary lifestyle leads to mental 
problems.  

In addition to being a sedentary behavior, excessive social 
media use affects sleep patterns risking mental health issues. 
Research has found that poor and inadequate sleep leads to 
mental issues and well-being more so the risk of developing 
depression in young people.27 Inadequate sleep has also been 
linked to mental distress in adults with 6 hours of sleep and less 
being shown to increase the likelihood of developing mental 
distress.28 Problematic media use increases the risk of 
inadequate sleep and chronic sleep deprivation. The use of 
electronic devices near bedtime is common among young 
people. In some instances, the use may be problematic leading 
to inadequate sleep. According to a systematic review by Alonzo 
et al. significant association between excessive use, poor mental 
outcomes, and poor sleep quality was reported.29 Poor sleep 
quality led to negative mental health.29 Similar findings were 
established by Yu et al.30 The study found that excessive social 
use, poor sleep quality, and poor outcomes were associated. 
Some of the reasons why social media use was associated with 
poor sleep quality was because the sites were interactive 
platforms which increased mental stimulation and subsequent 
poor sleep. Besides, prolonged use of social sites before 
bedtime affected sleep onset. The mental stimulation did not 
create a conducive environment for sleep. It also reduced the 
overall period of sleep duration.  

An additional reason why social media use has been associated 
with increased depressive symptoms is because individuals 
who spend most of their time on these plaforms tend to neglect 
other important aspects such as real-life social interactions.8 

Spending a lot of time on social platforms can make individuals 
have fewer face-to-face interactions which can affect their social 



Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):21-25 

[23]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

well-being. Some studies have reported decreased levels of 
social interaction and social support in real life for individuals 
who use these platforms excessively.31,32 Social interactions 
play a crucial role when it comes to providing support and 
subsequent well-being. Although social platforms can provide 
support, face-to-face interactions play a key role when it comes 
to keeping the social connection. Despite being an avenue for 
social support and interaction, these platforms may not fill the 
void the user may be seeking to fill which is why it can lead to 
more feelings of exclusion.9 Lower levels of social support and 
exclusion can lead to lower levels of social satisfaction and 
subsequent depression.  

The way individuals internalize their online experiences is also 
vital when it comes to social platforms use and increased risk of 
mental issues. People internalize experiences differently. Some 
people tend to over-analyze situations which can lead to 
feelings of depression and sadness. Others can engage in 
excessive self-comparison which can lead to low mood. 
According to a study done by Chou et al. Facebook use had an 
impact on how people perceived other individuals’ lives.33 For 
instance, positive messages and happy pictures were perceived 
as doing better in life. Individuals may engage in self-
comparison with others based on these pictures and messages 
which lead to feelings of sadness for feeling unaccomplished. 
Use of social platforms has also been associated with a greater 
risk of internalizing problems.34 Internalizing social 
experiences can increase the risk of mental problems. It can 
lead to increased sadness and the likelihood of developing 
depression.  

Cyberbullying and victimization on social platforms are other 
emerging threats that are being reported by young people 
following the increasing use of these sites. The increasing 
incidences of cyberbullying on social media are being facilitated 
by a number of key factors more so the anonymity these 
platforms offer.35 Unlike face-to-face interactions, these 
platforms provides bullies with more anonymity. Bullies can 
hide behind their online personas and recruit others to 
facilitate the bullying. Cyberbullying and victimization have 
been linked to mental challenges more so among young people. 
Some researchers have found that cyberbullying on social 
media affects an individual’s well-being. According to Giumetti 
and Kowalski, cyberbullying on these platforms among youths 
and young adults affects well-being.10 It contributes to 
psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and lower levels of life 
satisfaction. Viner et al. also found that frequent use of these 
platforms increased the risk of mental issues.36 

The association between using social platforms and mental 
problems could also be attributed to online multitasking. 
Technology has encouraged multitasking with people using 
multiple screens at the same time.37 Some studies have found 
that multitasking on different online platforms increases the 
risk of mental issues. According to Becker et al., media 
multitasking was a predicting factor for self-reported 
depression and social anxiety.38 This was even after controlling 
for factors such as personality and overall media use. Similar 
findings were established by Li and Fan et al. who found media 
multitasking to lead to increased risk of depression and anxiety 
among college students.39 Multitasking was also shown to 
increase the risk of depression, narcissism, mania, antisocial 
disorder, paranoid disorder, and compulsive disorder.37 Online 
multitasking also affects an individual’s attention span. It is 
highly disruptive which makes it difficult to concentrate. Poor 
concentration can affect different aspects of an individual’s life 
such as work and school leading to poor performance. Poor 
performance in these aspects can lead to psychological distress.  

Although a link has been made between excessive social media 
use and mental problems, there are some studies that show that 
it has the opposite effect. According to Deters and Mehl, posting 

Facebook status updates decreased loneliness.7 It decreased 
loneliness because it made people feel more connected and in 
touch with their friends on a daily basis. Social media was also 
seen as a tool of social support for sexual minority and 
heterosexual youth.6 For marginalized youth, social media can 
be used for mental health interventions. Social media offers an 
opportunity to establish supportive resources for young people 
struggling with mental challenges.5 Additionally, social media 
can be used to provide online peer support among individuals 
with mental illness and promote engagement and retention in 
mental health services.40 Online discourses about mental illness 
can be beneficial. Social media platforms can provide an avenue 
for people struggling with mental health problems to open up 
about their struggles and connect with people going through 
similar struggles. Such interactions can have positive outcomes 
for individuals struggling with mental issues.  

Evidently, the findings on the impact of social media on mental 
health are mixed. Some studies have found that excessive social 
media usage increases the risk of mental issues more so 
depression and anxiety while others find social media usage 
leads to positive mental health in terms of social support.18, 41 
Therefore, whether these platforms are responsible for leading 
to mental issues is still an area of contention. The link between 
social platforms and mental health problems is not 
straightforward. Different factors contribute to the association 
which means that controlling for these factors can lead to a 
positive social experience on these sites. For instance, the 
association between excessive social media use, poor quality 
sleep, and poor mental problems can be addressed by using 
social media responsibly and avoiding it before bedtime. 
Avoiding multitasking can also lead to positive mental health 
outcomes. Other aspects that can be controlled include being 
more physically active, having face-to-face interaction, and 
internalizing experiences in a positive manner. Controlling for 
these factors while using social platforms can lead to a positive 
experience. For instance, using these sites as a source of peer 
support for those struggling with mental health problems can 
improve people’s experiences. Social platforms are allso 
increasingly being used as a source of information. Positioning 
these sites to offer mental health information and resources to 
those struggling with mental health issues can lead to positive 
outcomes. mental health clinicians can also use these sites to 
reach out to people struggling with mental health problems. 
However, caution is needed to avoid misguiding information 
that may have negative consequences.  

Conclusion 

As highlighted in this review, social media sites have become an 
integral aspect of people’s lives today more so young adults. In 
some instances, social media use has been problematic with 
excessive use increasing the risk of mental health. Some of the 
common mental health disorders associated with excessive use 
of social platforms are depression, anxiety, loneliness, social 
media-related fatigue, unhappiness, and increased risk of 
alcohol use. Several factors increase the risk of developing 
mental health disorders for individuals using social media 
excessively. Some of these factors include sedentary behavior, 
poor sleep patterns, cyberbullying and victimization, 
multitasking, and internalizing online experiences. Others have 
a high risk of developing mental health problems because they 
neglect important aspects of their lives such as real-life social 
interactions. However, the link between use of social platforms 
and increased risk of mental health is not straightforward. 
Although there are associations, some studies have found social 
media to have a positive effect on mental health. Using social 
sites to seek support and share lived experiences with mental 
problems has been shown to have a positive effect. Social 
platforms can also be used to seek information and as a source 
of peer support. All these are crucial for individuals struggling 



Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):21-25 

[24]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

with mental health issues. However, social media needs to be 
used in a way that it does not become problematic. Excessive 
use has a negative effect. Other than leading to addiction, it can 
increase the risk of developing mental problems. Therefore, 
there is a need to use social media responsibly to minimize 
negative effects on mental health.  

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