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[32]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided 

the original author and source are credited  

 

 

The Role of Pharmacists in Health Promotion 

Pallav Dave * 

Regulatory Compliance Analyst, Louisville, KY,40223, USA 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received   04 April 2024     
Reviewed  07 May 2024 
Accepted   03 June 2024 
Published 15 June 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Dave P, The Role of Pharmacists in Health 
Promotion, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i2.79     
_____________________________________________ 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Pallav Dave, Regulatory Compliance Analyst, 
Louisville, KY,40223, USA 

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Health promotion is regarded as instrumental in addressing the growing public healthcare concerns. 
It is recognized as instrumental in disease prevention and control. Health promotion can also be 
used as an instrumental tool to address the growing cases of non-communicable diseases. Health 
promotion is regarded as effective in disease prevention and control because it emphasizes the need 
for individuals to be in control over their own health.   However, despite the significance of health 
promotion in disease prevention and control, it remains largely underutilized. One of the reasons 
why health promotion is underutilized is because of the lack of adequate healthcare personnel to 
take on health promotion initiatives. Expanding the role of pharmacists to include more involvement 
in health promotion initiatives can help to fill this gap. Some of the measures and initiatives 
pharmacists can get involved in are being part of building public health policies, creating supportive 
environments, providing health education, being in community action, ensuring medication safety, 
and disease prevention and control. To enable pharmacists to perform these measures effectively, 
there is a need to address the existing barriers and challenges. This will lead to positive outcomes 
and ensure pharmacists perform their roles effectively to enhance health promotion. 

Keywords: health promotion, pharmacists, health education, disease prevention and control, 
immunization  

 

Introduction  

The role of health promotion in addressing emerging 
public healthcare concerns cannot be denied. Communicable 
and non-communicable diseases are on the rise across the 
globe contributing significantly to the rising healthcare burden 
and straining healthcare systems. The rise in the number of 
communicable and non-communicable diseases necessitates 
preventative measures to address them. Health promotion is 
recognized as instrumental in disease prevention. The UN High-
Level Meeting on Universal Health Coverage (UHC) recognizes 
health promotion as one of the approaches that can help to 
achieve UHC.1 It emphasizes the importance of prioritizing 
health promotion and disease prevention through 
implementing working public health policies, good governance 
of health care systems, health communication, education, and 
health literacy.1,2 The significance of health promotion in 
disease prevention cannot be understated. Various health 
promotion measures are adopted across the healthcare systems 
to improve public health. The importance of health promotion 
in disease prevention is not a new concept. Its role in 
addressing public health issues and prevention of diseases has 
been established since the 19th century.3 Health promotion as a 
concept was first coined by Henry E. Sigerist in 1945. According 
to Sigerist, health promotion entails a number of measures all 
of which are classified as tasks of medicine. The tasks include 
promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of the 
sick, and rehabilitation.3 All these tasks are instrumental in 
achieving health for all and improving the health of all 
communities.  

The importance of health promotion in promoting 
health for all and achieving people’s well-being is cemented by 
the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter 

was born out of the first-ever international conference on 
health promotion that was held in 1986.4 According to the 
charter, health promotion is a process that enables people to 
have more control over their health. It is also done to improve 
health.4 The charter recognizes five action areas for health 
promotion namely building health public policy, creating 
supportive environments, strengthening community action, 
developing personal skills, and reorienting healthcare services 
more towards the promotion of health and prevention of 
illness.4,5 The action areas can be achieved through strategies 
such as advocating, enabling, and mediation.  

In addition to being a process, health promotion can 
also mean the actions taken by individuals and relevant 
stakeholders to lead a healthy lifestyle.6 These measures need 
to be taken in a healthy environment to prevent the likelihood 
of secondary conditions. Secondary conditions in this case are 
the social, medical, emotional, family, and community problems 
that may make it difficult for an individual to have total control 
of their health.7 For instance, social problems such as racism 
and discrimination in the healthcare system may make it 
difficult for an individual to have access to equal opportunities 
for care. In the community, problems such as lack of community 
parks, social amenities, and lack of safety may make it difficult 
for people to engage in physical activity and lead to increased 
risk of chronic conditions such as obesity and diabetes.7 Some 
of these measures that can be taken to ensure individuals attain 
optimal health are being at the forefront when it comes to 
addressing their health needs, providing education to 
individuals on how to take care of their health needs, and 
optimizing opportunities that enable individuals to take care of 
their health needs and engaging in activities that can promote 
good health.  

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                          Review Article                                                                           

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Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

[33]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

Despite the significance of health promotion in 
promoting good health, it is an area that is underutilized and 
not given as much priority. A lot of effort is directed towards 
disease management underpinning the potential of health 
promotion in disease prevention. One of the reasons why health 
promotion is underutilized is because of the lack of adequate 
healthcare personnel with the needed expertise to engage in 
different health promotion measures and strategies.8,9 
Currently, healthcare systems across the world are grappling 
with serious healthcare provider shortages.10 The problem is so 
big in some countries that most have resulted to outsourcing 
from other countries which creates more challenges for these 
countries because they are understaffed as well. With such 
shortages, prioritizing health promotion becomes a challenge. 
This explains the need to expand the role of healthcare 
providers to ensure more engagement in health promotion.  

One of the groups that can be used to alleviate the 
problem is community pharmacists. Because of their close 
involvement with patients, they can be instrumental in 
advocating for different health promotion initiatives such as 
prevention, increasing individual knowledge on health, and 
public health planning and promotion. Therefore, the aim of 
this review is to explore how community pharmacists can be 
involved in different health promotion strategies to achieve 
health promotion goals. It also explores the challenges and 
barriers pharmacists face towards health promotion and why 
addressing these barriers is instrumental in achieving positive 
outcomes.  

Health Promotion Measures and Strategies and 
the Role of Pharmacists  

Building Public Health Policy 

Different actions and strategies can be taken to attain 
positive change with regard to disease prevention and health 
promotion. As per the Ottawa Charter, one of the activities that 
can be taken to promote health is building public health policy. 
As a measure of health promotion, building public health policy 
recognizes that health promotion goes beyond health care. 
Health promotion also involves creating health policies that can 
help to achieve the desired goals of healthcare.4 Building health 
policy ensures that policymakers are knowledgeable of health 
consequences that result from the decisions that they make 
regarding healthcare.5 It also ensures that they accept their 
responsibilities and are more accountable for these decisions. 
Having health policies in place is vital in implementing health 
actions. They are the basis for health interventions and their 
subsequent implementation.11 Without proper health policies 
in place, coming up with health interventions and 
implementing them becomes difficult. A number of diverse 
approaches can be taken to come up with health promotion 
policies. They include legislation, fiscal measures, taxation, and 
organizational change.5  

Although pharmacists have little involvement when it 
comes to developing legislation, taxation, or fiscal measures, 
they can be involved through participation and advocacy. 
Pharmacists can also play a critical role in advocating for 
organizational change to promote health. For instance, they can 
advocate for capacity building in organizations to support 
actions that can promote health such as the need to eat healthy 
lunches and the need for gym and other social amenities to 
promote physical activity.  Pharmacists can also be involved in 
building knowledge skills and infrastructure that can facilitate 
health promotion.12 They can also partner with organizations 
to advocate for actions that promote health. When these actions 
are sustained over time, they can become more sustainable and 
lead to permanent changes in organizations.  

When it comes to developing legislation, pharmacists can 
actively participate through the local boards of health to 
national programs. Pharmacists are experts in medication use 
which makes them informed on how medication can be used in 
health promotion. Because of their expertise, they should be 
involved in the development of legislation and regulations 
relating to public health.13 Pharmacists can also be involved in 
oversight of these programs. Pharmacists can also make their 
voices known when it comes to developing fiscal measures that 
aim at health promotion. For instance, they can suggest fiscal 
measures that they feel can work and call for their 
implementation. They can also advocate for sound legislation 
and regulations regarding disease prevention and 
management.  

Creating Supportive Environments 

An additional measure that is considered 
instrumental in health promotion is creating supportive 
environments. The need to create supportive environments as 
a measure to promote public health is acknowledged in the 
Ottawa Charter.4 According to the Charter, creating supportive 
environments that are considered safe, stimulating, and 
satisfying is instrumental because it leads to positive health 
outcomes.4 Research has shown that supportive environments 
are associated with positive health outcomes.14 Supportive 
environments in this case are environments that make it easier 
for an individual to make the easier choice pertaining to their 
health. They can include healthy cities, healthy communities, 
healthy municipalities, healthy workplaces, and health-
promoting schools among others.15  

Pharmacists can play an instrumental role in creating 
supportive environments. They can do this by advocating for 
healthy communities, being more involved in building healthy 
communities, and educating people on the importance of these 
communities in promoting good health. Creating supportive 
environments entails putting measures in place to encourage 
good health such as building spaces that allow people to engage 
in physical activities, striving for a better built environment 
with green spaces and walkways, and ensuring people have 
adequate access to food by ensuring proximity to grocery 
stores. Pharmacists can advocate for better-built environments 
in their communities. Research has linked the built 
environment with the likelihood of developing chronic diseases 
because it limits physical activity.16,17,18 For instance, walkable 
neighborhoods and the availability of parks have been linked to 
increased engagement in physical activity and subsequent 
reduction in the risk of developing obesity and diabetes.17 The 
reason why creating supportive environments is linked to 
better health outcomes is because such environments 
encourage people to take charge of their health. They feel safer 
and as such are more likely to take charge of their health leading 
to positive outcomes.  

Disease Control and Prevention 

Pharmacists can also play a crucial role in disease 
control and prevention. One of the ways through which 
pharmacists can be involved in disease prevention is through 
immunization. Immunization is recognized as an instrumental 
aspect of disease prevention more so for communicable 
diseases.19,20,21 The perceived benefits of vaccination include 
reducing the spread of infections, reducing morbidity and 
mortality associated with infections, and preventing 
outbreaks.19 For instance, vaccination played an instrumental 
role in helping control further spread of COVID-19. In the 
United States, pharmacists can order, prescribe, and administer 
immunizations under the temporary federal PREP Act.22 
Besides, the involvement of pharmacists in immunization has 
shown to have a positive impact on immunization uptake and 



Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

[34]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

overall outcomes.23,24 Therefore, involving pharmacists in 
immunization can increase uptake and promote good health.  

In addition to administering immunization, 
pharmacists can be involved in screening programs to help 
identify undiagnosed medical conditions. Screening is 
recognized as an important measure of disease prevention 
more so chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, and 
cancer.25,26,27 Pharmacists can be involved in different steps of 
the screening pathway as stipulated by WHO.28 For instance, 
they can identify the population that is eligible for screening 
because of their close involvement with patients. They can also 
invite patients to carry out tests and do the testing. Pharmacists 
can also refer patients to primary healthcare providers after 
getting results from conducted tests. Pharmacists can also work 
collaboratively with other healthcare providers during 
community screening programs. 

Health Education 

An additional way that pharmacists can be involved in 
disease prevention and control is by educating patients on 
behaviors to mitigate diseases and modelling these behaviors. 
Some of these behaviors include handwashing, immunization, 
wearing masks, engaging in regular physical exercise, and 
eating healthy and nutritious food.13 Pharmacists are in a good 
position to both educate patients and model these behaviors. 
Because of their frequent encounter with patients, they can use 
these opportunities to educate patients on healthy behaviors. 
They can also refer patients to available resources and services 
that involve health promotion.  

The role of pharmacists in health education cannot be 
understated. Over the years, pharmacists have played 
instrumental roles in developing, promoting, and implementing 
health education programs.29 Because of their proximity to 
patients and availability, they are well-positioned to educate 
patients on different aspects of health promotion including the 
need for exercise regimens, the importance of adhering to 
prescribed medication, medication safety, and the importance 
of a good diet in promoting good health. Health literacy is 
recognized as instrumental in leading to positive health 
outcomes.30,31  It equips patients with the needed skills and 
abilities to better manage their health. Under the Ottawa 
Charter of Health Promotion, developing personal skills is one 
of the actions of health promotion. WHO recognizes that health 
literacy is not just a personal resource. Within populations, 
health literacy can lead to better social benefits such as 
mobilizing entire communities to address the social, economic, 
and environmental determinants of health.32 Health People 
2030 recognizes health literacy as a social determinant of 
health because it affects the healthcare that is delivered and 
subsequent patient outcomes.33 This is particularly the case 
when people are not able to access healthcare resources and 
use these resources to make health-related decisions. The 
inability to access these resources affects people’s ability to 
make decisions about their health which explains why lack of 
health literacy is associated with negative outcomes.  

Research has shown that pharmacists-led education 
interventions are instrumental in leading to positive health 
outcomes.34,35 Jaam et al. established that pharmacists-led 
education interventions provided to healthcare providers 
helped to reduce medication errors.35 Safe medication 
administration is a vital aspect of health promotion because it 
leads to positive health outcomes. In addition to providing 
education to patients, pharmacists can be involved in 
developing health education programs within their institutions 
and the community in general.  

Promoting Medication Safety 

Pharmacists can also play a role in health promotion 
by promoting medication safety efforts in both the communities 
and institutions at large. The importance of medication safety 
in achieving the goals of health promotion cannot be denied. If 
individuals are to have more control over their health, then they 
need to know how to take their medications effectively and 
minimize the likelihood of medication errors. The role of 
pharmacists in ensuring medication safety cannot be 
denied.36,37 It is one of their key responsibilities in ensuring 
patient safety. In their role, pharmacists can ensure patients 
have access to crucial medication and vaccinations aimed at 
promoting health, ensure patients have access to medical 
information, ensure patients are prescribed the right 
medication, improve medication adherence by educating 
patients on the importance of taking their medications, 
medication management, and provide health and wellness 
services.38 One of the ways that pharmacists can ensure 
medication safety to promote good health is through providing 
medical information to patients. Providing information on safe 
and effective medication use can have a positive impact on 
patient safety by reducing the likelihood of adverse reactions. 
Educating the patients on the importance of medication 
adherence can also promote good health. This is particularly the 
case for patients who are self-medicating and managing their 
chronic illnesses. Pharmacists can also provide health and 
wellness services by engaging in services such as blood 
pressure and diabetes screening. Such services more so when 
implemented at the community level can play a crucial role in 
promoting public health. Pharmacists can work in collaboration 
with other healthcare providers and organize community 
health campaigns to offer such services.  

Collaborating with other Stakeholders to Strengthen Community 
Actions 

 Strengthening community action is recognized as 
instrumental in health promotion. WHO defines strengthening 
community action as empowering communities to get more 
involved in their health.4 There are different measures that can 
be taken to empower communities to be more involved in their 
health. They include providing people with help and support to 
manage their conditions, providing access to health 
information, carrying out health campaigns to educate 
community members on the importance of good health, 
providing funding, carrying out health fairs, carrying out health 
camps, and partnering with other stakeholders to promote 
health. The significance of strengthening community action in 
promoting health is acknowledged in research. Laverack and 
Mohammadi, note that strengthening community action helps 
to build community capacity and ensure they prioritize their 
health. It also entails providing funding for various community 
activities.39 

Pharmacists can engage in different activities to 
strengthen community action. Some of these include 
participating in health camps, engaging in health fairs, 
providing support to community members, providing 
education to community members, and engaging in health 
campaigns. To enhance positive outcomes, pharmacists can 
work collaboratively with other healthcare providers and 
stakeholders. Research has shown that community-based 
partnerships are instrumental in health promotion. For 
instance, Plump et al. established that community-based 
partnerships can improve the outcomes of chronic disease 
management because they enhance self-management.40 
Community-based organizations have also been established to 
be instrumental in improving chronic care.41 Community-based 
organizations promote health because they allow community 
members to access and navigate neighborhood health 
resources. Such resources are recognized as instrumental in 
helping people self-manage their chronic illnesses.  



Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

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Challenges and Barriers to Pharmacists 
Involvement in Health Promotion 

Recognizing the existing barriers and how they can 
affect pharmacists’ involvement in health promotion is vital 
towards achieving positive results. There are numerous 
barriers that exist which can make it difficult for pharmacists to 
play a role in health promotion. Structural barriers such as time 
restraints and workload can make it difficult for pharmacists to 
engage in health promotion.9,42 For instance, health education 
and engaging in health camps is engaging and time-consuming. 
Performing these roles together with their duties can be 
difficult. Inadequate knowledge and skills in health promotion 
can also act as a barrier.42 For instance, pharmacists cannot 
provide health education on how to manage chronic diseases if 
they are not adequately equipped to do so. Lack of knowledge 
can affect pharmacists’ confidence to provide health education 
and lead to low engagement in health promotion. 

Lack of coordination with other healthcare providers 
can also make it challenging for pharmacists to be involved in 
health promotion. Different researchers identify it as one of the 
barriers reported by healthcare providers towards health 
promotion.43,44,45(Nsengimana et al., 2022; Geense et al., 2013). 
Coordination among healthcare providers is important in 
health promotion because they play different roles all of which 
are instrumental in leading to positive outcomes. Playing 
isolated roles can affect patient outcomes and affect the overall 
quality of health promotion.  

Other barriers that can affect pharmacists’ 
involvement in health promotion are lack of organizational 
support, lack of patient motivation to change, and lack of 
financing of health promotion programs. Finding funding for 
health promotion programs is not a simple task. According to 
Geense et al., a lot of health programs are not financed or only 
financed for a short duration of time.45 Providing health 
promotion programs without financing is challenging because 
they are expensive. Lack of organizational support can also be a 
hindrance to health promotion. Health promotion requires 
coordinated efforts with stakeholders and policymakers to be 
effective. Additionally, the lack of patient motivation to change 
can demotivate pharmacists in their efforts towards health 
promotion. Addressing these barriers and challenges can lead 
to positive outcomes in health promotion. It can ensure 
pharmacists take up more active roles in promoting public 
health beyond providing immunization and medication 
management.  

Conclusion 

 Health promotion is regarded as instrumental in 
promoting good health. Despite the role it plays in promoting 
good health, it remains an area that is significantly 
underutilized. One of the reasons why health promotion is 
underutilized is because of the lack of adequate healthcare 
personnel with the needed expertise to coordinate different 
health promotion measures and strategies. With the current 
shortages being experienced in healthcare, engaging in health 
promotion becomes difficult because of workload and lack of 
time. Expanding the role of pharmacists to be more involved in 
health promotion roles and measures can lead to a significant 
difference. They have close contacts with patients which 
provides them with a significant opportunity to advocate for 
and engage in health promotion initiatives. Pharmacists can 
engage in different actions to promote health. Some of these 
include disease prevention and control, being part of 
developing public health policies, engaging in different 
community actions, providing patient education, creating 
supportive environments, and being at the forefront of leading 
medication safety. These measures and initiatives are 
recognized as effective in health promotion. To gain the full 

benefits of these measures, there is a need to identify the 
existing challenges and barriers and address them. These 
challenges act as barriers that make it difficult for pharmacists 
to be involved in health promotion. Some of these barriers are 
structural barriers such as time restraints and heavy workload, 
and organizational barriers such as lack of support and 
inadequate funding, poor coordination with other healthcare 
providers, and lack of patient motivation to change. Addressing 
these barriers and challenges can lead to positive outcomes in 
health promotion because pharmacists can be able to perform 
their roles more effectively. 

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Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

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Pallav Dave                                                                                                                                  Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(2):32-37 

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