






































Title Goes Here


Noor Rahmah et al                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):17-20 

[17]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited  

 

 

Sterilization of Toothbrushes using Ultraviolet-C Light against Streptococcus 
Mutans Bacteria 

Afifah Noor Rahmah *, Diyah Fatmasari, Endah Aryati Eko Ningtyas 

Ministry of Health Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia 

Article Info: 
____________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   22 March 2024     
Reviewed  05 May 2024 
Accepted   28 May 2024 
Published 15 June 2024 

____________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Noor Rahmah A, Fatmasari D, Aryati Eko 
Ningtyas E, Sterilization of Toothbrushes using 
Ultraviolet-C Light against Streptococcus Mutans 

Bacteria, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2024; 4(2):17-20 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i2.78  

________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Afifah Noor Rahmah, Ministry of Health 
Semarang Health Polytechnic, Indonesia 

Abstract 
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Background: Streptococcus mutans bacteria are the dominant cariogenic bacteria that can be found in 
dental caries and are able to survive and reproduce at low pH. Toothbrush storage is related to 
environmental humidity and existing bacteria. Bacterial growth is 70% higher in wet and closed 
environments, bacteria from the oral cavity can be carried on the toothbrush.  

Aim: This research is to produce a model for storing toothbrushes with ultraviolet-C against the growth of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria.  

Materials and Method: Research with Research and Development (R&D) method with a quantitative 
approach with 5 stages, namely information gathering, model design, expert validation and revision, 
model trials, and model results. The design used is Randomize Pretest-Posttest with Control Group Design 
using 5, 10, and 15 minutes of ultraviolet-C treatment groups and a control group of toothbrushes stored 
standing without treatment using ultraviolet-C. 

Results: The results of model expert validation using the aiken-v test showed 0.810, meaning that all 
question items were declared valid. The ICC results show 0.000, meaning that the toothbrush storage 
model with ultraviolet-C is feasible as an effort to reduce the number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial 
colonies. Two-Way Anova results show 0.000, meaning that there is a significant time difference between 
the control group and the 5, 10, and 15 minute sterilization groups. Post-Hoc LSD results showed 0.000, 
meaning there was a significant difference in the 5, 10, 15 minute treatment group, and the control group. 
The Pearson Sig. (2-tailed) correlation result is 0.000, meaning that there is a significant relationship 
between the length of time and the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The results of the bacterial 
repetition test showed that 15 minutes was the most effective time to kill Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 
The results showed that the average number of bacteria decreased by 74%, 86%, and 100% after using 
ultraviolet-C for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Obtained showed that 15 minutes was the most effective for killing 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria.  

Conclusion: The results showed that the average number of bacteria decreased by 74%, 86%, and 100% 
after using ultraviolet-C for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Developing a model for storing toothpaste with 
ultraviolet- C for 15 minutes is effective in reducing Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 

Keywords: Streptococcus mutans, toothbrush, Ultraviolet-C 

 

INTRODUCTION 

Dental and oral health is part of general health which can affect 
general health directly or indirectly. One of the correct ways to 
maintain oral hygiene is by brushing your teeth using a 
toothbrush which can remove plaque1. Caries is one of the 
dental and oral health problems that is often experienced by 
people which starts from the growth of plaque on the teeth in 
the oral cavity2. 

There is a microbiome in the oral cavity which has an 
important role in maintaining the oral environment to remain 
normal and stable3. In the oral cavity there is saliva which 
contains various cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus 
mutans bacteria which are aciduric and acidogenic, namely 
bacteria that can live in an acidic environment and can produce 
acid4. Caries is a dental disease in which the hard tooth tissue 
is damaged due to the metabolic activity of bacteria in plaque 
which causes demineralization5. Caries disease in Indonesia is 
mostly experienced by those aged 25-64 years, amounting to 
87.0% – 96.8% according to 2018 Basic Health Research 
(RISKESDAS) data 6. 

The human oral cavity functions as a connecting channel 
between the external environment, the digestive tract, and the 
respiratory tract. Microorganisms in the oral cavity need 
appropriate nutrition, temperature and humidity. There is a 
microbiome microbiota in the oral cavity which has an 
important role in maintaining a normal and stable oral 
environment3. In the oral cavity there is saliva which contains 
various cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans 
bacteria which are aciduric and acidogenic, namely bacteria 
that can live in an acidic environment and can produce acid4. 

The acidic environment produced by bacteria can trigger a 
demineralization process in the enamel so that plaque growth 
will occur to cause caries lesions5. Caries is a dental disease in 
which the hard tissue of the tooth is damaged due to the 
metabolic activity of bacteria in the plaque which causes 
demineralization. Plaque is one of the factors causing dental 
caries which consists of a population of bacteria. One of the 
bacteria that can be found in dental caries is Streptococcus 
mutans. 

One of the bacteria that can be found in dental caries is 

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                       Research Article                                                                           

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i2.78
https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.22270/ajdhs.v4i2.77&amp;domain=pdf


Noor Rahmah et al                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):17-20 

[18]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

Streptococcus mutans. This bacterium is the dominant 
cariogenic bacterium that can be found in dental caries and 
can produce acid, and is able to survive and multiply at low pH 
(aciduric)5. Streptocuccus mutans bacteria are non-motile, 
facultative anaerobes, and Gram-positive coccus arranged like 
a chain and have various proteins and enzymes. The process of 
attachment and virulence of bacteria on the tooth surface is 
the role of these proteins and enzymes. One way to prevent 
caries is by cleaning plaque, namely by brushing your teeth7. 

The most common mechanical method used by people to 
control plaque is by brushing their teeth. The toothbrush used 
can contain a lot of bacteria that can contaminate the oral 
cavity. Contaminated toothbrushes can cause oral and systemic 
diseases, digestive disorders, cardiovascular disease, 
respiratory disorders and kidney disease7. Toothbrush storage 
is related to environmental humidity conditions and the 
bacteria present. Toothbrushes that are stored open have 
fewer bacteria than closed toothbrushes. 

Using an ultraviolet-C lamp on pathogenic bacteria for 5, 10 
and 15 minutes can kill and inactivate the bacteria. One of the 
efficient sterilization techniques is using ultraviolet-C 
germicidal irradiation. The process of killing bacteria based on 
type C ultraviolet (UV) is more effective in deactivating 
bacteria. Ultraviolet-C radiation is more effective at killing 
pathogens on surfaces and can effectively sterilize unexposed 
areas. Ultraviolet-C light can be used to disinfect items that can 
be reused or safely disposed of in the environment8. 

METHOD 

This research uses the Research and Development (R&D) 
method with a quantitative approach, using a true experiment 
design using a Randomized Pretest-Posttest with control 
group design. This research procedure includes 5 main steps, 
namely as follows; 1) information collection, 2) product/model 
design, 3) expert validation and revision, 4) product/model 
testing, and 5) product/model results. 

This method was used to produce and test the effectiveness of 
a model product for storing toothbrushes with ultraviolet-C 
using a quantitative approach. The research results are 
divided into five stages, namely: information collection, 
design, expert validation and revision, model testing, model 
results. 

This research was carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory 
to test a toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-C against 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria in 3 treatment groups with a 
duration of using the model of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 
minutes. There was a control group with wet toothbrushes 
and dry toothbrushes without treatment using a toothbrush 
storage model with ultraviolet-C against Streptococcus mutans 
bacteria in order to determine the differences between groups 
and test the effectiveness of the toothbrush storage model 
with ultraviolet-C against Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 

Information collection is carried out by interviewing related 
knowledge about how to store toothbrushes with the aim of 
knowing how to store toothbrushes in a toothbrush storage 
area and as information on the importance of making a 
toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-C against the 
growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 

The tool model is designed from the size of the tool 
specifications, model tools and materials, tool design is some 
description of the design of the tool / prototype of the 
toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-C against the 
growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria which includes the 
front model, the model when opened, and sensors and 

ultraviolet-C lamps. As well as the design of the electronic 
system and how the tool works.  

Expert validation is carried out to determine whether the 
model to be created is valid and reliable. The results of the 
expert validity test were tested on aiken v to determine the 
validity of the question items and the Interclass Correlation 
Coeficient (ICC) test was conducted to determine the 
reliability of the question items. the results of the expert 
validity test using the aiken v test, obtained a V result of 0.810 
which indicates that the value is included in the high criteria. It 
can be concluded that all question items are valid.  

The feasibility of a toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-
C against the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria using 
the Interclass Correlation Coeficient (ICC) test resulted in a 
value of 0.722 with a good category, the p-value of 0.000 
indicates that the toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-C 
is feasible in reducing the number of colonies of Streptococcus 
mutans bacteria. 

The results of expert validation that have been carried out to 
determine the feasibility of the product/model can be seen 
that the development model of toothbrush storage with 
ultraviolet-C against the growth of Streptococcus mutans 
bacteria is relevant and has received a model feasibility 
assessment from 6 validators, after the model/product 
assessment is carried out, it is necessary to test the 
product/model which aims to analyze the effectiveness of the 
product/model.  

The product results in the form of a toothbrush sterilizer with 
ultraviolet-C are expected to provide benefits as a tool to 
sterilize toothbrushes and reduce the number of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria found on toothbrushes that can 
be used easily by the community. 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 

The identification test of Streptococcus mutans bacteria using 
Nutrient Broth (NB) liquid media which aims as a bacterial 
culture medium and to fertilize bacteria. The results showed 
that there were Streptococcus mutans bacteria on the 
toothbrush before use in a dry state without rinsing, the 
toothbrush before use was wet because it was rinsed, and the 
toothbrush after use was wet because it was rinsed.  
Repetition tests were carried out on Streptococcuc mutans 
bacteria for 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes and control 
groups of wet toothbrushes and dry toothbrushes. The 
suspension concentration used was 105. This repetition test 
was carried out using the same ultraviolet-C lamp.  

The results of interviews conducted with 6 experts (2 
microbiologists, 2 electromedical experts, a dentist,  and a 
dental and oral therapist), namely, the way toothbrushes are 
stored by the general public influences the number of bacteria 
found on toothbrushes. The number of bacteria found on the 
toothbrush can be influenced by the place where the 
toothbrush is stored, namely inside/outside the bathroom, the 
position in which the toothbrush is stored, the use of 
toothbrush headgear, the length of time the toothbrush is 
used, the storage of toothbrushes at the same time, and the 
location. Storing conventional toothbrushes separately and 
standing. The results further show that there are 
recommendations to develop a model for storing toothbrushes 
with ultraviolet-C in order to reduce the number of 
bacteria/influence the growth of bacteria found on 
toothbrushes. The results of the validity and reliability tests 
were declared valid and reliable that the toothbrush storage 
model could reduce the number of  Streptococcus mutans 
bacteria.

 



Noor Rahmah et al                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):17-20 

[20]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

Table 1 

 Dry Control Wet Control Sterilization Time 

Test 5 

minutes 

10 

minutes 

15 

minutes 

1 502 500 155 90 0 

2 491 490 134 88 0 

3 523 520 160 76 0 

4 500 500 158 81 0 

Average 504 503 152 84 0 

 

Table 1 is a table of results from 4 experimental tests in the 
treatment group and control group. The results of the research 
that was carried out on toothbrushes which were carried out 4 
repetitions of tests were obtained from the Leokitto formula 
using a toothbrush storage model with ultraviolet-C against 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria at a sterilization time of 5 
minutes, namely that there was an average number of 152 
colonies of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. , at a sterilization 
time of 10 minutes, there was an average number of 84 
colonies of Streptococcus mutans bacteria, at a sterilization 
time of 15 minutes, there was an average number of 0 colonies 
of Streptococcus mutans bacteria or there were no 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria after treatment. The average 
result in the control group of wet toothbrushes that were not 
sterilized using an ultraviolet-C lamp was 503 colonies of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria, in the control group of dry 
toothbrushes that were not sterilized using an ultraviolet-C 
lamp was 504 colonies of Streptococcus mutans batteries. . 

The results of developing a toothbrush storage model with 
ultraviolet-C against Streptococcus mutans bacteria using two-
way anova testing showed that there was a significant effect of 
sterilization time on the number of Streptococcus mutans 
bacteria between the 5 minute, 10 minute and 15 minute 
groups. The results of the LSD post-hoc test were that there 
was a significant difference between the sterilization time of 5 
minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and the control group on the 
number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies. The 
results of the Pearson correlation test are that there is a 
relationship between the length of time using the toothbrush 
storage model with ultraviolet-C and the number of colonies of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 

Streptococcus mutans bacteria are the dominant cariogenic 
bacteria that can be found in dental caries and can produce 
acid, and are able to survive and reproduce at low pH 
(aciduric). Streptococcus mutans bacteria have non-motile 
properties and are in the form of Gram-positive coccus which 
are arranged like chains and have various proteins and 
enzymes. The process of attachment and virulence of bacteria 
on the tooth surface is the role of these proteins and enzymes. 
This bacteria has facultative anaerobic properties, namely 
bacteria that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen in 
their growth and metabolism, this is in line with Sulatri et al9, 
hat no pathogenic bacteria grew after being treated using 
ultraviolet-C light, whereas in media that was not exposed to 
ultraviolet-C light, the growth of pathogenic bacterial colonies 
was full and could not be counted10. 

The most effective time to reduce the number of Streptococcus 
mutans bacteria on a toothbrush using an ultraviolet-C lamp is 
15 minutes. Ultraviolet-C lamps are effective in killing bacteria 
because within a period of 5 minutes, the number of bacteria 
exposed to ultraviolet-C lamps has decreased by more than 
half the number of bacteria before exposure to ultraviolet-C 

rays. Streptococcus mutans bacteria on toothbrushes can be 
reduced due to exposure to ultraviolet-C light. Ultraviolet-C 
lamps can be effective in inactivating bacteria because 
ultraviolet- C radiation is more effective in killing pathogens 
and sterilizing the area8. 

 

Figure 1 

 

Figure 2 

Figure 1 is a model for the development of toothbrush storage 
with ultraviolet-C against the growth of Streptpcoccus mutans 
bacteria that has been developed, namely the presence of a 
separately designed toothbrush storage area and a hanging 
toothbrush position. So bacteria do not easily grow because 
toothbrushes do not touch each other. Figure 2 shows the 
addition of ultraviolet-C light to the toothbrush storage 
development model which is provided to reduce the 
development of the number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial 
colonies. Type C ultraviolet lamps are more effective in 
inactivating bacteria. Ultraviolet-C radiation is more effective 
in sterilizing areas and killing pathogens on surfaces. 

The role of ultraviolet-C lamps can influence the growth of 
bacteria, because ultraviolet-C rays can open membrane 
proteins and release tryptophan which can then cause an initial 
increase in the signal in the light emitted. With tryptophan 
taken from the cell membrane, there is space left to form a 
gaping hole for ultraviolet-C light to enter and damage DNA11, 
so the bacteria will die12. A damp toothbrush storage area can 
cause bacteria to multiply more quickly. Keeping your 
toothbrush and toothbrush storage area clean is very 
important for dental and oral health, because if it is not 
cleaned, bacteria will grow on the toothbrush and storage 
area. 

The model for storing toothbrushes with ultraviolet-C can 



Noor Rahmah et al                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):17-20 

[20]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

carry out the sterilization process and can reduce and kill and 
stop the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria because it is 
known that ultraviolet-C rays can enter and damage the DNA 
of bacteria, resulting in bacterial death13. 

CONCLUSION 

The average number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial 
colonies on a wet/rinsed toothbrush before being treated 
using ultraviolet-C for 5 minutes was 590 bacterial colonies, 
and there were 152 bacterial colonies after being treated 
using ultraviolet-C. The average number of Streptococcus 
mutans bacterial colonies on a wet/rinsed toothbrush before 
being treated using ultraviolet-C for 10 minutes is 590 
bacterial colonies, and there are 84 bacterial colonies after 
being treated using ultraviolet-C. The average number of 
Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies on a wet/rinsed 
toothbrush before being treated using ultraviolet-C for 15 
minutes is 590 bacterial colonies, and there are 0 bacterial 
colonies after being treated using ultraviolet-C. The average 
number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial colonies on a 
wet/rinsed toothbrush before being treated without using 
ultraviolet-C is 590 bacterial colonies, and there are 504 
bacterial colonies after not being treated using ultraviolet-C. 
The average number of Streptococcus mutans bacterial 
colonies on a dry/unrinsed toothbrush before use and not 
treated with ultraviolet-C is 504 bacterial colonies, and there 
are 504 bacterial colonies after being given no treatment using 
ultraviolet-C.  

The development of a model for storing toothbrushes with 
ultraviolet-C on the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. 
In its implementation, it was effective in reducing the number 
of Streptococcus mutans bacteria, as evidenced by the decrease 
in the average number in each group of sterilization 
treatments using ultraviolet-C lamps for 5 minutes, 10 
minutes, 15 minutes, and there was still growth of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria in the control group on wet 
toothbrushes and dry toothbrushes. 

The most effective time in reducing the number of 
Streptococcus mutans bacteria on a toothbrush using an 
ultraviolet-C lamp is at 15 minutes. Ultraviolet-C lamps are 
effective in killing bacteria because within a period of 5 
minutes, the number of bacteria exposed to ultraviolet-C 
lamps has decreased by more than half the number of bacteria 
before being exposed to ultraviolet-C light. Streptococcus 
mutans bacteria on toothbrushes can be reduced due to 
exposure to ultraviolet-C light. Ultraviolet-C lamps can be 
effective in inactivating bacteria because ultraviolet-C 
radiation is more effective in killing pathogens and sterilizing 
areas.8 There is a very strong relationship between time and 
the number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria, namely, the 
longer the irradiation time using ultraviolet-C lamps, the less 
even the absence of Streptococcus mutans bacterial growth.  

The role of ultraviolet-C lamps can affect the growth of 
bacteria, because ultraviolet-C light can open membrane 
proteins and release tryptophan which can then cause an 
initial increase in the signal in the emitted light. The presence 
of tryptophan taken from the cell membrane, there is space 
left to form a gaping hole for ultraviolet-C rays that can enter 

and damage DNA11, so the bacteria will die12. 

REFERENCES 

1. Ghoni Tjiptoningsih U, Permatasari Fn. Pengaruh Penyimpanan 
Sikat Gigi Terhadap Kontaminasi Bakteri Pada Bulu Sikat Gigi. 
Mderj [Internet]. 2021;1(3):111-26. Available From: 
Https://Journal.Moestopo.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Mderj 

2. Praptiningsih Rs, Amien Rw, Pratiwi R. Chewing Xylitol Candy And 
Probiotic Candy On The Growth Of Dental Plaque And Number Of 
Colony Of Sterptococcus Mutant Bacteria. Odonto Dent J. 
2022;9(1):147. https://doi.org/10.30659/odj.9.0.147-154 

3. Asghar F, Bano A, Waheed F, Ahmed Anjum A, Ejaz H, Javed N. 
Association Of Exogenous Factors With Molecular Epidemiology 
Of Staphylococcus Aureus In Human Oral Cavity. Saudi J Biol Sci 
[Internet]. 2023;30(4):103613. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103613 PMid:36936700 
PMCid:PMC10018566 

4. Wulandari, Widodo, Hatta I. Hubungan Antara Jumlah Koloni 
Bakteri Streptococcus Mutans Saliva Dengan Indeks Karies (Dmf-
T). J Kedokt Gigi. 2022;6(3):1-1. 

5. Satrio R, Supriyati, Ashar F, Zahra S, Sari D, Ichsyani M. Isolasi Dan 
Karakterisasi Bakteri Kariogenik Padapasien Yang Terdiagnosis 
Pulpitis: Penelitian Observasional. J Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjajaran. 
2023;35(April):61. https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v35i1.41439 

6. Indonesia Kkr. Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018. Kementerian 
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2018. 

7. Endriani R, Siregar Fm, Rafni E, Azhari Rk, Jefrizal J. <P>Identifikasi 
Gen Kariogenik Glukosiltransferase Streptococcus Mutans Pada 
Pasien Karies Gigi</P><P>Identification Of Streptococcus Mutans 
Cariogenic Gene Glucosyltransferase (Gtf) In Dental Caries 
Patients</P>. J Kedokt Gigi Univ Padjadjaran. 2021;33(1):14. 
https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v33i1.30397 

8. Mahanta N, Saxena V, Pandey Lm, Batra P, Dixit Us. Performance 
Study Of A Sterilization Box Using A Combination Of Heat And 
Ultraviolet Light Irradiation For The Prevention Of Covid-19. 
Environ Res [Internet]. 2021;198(May):111309. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111309 PMid:33984307 
PMCid:PMC8107062 

9. Sulatri Nl, Yogeswara Iba, Nursini Nw. Efektifitas Sinar Ultraviolet 
Terhadap Cemaran Bakteri Patogen Pada Makanan Cair Sonde 
Untuk Pasien Immune-Compremissed. J Gizi Indones (The Indones 
J Nutr. 2017;5(2):112-8. https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.5.2.112-
118 

10. Assari As, Mohammed Mahrous M, Ahmad Ya, Alotaibi F, 
Alshammari M, Alturki F, Et Al. Efficacy Of Different Sterilization 
Techniques For Toothbrush Decontamination: An Ex Vivo Study. 
Cureus. 2022;14(1):1-13. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21117 

11. Ariyadi T, Dewi Ss. Pengaruh Sinar Ultra Violet Terhadap 
Pertumbuhan Bakteri. Vol. 2, Jurnal Kesehatan. 2009. P. 20-5. 

12. Minnuthfatin Sa, Setyawardhana Rhd, Dwi Kurniawan Fk. 
Perbandingan Efektivitas Penggunaan Sikat Gigi Konvensional 
Dan Sikat Gigi Elektrik Terhadap Penurunan Indeks Plak 
(Literature Review). Dentin. 2022;6(2):87-90. 
https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v6i2.6392 

13. Imasari T, Hidayatul F, Ayu Nabila Rizki Insani. Deteksi Bakteri 
Streptococcus Mutans Pada Sikat Gigi Dengan Perilaku Pemakaian 
Sikat Gigi Di Kost Putri X Kota Kediri. J Insa Cendekia. 
2023;10(1):52-7.

 

https://doi.org/10.30659/odj.9.0.147-154
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103613
https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v35i1.41439
https://doi.org/10.24198/jkg.v33i1.30397
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111309
https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.5.2.112-118
https://doi.org/10.14710/jgi.5.2.112-118
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.21117
https://doi.org/10.20527/dentin.v6i2.6392

