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Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Pharmaceutical and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2021 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the 

original author and source are credited 
 

 

 

Development and Evaluation of Aceclofenac Liposomes  

Gurleen Kaur* , Zaquiyya Naaz, Kapil Kumar , Deepak Teotia 

Department of Pharmaceutics, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur- 244713, Uttarakhand, India 

Article Info: 
_________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received 17 Nov 2021       
Reviewed 11 Dec 2021 
Accepted 18 Dec 2021 
Published 25 Dec 2021 

_________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  
Kaur G, Naaz Z, Kumar K, Teotia D, Development 
and Evaluation of Aceclofenac Liposomes, Asian 
Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 
1(1):24-32 

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.8                                  

Abstract 
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

This review gives concise information about the application of dendrimers as drug delivery carrier in 

the field of drug delivery. Due to their unique architecture these have improved physical and chemical 

properties. Due to their terminal groups these show high solubility, miscibility and reactivity. 

Dendrimers have well defined size, shape, molecular weight and monodispersity. These properties 

make the dendrimers a suitable carrier in drug delivery application. Dendrimers are unimolecular 

miceller in nature and due to this enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Their compatibility 

with DNA, heparin and polyanions make them more versatile. Dendrimers, also referred as modern 

day polymers, they offer much more good properties than the conventional polymers. Due to their 

multivalent and mono disperse character dendrimers have stimulated wide interest in the field of 

chemistry biology, drug delivery, gene therapy and chemotherapy. Self-assembly produces a faster 

means of generating nanoscopic functional and structural systems. But their actual utility in drug 

delivery can be assessed only after deep understanding of factors affecting their properties and their 

behaviour in vivo.  

Keywords: Dendrimers, Drug targeting, nanoscale carriers. 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Gurleen Kaur, Department of Pharmaceutics, Global institute of pharmaceutical and research, Kashipur - 244713, Uttarakhand, India   

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-6880 

 

Introduction:  

The Liposomes are specifically targeted drug delivery system 
which helps to carry the drug at a specific site and shows its 
therapeutic effect. Over the past few decades, liposomes have 
received widespread attention as a carrier system for 
therapeutically active compounds, due to having a specialized 
characteristic such as the capability to incorporate both 
hydrophilic as well as in hydrophobic drugs, low toxicity, good 
compatibility, lack of immune system activation and targeted 
delivery of a bioactive compound to the site of action.1  
Liposomes are colloidal vesicular structures composed of one 
and more than one lipid bilayer surrounding an equal number 
of aqueous compartments. Generally, liposomes are simple, 
small microscopic vesicle structures that incorporate both the 
type of drug either it is hydrophilic and lipophilic.2 The main 
aim of any drug delivery system is to minimize toxicity and 
increase its effectiveness, safety, target specificity, and target 
ability at a particular site. The liposomes are so formed to 
targeting and site-specific delivery of a drug, to increase the 
circulation, time of drug and release slowly for the extended 
action of a drug, drug protective from degradative enzymes. 
The liposomes are directly delivered to the drug at a targeted 
site of action and provide maximum therapeutic efficacy and 
help to prevent the drug from any degradation and protect the 
body from any inappropriate and adverse drug reaction.3,4 

Liposomes provide a wide range of attention, it provides a 
targeted carrier for many drugs such as anticancer, anti-
depressant, anti-asthmatic, anti-fungal and also helps to deliver 
the drug at a targeted site. Due to their phospholipid bilayer 
structure, liposomes can easily cross the drug from the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) in the case of the hydrophilic nature of 
anti-depressant drugs.5,6 

The structure of phospholipid is amphipathic in nature, due to 
this it helps to incorporate water-soluble drug as well as a 
lipid-soluble drug as well as lipid-soluble drug. The tail of 
lipophilic is repelled by the water and the head of hydrophilic 
is repelled by the lipid.7 

Liposomes play a major role in the pharmaceutical industry, 
cosmetic and dermatologist and carry both hydrophilic and 
lipophilic drugs and entrap the drug by liposomes and target 
the drug at a specific-organs. Due to their structure, liposomes 
also help to prevent the drug from oxidation. Liposome helps to 
penetrate the dermatological preparation into the deeper skin.8   

The objective of this delivery system is to target the drug at 
specific site during the time period of treatment as to produce 
the stable, efficacious and safe delivery system of Aceclofenac 
to overcome complications related to oral route by formulating 
the liposomes of Aceclofenac for topical use. Aceclofenac used 
in the pain induced by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis, 
which reduce the level of PGE2 in synovial fluid & suppresses 
the production from blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes 
(mononuclear leukocytes). This delivery system is used in 

                       Open Access                                                                       Research Article                                          DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.8                                 

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v1i1.8
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-6880
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-6880
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-7109


Kaur et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):24-32 

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study because of their specialized characteristics and helps to 
incorporate the Aceclofenac efficiently and used as topically 
and ultimately reduce the oral side effects of Aceclofenac.9 

 

Figure 1:  Liposome10  

Materials and Method: 

Materials 

Aceclofenac was received as a gift sample from S. P Pharma, 
Chandigarh India. Lecithin, Methanol, Cholesterol, Mannitol, 
and Chloroform were taken from the Global Institute of 
pharmaceutical education and research institute Kashipur 
Laboratory. All other materials and chemicals used were of 
either pharmaceutical or analytical grade. 

Method: 

Preparation of topical drug-loaded Aceclofenac liposomes was 
prepared by the thin-film hydration method. In this method, 
3gm of mannitol powder and cholesterol in 3%, 2%, 4%, and 
5% were placed in 250ml RBF and held at a temper    e  f   -
        d      f          ed        eed  f          f     -30 
min in a rotatory evaporator.11 

Aceclofenac (50mg) and lecithin with a ratio of 0.1:1, 0.1:2, 
0.1:3 and 0.1:4 was dissolved in methanol and chloroform in 
the ratio of 1:4 v/v and add 0.5ml aliquot of the above organic 
solution were introduced in RBF containing mannitol and 
cholesterol at 37⸰C. After drying a second aliquot (0.5ml) of the 
solution was added and then dried, a thin film is formed on the 
surface of RBF and placed in a desiccator overnight and the 
sieved with 100 mesh. The Aceclofenac-loaded liposomes were 
prepared and mentioned as f1, f2, f3, and f4.12 

Composition of different formulation: 

Formulation 
code 

Drug (mg) Chloroform 
(ml) 

Methanol(ml) Lecithin(gm) Mannitol(gm) Cholesterol 
(%) 

F1 50 4 1 1 3 3% 

F2 50 4 1 2 3 2% 

F3 50 4 1 3 3 4% 

F4 50 4 1 4 3 5% 

 

 

 

Figure 2: Lipid Film Hydration Method13 

Pre-formulation studies 

Pre-formulation study related to drug is necessary to develop 
the effective and safe dosage form. It is the first step to form 
any dosage form. It is also helping to shows the compatibility 
between excipients and drug and also finds out the physical 
and chemical characteristic. 

Pre-formulation study is necessary to develop the: -  

 Safe and effective use of drug. 

 Compatibility study of drug with different excipients. 

 To find the release kinetics.14 

Physical appearance of drug is also observed, its color, odour, 
taste. 

Organoleptic properties: - 

 Color: - Powder of white crystalline 

 Odour - Odourless 

 Taste: -   tasteless 

 Solubility: - Water insoluble, in acetone soluble freely and 
solubilise in alcohol. 

 Angle of repose 

It is done to check the flow property of powder. It is range from 
0 to 90 degree. In this method, glass funnel is used.15 

Tan Ɵ – h/r 

 Whereas,  

Ɵ =Angle of repose 

h- heap height 

r-   Heap Radius 

 

 

 



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Relation b/w flowability and angle of repose 

Angle of repose Flowability 

<20 Excellence 

20 to 30 good 

30 to 40 Passable 

>40 Very poorly 

 

Bulk density 

It depends on size of particle, its shape and adhering tendency. 
For this, a powder mass is taken in 10ml measuring cylinder. 
And then, filling was done; cylinders dropped at the surface 
from one inch height in 2sec interval. 

The bulk density determination calculated by: - 

Pb = M/Vb 

Whereas,  

Pb- Bulk dens. 
M- Powder wt. 

 Tapped density 

In this, sample is taken in measuring cylinder and tapped and 
then calculated by following method.  

Pt = M/Vt 

Whereas,  

Pt = Tapped density 
M= powder weight 

Vt = Tapped density 

 Carr’s Compressibility Index: This method is used for 
determining weight uniformity. 

   ’  I dex = B    de  i y – Tapped density/Tapped density 
×100 

Car’s compressibility Index 

Percentage Compressibility Description of flow 

5 to15 Excellence 

12 to 16 good 

18 to 21 Fairly 

23 to 28 Poorly 

28 to 35 Poorly 

35 to 38 very poorly 

Greater than 40 Extreme poorly 

Solubility analysis 

The solubility of Aceclofenac was done by using a different 
solvent. In this method, an amount of solvent taken in a test-
tube after that drug also added in it and left overnight for the 
complete solubilization. On the next, solution was sonicated for 
some time after that a small amount of solution is pipette out 
around 0.1ml and further dilutions were prepared by using 
this. After a several dilutions were prepared, absorbance was 
determined with different concentration by using UV 
spectrophotometer with the blank solution. By using the 
calibration curve, amount of dissolve drug was calculated.16 

Determination of melting point 

In this method, the melting point of Aceclofenac was 
determined to check the purity of drug. At which temperature, 
a substance starts melts known as melting point. It is carried 
out by M.P apparatus, in this drug filled in capillary and one 
ended of the capillary sealed with the help of flame and 
attached with thermometer. Note the time at which drug starts 
melts.  

 Moisture content Determination 

 Formulation was allowed to content of moisture study by 
Infra-red moisture balance by placing liposomes for 10 
minutes in 105⸰C. 

Calibration curve preparation: - 

 Calibration curve of Aceclofenac prepared in PO43- buffer 6.8. 

Calibration curve preparation in phosphate buffer 6.8 

In this method, 10mg of Aceclofenac powder were dissolved in 
10ml of PO43- buffer having 6.8 PH to produce 1000ug/ml. 
After that several dilutions were prepared by using the above 
solution having 0.5ml, 1ml, 2ml, 3ml, 4ml was taken and 
diluted with phosphate buffer 6.8 up to 100ml. The prepared 
dilutions were analysed by UV- spectrophotometer at 273nm. 
17 

 Compatibility studies of drug- excipients: FTIR study 

FTIR studies were done for determining compatibility b/w 
drug and excipients. This study was performed by using the 
saturated potassium bromide. Drug sample were prepared 
with KBr pellets i.e., 2mg sample in 200mg KBr with a 
hydrostatic force for 5.2N cm-2 for 3 minutes. 

 Development of Aceclofenac liposomes by thin film 
hydration tech. 

In this, a specified lipid &drug amount were dissolved with 
chloroform in an RBF. After that, evaporation of solvents takes 
   ce       d ce  he  hi  fi   by  ed ci g  he   e    e. T  ce’  
solvent was removed by using vacuum by storing the flask 
overnight and then film was hydrated with phosphate buffer 
6.8.18 

 

RESULT: 

Flow property of Aceclofenac powder 

S.NO Properties of powder F1 F2 F3 F4 

1 Angle of repose 31.5±0.02 31.2±0.10 30.1±0.07 31.4±0.04 

2 Bulk density(gm/ml) 0.65±0.05 0.66±0.05 0.68±0.03 0.62±0.01 

3 Tapped density 0.72±0.09 0.74±0.11 0.78±0.07 0.73±0.05 

4     ’  i dex 9.76±0.06 9.75±0.08 9.72±0.06 9.8±0.06 

 



Kaur et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):24-32 

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Organoleptic properties of Aceclofenac 

S.NO Properties Results 

 1. Physical 
appearance 

White crystalline powder 

 2. Odor Odorless 

 3. Taste Tasteless 

 4. Solubility Practically Insoluble in water, 
freely soluble in acetone, soluble 
in alcohol (95%) 

 5. Melting point 149-153◦C 

6 Moisture 
content 

0.6% 

 

Solubility: - The solubility study of Aceclofenac performed 
and result observed in the form of calibration curve. 

Calibration of Aceclofenac in methanol 

S.no Concentration(µg/ml) Absorbance(nm) 

1. 2 0.049±0.02 

2. 4 0.086±0.04 

3. 6 0.0139±0.012 

4. 8 0.198±0.010 

5. 10 0.246±0.14 

6. 12 0.298±0.016 

 

 

Calibration Curve of Aceclofenac in Methanol 

Compatibility study: - Compatibility study was done to 
determine the interaction of drug with excipients. The peak 
of Aceclofenac and peak of Aceclofenac and mannitol is 
almost similar. So, the sample of Aceclofenac properties 
matched with the standard value.13 

 

FTIR Spectra of API Aceclofenac  

 

FTIR Spectra of Aceclofenac and Mannitol 

 

 

 

FTIR Spectra Interpretation 

FUNCTIONAL GROUP (wave number cm) 

 O-H C-H C=O NH2 P=O S-OR 

Aceclofenac 3399.78 

3317.18 

2941.64 

613.08 

1788.78 

1718.70 

1577.92 1247.99 

1146.76 

844.85 

881.81 

Aceclofenac 
+Mannitol 

3276.24 

2833.83 

3028.41 

2994.23 

1770.71 

1718.70 

1579.75 1145.75 896.00 

848.71 

 

 

 

 

 

Calibration curve of aceclofenac in methanol

y = 2x - 2

R2 = 1

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

concentration

A
b

s
o

rb
a
n

c
e



Kaur et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):24-32 

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Characterization of liposomes of Aceclofenac 

Batch code Yield (%) Entrapment Efficiency (%) 

F1 56.37±0.003 95±0.05 

F2 60.23±0.06 85±0.03 

F3 65.46±0.04 89.45±0.07 

F4 62.45±0.07 79.15±0.02 

 

 

Comparison of Entrapment Efficiency of Different Liposomes of Aceclofenac 

In vitro cumulative percent drug release profile of Aceclofenac of batch F1 to F4 

Time(hour) F1 F2 F3 F4 

0 0 0 0 0 

1 37±0.007 34±0.06 27±0.05 18±0.02 

2 48±0.002 37±0.07 32±0.003 22±0.019 

3 51±0.03 42±0.05 35±0.01 24±0.002 

4 64±0.014 52±0.02 41±0.012 27±0.005 

5 67±0.020 58±0.04 46±0.008 46±0.09 

 

 

Percentage of Drug Released From Liposomes of Aceclofenac of Batch F1 to F4 

 

Release kinetic study 

Kinetic study of formulation F1 

Time 

(hour) 

Square root 

of time 

Log time Cumulative percent 

drug release 

Log Cumulative percent 

drug release 

% ARA Log cumulative % 

drug remaining 

1 1 0 37 1.56 63 1.79 

2 1.4 0.30 48 1.68 52 1.71 

3 1.7 0.47 51 1.70 49 1.69 

4 2 0.60 64 1.80 36 1.55 

5 2.2 0.69 67 1.82 33 1.51 

 

0

50

100

150

200

F1 F2 F3 F4

%
 E

n
tr

ap
m

en
t 

Ef
fi

ci
en

cy
 

Batch code 

% Drug Entrapment Efficiency of liposomes of aceclofenac 
of Batch F1 to F4 

yield % Entrapment Efficiency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

   
   

C
U

M
U

LA
TI

V
E 

%
 D

R
U

G
 R

EL
EA

SE
   

TIME IN HOURS 

IN VITRO CUMULATIVE % DRUG RELEASE OF LIPOSOMES OF ACECLOFENAC OF 
BATCH F1 TO F4 

F1 F2 F3 F4



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Kinetic study of formulation F2 

Time 
(hour) 

Square root 
of time 

Log 
time 

Cumulative percent 
drug release 

Log Cumulative percent 
drug release 

% 
ARA 

Log cumulative % drug 
remaining 

1 1 0 34 1.53 66 1.81 

2 1.4 0.30 37 1.56 63 1.79 

3 1.7 0.47 42 1.62 58 1.76 

4 2 0.60 52 1.71 48 1.68 

5 2.2 0.69 58 1.76 42 1.62 

 

Kinetic study of formulation F3 

Time 
(hour) 

Square root 
of time 

Log 
time 

Cumulative percent 
drug release 

Log Cumulative percent 
drug release 

% 
ARA 

Log cumulative % drug 
remaining 

1 1 0 27 1.43 73 1.86 

2 1.4 0.30 32 1.50 68 1.83 

3 1.7 0.47 35 1.54 65 1.81 

4 2 0.60 41 1.61 59 1.77 

5 2.2 0.69 46 1.66 54 1.73 

 

Kinetic study of formulation F4 

Time 
(hour) 

Square root 
of time 

Log 
time 

Cumulative percent 
drug release 

Log Cumulative percent 
drug release 

% 
ARA 

Log cumulative % drug 
remaining 

1 1 0 18 1.25 82 1.91 

2 1.4 0.30 22 1.34 78 1.89 

3 1.7 0.47 24 1.38 76 1.88 

4 2 0.60 27 1.43 73 1.86 

5 2.2 0.69 46 1.66 54 1.73 

 

Drug release kinetic with model fitting 

Formulation 
code 

R2 n value Best fit model Mechanism of 
release 

Zero order First order Higuchi matrix 

F1 0.987 0.9875 0.9676 0.4407 First order Non-Fickian diffusion 

F2 0.9811 0.888 0.9703 0.3836 First order Non-Fickian diffusion 

F3 0.9886 0.9301 0.8807 0.3923 First order Non-Fickian diffusion 

F4 0.9298 0.9341 0.8929 0.5859 Zero order Fickian diffusion 

 

 

Kinetic release model of zero order release 

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

%
 C

U
M

U
LA

TI
V

E 
D

R
U

G
 R

EL
EA

SE
 

TIME(hr) 

F1 F2 F3 F4



Kaur et al                                                                                                                                     Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2021; 1(1):24-32 

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Kinetic release model of first order release 

 

Kinetic release model of Higuchi release 

 

Kinetic release model of Korsmeyer peppas release 

 

DISCUSSION: 

Preformulating studies: Preformulating study of Aceclofenac 
was done by placing the following test: -i.e., melting point, 
solubility, flow property was done according to I.P.  

Physical appearance: - The organoleptic properties of 
liposome were observed by physical and visual method, 
properties were matched with the standard drug and the 
prepared Aceclofenac liposomes were sticky in appearance. 

Solubility: - Aceclofenac is freely soluble in acetone, soluble in 
alcohol (95%) and practically insoluble in water. Aceclofenac 
liposome solubility matched with the standard drug.  

Melting point: - The melting point of Aceclofenac liposomes 
was found to be 150◦C and the standard range is 149-153◦C. 

Flow property of Aceclofenac 

 Angle of repose: - It was found to be 31.5, it indicates 
the powder is passable. 

 Bulk density: - It was found to be 0.65 having good 
flow property. 

 Tapped density: - It was found to be 0.72. 

Preparation of calibration curve 

The calibration curve of Aceclofenac was plotted in phosphate 
buffer having pH 6.8 and the graph was plotted between 
concentration (x-axis) and absorbance (y-axis). The results of 
calibration curve of Aceclofenac were shown in Figure 16. 
Table 10 shows the absorbance of    Aceclofenac standard 

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
LO

G
 %

 A
R

A
 

TIME(hr) 

f1 f2 f3 f4

0

20

40

60

80

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

%
 C

U
M

U
LA

TI
V

E 
D

R
U

G
 

R
EL

EA
SE

 

SQUARE ROOT OF TIME 

F1 F2 F3 F4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

LO
G

 %
 C

R
 

TIME (hr) 
F1 F2 F3 F4



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solution containing 10-50 µg/ml of drug in phosphate buffer 
pH 6.8. 

In vitro drug release studies of liposome 

In vitro- drug release study was carried out in USP XIII 
dissolution test apparatus type II. 

In this, a temperature was set at 37◦C ±5◦C and set at 50rpm. 

phosphate buffer of 1000 ml and set for 12 hours. Release of 
drug at different time interval has been analyzed by UV 
spectrophotometer at 274 nm. 

Compatibility study 

Compatibility study of drug and excipient was done by FTIR 
method. The peak of alone Aceclofenac and peak of Aceclofenac 
with excipients was almost same but a little different due to 
presence of excipients. There was no appearance or 
disappearance of peaks found in the drug-lipid mixture which 
confirms the absence of any chemical interaction between the 
drug and excipients. 

Release kinetics: -  

Drug release kinetic model are used to illustrate the drug 
release mechanism. For this various model are used like zero 
order, first order, Higuchi, korsmeyer peppas model to obtain 
the value of R2 and n-value for the determination of best fit 
model. R2 value was compared for all the formulation which 
shows the best fit model and by noticing n value which is from 
korsmeyer peppas model. Release mechanism was described 
by an equation.19 

Mt/M∞ =   n 

Followed by standard release mechanism 

N value Release mechanism 

0.5 Fickian diffusion 

0.5<n<1 Non-Fickian diffusion 

1 Supercase Ⅱ transport 

 

The observed data of kinetic model shows the best fit model for 
prepared Aceclofenac liposomes was determined by regression 
coefficient (r2) in all formulation. The highest r2 value 
determine the best fit model, the observed data shows the First 
order release in F1, F2 and F3 formulation it shows the drug 
release is dependent on concentration and in F4 it shows zero- 
order release i.e., the drug release is independent of 
concentration. Formulation F1, F2 & F3 shows the non-Fickian 
diffusion and F4 shows the Fickian diffusion which means F1, 
F2 & F3 is anomalous drug release as it is erosion-controlled 
release rate and diffusion release rate. The best formulation is 
F4 formulation because the drug release is independent of 
concentration. 

Entrapment Efficiency: - The drug entrapment efficiency of 
liposomes formulations is given in Table 12. The loading 
efficiency calculated for all liposome from batch F1 to F4 
ranged from 79.15 to 95%. For this, it is clear that drug 
entrapment efficiency changed by changing the ratio of 
excipients. The highest loading efficiency was found for the F1 
formulation is 95% and F3 is 89.45 

Determination of PH: - The pH of prepared Aceclofenac 
liposomes was found to be 5 which is matched with the pH of 
skin so, the Aceclofenac liposomes was prepared successfully 
and have good therapeutic effect. 

 

CONCLUSION 

 In this study, it has been concluded that the formulation of 
Aceclofenac liposomes provides the sustained action of drug. 
The Aceclofenac liposomes were successfully formulated by 
using cholesterol, Mannitol and chloroform for topical use. In 
this, the polymer used as a carrier for Aceclofenac drug 
release.20 The Aceclofenac liposomes have a capability to 
penetrate the lipoidal structure easily and produce a prolonged 
action. When the Aceclofenac given orally, it will produce the 
gastrointestinal complication so, to overcome this, the topical 
preparation of Aceclofenac liposomes can be formulated; it is 
used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis 
and ankylosing spondylitis.21 

From the above experiments, it has been concluded that: - 

i) Different pre-formulation studies were done on the sample 
of Aceclofenac. 

ii) The liposome of Aceclofenac prepared by using different 
excipients such as methanol, chloroform, mannitol, lecithin, 
etc. 

The liposome of Aceclofenac has been prepared by the thin- 
film hydration method and the rotary film evaporator 
equipment were used.22 

The prepared Aceclofenac liposomes to be a novel drug 
approach for treating the arthritis through transdermal route 
in which drug can permeate through skin and also show a 
sustained action. The prepared formulation was found to have 
better bioavailability, analgesic activity and anti- inflammatory 
action as compared to existing formulations of the mentioned 
drug.23 

According to the results obtained from this study, it was 
concluded that the Aceclofenac liposome were successfully 
prepared to obtain ointment. Aceclofenac ointment showed 
good pH value, Spreadability, good entrapment efficiency. The 
kinetic study was also performed for the prepared Aceclofenac 
liposomes and the observed data of kinetic model shows the 
best- fit model for prepared Aceclofenac liposome was 
determined by regression coefficient (r2) in all formulation. 
The best model of formulation F4 shows zero order release 
because the drug release is independent of concentration and it 
shows the Fickian diffusion.24 

Therefore, it was concluded that the formulation could be very 
promising alternative for the topical or transdermal treatment. 

Conflict Of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of 
interest regarding this investigation. 

Acknowledgement: Authors acknowledges to Global 
Institute of Pharmaceutical education and research for all 
support and encouragement for writing this research article. 

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1. Kong F, Zhou, Ge, Liu, Wang, Zhou. Mannosylated liposomes for 
targeted gene delivery. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 
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2. Liu Q, Boyd BJ. Liposomes in biosensors. Analyst, 2012; in press. 
2021. 

3. Allison, Anthony C., and Gregory. Gregoriadis. Liposomes in 
Biological Systems. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 1980. Print. 

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https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v4i6.330
https://doi.org/10.2174/1567201053585985
https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v4i3.267
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6.2071
https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v1i2.R6
https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v4i4.290
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5173(97)00135-X
https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2006.1181.1191
https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v2i2.R1
https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276X-8-102
https://doi.org/10.22270/ujpr.v3i6.221
https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.89757

