







































Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[11]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

Available online at ajdhs.com 

Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 
Open Access to Dental and Medical Research 

Copyright  © 2024 The  Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided 

the original author and source are credited  

 

 

Exploring the Efficacy of Natural Biomaterials in Endodontics 

Dr Elizabeth Thomas *1, Dr H Murali Rao 2 , Dr B S Keshava Prasad 3 , Dr. Suman C 4  

1 Post Graduates, MDS, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, 1st Phase, J. P. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 
560078  

2 MDS, Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, 1st Phase, J. P. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 
560078 

3 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, 1st Phase, J. P. Nagar, 
Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 

4 Lecturer, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, DAPM RV Dental College, 1st Phase, J. P. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 

Article Info: 
_____________________________________________ 
Article History: 

Received  11 June 2024     
Reviewed  08 July 2024 
Accepted   26 July 2024 
Published 15 September 2024 

_____________________________________________ 
Cite this article as:  

Thomas E, Rao HM, Keshava Prasad BS, Suman C, 
Exploring the Efficacy of Natural Biomaterials in 
Endodontics, Asian Journal of Dental and Health 
Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16                                                             

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i3.88 

Abstract 
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 

Endodontic therapy aims for thorough disinfection and three-dimensional filling of the root canal 
system, a goal often challenged by the complexity of root canal morphology. Traditional chemical 
irrigants and intracanal medicaments, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and calcium hydroxide 
(CaOH2), are effective but can be cytotoxic and cause detrimental effects on periapical tissues and 
radicular dentin. Increasing antibiotic resistance and the adverse effects of synthetic agents have 
spurred interest in natural phytochemicals as alternatives. These phytochemicals exhibit promising 
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and chelating properties, making them viable candidates for root 
canal irrigation, intracanal medicaments, and smear layer removal. The agents reviewed include 
Terminalia chebula [Triphala], Camellia sinensis [Green Tea] , Curcuma longa  [Turmeric],  
Glycyrrhiza glabra  [Liquorice],  Propolis,  Melaleuca alternifolia  [Tea Tree Oil], Azadirachta indica 
[Neem] etc. These biomaterials have been studied in various combinations and against a variety of 
common intraoral bacteria like Enterococcus Faecalis. However, most of the conducted researches 
are in-vitro studies such as agar diffusion test. Despite their potential, there is a need for further 
comprehensive clinical and experimental studies to fully evaluate their biocompatibility, safety, and 
effectiveness compared to conventional treatments. This review aims to underscores the necessity 
of rigorous research and standardization protocols to confidently employ herbal extracts in 
endodontic practice. 

Keywords: Endodntic irrigants, Herbal irrigants, Intracanal medicaments, antibacterial, Glycyrrhiza 
glabra, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera 

*Address for Correspondence:   

Dr Elizabeth Thomas, DAPM RV Dental College, 1st Phase, J. P. Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078 

  

INTRODUCTION 

The paramount goal of endodontic therapy is the thorough 
disinfection and three-dimensional filling of the root canal 
system. The conjoint utilization of mechanical instrumentation, 
copious use of various irrigants and intracanal medicaments 
are important for the highest possible disinfection of root 
canals. However, the complexity of the root canal morphology 
poses a great challenge for disinfection till date1. 

The routinely used chemical irrigants such as sodium 
hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) 
etc are documented to be cytotoxic and irritative to periapical 
tissues on extrusion. Certain Intracanal medicaments such as 
calcium hydroxide (CaOH2), Triple antibiotic paste, can weaken 
the radicular dentin by collagen breakdown, tooth 
discoloration, demineralisation of dentin etc2.  

The escalating resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics 
and chemotherapeutic agents has sparked a growing interest 
among researchers in exploring alternative products and 
treatment modalities for oral diseases2. Consequently, natural 
chemicals derived from plants and animals employed in 
traditional medicine are being considered as viable substitutes 
for synthetic chemicals. While herbs may offer a promising 
alternative to conventional treatments for oral health issues, 
there remains a research gap regarding their impact on oral 
tissues, mechanisms of action, and potential side effects. Thus, 
further research is warranted to investigate the efficacy of these 
traditional medicines3.

 

 

                     Open Access                                                                                                                                                                                                           Review Article                                                                           

http://jddtonline.info/
http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v4i3.88
https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.22270/ajdhs.v4i3.88&amp;domain=pdf
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-6425
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7411-6714
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2966-6848


Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[12]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

CLASSIFICATION 

The traditional medicines can be classified as3 :(fig1) 

 

 

• Smear layer removal- Noni juice, citrus and carbonic acid 
juice ‚ Matricaria recutita extract, Morinda citrifolia juice, 
chitosan, green tea and neem leaf extract 

• Intracanal medicaments-Propolis, Aloe vera, Glycyrrhiza 
glabra (Liquorice) 

• Root canal sealer adjuncts- Propolis and Green tea, 
Liquorice, Bakul and Guguchi, Cinnamon oil, moringa root 

• Gutta percha dissolvants-eucalyptus oil, tea tree oil, 
Castor oil, Peppermint oil and Wintergreen oil, clove oil 

• Storage media-propolis, green tea extract, coconut water, 
morus rubra, aloe vera  

• Pulp repair- Green Tea Polyphenols, Acemannan, Baicalin, 
Propolis3 

Kale and Raut’s Proposed Classification of Herbal 
Endodontic Irrigants4 

Based on properties(fig.2) 

1. Herbal root canal irrigants with antimicrobial property  

2. Herbal root canal irrigants with chelating ability  

3. Herbal root canal irrigants with both antimicrobial property 
and chelating ability  

4. Herbal root canal irrigants with pulp tissue dissolution 4

 

 



Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[13]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

 

 

SOME HERBAL EXTRACTS USED IN ENDODONTICS 

Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) 

Green tea, found commonly in semitropical environment of 
Southeast Asian platations,is derived from Camellia sinensis 
leaves. The catechins and the flavins are the microbiologically 
active ingredients in green tea. Phenolic acids such as 
chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and flavonoids such as myricetin, 
kaempferol and quercetin are present in green tea. It also 
contains Gallic acid as a major component5. 

Tea polyphenol galloylated catechins, particularly 
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have demonstrated 
remarkable antimicrobial and anti-cariogenic properties. 
Studies have shown that EGCG can effectively disrupt Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacterial membranes. Additionally, 
it can inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase by binding to the Adenosine 
triphosphate B subunit, thus preventing DNA supercoiling and 
ultimately leading to the demise of bacterial cells. 5,6. 

Catechins have been discovered to act as an inhibitor against 
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus at a 
minimum inhibitory concentration. The fluoride present in 
green tea may also play a role in enhancing the cariostatic 
action along with other tea components5. 

Extensive research has focused on the potential uses of green 
tea extract in restorative and endodontic dentistry. Studies have 
yielded promising findings, suggesting that green tea extract 
can effectively serve as a storage medium to minimize infections 
after tooth replantation. It can preserve PDL cell viability, and 
reduce root resorption and ankylosis. The study found that 90 
percent cell viability was maintained for up to 24 hours3. 
However, comparative studies have also revealed limitations of 
green tea extract, particularly in its antimicrobial activity when 
compared to other agents such as propolis, triphala, and orange 
oil. Divia et al, found that green tea extract showed a greater 
reduction of E. faecalis colonies compared to Triphala and 
morinda. Furthermore, Sebatni et al's research in 2017 
indicated that green tea extract exhibited relatively lower 
efficacy in removing smear layer compared to Neem leaf 
extract, Orange peel extracts, and Sodium hypochlorite 
(NaOCl)7. These findings suggest that while green tea extract 
holds promise in certain applications, further research and 
comparative studies are necessary to fully understand its 
potential benefits and limitations in restorative and endodontic 
dentistry. 

Neem (Azadirachta indica) 

Neem is widely recognized as a potent therapeutic herb in 
naturopathy due to its strong antioxidant and antibacterial 
properties, making it a highly effective alternative to sodium 
hypochlorite for root canal irrigation.8. 

The active compounds in neem, such as Nimbidin, Azadirachtin, 
and nimbinin, are responsible for its antibacterial properties9. 
The aqueous extract of neem stick and the gallotannin-enriched 
extract from Melaphis chinensis hinder the synthesis of 
insoluble glucans, leading to bacterial aggregation, and 
reducing the capacity of streptococci to colonize enamel 
surfaces. Both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of neem leaf 
inhibit S. mutans and E. faecalis. According to literature, neem 
leaf extract has significant antimicrobial activity against E. 
faecalis derived from inflamed root canal samples, 
demonstrating efficacy compared to 2% sodium hypochlorite10. 

The established biocompatibility of neem supports its 
application as an intracanal irrigant in endodontics. However, 
the inherent bitter taste attributed to nimbidin presents an 
undesirable attribute. This limitation can be addressed by 
integrating sweeteners into the neem extract. 

Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) 

Aloe vera extract is known for its potent antibacterial, 
antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. The active 
constituents of the gel, aloin, and aloe-emodin, contribute to its 
therapeutic effects9.Widely used in Endodontics, Aloe vera 
serves as both a medicament and an irrigant due to its 
effectiveness against S. pyogenes and E. faecalis, attributed to 
the presence of anthraquinone which inhibits the formation of 
these organisms11. 

In a 2015 study conducted by Swati et al, compared the 
antimicrobial activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Aloe vera, 
garlic, and 5% NaOCl against E. faecalis. The results showed that 
the saturated hydroalcoholic extract of Aloe vera exhibited the 
highest zone of inhibition against E. faecalis12. 

The ability of Aloe vera to inhibit the COX pathway and reduce 
prostaglandin E2 production makes it a robust anti-
inflammatory agent. Notably, Aloe vera has been recognized for 
its ability to penetrate deeper layers of the epidermis when 
applied topically10.Another study by Seth et al. in 2016 
indicated that compared to tea tree oil and NaOCl ,Aloe vera 
demonstrated the highest zone of inhibition against E. faecalis 



Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[14]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

7. Additionally, Aloe vera exhibits wide spectrum of 
antibacterial activity compared to other natural extracts, 
against various oral pathogens13. 

Triphala (Terminalia Chebula)   

Triphala, a herbal blend originating from India, consists of dried 
and powdered fruits from three medicinal plants. Terminalia 
bellerica, Terminalia chebula, and Emblica officinalis. It is found 
to be safe and contains active components such as Gallic acid 
and Tannic acid that provide beneficial physiological effects 
beyond its healing properties, including antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, and radical scavenging activities14. Triphala acts 
by inhibiting the cell division or by causing damage to the cell 
walls of the bacterium7. 

Triphala has excellent antimicrobial action towards gram 
positive and gram negative micro organism particularly 
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus 
subtilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This is 
due to presence of various chemical parts like flavonoids, 
terpenes and alkaloids. Triphala demonstrates remarkable 
bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities at an exceptionally low 
concentration of 50 μg/ml. Moreover, a 5% solution of Triphala 
exhibits an inhibition of approximately 83% against 
Streptococcus mutans10,15. 

Chitosan 

Chitosan, a biopolymer resulting from the partial deacetylation 
of chitin sourced from crustacean exoskeletons, serves as an 
efficacious drug carrier, facilitating a gradual and controlled 
release of intracanal medicament. It also exhibits bio-adhesive 
properties and minimal toxicity16. Chitosan as a vehicle can 
enhance the antibacterial properties of an intracanal 
medicament. It has been linked to antibacterial effects on 
Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans, 
and Porphyromonas gingivalis17. Chitosan has a broad 
spectrum of antibacterial properties, high chelating ability in 
acidic conditions, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. 
Studies have demonstrated that chitosan-based scaffolds 
promote pulp regeneration and dentin formation by inducing 
mineralization. Chitosan-based scaffolds contain tricalcium 
phosphate that promotes high expression of mineralization 
markers, such as osteopontin and alkaline phosphatase, and 
dentin formation by human periodontal ligament cells 
(HPLCs)16. 

Turmeric[Curcuma  longa]   

Turmeric plays a significant role as a spice, food preservative, 
and coloring agent in the culinary traditions of India, China, and 
Southeast Asia. It has a rich traditional medicinal history for 
addressing various health concerns. Curcumin, the primary 
yellow bioactive compound in turmeric, has demonstrated a 
diverse array of biological effects, including antimicrobial, anti-
inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Numerous studies 
have established strong connections between these activities 
and curcumin, laying a solid foundation for exploring its 
potential applications in endodontics14. 

The antimicrobial properties of turmeric stem from curcumin's 
ability to disrupt the assembly of a protein- Filamenting 
Temperature-Sensitive Mutant Z (FTSZ) profilaments and 
enhance the GTPase activity of FTSZ, which are harmful to 
bacteria. When used as an irrigating solution, turmeric prevents 
the formation of biofilms by eliminating the extracellular 
polymeric substance matrix, which serves as a source of 
nutrients for further bacterial growth11. 

In 2013, Neelakantan et al. examined the antimicrobial 
effectiveness of curcumin against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm 
formed on tooth substrate in vitro, comparing it to 
chlorhexidine and sodium hypochlorite18. The findings revealed 

that sodium hypochlorite displayed the highest antibacterial 
activity, followed by curcumin and CHX9. 

A recent report indicated that aqueous preparations of 
curcumin exhibit a phototoxic effect against both gram-positive 
and gram-negative bacteria. This discovery paves the way for 
further research into the use of turmeric in the photodynamic 
therapy of root canal systems14. 

Tea Tree oil (Melaleuca  alternifolia)  

Tea tree, an indigenous Australian plant, produces oil with 
notable antiseptic and antifungal properties, along with a mild 
solvent action, rendering it a promising candidate for 
implementation in dental care. Moreover, its principal active 
constituent, terpinen-4-ol, typically accounting for 30-40% of 
the oil, suggests potential utility in dissolving necrotic pulp 
tissue, particularly in the context of root canal treatment14. 
Based on a study by Seth et al, tea tree oil exhibited a higher 
zone of inhibition against C. albicans compared to Aloe vera and 
NaOCl. However, it had a lower zone of inhibition against E. 
faecalis compared to Aloe vera and NaOCl. In addition, it 
showed a higher zone of inhibition against a mixed culture 
compared to Aloe vera, but lower than NaOCl7. 

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) 

Both Indian and Chinese traditional medicine have historically 
utilized clove flowers and oil to address a variety of health 
issues. It is an evergreen plant with strong phenolic smell and 
pungant taste19. Active constituents are Acetyl eugenol, 
betacaryophylle, vanillin, crategolic acid, and tannins7. It 
destroys the integrity and reduces biofilm quality, disrupts the 
bacterial membrane, cause cytoplasm leakage, and form 
vesicles on the surface of cytoplasmic membrane19. 

In their study, Madhavan et al. investigated the potential of clove 
oil to amplify the antibacterial efficacy of intracanal 
medicaments. The findings reveal that when combined with 
other intracanal medicaments such as triple antibiotic paste 
and calcium hydroxide, clove oil exhibits enhanced antibacterial 
activity against E. faecalis7. 

Propolis 

Propolis is a resinous material collected by honeybees from 
various plant species and blended with wax and other 
substances. Scientific research has revealed its antioxidant, 
antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-
tumor, and immunomodulating properties. Current research 
involving propolis in dentistry spans many fields and highlights 
its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities, particularly 
in cariology, oral surgery, pathology, periodontics, and 
endodontics14. 

Propolis is known for its antimicrobial properties, which are 
attributed to flavonoids and esters of caffeine. Additionally, it 
contains an unidentified, water-soluble component that 
absorbs ultraviolet light and hinders bacterial DNA-dependent 
RNA polymerases20. 

Liquorice( Glycyrrhiza glabra) 

Liquorice has been traditionally used in Chinese medicine, 
owing to its anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antiviral 
properties. The sweet taste of liquorice root is due to 
glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid compound9. This compound is a mix 
of potassium-calcium magnesium salts of glycyrrhizic acid and 
can range from 2–25%. Within natural saponins, glycyrrhizic 
acid is characterized by a hydrophilic segment consisting of two 
molecules of glucuronic acid and a hydrophobic fragment 
known as glycyrrhetic acid. The antimicrobial effect of  
Liquorice extract against E.  faecalis,  may  be related to  the  
Glycyrrhizin. The mode of action of antibacterial effects of 
saponins seems to involve membranolytic properties .It has 



Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[15]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

been studied for its action against S.Mutans3. Studies have 
demonstrated marked inhibition of adherence and growth of 
Streptococcus Mutans in plaque. Liquorice has demonstrated 
higher biocompatibility with fibroblast cells in comparison to 
calcium hydroxide, which caused severe toxicity to the cells14. 

Shikakai (Acacia Concinna) 

Shikakai, a thorny plant prevalent in central and south India, 
has been traditionally utilized for hair care and as an oral rinse 
for addressing halitosis, dental caries, mouth ulcers, and gum 
bleeding. The methanol extract of the plant's bark has exhibited 
antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, gram-
positive bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus 
casei, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Active constituents 
encompass alkaloids, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, 
phenolic compounds, and tannins.23 

A recent study conducted by Aravind et al. aimed to assess the 
cytotoxicity of shikakai on periodontal cells in comparison to 
sodium hypochlorite. The research findings indicated that the 
extract derived from acacia concinna demonstrated increased 
cell viability with periodontal cells when contrasted with 
sodium hypochlorite at both 1-hour and 24-hour intervals24. 
Thus far, there has been limited research investigating the 
properties of shikakai concerning its potential application in 
dentistry. 

OTHER APPLICATIONS  

One of the crucial requirements for an intra-canal medication is 
its stability and sustained release over an extended period. 
According to  Digole VR et al , Aloe vera does not exhibit 
significant activity against Enterococcus Faecalis compared to 
synthetic alternatives. This could be due to its inferior molecule 
binding ability to E. faecalis and inferior potential to alter its 
membrane permeability and structural integrity to thus reduce 
its resistance. According to Patri et al, Propolis and curcumin 
showed considerable antibacterial property, but not as much as 
triple antibiotic paste17. 

A study compared the smear removal and antibacterial 
properties of chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) to sodium 
hypochlorite(NaOCl) and Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 
(EDTA) which demonstrated that irrigation with CNP effectively 
removes the smear layer and inorganic contents from the 
dentin. Additionally, CNP demonstrates significantly greater 
resistance to biofilm formation compared to NaOCl and EDTA, 
while exhibiting a chelating effect similar to that of EDTA. A 
major drawback of EDTA is related to its dentin 
demineralization, unlike which chitosan showed 
remineralization capacity as well as resistance to bacterial 
adherence. These findings advocate the use of CNPs as a 
substitute for EDTA as a final root canal irrigant16. 

Numerous studies have demonstrated that extracts of Morinda 
citrifolia, German chamomile, Propolis, Tea tree, Triphala etc 
possess the capability to effectively eliminate the smear layer. 
6% concentration of Morinda citrifolia (MC) has shown 
effective antimicrobial activity when used as an intracanal 
medicament as well as smear layer removal. A majority of 
studies suggest that Azadirachta indica (AI) is the most effective 
against E. faecalis, followed by propolis, then Morinda citrifolia 
(MC). There are contradictory results regarding the effect of 
Aloe vera on E. faecalis9,21. This could be due to the variation in 
isolation techniques as well as differences in chemical 
composition of aloe vera pulp acquired from different 
geographical sites21. 

The literature search shows that most of the studies conducted 
on the efficacy of herbal extracts are in vitro antimicrobial 
studies. It is important to determine the cytotoxicity of these 
agents for its effective use in clinical scenarios. Employment of 

these natural biomaterials in root canal disinfection requires 
more clinical trials, in-vivo studies, biocompatibility tests etc22. 

CONCLUSION  

The study of herbal extracts for root canal disinfection has 
created new avenues for promising research. When used with 
proper knowledge, herbal extracts are generally safe; however, 
caution is warranted as their misuse can lead to adverse effects. 
While preliminary findings from laboratory studies suggest 
potential, it is crucial to prioritize comprehensive clinical, 
longitudinal, preclinical, and experimental studies to assess the 
biocompatibility and safety of herbal products before 
confidently endorsing their implementation in root canal 
disinfection. Notably, herbal extracts represent a valuable 
prospect for root canal disinfection, serving as effective 
irrigants, intra-canal medicaments, and agents for removing the 
smear layer3,14,21. 

Conflict of interest 

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was 
reported. 

REFERENCES 

1. Use of natural substitutes as an intracanal medicament in the 
endodontics-An update for in vivo studies. Indian J Nat Prod 
Resour. Published online 2020. 
https://doi.org/10.56042/ijnpr.v11i3.31613 

2. Babaji P, Jagtap K, Lau H, Bansal N, Thajuraj S, Sondhi P. 
Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial effect of herbal root canal 
irrigants (Morinda citrifolia, Azadirachta indica, Aloe vera) with 
sodium hypochlorite: An: in vitro: study. Journal of International 
Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry. 2016;6(3):196. 
https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.183104 PMid:27382533 
PMCid:PMC4916791 

3. Karobari MI, Adil AH, Assiry AA, et al. Herbal Medications in 
Endodontics and Its Application-A Review of Literature. Materials. 
2022;15(9):3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093111 
PMid:35591443 PMCid:PMC9101381 

4. Kale PP, Raut AW. A proposed classification system for herbal 
endodontic irrigants. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and 
Endodontics. 2021;24(3):293. 
https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_75_21 PMid:35035157 
PMCid:PMC8717852 

5. Chandak M, Nikhade P, Chandak R, et al. Herbal Sealers in 
Endodontics-A Systematic Review. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 
2020;11:1278-1285. 
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-
Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics
_-
_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herba
l-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf  
https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4289 

6. Araghizadeh A, Kohanteb J, Fani MM. Inhibitory Activity of Green 
Tea (Camellia sinensis) Extract on Some Clinically Isolated 
Cariogenic and Periodontopathic Bacteria. Medical Principles and 
Practice. 2013;22(4):368-372. 
https://doi.org/10.1159/000348299 PMid:23485656 
PMCid:PMC5586764 

7. Gaidhane H. Stretching new boundaries of endodontics with 
phytotherapy: A review of literature. UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF 
DENTAL SCIENCES. 2022;8(4). 
https://doi.org/10.21276//ujds.2022.8.4.23 

8. Sabitha M, Krishnaveni K, Murugan M, Basha AN, Pallan GA, 
Kandeepan C, Ramya S, Jayakumararaj R. In-silico ADMET 
predicated Pharmacoinformatics of Quercetin-3-Galactoside, 
polyphenolic compound from Azadirachta indica, a sacred tree 
from Hill Temple in Alagarkovil Reserve Forest, Eastern Ghats, 
INDIA. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2021;11(5-
S):77-84. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-S.5026 

https://doi.org/10.56042/ijnpr.v11i3.31613
https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-0762.183104
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093111
https://doi.org/10.4103/jcd.jcd_75_21
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics_-_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herbal-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics_-_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herbal-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics_-_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herbal-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics_-_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herbal-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pradnya-Nikhade/publication/349892846_Herbal_Sealers_in_Endodontics_-_A_Systematic_Review/links/61e2f4dc9a753545e2d1ddef/Herbal-Sealers-in-Endodontics-A-Systematic-Review.pdf
https://doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11iSPL4.4289
https://doi.org/10.1159/000348299
https://doi.org/10.21276/ujds.2022.8.4.23
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5-S.5026


Thomas et al.                                                                                                                              Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences. 2024; 4(3):11-16 

[16]                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              AJDHS.COM 

9. Loganathan T, Barathinivas A, Soorya C, Balamurugan S, Nagajothi 
TG, Ramya S, Jayakumararaj R, Physicochemical, Druggable, 
ADMET Pharmacoinformatics and Therapeutic Potentials of 
Azadirachtin - a Prenol Lipid (Triterpenoid) from Seed Oil 
Extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Journal of Drug Delivery 
and Therapeutics. 2021; 11(5):33-46 
https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.4981 

10. Oak A, Attur K, Bagda K, Mustafa M, Kathiria N. HerboDontics A 
Descriptive Review. National Journal of Integrated Research in 
Medicine. 2022;13(3).  

11. S, Andamuthu Sivakumar Vishnuvardhini, Ravi V, Prasad AS, 
Sivakumar JS. Herbendodontics - Phytotherapy In Endodontics: A 
Review. Biomed Pharmacol J. 2018;11(2):1073-1082. 
https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1468 

12. T A, Ramesh S. Review of Literature on Herbal Irrigants. Annals of 
the Romanian Society for Cell Biology. Published online May 13, 
2021:15839-15846. 
http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/5321  

13. Ghasemi N, Behnezhad M, Asgharzadeh M, Zeinalzadeh E, Kafil HS. 
Antibacterial Properties of Aloe vera on Intracanal Medicaments 
against Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm at Different Stages of 
Development. International Journal of Dentistry. 
2020;2020:e8855277. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8855277 
PMid:33488716 PMCid:PMC7803133 

14. Prasanna Neelakantan*, Nithya Jagannathan, Nabeel Nazar 
"Ethnopharmacological approach in Endodontic Treatment: A 
Focused Review", Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., Oct-Dec 2011, 3(4): 68-
77 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232715211_Ethnoph
armacological_approach_in_Endodontic_Treatment_A_Focused_Re
view  

15. Kaur K. Ayurvedic Herbs in Endodontics. Journal of Advanced 
Medical and Dental Sciences Research. 2023;11(12):72-75. 
Accessed May 17, 2024. 
https://jamdsr.com/uploadfiles/15vol11issue12pp72-
7520231228073014.pdf  

16. Zhang C, Hui D, Du C, et al. Preparation and application of chitosan 
biomaterials in dentistry. International Journal of Biological 

Macromolecules. 2021;167:1198-1210. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.073 PMid:33202273 

17. Patri G, Sheetal K, Pradhan PK, Agrawal P, Lata S. Comparative 
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Herbal Agents as 
Intracanal Medicaments Individually or in Combination with 
Chitosan: An: in vitro: RTPCR Study. Journal of International Oral 
Health. 2023;15(1):89. https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_154_22 

18. Vanapatla A, Nanda N, Satyarth S, Kawle S, Gawande HP, Gupte JM. 
Antibacterial Efficacy of Herbal Solutions in Disinfecting Gutta 
Percha Cones Against Enterococcus Faecalis. Journal of Pharmacy 
and Bioallied Sciences. 2022;14(Suppl 1):S748. 
https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_111_22 PMid:36110725 
PMCid:PMC9469315 

19. Agrawal, M., Agrawal, S., Rastogi, R., Singh, P., Br, A., GuptaH, L., & 
Pradesh, U. (2014). A review on uses of clove in oral and general 
health.. ijrpb. 
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58710530  

20. Manoj Chandak. Role of Herbals in Endodontics. Proteins. 15:20. 
https://www.saspublishers.com/media/articles/SAJB_58566-
568.pdf 

21. Gandhi H, Dave DS, Shah N, Pathak A, Patel KR, Martin P. 
Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Herbal v/s 
Synthetic Irrigating Solutions: An: In Vitro: Study. International 
Journal of Oral Care and Research. 2021;9(1):8. 
https://doi.org/10.4103/INJO.INJO_2_21 

22. Dos Santos DC, da Silva Barboza A, Schneider LR, et al. 
Antimicrobial and physical properties of experimental endodontic 
sealers containing vegetable extracts. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):6450. 
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85609-4 PMid:33742040 
PMCid:PMC7979879 

23. Biswal AR, Mirunalini K, Jayshree P, Pazhamalai V. Molecular 
docking analysis of bioactive compounds of Acacia concinna 
against fungal protein. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and 
Research. 2019 Apr 1;11(4):1216-22. 

24. Arvind B, Geeta IB, Anaida Clara Alex. Comparative Cytotoxic 
Evaluation of Acacia Concinna and Sodium Hypochlorite on 
Periodontal Ligament Cells - An Invitro Study. SAS J Med, 2024 
Apr 10(4):262-266. 
https://doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2024.v10i04.010

 

https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i5.4981
https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1468
http://annalsofrscb.ro/index.php/journal/article/view/5321
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8855277
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232715211_Ethnopharmacological_approach_in_Endodontic_Treatment_A_Focused_Review
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232715211_Ethnopharmacological_approach_in_Endodontic_Treatment_A_Focused_Review
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232715211_Ethnopharmacological_approach_in_Endodontic_Treatment_A_Focused_Review
https://jamdsr.com/uploadfiles/15vol11issue12pp72-7520231228073014.pdf
https://jamdsr.com/uploadfiles/15vol11issue12pp72-7520231228073014.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.073
https://doi.org/10.4103/jioh.jioh_154_22
https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_111_22
https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:58710530
https://doi.org/10.4103/INJO.INJO_2_21
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85609-4
https://doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2024.v10i04.010

