id	sid	tid	token	lemma	pos
ajeer-261	1	1	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	1	2	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	3	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	1	4	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	1	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	1	6	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	1	7	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	1	8	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	9	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	1	10	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	11	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	12	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	13	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	14	asian	asian	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	15	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	1	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	1	17	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	1	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	1	19	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	1	20	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	1	21	vol	vol	NOUN
ajeer-261	1	22	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	2	1	6	6	NUM
ajeer-261	2	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	3	no	no	INTJ
ajeer-261	2	4	.	.	NOUN
ajeer-261	2	5	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	2	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	7	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	2	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	2	9	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	2	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	11	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	2	12	issn(e	issn(e	NOUN
ajeer-261	2	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	14	2409	2409	NUM
ajeer-261	2	15	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	2	16	2622/	2622/	NUM
ajeer-261	2	17	issn(p	issn(p	NOUN
ajeer-261	2	18	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	19	2518	2518	NUM
ajeer-261	2	20	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	21	010x	010x	ADJ
ajeer-261	2	22	doi	doi	NOUN
ajeer-261	2	23	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	2	24	10.20448	10.20448	NUM
ajeer-261	2	25	/	/	SYM
ajeer-261	2	26	journal.501.2019.61.1.15	journal.501.2019.61.1.15	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	1	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	2	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	3	3	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	3	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	3	5	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	6	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	3	7	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	8	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	3	9	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	10	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	11	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	12	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	13	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	3	14	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	3	15	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	16	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	3	17	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	18	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	3	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	3	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	22	nexus	nexus	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	3	24	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	25	cosmas	cosmas	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	26	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	27	mbogela1	mbogela1	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	28	1mzumbe	1mzumbe	NUM
ajeer-261	3	29	university	university	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	30	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	31	school	school	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	3	33	box	box	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	34	6	6	NUM
ajeer-261	3	35	mzumbe	mzumbe	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	3	37	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
ajeer-261	3	38	abstract	abstract	ADJ
ajeer-261	3	39	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	3	40	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	41	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	3	42	experienced	experience	VERB
ajeer-261	3	43	disparities	disparity	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	44	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	3	45	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	3	46	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	47	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	3	48	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	3	49	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	3	50	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	4	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	4	2	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	3	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	4	4	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	4	5	propositions	proposition	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	6	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	4	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	4	8	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	4	10	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	4	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	12	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	4	13	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	4	14	given	give	VERB
ajeer-261	4	15	rise	rise	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	16	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	4	17	debates	debate	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	18	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	4	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	4	20	alternative	alternative	ADJ
ajeer-261	4	21	course	course	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	22	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	4	23	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	24	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	4	25	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	4	26	pursue	pursue	VERB
ajeer-261	4	27	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	4	28	enhance	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	4	29	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	4	30	respective	respective	ADJ
ajeer-261	4	31	growths	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	4	32	economically	economically	ADV
ajeer-261	4	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	5	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	5	2	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	3	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	5	4	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	5	5	examined	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	5	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	5	7	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	5	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	11	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	5	12	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	5	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	5	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	5	16	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	5	17	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	5	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	6	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	6	2	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	3	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	6	4	analyse	analyse	VERB
ajeer-261	6	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	6	6	link	link	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	7	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	6	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	6	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	6	12	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	13	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	6	14	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	6	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	6	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	17	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	6	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	6	20	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	6	21	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	6	23	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	6	24	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	25	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	6	26	squares	square	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	6	28	2sls	2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	29	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	6	30	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	6	31	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	32	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	33	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	34	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	6	35	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	6	36	employed	employ	VERB
ajeer-261	6	37	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	7	1	later	later	ADV
ajeer-261	7	2	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	7	3	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	7	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	7	6	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	7	8	strength	strength	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	7	10	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	11	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	7	12	conducted	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	7	13	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	7	14	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	7	15	such	such	ADJ
ajeer-261	7	16	techniques	technique	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	17	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	7	18	johansen	johansen	PROPN
ajeer-261	7	19	cointergration	cointergration	PROPN
ajeer-261	7	20	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	7	22	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	7	23	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	24	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	7	25	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	7	26	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	7	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	8	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	8	2	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	8	3	uses	use	VERB
ajeer-261	8	4	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	8	5	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	8	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	8	7	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	8	8	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	8	9	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	8	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	9	1	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	9	2	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	3	size	size	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	4	consists	consist	VERB
ajeer-261	9	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	9	6	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	9	7	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	9	8	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	9	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	9	10	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	9	11	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	12	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	9	14	20	20	NUM
ajeer-261	9	15	years	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	9	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	10	1	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	10	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	3	reveal	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	10	4	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	10	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	10	6	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	10	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	10	8	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	9	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	10	10	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	10	11	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	10	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	10	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	10	14	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	15	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	10	17	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	10	18	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	19	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	20	revealed	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	10	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	10	22	great	great	ADJ
ajeer-261	10	23	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	24	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	10	25	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	10	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	27	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	10	28	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	10	29	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	30	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	10	31	followed	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	10	32	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	10	33	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	34	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	10	35	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	10	36	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	10	37	flows	flow	VERB
ajeer-261	10	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	11	1	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	11	2	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	11	4	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	11	5	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	11	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	11	7	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	11	8	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	9	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	11	10	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	11	11	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	11	12	explain	explain	VERB
ajeer-261	11	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	11	14	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	11	15	disparities	disparity	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	11	17	reveals	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	11	18	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	11	19	majority	majority	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	11	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	11	22	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	11	23	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	11	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	11	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	11	27	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	11	29	supports	support	VERB
ajeer-261	11	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	11	31	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	32	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	11	33	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	34	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	11	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	12	1	implications	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	2	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	12	3	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	12	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	12	5	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	6	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	12	7	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	8	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	12	9	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	12	10	much	much	ADV
ajeer-261	12	11	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	12	12	advantageous	advantageous	ADJ
ajeer-261	12	13	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	12	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	12	15	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	12	16	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	17	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	12	18	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	12	19	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	12	20	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	12	21	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	12	22	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	12	23	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	12	24	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	12	25	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	12	26	incomes	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	27	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	12	28	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	12	29	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	12	30	structural	structural	ADJ
ajeer-261	12	31	transformations	transformation	NOUN
ajeer-261	12	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	13	1	keywords	keyword	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	13	3	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	4	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	13	6	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	13	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	13	9	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	10	driven	drive	VERB
ajeer-261	13	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	13	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	14	driven	drive	VERB
ajeer-261	13	15	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	13	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	1	jel	jel	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	2	classification	classification	NOUN
ajeer-261	14	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	4	e23	e23	ADJ
ajeer-261	14	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	6	f10	f10	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	8	f13	f13	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	9	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	10	citation	citation	NOUN
ajeer-261	14	11	|	|	ADV
ajeer-261	14	12	cosmas	cosma	VERB
ajeer-261	14	13	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	14	mbogela	mbogela	PROPN
ajeer-261	14	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	16	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	14	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	14	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	15	1	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	15	2	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	15	3	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	15	4	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	15	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	15	6	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	15	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	15	8	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	15	9	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	15	10	nexus	nexus	NOUN
ajeer-261	15	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	15	12	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	15	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	16	1	asian	asian	PROPN
ajeer-261	16	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	16	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	16	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	16	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	16	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	16	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	16	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	16	9	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	16	10	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	16	11	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	16	12	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	16	13	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	16	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	1	history	history	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	3	received	receive	VERB
ajeer-261	17	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	5	18	18	NUM
ajeer-261	17	6	september	september	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	7	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	17	8	revised	revise	VERB
ajeer-261	17	9	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	10	26	26	NUM
ajeer-261	17	11	october	october	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	12	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	17	13	accepted	accept	VERB
ajeer-261	17	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	15	30	30	NUM
ajeer-261	17	16	november	november	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	17	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	17	18	published	publish	VERB
ajeer-261	17	19	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	20	24	24	NUM
ajeer-261	17	21	december	december	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	22	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	17	23	licensed	license	VERB
ajeer-261	17	24	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	25	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	17	26	work	work	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	27	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	17	28	licensed	license	VERB
ajeer-261	17	29	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	17	30	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	17	31	creative	creative	ADJ
ajeer-261	17	32	commons	common	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	33	attribution	attribution	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	34	3.0	3.0	NUM
ajeer-261	17	35	license	license	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	36	publisher	publisher	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	37	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	38	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	17	39	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	40	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	41	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	42	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	17	43	funding	funding	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	44	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	17	45	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	17	46	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	47	received	receive	VERB
ajeer-261	17	48	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	17	49	specific	specific	ADJ
ajeer-261	17	50	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	17	51	support	support	NOUN
ajeer-261	17	52	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	18	1	competing	compete	VERB
ajeer-261	18	2	interests	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	18	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	18	5	author	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	6	declares	declare	VERB
ajeer-261	18	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	18	8	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	18	9	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	18	10	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	18	11	conflicts	conflict	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	18	13	interests	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	14	regarding	regard	VERB
ajeer-261	18	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	18	16	publication	publication	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	18	18	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	18	19	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	18	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	1	transparency	transparency	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	19	4	author	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	5	confirms	confirm	VERB
ajeer-261	19	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	19	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	19	8	manuscript	manuscript	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	9	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	19	10	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	19	11	honest	honest	ADJ
ajeer-261	19	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	13	accurate	accurate	ADJ
ajeer-261	19	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	19	16	transparent	transparent	ADJ
ajeer-261	19	17	account	account	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	19	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	19	20	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	21	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	19	22	reported	report	VERB
ajeer-261	19	23	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	24	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	19	25	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	19	26	vital	vital	ADJ
ajeer-261	19	27	features	feature	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	19	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	19	30	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	31	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	19	32	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	19	33	omitted	omit	VERB
ajeer-261	19	34	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	19	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	19	36	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	19	37	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	19	38	discrepancies	discrepancy	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	39	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	19	40	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	19	41	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	19	42	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	19	43	planned	plan	VERB
ajeer-261	19	44	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	19	45	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	19	46	explained	explain	VERB
ajeer-261	19	47	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	20	1	ethical	ethical	ADJ
ajeer-261	20	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	20	3	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	20	4	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	20	5	follows	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	20	6	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	20	7	ethical	ethical	ADJ
ajeer-261	20	8	practices	practice	NOUN
ajeer-261	20	9	during	during	ADP
ajeer-261	20	10	writing	writing	NOUN
ajeer-261	20	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	21	1	contents	content	NOUN
ajeer-261	21	2	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	21	3	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	22	1	introduction	introduction	NOUN
ajeer-261	22	2	.........................................................................................................................................................................................	.........................................................................................................................................................................................	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	1	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	23	2	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	23	3	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	23	4	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	5	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	23	6	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	23	7	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	9	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	23	10	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	23	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	12	.......................................................................................	.......................................................................................	PUNCT
ajeer-261	23	13	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	23	14	3	3	X
ajeer-261	23	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	23	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	17	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	18	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	19	............................................................................................................................................................	............................................................................................................................................................	PROPN
ajeer-261	23	20	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	23	21	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	23	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	23	23	further	further	ADJ
ajeer-261	23	24	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	25	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	23	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	23	27	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	23	29	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	23	31	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	23	32	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	33	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	23	34	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	23	35	........................................................	........................................................	PUNCT
ajeer-261	23	36	7	7	NUM
ajeer-261	23	37	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	23	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	1	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	2	........................................................................................................................................................................................	........................................................................................................................................................................................	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	3	13	13	NUM
ajeer-261	24	4	references	reference	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	5	...............................................................................................................................................................................................	...............................................................................................................................................................................................	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	6	13	13	NUM
ajeer-261	24	7	http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.501.2019.61.1.15&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14	http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.501.2019.61.1.15&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	8	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	9	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	10	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	11	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	12	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	ADJ
ajeer-261	24	13	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	14	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/ajeer/article/view/261	ADJ
ajeer-261	24	15	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3124-0122	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	16	asian	asian	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	17	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	24	19	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	24	21	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	24	22	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	24	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	24	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	26	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	24	27	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	28	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	24	29	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	24	30	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	24	31	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	24	32	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	33	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	24	34	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	24	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	24	36	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	37	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	24	38	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	39	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	24	40	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	41	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	42	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	24	43	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	24	44	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	24	45	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	1	introduction	introduction	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	2	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	25	3	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	25	4	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	25	5	much	much	ADJ
ajeer-261	25	6	debates	debate	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	25	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	25	9	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	25	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	25	12	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	13	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	25	14	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	15	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	25	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	25	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	25	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	25	21	theoretical	theoretical	ADJ
ajeer-261	25	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	25	23	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	25	24	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	25	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	26	dollar	dollar	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	25	28	kraay	kraay	ADJ
ajeer-261	25	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	30	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	25	31	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	32	ekanayake	ekanayake	VERB
ajeer-261	25	33	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	34	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	35	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	37	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	25	38	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	39	karras	karras	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	40	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	41	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	25	42	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	43	yanikkaya	yanikkaya	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	44	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	45	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	25	46	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	47	awokuse	awokuse	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	48	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	49	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	25	50	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	51	nannicini	nannicini	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	52	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	25	53	billmeier	billmeier	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	55	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	25	56	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	57	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	58	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	59	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	60	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	61	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	62	2012	2012	NUM
ajeer-261	25	63	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	64	mercan	mercan	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	65	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	66	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	67	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	68	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	69	2013	2013	NUM
ajeer-261	25	70	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	71	menyah	menyah	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	72	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	73	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	74	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	75	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	76	2014	2014	NUM
ajeer-261	25	77	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	78	huchet	huchet	NOUN
ajeer-261	25	79	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	80	bourdon	bourdon	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	81	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	82	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	83	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	25	84	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	85	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	25	86	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	25	87	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	26	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	26	2	reason	reason	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	26	4	obvious	obvious	ADJ
ajeer-261	26	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	26	6	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	7	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	26	8	want	want	VERB
ajeer-261	26	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	26	10	establish	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	26	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	26	12	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	26	14	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	15	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	26	16	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	26	17	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	26	18	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	26	19	focus	focus	VERB
ajeer-261	26	20	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	26	21	priorities	priority	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	22	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	26	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	26	24	part	part	NOUN
ajeer-261	26	25	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	26	26	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	26	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	26	28	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	26	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	27	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	27	3	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	27	4	crucial	crucial	ADJ
ajeer-261	27	5	aspect	aspect	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	7	particularly	particularly	ADV
ajeer-261	27	8	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	27	9	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	10	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	12	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	27	13	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	27	14	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	27	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	27	16	decide	decide	VERB
ajeer-261	27	17	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	27	18	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	27	19	should	should	AUX
ajeer-261	27	20	encourage	encourage	VERB
ajeer-261	27	21	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	22	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	23	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	27	24	speed	speed	VERB
ajeer-261	27	25	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	27	26	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	27	27	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	27	28	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	29	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	27	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	27	31	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	27	32	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	33	round	round	ADV
ajeer-261	27	34	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	35	focus	focus	VERB
ajeer-261	27	36	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	27	37	enhancing	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	27	38	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	27	39	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	40	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	27	41	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	27	42	turn	turn	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	43	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	27	44	promote	promote	VERB
ajeer-261	27	45	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	27	46	degree	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	47	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	27	48	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	27	49	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	27	50	trade	trade	VERB
ajeer-261	27	51	internationally	internationally	ADV
ajeer-261	27	52	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	53	harrison	harrison	PROPN
ajeer-261	27	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	55	1996	1996	NUM
ajeer-261	27	56	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	57	kónya	kónya	NOUN
ajeer-261	27	58	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	59	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	27	60	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	27	61	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	28	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	28	2	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	28	3	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	28	4	four	four	NUM
ajeer-261	28	5	possible	possible	ADJ
ajeer-261	28	6	propositions	proposition	NOUN
ajeer-261	28	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	28	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	28	9	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	28	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	28	11	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	28	12	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	28	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	28	14	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	28	15	phenomena	phenomenon	NOUN
ajeer-261	28	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	29	2	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	3	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	29	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	5	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	7	elg	elg	PROPN
ajeer-261	29	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	10	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	29	11	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	29	12	supported	support	VERB
ajeer-261	29	13	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	29	14	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	29	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	29	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	29	17	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	19	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	29	20	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	29	21	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	29	22	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	23	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	24	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	29	25	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	29	26	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	29	27	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	28	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	29	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	30	onafowora	onafowora	PROPN
ajeer-261	29	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	29	32	owoye	owoye	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	34	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	29	35	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	36	rodriguez	rodriguez	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	37	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	29	38	rodrik	rodrik	PROPN
ajeer-261	29	39	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	40	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	29	41	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	42	din	din	NOUN
ajeer-261	29	43	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	44	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	29	45	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	46	hassan	hassan	PROPN
ajeer-261	29	47	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	29	48	islam	islam	PROPN
ajeer-261	29	49	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	50	2005	2005	NUM
ajeer-261	29	51	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	29	52	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	30	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	30	2	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	30	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	30	4	complemented	complement	VERB
ajeer-261	30	5	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	30	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	30	7	import	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	30	8	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	30	9	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	30	10	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	30	11	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	30	12	ilg	ilg	PROPN
ajeer-261	30	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	30	14	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	30	15	suggested	suggest	VERB
ajeer-261	30	16	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	30	17	awokuse	awokuse	NOUN
ajeer-261	30	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	30	19	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	30	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	30	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	31	1	coining	coin	VERB
ajeer-261	31	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	31	3	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	31	4	hypotheses	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	5	together	together	ADV
ajeer-261	31	6	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	7	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	31	8	country‘s	country‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	9	aggregate	aggregate	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	10	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	11	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	31	12	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	13	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	31	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	32	1	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	32	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	32	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	32	4	researchers	researcher	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	5	supporting	support	VERB
ajeer-261	32	6	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	32	7	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	8	attribute	attribute	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	9	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	32	10	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	32	12	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	13	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	14	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	32	15	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	32	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	32	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	33	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	33	2	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	33	3	sense	sense	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	33	5	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	33	6	claims	claim	VERB
ajeer-261	33	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	33	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	9	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	33	10	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	33	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	33	13	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	14	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	33	15	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	16	promotion	promotion	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	33	18	importation	importation	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	33	20	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	33	21	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	22	technologies	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	33	24	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	33	25	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	33	26	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	33	27	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	33	28	prerequisite	prerequisite	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	29	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	33	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	33	31	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	33	33	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	33	34	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	33	36	competitive	competitive	ADJ
ajeer-261	33	37	products	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	33	39	services	service	NOUN
ajeer-261	33	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	34	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
ajeer-261	34	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	34	3	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	34	4	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	5	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	6	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	34	7	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	34	8	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	9	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	34	10	labour	labour	ADJ
ajeer-261	34	11	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	34	13	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	14	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	34	16	kónya	kónya	NOUN
ajeer-261	34	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	34	18	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	34	19	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	34	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	35	2	support	support	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	35	4	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	35	5	proposition	proposition	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	6	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	35	7	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	8	such	such	ADJ
ajeer-261	35	9	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	35	10	harrison	harrison	PROPN
ajeer-261	35	11	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	12	1996	1996	NUM
ajeer-261	35	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	14	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	35	15	rodriguez	rodriguez	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	35	17	rodrik	rodrik	PROPN
ajeer-261	35	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	19	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	35	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	21	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	35	22	examined	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	35	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	35	24	association	association	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	25	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	35	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	35	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	35	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	35	31	found	find	VERB
ajeer-261	35	32	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	35	33	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	35	34	correlation	correlation	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	35	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	35	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	35	37	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	35	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	35	39	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	35	40	particular	particular	ADJ
ajeer-261	35	41	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	35	42	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	35	43	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	44	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	35	45	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	35	46	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	47	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	48	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	35	49	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	35	50	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	35	51	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	36	1	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	2	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	36	4	observed	observe	VERB
ajeer-261	36	5	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	36	6	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	7	like	like	ADP
ajeer-261	36	8	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	36	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	36	10	din	din	PROPN
ajeer-261	36	11	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	36	12	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	36	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	36	14	examining	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	36	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	36	16	elg	elg	PROPN
ajeer-261	36	17	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	18	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	36	19	south	south	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	20	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	21	region	region	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	22	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	36	24	he	he	PRON
ajeer-261	36	25	found	find	VERB
ajeer-261	36	26	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	36	27	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	36	28	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	36	29	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	36	30	long	long	ADV
ajeer-261	36	31	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	36	32	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	33	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	34	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	36	35	bangladesh	bangladesh	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	36	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	36	37	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	36	38	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	36	39	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	40	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	41	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	42	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	36	43	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	36	44	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	45	southern	southern	ADJ
ajeer-261	36	46	asia	asia	PROPN
ajeer-261	36	47	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	36	48	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	37	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	37	2	addition	addition	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	37	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	37	5	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	37	7	hassan	hassan	PROPN
ajeer-261	37	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	37	9	islam	islam	PROPN
ajeer-261	37	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	37	11	2005	2005	NUM
ajeer-261	37	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	37	13	finds	find	VERB
ajeer-261	37	14	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	37	15	long	long	ADV
ajeer-261	37	16	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	37	17	run	run	VERB
ajeer-261	37	18	uni	uni	ADJ
ajeer-261	37	19	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	37	20	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	37	21	equilibrium	equilibrium	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	22	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	23	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	37	24	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	37	25	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	37	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	37	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	37	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	38	2	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	3	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	38	4	onafowora	onafowora	PROPN
ajeer-261	38	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	38	6	owoye	owoye	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	7	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	8	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	38	9	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	10	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	38	11	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	38	12	vector	vector	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	13	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	14	correlation	correlation	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	15	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	17	vecm	vecm	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	18	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	38	20	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	21	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	38	22	facilitate	facilitate	VERB
ajeer-261	38	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	38	24	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	25	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	26	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	38	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	38	28	interactions	interaction	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	29	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	38	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	38	31	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	38	33	found	find	VERB
ajeer-261	38	34	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	38	35	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	36	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	37	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	38	38	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	39	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	38	40	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	41	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	42	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	43	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	38	44	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	38	45	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	46	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	47	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	48	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	38	49	sub	sub	PROPN
ajeer-261	38	50	sahara	sahara	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	51	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	38	52	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	38	53	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	39	1	consequently	consequently	ADV
ajeer-261	39	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	39	3	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	39	4	imply	imply	VERB
ajeer-261	39	5	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	39	6	outward	outward	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	7	orientation	orientation	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	8	strategy	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	9	might	might	AUX
ajeer-261	39	10	benefit	benefit	VERB
ajeer-261	39	11	sub	sub	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	12	saharan	saharan	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	13	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	39	16	terms	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	39	18	stimulating	stimulate	VERB
ajeer-261	39	19	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	39	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	39	23	though	though	SCONJ
ajeer-261	39	24	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	39	25	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	39	26	requires	require	VERB
ajeer-261	39	27	suitable	suitable	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	28	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	39	29	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	30	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	39	31	discourage	discourage	VERB
ajeer-261	39	32	import	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	33	substitution	substitution	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	34	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	39	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	40	1	another	another	DET
ajeer-261	40	2	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	40	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	40	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	40	5	opposite	opposite	NOUN
ajeer-261	40	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	40	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	40	8	above	above	ADJ
ajeer-261	40	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	40	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	40	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	40	12	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	40	13	driven	drive	VERB
ajeer-261	40	14	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	40	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	40	16	gde	gde	PROPN
ajeer-261	40	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	40	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	41	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	41	2	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	3	predicts	predict	VERB
ajeer-261	41	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	41	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	6	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	41	8	induced	induce	VERB
ajeer-261	41	9	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	41	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	41	11	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	41	13	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	41	14	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	41	16	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	41	17	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	41	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	42	1	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	42	2	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	3	volumes	volume	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	4	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	42	5	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	42	6	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	42	7	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	42	8	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	42	9	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	42	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	42	11	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	12	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	42	13	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	42	14	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	42	16	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	17	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	42	18	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	42	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	43	1	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	43	3	awokuse	awokuse	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	43	5	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	43	6	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	43	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
ajeer-261	43	8	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	43	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	43	10	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	11	–	–	PUNCT
ajeer-261	43	12	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	43	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	14	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	43	15	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	43	16	misleading	misleading	ADJ
ajeer-261	43	17	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	43	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	43	19	import	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	20	–	–	PUNCT
ajeer-261	43	21	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	43	22	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	23	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	43	24	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	43	25	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	43	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	43	27	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	28	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	43	29	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	43	30	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	31	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	32	leading	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	43	33	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	43	34	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	43	35	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	36	volumes	volume	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	37	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	38	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	43	39	having	have	VERB
ajeer-261	43	40	relatively	relatively	ADV
ajeer-261	43	41	stronger	strong	ADJ
ajeer-261	43	42	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	43	43	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	43	44	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	44	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	44	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	44	3	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	44	4	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	44	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	44	6	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	44	7	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	44	8	importance	importance	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	44	10	realising	realise	VERB
ajeer-261	44	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	44	12	importance	importance	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	44	14	ilg	ilg	PROPN
ajeer-261	44	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	44	16	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	44	17	ignoring	ignore	VERB
ajeer-261	44	18	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	19	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	44	20	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	44	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	44	22	source	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	44	24	inputs	input	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	25	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	44	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	44	27	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	44	29	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	30	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	44	31	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	44	32	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	44	33	technological	technological	ADJ
ajeer-261	44	34	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	44	35	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	44	36	misleading	misleading	ADJ
ajeer-261	44	37	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	45	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
ajeer-261	45	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	45	3	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	45	4	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	45	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	45	6	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	45	7	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	45	8	postulates	postulate	VERB
ajeer-261	45	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	45	10	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	45	11	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	45	12	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	45	13	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	45	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	45	15	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	45	16	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	45	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	45	18	causation	causation	NOUN
ajeer-261	45	19	runs	run	VERB
ajeer-261	45	20	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	45	21	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	45	22	sides	side	NOUN
ajeer-261	45	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	46	1	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	2	examples	example	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	46	4	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	5	supporting	support	VERB
ajeer-261	46	6	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	46	7	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	8	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	46	9	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	46	10	ekanayake	ekanayake	VERB
ajeer-261	46	11	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	46	12	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	46	13	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	46	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	46	15	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	46	16	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	46	17	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	46	18	found	find	VERB
ajeer-261	46	19	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	46	20	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	21	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	22	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	23	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	24	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	46	25	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	46	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	30	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	46	31	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	46	32	developed	developed	ADJ
ajeer-261	46	33	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	46	34	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	46	35	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	46	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	47	1	examining	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	47	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	47	3	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	4	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	5	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	6	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	47	7	fdi	fdi	PROPN
ajeer-261	47	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	47	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	47	12	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	14	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	47	15	klasra	klasra	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	47	17	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	47	18	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	47	19	observed	observe	VERB
ajeer-261	47	20	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	47	21	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	22	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	23	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	24	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	25	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	47	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	47	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	47	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	47	30	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	47	31	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	47	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	48	1	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	48	2	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	3	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	4	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	48	5	dollar	dollar	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	48	7	kraay	kraay	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	8	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	48	9	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	48	10	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	48	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	48	12	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	48	13	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	48	15	137	137	NUM
ajeer-261	48	16	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	17	concluded	conclude	VERB
ajeer-261	48	18	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	48	19	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	20	brings	bring	VERB
ajeer-261	48	21	about	about	ADV
ajeer-261	48	22	enhanced	enhanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	48	24	faster	fast	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	25	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	27	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	48	28	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	48	29	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	48	30	reduction	reduction	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	31	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	48	32	poverty	poverty	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	33	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	48	34	poor	poor	ADJ
ajeer-261	48	35	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	48	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	49	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	49	2	last	last	ADJ
ajeer-261	49	3	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	49	4	postulates	postulate	VERB
ajeer-261	49	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	49	6	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	49	7	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	49	8	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	49	9	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	49	10	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	49	11	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	49	12	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	49	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	49	14	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	49	15	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	49	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	50	1	examples	example	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	2	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	50	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	50	4	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	5	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	50	6	sarkar	sarkar	PROPN
ajeer-261	50	7	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	50	8	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	50	9	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	50	10	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	50	11	examined	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	50	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	50	13	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	14	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	50	15	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	50	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	50	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	50	20	found	find	VERB
ajeer-261	50	21	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	50	22	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	50	23	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	50	24	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	50	25	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	50	26	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	50	27	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	28	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	29	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	50	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	50	31	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	50	32	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	33	particularly	particularly	ADV
ajeer-261	50	34	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	50	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	50	36	less	less	ADV
ajeer-261	50	37	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	50	38	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	50	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	51	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	51	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	51	3	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	51	4	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	51	5	researchers	researcher	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	6	show	show	VERB
ajeer-261	51	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	51	8	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	51	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	11	brings	bring	VERB
ajeer-261	51	12	about	about	ADP
ajeer-261	51	13	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	51	14	outcomes	outcome	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	15	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	51	16	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	51	17	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	18	depending	depend	VERB
ajeer-261	51	19	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	51	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	51	21	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	51	23	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	51	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	52	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	52	2	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	52	3	strong	strong	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	4	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	5	impacts	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	6	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	52	7	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	8	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	9	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	52	10	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	52	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	12	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	52	13	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	14	incomes	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	15	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	52	16	having	have	VERB
ajeer-261	52	17	detrimental	detrimental	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	18	impacts	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	19	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	52	20	low	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	52	21	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	22	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	52	23	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	52	24	kim	kim	PROPN
ajeer-261	52	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	52	26	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	52	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	52	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	53	2	view	view	NOUN
ajeer-261	53	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	53	4	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	53	5	supported	support	VERB
ajeer-261	53	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	53	7	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	53	8	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	53	9	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	53	10	krugman	krugman	PROPN
ajeer-261	53	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	53	12	venables	venables	PROPN
ajeer-261	53	13	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	14	1995	1995	NUM
ajeer-261	53	15	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	16	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	17	caner	caner	NOUN
ajeer-261	53	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	53	19	hansen	hansen	PROPN
ajeer-261	53	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	21	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	53	22	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	53	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	54	2	contention	contention	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	54	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	54	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	6	low	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	54	7	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	8	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	9	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	10	benefit	benefit	VERB
ajeer-261	54	11	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	54	12	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	13	liberalization	liberalization	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	14	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	54	15	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	54	16	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	54	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	54	18	opening	opening	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	19	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	54	20	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	54	21	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	54	22	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	23	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	54	24	carried	carry	VERB
ajeer-261	54	25	out	out	ADP
ajeer-261	54	26	alongside	alongside	ADV
ajeer-261	54	27	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	54	28	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	29	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	54	30	institutional	institutional	ADJ
ajeer-261	54	31	reforms	reform	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	32	toward	toward	ADP
ajeer-261	54	33	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	35	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	36	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	37	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	54	39	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	54	40	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	54	41	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	42	kim	kim	PROPN
ajeer-261	54	43	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	44	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	54	45	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	54	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	55	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	55	2	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	55	3	reason	reason	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	4	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	55	5	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	55	6	much	much	ADJ
ajeer-261	55	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	55	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	55	9	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	10	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	55	11	confirms	confirm	VERB
ajeer-261	55	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	55	13	existence	existence	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	55	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	55	16	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	17	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	55	18	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	55	19	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	55	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	55	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	55	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	55	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	56	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	56	2	most	most	ADV
ajeer-261	56	3	appealing	appealing	ADJ
ajeer-261	56	4	argument	argument	NOUN
ajeer-261	56	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	56	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	56	7	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	56	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	56	9	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	56	10	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	56	11	claims	claim	VERB
ajeer-261	56	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	56	13	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	56	14	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	56	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	56	16	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	56	17	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	56	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	56	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	56	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	57	1	david	david	PROPN
ajeer-261	57	2	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	57	3	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	57	4	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	57	5	finds	find	VERB
ajeer-261	57	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	57	7	raising	raise	VERB
ajeer-261	57	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	10	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	57	11	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	57	12	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	57	13	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	14	permanently	permanently	ADV
ajeer-261	57	15	increases	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	57	16	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	57	17	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	18	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	57	20	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	21	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	57	22	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	23	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	57	24	0.5	0.5	NUM
ajeer-261	57	25	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	57	26	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	57	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	58	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	58	2	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	58	3	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	58	4	argued	argue	VERB
ajeer-261	58	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	58	6	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	58	7	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	8	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	58	9	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	58	10	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	58	11	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	58	13	tend	tend	VERB
ajeer-261	58	14	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	58	15	benefit	benefit	VERB
ajeer-261	58	16	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	58	17	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	58	18	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	58	19	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	58	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	58	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	58	22	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	23	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	58	24	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	25	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	26	promotes	promote	VERB
ajeer-261	58	27	transfer	transfer	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	58	29	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	30	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	58	31	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	58	32	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	58	34	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	58	35	implies	imply	VERB
ajeer-261	58	36	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	58	37	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	58	38	spill	spill	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	39	over	over	ADP
ajeer-261	58	40	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	41	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	58	42	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	43	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	44	distribution	distribution	NOUN
ajeer-261	58	45	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	59	1	even	even	ADV
ajeer-261	59	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	59	3	recent	recent	ADJ
ajeer-261	59	4	chinese	chinese	ADJ
ajeer-261	59	5	rapid	rapid	ADJ
ajeer-261	59	6	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	59	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	59	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	59	9	attributed	attribute	VERB
ajeer-261	59	10	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	59	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	59	12	country‘s	country‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	59	13	increasing	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	59	14	degree	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	59	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	59	16	opening	opening	NOUN
ajeer-261	59	17	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	59	18	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	59	19	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	59	20	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	59	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	59	22	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	59	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	59	24	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	59	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	59	26	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	59	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	59	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	60	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	60	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	60	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	60	4	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	5	acknowledge	acknowledge	VERB
ajeer-261	60	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	60	7	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	8	characterized	characterize	VERB
ajeer-261	60	9	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	60	10	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	60	11	degrees	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	60	13	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	14	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	15	tend	tend	VERB
ajeer-261	60	16	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	60	17	grow	grow	VERB
ajeer-261	60	18	faster	fast	ADV
ajeer-261	60	19	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	60	20	those	those	PRON
ajeer-261	60	21	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	60	22	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	60	23	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	60	25	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	60	27	din	din	VERB
ajeer-261	60	28	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	60	29	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	60	30	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	60	31	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	60	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	60	33	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	60	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	60	35	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	60	36	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	37	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	38	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	60	39	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	40	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	60	41	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	60	42	country‘s	country‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	43	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	44	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	60	45	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	60	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	61	1	manole	manole	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	61	3	spatareanu	spatareanu	PROPN
ajeer-261	61	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	61	5	2010	2010	NUM
ajeer-261	61	6	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	61	7	reveals	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	61	8	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	61	9	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	61	11	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	61	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	61	13	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	61	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	61	15	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	61	16	less	less	ADJ
ajeer-261	61	17	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	18	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	19	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	61	20	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	61	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	61	23	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	24	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	61	25	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	61	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	1	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	62	2	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	3	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	4	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	62	5	edwards	edwards	PROPN
ajeer-261	62	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	7	1993	1993	NUM
ajeer-261	62	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	9	reveals	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	62	10	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	62	11	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	62	12	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	13	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	62	15	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	62	16	country‘s	country‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	17	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	18	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	62	19	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	62	20	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	62	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	62	22	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	23	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	62	25	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	28	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	62	29	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	62	30	others	other	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	31	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	62	32	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	33	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	34	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	62	35	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	36	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	37	improve	improve	VERB
ajeer-261	62	38	product	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	39	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	40	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	62	41	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	42	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	62	43	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	44	due	due	ADP
ajeer-261	62	45	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	62	46	competition	competition	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	47	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	62	48	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	62	49	companies	company	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	50	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	51	grossman	grossman	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	52	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	62	53	helpman	helpman	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	55	1991	1991	NUM
ajeer-261	62	56	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	57	aizenman	aizenman	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	58	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	62	59	noy	noy	NOUN
ajeer-261	62	60	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	61	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	62	62	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	62	63	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	63	1	importing	import	VERB
ajeer-261	63	2	industries	industry	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	3	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	63	4	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	63	5	import	import	VERB
ajeer-261	63	6	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	63	8	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	63	10	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	63	11	exporting	export	VERB
ajeer-261	63	12	sectors	sector	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	63	14	turn	turn	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	15	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	63	16	learn	learn	VERB
ajeer-261	63	17	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	63	18	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	63	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	63	20	improve	improve	VERB
ajeer-261	63	21	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	63	22	competitive	competitive	ADJ
ajeer-261	63	23	position	position	NOUN
ajeer-261	63	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	64	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	64	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	64	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	64	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	64	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	64	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	64	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	64	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	64	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	64	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	64	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	64	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	64	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	64	16	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	64	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	64	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	64	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	64	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	64	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	64	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	64	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	64	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	64	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	64	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	28	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	29	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	64	30	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	64	31	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	32	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	64	33	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	34	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	64	35	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	36	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	64	37	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	38	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	64	39	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	64	40	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	64	41	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	65	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	65	3	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	65	5	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	6	vindicates	vindicate	VERB
ajeer-261	65	7	that	that	DET
ajeer-261	65	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	9	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	65	10	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	11	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	13	especially	especially	ADV
ajeer-261	65	14	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	15	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	16	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	65	17	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	65	18	influence	influence	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	19	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	65	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	23	we	we	PRON
ajeer-261	65	24	see	see	VERB
ajeer-261	65	25	mixed	mixed	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	26	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	28	huchet	huchet	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	29	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	30	bourdon	bourdon	PROPN
ajeer-261	65	31	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	65	32	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	65	33	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	65	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	35	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	65	36	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	37	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	65	38	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	65	39	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	40	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	65	41	support	support	VERB
ajeer-261	65	42	both	both	CCONJ
ajeer-261	65	43	negative	negative	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	44	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	65	45	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	46	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	47	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	65	48	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	65	49	scanty	scanty	ADJ
ajeer-261	65	50	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	65	51	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	65	52	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	65	53	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	66	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	66	2	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	3	complements	complement	VERB
ajeer-261	66	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	66	5	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	66	7	providing	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	66	8	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	66	9	insights	insight	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	10	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	66	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	66	12	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	13	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	66	14	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	66	15	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	66	16	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	17	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	66	19	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	66	20	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	21	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	66	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	66	23	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	66	24	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	66	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	67	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	67	2	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	67	3	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	4	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	67	5	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	67	6	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	7	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	67	8	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	67	9	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	67	10	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	67	11	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	67	12	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	13	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	67	14	analyse	analyse	VERB
ajeer-261	67	15	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	67	16	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	17	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	67	19	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	67	20	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	21	trends	trend	NOUN
ajeer-261	67	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	68	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	68	2	remainder	remainder	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	68	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	68	5	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	68	7	organized	organize	VERB
ajeer-261	68	8	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	68	9	follows	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	68	10	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	68	11	next	next	ADV
ajeer-261	68	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	68	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	68	14	review	review	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	68	16	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	17	especially	especially	ADV
ajeer-261	68	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	68	19	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	20	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	68	21	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	68	22	outward	outward	ADJ
ajeer-261	68	23	orientation	orientation	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	24	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	68	25	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	68	26	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	68	27	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	68	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	69	1	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	69	2	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	69	3	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	69	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	69	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	69	6	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	69	7	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	69	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	70	1	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	2	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	70	3	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	70	4	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	70	5	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	70	6	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	70	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	70	9	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	70	11	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	70	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	70	14	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	15	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	70	16	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	17	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	70	19	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	70	20	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	70	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	71	1	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	71	2	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	71	3	concludes	conclude	VERB
ajeer-261	71	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	1	2	2	X
ajeer-261	72	2	.	.	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	3	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	4	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	72	5	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	72	6	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	7	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	8	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	72	9	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	72	10	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	72	12	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	13	presents	present	VERB
ajeer-261	72	14	three	three	NUM
ajeer-261	72	15	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	16	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	72	17	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	18	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	72	19	provide	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	72	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	72	21	nexus	nexus	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	22	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	72	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	25	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	72	26	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	72	27	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	29	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	72	30	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	72	31	government	government	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	32	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	34	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	72	35	allocation	allocation	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	36	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	72	37	distribution	distribution	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	72	39	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	40	transfer	transfer	NOUN
ajeer-261	72	41	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	42	rose	rise	VERB
ajeer-261	72	43	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	44	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	72	45	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	72	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	1	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	73	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	73	3	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	73	4	hand	hand	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	6	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	73	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	73	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	73	9	neo	neo	ADJ
ajeer-261	73	10	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	73	11	classical	classical	ADJ
ajeer-261	73	12	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	73	14	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	73	15	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	17	david	david	PROPN
ajeer-261	73	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	19	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	73	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	21	offers	offer	VERB
ajeer-261	73	22	three	three	NUM
ajeer-261	73	23	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	24	including	include	VERB
ajeer-261	73	25	gains	gain	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	26	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	73	27	exchange	exchange	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	73	29	specialization	specialization	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	73	31	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	73	33	scale	scale	NOUN
ajeer-261	73	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	74	1	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	74	2	consumers	consumer	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	74	4	producers	producer	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	5	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	74	6	gain	gain	VERB
ajeer-261	74	7	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	74	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	10	due	due	ADP
ajeer-261	74	11	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	74	12	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	74	13	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	74	15	primary	primary	ADJ
ajeer-261	74	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	74	17	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
ajeer-261	74	18	inputs	input	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	19	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	74	20	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	74	21	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	74	22	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	74	23	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	74	24	prices	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	25	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	74	26	gains	gain	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	27	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	74	28	exchange	exchange	NOUN
ajeer-261	74	29	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	74	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	75	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	75	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	75	3	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	75	4	opening	open	VERB
ajeer-261	75	5	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	75	6	borders	border	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	75	8	firms	firm	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	9	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	75	10	direct	direct	VERB
ajeer-261	75	11	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	12	away	away	ADV
ajeer-261	75	13	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	75	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	75	15	previously	previously	ADV
ajeer-261	75	16	protected	protect	VERB
ajeer-261	75	17	sectors	sector	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	18	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	75	19	those	those	PRON
ajeer-261	75	20	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	75	21	add	add	VERB
ajeer-261	75	22	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	75	23	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	75	25	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	75	26	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	75	28	those	those	PRON
ajeer-261	75	29	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	75	30	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	75	31	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	75	32	competitive	competitive	ADJ
ajeer-261	75	33	advantage	advantage	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	34	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	75	35	utilizing	utilize	VERB
ajeer-261	75	36	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	37	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	75	38	diligently	diligently	ADV
ajeer-261	75	39	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	75	40	increase	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	75	41	outputs	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	42	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	75	43	gains	gain	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	44	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	75	45	specialization	specialization	NOUN
ajeer-261	75	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	75	47	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	76	1	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	76	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	76	3	firm	firm	ADJ
ajeer-261	76	4	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	76	6	firms	firm	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	7	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	76	8	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	76	9	survive	survive	VERB
ajeer-261	76	10	competition	competition	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	11	after	after	ADP
ajeer-261	76	12	liberalizing	liberalize	VERB
ajeer-261	76	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	76	14	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	76	16	realises	realise	VERB
ajeer-261	76	17	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	76	18	increase	increase	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	76	20	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	76	22	achieve	achieve	VERB
ajeer-261	76	23	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	76	24	average	average	ADJ
ajeer-261	76	25	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	76	26	costs	cost	NOUN
ajeer-261	76	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	77	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	77	2	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	77	3	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	77	4	efficient	efficient	ADJ
ajeer-261	77	5	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	77	7	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	77	9	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	77	10	lead	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	77	11	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	77	12	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	77	13	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	14	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	77	15	gains	gain	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	16	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	77	17	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	77	19	scale	scale	NOUN
ajeer-261	77	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	77	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	78	1	revisiting	revisit	VERB
ajeer-261	78	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	78	3	channels	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	78	4	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	78	5	rose	rose	NOUN
ajeer-261	78	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	78	7	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	78	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	78	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	78	10	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	78	11	channel	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	78	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	78	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	78	14	government	government	NOUN
ajeer-261	78	15	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	78	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	79	1	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	2	degree	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	79	4	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	5	compels	compel	VERB
ajeer-261	79	6	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	79	8	pursue	pursue	VERB
ajeer-261	79	9	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	10	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	11	microeconomic	microeconomic	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	12	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	13	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	79	14	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	79	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	79	16	create	create	VERB
ajeer-261	79	17	favourable	favourable	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	18	environments	environment	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	19	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	79	20	inhibiting	inhibit	VERB
ajeer-261	79	21	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	22	flights	flight	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	79	24	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	79	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	79	26	line	line	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	27	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	79	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	79	29	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	79	31	inter	inter	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	32	regional	regional	ADJ
ajeer-261	79	33	agreements	agreement	NOUN
ajeer-261	79	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	80	1	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	80	2	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	80	3	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	4	create	create	VERB
ajeer-261	80	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	80	6	stable	stable	ADJ
ajeer-261	80	7	microeconomic	microeconomic	ADJ
ajeer-261	80	8	environment	environment	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	80	10	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	80	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	12	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	80	13	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	80	14	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	80	15	positively	positively	ADV
ajeer-261	80	16	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	80	17	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	80	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	80	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	20	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	80	21	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	80	22	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	80	23	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	80	24	eliminate	eliminate	VERB
ajeer-261	80	25	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	26	uncertainty	uncertainty	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	27	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	80	28	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	80	29	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	30	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	80	31	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	80	32	moderate	moderate	VERB
ajeer-261	80	33	public	public	ADJ
ajeer-261	80	34	deficit	deficit	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	80	36	debt	debt	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	37	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	80	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	81	1	eventually	eventually	ADV
ajeer-261	81	2	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	81	3	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	81	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	81	5	capacity	capacity	NOUN
ajeer-261	81	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	81	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	81	8	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	81	9	firms	firm	NOUN
ajeer-261	81	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	81	11	compete	compete	VERB
ajeer-261	81	12	internationally	internationally	ADV
ajeer-261	81	13	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	81	14	rose	rise	VERB
ajeer-261	81	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	81	16	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	81	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	81	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	82	1	furthermore	furthermore	ADV
ajeer-261	82	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	82	3	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	82	4	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	5	tend	tend	VERB
ajeer-261	82	6	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	82	7	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	82	8	less	less	ADJ
ajeer-261	82	9	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	10	distortions	distortion	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	11	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	82	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	82	13	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	82	14	theory	theory	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	82	16	free	free	ADJ
ajeer-261	82	17	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	18	facilitates	facilitate	VERB
ajeer-261	82	19	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	20	convergence	convergence	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	82	22	tradable	tradable	ADJ
ajeer-261	82	23	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	24	across	across	ADP
ajeer-261	82	25	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	82	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	83	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	83	2	presence	presence	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	83	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	5	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	6	generates	generate	VERB
ajeer-261	83	7	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	8	distortions	distortion	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	9	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	83	10	shift	shift	VERB
ajeer-261	83	11	productions	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	12	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	83	13	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	14	leading	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	83	15	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	83	16	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	17	processes	process	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	18	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	83	19	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	83	20	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	83	21	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	83	22	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	83	23	comparative	comparative	ADJ
ajeer-261	83	24	advantage	advantage	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	83	26	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	83	27	consumers	consumer	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	28	end	end	VERB
ajeer-261	83	29	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	83	30	paying	pay	VERB
ajeer-261	83	31	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	83	32	prices	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	33	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	83	34	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	83	36	services	service	NOUN
ajeer-261	83	37	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	83	38	david	david	PROPN
ajeer-261	83	39	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	83	40	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	83	41	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	83	42	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	84	1	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	84	2	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	3	distortions	distortion	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	4	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	84	5	adverse	adverse	ADJ
ajeer-261	84	6	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	84	8	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	9	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	84	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	84	13	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	84	14	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	15	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	84	16	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	84	17	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	84	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	84	19	enjoy	enjoy	VERB
ajeer-261	84	20	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	84	21	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	22	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	84	23	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	84	24	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	84	25	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	26	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	84	27	having	have	VERB
ajeer-261	84	28	less	less	ADJ
ajeer-261	84	29	price	price	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	30	distortions	distortion	NOUN
ajeer-261	84	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	85	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	85	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	85	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	85	4	positively	positively	ADV
ajeer-261	85	5	related	relate	VERB
ajeer-261	85	6	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	85	7	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	85	8	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	85	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	85	10	physical	physical	ADJ
ajeer-261	85	11	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	85	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	86	1	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	2	enhance	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	86	3	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	4	accumulations	accumulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	5	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	86	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	86	7	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	86	8	major	major	ADJ
ajeer-261	86	9	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	86	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	86	12	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	86	14	specifically	specifically	ADV
ajeer-261	86	15	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	86	16	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	86	17	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	18	moving	move	VERB
ajeer-261	86	19	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	86	20	low	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	86	21	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	86	22	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	23	equilibrium	equilibrium	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	86	25	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	86	26	path	path	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	86	28	sustained	sustained	ADJ
ajeer-261	86	29	industrialization	industrialization	NOUN
ajeer-261	86	30	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	86	31	rose	rise	VERB
ajeer-261	86	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	86	33	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	86	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	86	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	87	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	87	2	most	most	ADV
ajeer-261	87	3	common	common	ADJ
ajeer-261	87	4	channel	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	87	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	87	6	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	87	7	technological	technological	ADJ
ajeer-261	87	8	transmission	transmission	NOUN
ajeer-261	87	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	88	1	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	88	2	spillages	spillage	NOUN
ajeer-261	88	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	88	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	88	5	driving	drive	VERB
ajeer-261	88	6	force	force	NOUN
ajeer-261	88	7	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	88	8	sustained	sustained	ADJ
ajeer-261	88	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	88	10	long	long	ADV
ajeer-261	88	11	run	run	VERB
ajeer-261	88	12	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	88	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	88	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	3	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	89	4	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	89	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	89	7	convergence	convergence	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	8	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	89	9	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	10	transmissions	transmission	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	12	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	89	13	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	89	14	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	15	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	89	16	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	89	17	exposed	expose	VERB
ajeer-261	89	18	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	89	19	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	89	20	worldwide	worldwide	ADJ
ajeer-261	89	21	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	89	23	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	24	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	25	enhancing	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	89	26	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	28	falvey	falvey	NOUN
ajeer-261	89	29	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	89	30	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	89	31	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	89	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	33	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	89	34	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	35	rose	rise	VERB
ajeer-261	89	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	37	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	89	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	89	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	90	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	90	2	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	3	asserts	assert	VERB
ajeer-261	90	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	90	5	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	90	6	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	7	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	90	8	reduces	reduce	VERB
ajeer-261	90	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	90	10	degree	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	11	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	90	12	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	90	13	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	90	14	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	90	16	intergraded	intergrade	VERB
ajeer-261	90	17	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	90	18	external	external	ADJ
ajeer-261	90	19	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	20	strengthens	strengthen	VERB
ajeer-261	90	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	90	22	undersupply	undersupply	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	90	24	innovation	innovation	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	90	26	that	that	DET
ajeer-261	90	27	respective	respective	ADJ
ajeer-261	90	28	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	29	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	90	30	grossman	grossman	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	90	32	helpman	helpman	NOUN
ajeer-261	90	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	90	34	1991	1991	NUM
ajeer-261	90	35	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	90	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	91	1	innovation	innovation	NOUN
ajeer-261	91	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	91	3	central	central	ADJ
ajeer-261	91	4	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	91	5	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	91	6	improvement	improvement	NOUN
ajeer-261	91	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	91	8	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	91	9	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	91	10	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	91	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	91	12	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	91	13	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	91	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	92	1	madsen	madsen	PROPN
ajeer-261	92	2	finds	find	VERB
ajeer-261	92	3	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	92	4	empirically	empirically	ADV
ajeer-261	92	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	92	6	93	93	NUM
ajeer-261	92	7	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	92	8	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	92	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	92	11	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	92	12	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	13	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	14	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	92	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	92	16	1990‘s	1990‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	92	17	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	92	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	92	19	oecd	oecd	PROPN
ajeer-261	92	20	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	21	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	92	22	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	92	23	solely	solely	ADV
ajeer-261	92	24	due	due	ADJ
ajeer-261	92	25	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	92	26	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	27	spill	spill	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	28	over	over	ADP
ajeer-261	92	29	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	92	30	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	92	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	93	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	93	2	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	3	even	even	ADV
ajeer-261	93	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	93	5	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	93	6	factor	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	7	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	8	convergence	convergence	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	9	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	93	10	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	93	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	12	over	over	ADP
ajeer-261	93	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	93	14	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	15	1870	1870	NUM
ajeer-261	93	16	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	93	17	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	93	18	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	93	19	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	93	20	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	93	21	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	93	22	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	23	spill	spill	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	24	over	over	ADP
ajeer-261	93	25	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	93	26	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	93	27	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	93	28	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	93	29	madsen	madsen	PROPN
ajeer-261	93	30	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	93	31	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	93	32	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	93	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	94	1	learning	learn	VERB
ajeer-261	94	2	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	94	3	east	east	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	4	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	6	miracle	miracle	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	94	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	10	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	94	11	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	12	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	94	14	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	15	–	–	PUNCT
ajeer-261	94	16	tech	tech	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	17	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	18	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	94	19	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	94	20	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	94	21	greater	great	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	22	interactions	interaction	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	23	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	94	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	94	25	sources	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	26	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	94	27	innovations	innovation	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	28	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	94	29	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	30	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	94	31	communications	communication	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	32	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	94	33	mobility	mobility	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	34	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	94	35	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	94	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	95	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	95	2	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	95	3	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	95	4	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	5	advantage	advantage	NOUN
ajeer-261	95	6	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	95	7	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	95	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	95	9	easier	easy	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	10	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	95	11	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	12	producers	producer	NOUN
ajeer-261	95	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	95	14	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	15	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	95	16	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	95	17	imitate	imitate	VERB
ajeer-261	95	18	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	19	technologies	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	95	20	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	95	21	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	95	22	productive	productive	ADJ
ajeer-261	95	23	process	process	NOUN
ajeer-261	95	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	96	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	96	2	alone	alone	ADV
ajeer-261	96	3	translates	translate	VERB
ajeer-261	96	4	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	96	5	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	96	6	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	96	7	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	96	8	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	96	9	boosts	boost	VERB
ajeer-261	96	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	96	11	capacities	capacity	NOUN
ajeer-261	96	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	96	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	96	14	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	96	15	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	96	16	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	96	17	compete	compete	VERB
ajeer-261	96	18	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	96	19	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	96	20	advanced	advanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	96	21	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	96	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	96	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	96	24	global	global	ADJ
ajeer-261	96	25	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	96	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	97	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	97	2	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	97	3	lead	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	97	4	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	97	5	great	great	ADJ
ajeer-261	97	6	transformations	transformation	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	97	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	97	9	product	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	10	composition	composition	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	97	12	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	97	14	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	97	16	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	97	17	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	18	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	97	19	transform	transform	VERB
ajeer-261	97	20	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	97	21	relying	rely	VERB
ajeer-261	97	22	heavily	heavily	ADV
ajeer-261	97	23	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	97	24	agriculture	agriculture	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	25	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	97	26	heavy	heavy	ADJ
ajeer-261	97	27	industries	industry	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	28	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	97	29	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	97	30	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	97	31	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	97	32	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	97	33	tech	tech	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	34	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	97	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	98	1	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	98	2	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	98	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	98	4	better	well	ADV
ajeer-261	98	5	positioned	positioned	ADJ
ajeer-261	98	6	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	98	7	gain	gain	VERB
ajeer-261	98	8	economically	economically	ADV
ajeer-261	98	9	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	98	10	efficient	efficient	ADJ
ajeer-261	98	11	resource	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	98	12	allocation	allocation	NOUN
ajeer-261	98	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	99	1	efficient	efficient	ADJ
ajeer-261	99	2	allocation	allocation	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	99	4	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	99	6	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	99	7	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	99	8	enhanced	enhanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	99	9	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	99	11	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	99	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	14	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	99	15	kandiero	kandiero	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	99	17	chitiga	chitiga	NOUN
ajeer-261	99	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	99	19	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	99	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	99	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	100	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	100	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	100	3	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	4	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	100	5	such	such	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	6	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	7	environment	environment	NOUN
ajeer-261	100	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	100	9	likely	likely	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	100	11	attract	attract	VERB
ajeer-261	100	12	fdis	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	100	13	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	100	14	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	100	15	vital	vital	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	16	channel	channel	NOUN
ajeer-261	100	17	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	100	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	100	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	100	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	1	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	101	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	3	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	101	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	101	6	positively	positively	ADV
ajeer-261	101	7	related	relate	VERB
ajeer-261	101	8	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	101	9	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	10	inflows	inflow	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	12	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	13	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	101	14	desire	desire	VERB
ajeer-261	101	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	101	16	increase	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	101	17	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	101	18	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	19	inflows	inflow	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	20	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	21	should	should	AUX
ajeer-261	101	22	enhance	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	101	23	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	101	24	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	25	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	101	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	27	asiedu	asiedu	PROPN
ajeer-261	101	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	29	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	101	30	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	31	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	101	32	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	101	33	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	101	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	35	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	101	36	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	101	37	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	102	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	102	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	102	3	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	102	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	102	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	102	6	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	102	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	102	8	interrelated	interrelate	VERB
ajeer-261	102	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	102	10	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	102	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	102	12	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	102	13	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	102	14	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	102	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	102	16	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	102	17	oriented	orient	VERB
ajeer-261	102	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	102	19	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	102	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	102	21	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	102	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	102	23	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	102	24	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	102	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	103	1	thus	thus	ADV
ajeer-261	103	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	103	3	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	4	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	5	signals	signal	VERB
ajeer-261	103	6	investors	investor	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	103	8	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	103	9	particular	particular	ADJ
ajeer-261	103	10	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	11	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	103	12	committed	commit	VERB
ajeer-261	103	13	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	103	14	stable	stable	ADJ
ajeer-261	103	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	103	16	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	17	oriented	orient	VERB
ajeer-261	103	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	103	19	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	103	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	104	1	investors	investor	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	2	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	104	3	see	see	VERB
ajeer-261	104	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	104	5	possibility	possibility	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	104	7	importing	import	VERB
ajeer-261	104	8	intermediate	intermediate	ADJ
ajeer-261	104	9	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	10	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	104	11	initiating	initiate	VERB
ajeer-261	104	12	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	104	13	projects	project	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	104	15	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	104	16	able	able	ADJ
ajeer-261	104	17	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	104	18	repatriate	repatriate	VERB
ajeer-261	104	19	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	104	20	profits	profit	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	21	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	104	22	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	104	23	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	104	24	exporting	export	VERB
ajeer-261	104	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	104	26	produced	produce	VERB
ajeer-261	104	27	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	104	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	105	1	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	105	2	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	105	3	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	4	inflows	inflow	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	105	6	host	host	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	7	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	8	obtain	obtain	VERB
ajeer-261	105	9	required	require	VERB
ajeer-261	105	10	financing	financing	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	11	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	12	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	105	13	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	14	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	105	16	rehabilitation	rehabilitation	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	105	18	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	105	19	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	105	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	106	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	3	arguing	argue	VERB
ajeer-261	106	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	106	5	line	line	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	6	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	106	7	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
ajeer-261	106	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	106	9	neo	neo	VERB
ajeer-261	106	10	classical	classical	ADJ
ajeer-261	106	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	12	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	14	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	106	16	positively	positively	ADV
ajeer-261	106	17	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	106	18	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	106	19	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	106	20	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	22	babatunde	babatunde	NOUN
ajeer-261	106	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	24	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	106	25	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	106	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	107	1	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	107	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	107	3	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	4	inflows	inflow	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	107	6	host	host	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	7	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	8	benefit	benefit	VERB
ajeer-261	107	9	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	107	10	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	107	11	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	107	12	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	107	13	provoked	provoke	VERB
ajeer-261	107	14	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	107	15	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	107	16	competitive	competitive	ADJ
ajeer-261	107	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	107	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	107	19	obtain	obtain	VERB
ajeer-261	107	20	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	107	21	technologies	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	107	23	managerial	managerial	ADJ
ajeer-261	107	24	expertise	expertise	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	107	26	marketing	marketing	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	27	capabilities	capability	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	107	29	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	107	30	improve	improve	VERB
ajeer-261	107	31	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	107	32	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	107	33	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	107	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	108	1	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	2	competition	competition	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	3	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	108	4	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	108	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	108	7	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	8	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	108	9	reducing	reduce	VERB
ajeer-261	108	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	108	11	degree	degree	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	108	13	monopoly	monopoly	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	14	power	power	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	15	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	108	16	dominates	dominate	VERB
ajeer-261	108	17	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	108	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	108	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	108	20	less	less	ADV
ajeer-261	108	21	open	open	ADJ
ajeer-261	108	22	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	108	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	1	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	2	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	109	3	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	109	4	employment	employment	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	5	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	7	managerial	managerial	ADJ
ajeer-261	109	8	skills	skill	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	10	diffuses	diffuse	VERB
ajeer-261	109	11	technologies	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	109	13	fosters	foster	VERB
ajeer-261	109	14	innovations	innovation	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	109	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	109	17	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	19	asiedu	asiedu	PROPN
ajeer-261	109	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	21	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	109	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	23	kandiero	kandiero	PROPN
ajeer-261	109	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	109	25	chitiga	chitiga	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	27	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	109	28	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	29	adhikary	adhikary	NOUN
ajeer-261	109	30	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	31	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	109	32	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	109	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
ajeer-261	110	2	quoting	quote	VERB
ajeer-261	110	3	kandiero	kandiero	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	5	chitiga	chitiga	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	7	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	110	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	9	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	10	inflows	inflow	VERB
ajeer-261	110	11	―stimulate	―stimulate	VERB
ajeer-261	110	12	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	13	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	14	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	110	15	adding	add	VERB
ajeer-261	110	16	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	110	17	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	18	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	110	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	110	20	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	22	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	23	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	25	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	110	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	27	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	110	28	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	29	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	110	30	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	110	31	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	110	32	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	110	33	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	110	34	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	110	35	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	110	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	110	37	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	38	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	39	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	110	40	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	41	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	110	42	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	110	43	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	44	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	45	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	46	savings	saving	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	47	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	48	raising	raise	VERB
ajeer-261	110	49	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	110	50	recipient	recipient	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	51	economy‘s	economy‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	52	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	53	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	110	54	improving	improve	VERB
ajeer-261	110	55	resource	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	56	allocation	allocation	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	57	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	58	deepening	deepen	VERB
ajeer-261	110	59	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	60	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	61	markets	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	62	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	63	reducing	reduce	VERB
ajeer-261	110	64	local	local	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	65	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	66	costs‖	costs‖	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	67	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	110	68	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	110	69	these	these	PRON
ajeer-261	110	70	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	71	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	72	strengthen	strengthen	VERB
ajeer-261	110	73	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	110	74	supply	supply	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	75	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	76	side	side	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	77	capabilities	capability	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	78	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	110	79	producing	produce	VERB
ajeer-261	110	80	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	81	selling	sell	VERB
ajeer-261	110	82	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	83	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	110	84	services	service	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	85	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	110	86	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	110	87	lead	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	110	88	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	110	89	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	110	90	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	110	91	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	110	92	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	111	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	111	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	111	3	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	111	4	fdi	fdi	ADJ
ajeer-261	111	5	host	host	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	6	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	7	increase	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	111	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	111	9	volume	volume	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	111	11	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	111	13	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	111	14	physical	physical	ADJ
ajeer-261	111	15	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	111	17	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	111	18	eventually	eventually	ADV
ajeer-261	111	19	promotes	promote	VERB
ajeer-261	111	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	111	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	22	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	111	23	aggregate	aggregate	ADJ
ajeer-261	111	24	expenditure	expenditure	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	25	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	111	26	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	111	27	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	111	28	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	29	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	111	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	112	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	112	3	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	112	4	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	112	5	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	112	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	112	7	part	part	NOUN
ajeer-261	112	8	depend	depend	VERB
ajeer-261	112	9	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	112	10	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	112	11	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	112	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	112	13	internal	internal	ADJ
ajeer-261	112	14	saving	saving	NOUN
ajeer-261	112	15	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	112	16	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	112	17	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	112	18	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	112	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	112	20	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	112	21	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	112	22	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	112	23	fdi	fdi	PROPN
ajeer-261	112	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	25	adhikary	adhikary	ADJ
ajeer-261	112	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	27	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	112	28	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	29	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	112	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	112	31	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	112	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	33	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	112	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	112	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	113	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	3	enhances	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	113	4	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	5	volumes	volume	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	6	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	113	7	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	113	8	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	113	9	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	113	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	113	11	pay	pay	VERB
ajeer-261	113	12	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	113	13	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	113	14	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	113	15	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	113	17	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	113	19	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	113	20	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	113	21	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	113	22	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	23	leads	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	113	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	113	25	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	113	26	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	113	27	net	net	ADJ
ajeer-261	113	28	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	29	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	113	30	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	113	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	114	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	114	2	results	result	VERB
ajeer-261	114	3	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	114	4	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	114	5	local	local	ADJ
ajeer-261	114	6	savings	saving	NOUN
ajeer-261	114	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	114	8	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	114	9	accumulation	accumulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	114	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	114	11	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	114	12	exchange	exchange	NOUN
ajeer-261	114	13	reserves	reserve	NOUN
ajeer-261	114	14	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	114	15	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	114	16	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	114	17	invested	invest	VERB
ajeer-261	114	18	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	114	19	further	further	ADJ
ajeer-261	114	20	earnings	earning	NOUN
ajeer-261	114	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	114	22	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	114	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	114	24	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	114	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	114	26	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	114	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	114	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	115	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	115	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	115	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	115	4	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	115	5	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	115	6	note	note	VERB
ajeer-261	115	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	115	8	private	private	ADJ
ajeer-261	115	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	115	10	public	public	ADJ
ajeer-261	115	11	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	12	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	13	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	14	depends	depend	VERB
ajeer-261	115	15	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	115	16	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	115	17	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	115	19	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	115	20	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	115	21	noted	note	VERB
ajeer-261	115	22	earlier	early	ADV
ajeer-261	115	23	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	115	24	largely	largely	ADV
ajeer-261	115	25	supported	support	VERB
ajeer-261	115	26	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	115	27	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	115	28	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	115	29	saving	saving	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	30	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	115	32	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	115	33	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	115	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	116	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	116	2	neo	neo	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	3	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	4	classical	classical	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	6	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
ajeer-261	116	8	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	116	9	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	116	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	11	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	116	12	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	13	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	14	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	116	16	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	17	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	18	tend	tend	VERB
ajeer-261	116	19	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	116	20	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	116	21	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	22	marginal	marginal	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	23	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	116	25	returns	return	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	116	27	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	116	29	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	116	30	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	31	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	32	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	116	33	adequate	adequate	ADJ
ajeer-261	116	34	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	35	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	116	36	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	116	37	injected	inject	VERB
ajeer-261	116	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	117	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	117	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	117	3	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	117	4	when	when	SCONJ
ajeer-261	117	5	additional	additional	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	6	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	117	8	injected	inject	VERB
ajeer-261	117	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	117	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	117	11	form	form	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	117	13	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	14	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	15	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	117	17	marginal	marginal	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	18	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	117	20	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	21	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	117	22	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	117	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	117	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	117	25	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	26	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	117	27	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	117	29	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	117	30	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	117	31	productivity	productivity	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	32	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	117	33	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	117	34	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	35	run	run	VERB
ajeer-261	117	36	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	37	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	38	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	117	39	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	40	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	117	41	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	117	42	adhikary	adhikary	ADJ
ajeer-261	117	43	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	117	44	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	117	45	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	117	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	118	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	118	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	118	3	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	118	4	line	line	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	5	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	118	6	transaction	transaction	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	7	theory	theory	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	8	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	118	9	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	118	10	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	118	11	low	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	118	12	transaction	transaction	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	13	cost	cost	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	14	environment	environment	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	15	generates	generate	VERB
ajeer-261	118	16	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	118	17	incentives	incentive	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	18	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	118	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	118	20	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	118	21	return	return	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	22	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	118	23	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	24	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	118	25	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	27	tends	tend	VERB
ajeer-261	118	28	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	118	29	influence	influence	VERB
ajeer-261	118	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	118	31	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	118	33	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	118	34	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	35	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	118	36	terms	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	118	38	risk	risk	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	39	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	118	40	return	return	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	41	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	118	42	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	119	1	investors	investor	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	2	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	119	3	feel	feel	VERB
ajeer-261	119	4	interested	interested	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	119	6	committing	commit	VERB
ajeer-261	119	7	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	8	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	119	9	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	10	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	119	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	119	13	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	14	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	119	15	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	16	tariff	tariff	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	119	18	non	non	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	19	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	20	tariff	tariff	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	21	barriers	barrier	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	22	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	119	23	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	119	25	allows	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	119	26	repatriating	repatriate	VERB
ajeer-261	119	27	capitals	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	119	29	profits	profit	NOUN
ajeer-261	119	30	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	119	31	adhikary	adhikary	ADJ
ajeer-261	119	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	119	33	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	119	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	119	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	120	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	120	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	120	3	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	120	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	120	5	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	6	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	120	7	note	note	VERB
ajeer-261	120	8	that	that	DET
ajeer-261	120	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	10	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	120	11	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	120	12	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	120	13	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	120	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	120	15	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	120	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	120	20	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	120	21	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	120	23	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	120	24	others	other	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	25	frankel	frankel	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	120	27	romer	romer	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	28	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	120	29	1999	1999	NUM
ajeer-261	120	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	120	31	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	120	32	argued	argue	VERB
ajeer-261	120	33	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	120	34	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	35	experiencing	experience	VERB
ajeer-261	120	36	rapid	rapid	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	37	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	38	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	39	resulting	result	VERB
ajeer-261	120	40	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	120	41	reasons	reason	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	42	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	43	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	120	44	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	45	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	120	46	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	120	47	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	120	48	better	well	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	49	chance	chance	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	50	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	120	51	engage	engage	VERB
ajeer-261	120	52	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	120	53	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	120	54	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	120	55	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	120	56	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	121	1	3	3	X
ajeer-261	121	2	.	.	X
ajeer-261	121	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	4	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	5	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	121	7	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	8	establishes	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	121	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	121	10	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	11	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	12	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	121	13	exist	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	121	14	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	121	15	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	16	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	121	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	121	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	20	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	121	21	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	121	22	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	121	24	particularly	particularly	ADV
ajeer-261	121	25	sub	sub	NOUN
ajeer-261	121	26	saharan	saharan	PROPN
ajeer-261	121	27	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	121	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	122	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	122	2	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	122	4	interest	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	5	here	here	ADV
ajeer-261	122	6	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	122	7	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	122	8	mainly	mainly	ADV
ajeer-261	122	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	122	12	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	13	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	122	14	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	122	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	123	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	123	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	123	3	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	123	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	123	5	inevitable	inevitable	ADJ
ajeer-261	123	6	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	123	7	examine	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	123	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	123	9	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	123	11	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	123	12	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	13	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	14	before	before	ADP
ajeer-261	123	15	testing	test	VERB
ajeer-261	123	16	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	123	17	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	123	18	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	123	20	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	123	21	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	22	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	123	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	1	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	124	2	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	124	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	124	4	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	124	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	124	6	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	124	7	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	8	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	124	9	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	10	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	124	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	14	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	124	16	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	124	17	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	124	18	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	124	19	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	124	20	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	21	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	124	22	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	124	23	function	function	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	124	25	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	28	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	29	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	30	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	31	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	124	33	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	34	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	35	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	36	aged	age	VERB
ajeer-261	124	37	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	124	38	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	124	39	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	124	40	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	124	41	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	124	42	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	43	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	124	44	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	45	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	47	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	48	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	49	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	50	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	51	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	124	52	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	53	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	54	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	124	55	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	124	56	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	57	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	124	58	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	1	thus	thus	ADV
ajeer-261	125	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	125	3	resultant	resultant	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	4	general	general	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	6	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	125	8	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	9	yit=	yit=	PROPN
ajeer-261	125	10	β0+β1	β0+β1	PROPN
ajeer-261	125	11	eit	eit	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	12	+	+	NUM
ajeer-261	125	13	β2toit	β2toit	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	14	+	+	CCONJ
ajeer-261	125	15	β3xi+εit	β3xi+εit	NUM
ajeer-261	125	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	17	1.1	1.1	NUM
ajeer-261	125	18	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	19	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	125	20	y	y	PRON
ajeer-261	125	21	represents	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	125	22	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	23	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	24	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	25	e	e	X
ajeer-261	125	26	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	125	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	125	28	control	control	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	29	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	30	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	125	31	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	125	32	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	33	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	34	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	125	35	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	36	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	125	37	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	125	38	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	39	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	125	40	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	41	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	125	42	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	125	43	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	44	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	125	45	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	46	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	47	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	48	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	125	49	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	50	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	51	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	52	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	53	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	54	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	55	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	56	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	57	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	58	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	59	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	125	60	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	125	61	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	125	62	development	development	PROPN
ajeer-261	125	63	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	125	64	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	126	1	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	126	2	refers	refer	VERB
ajeer-261	126	3	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	126	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	126	5	measure	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	126	7	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	126	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	11	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	126	12	xi	xi	PRON
ajeer-261	126	13	stands	stand	VERB
ajeer-261	126	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	126	15	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	16	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	126	17	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	18	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	126	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	126	20	εit	εit	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	21	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	126	22	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	126	23	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	24	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	126	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	127	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	127	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	127	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	127	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	5	modelling	modelling	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	6	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	127	7	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	127	8	potential	potential	ADJ
ajeer-261	127	9	problems	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	127	11	inconsistency	inconsistency	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	127	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	127	14	omitted	omit	VERB
ajeer-261	127	15	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	127	16	bias	bias	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	127	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	127	19	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	20	problem	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	127	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	128	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	128	2	former	former	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	3	arises	arise	VERB
ajeer-261	128	4	when	when	SCONJ
ajeer-261	128	5	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	6	specific	specific	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	7	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	8	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	128	9	wrongly	wrongly	ADV
ajeer-261	128	10	assumed	assume	VERB
ajeer-261	128	11	uncorrelated	uncorrelated	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	12	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	128	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	128	14	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	15	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	16	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	17	mainly	mainly	ADV
ajeer-261	128	18	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	128	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	128	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	128	21	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
ajeer-261	128	22	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	128	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	128	25	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	26	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	128	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	1	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	129	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	129	3	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	129	4	hand	hand	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	129	7	latter	latter	ADJ
ajeer-261	129	8	problem	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	9	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	129	10	arise	arise	VERB
ajeer-261	129	11	due	due	ADP
ajeer-261	129	12	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	129	13	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	129	14	failure	failure	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	129	16	control	control	VERB
ajeer-261	129	17	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	129	18	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	20	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	129	21	might	might	AUX
ajeer-261	129	22	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	129	23	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	129	24	inconsistent	inconsistent	ADJ
ajeer-261	129	25	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	26	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	28	tsangarides	tsangaride	NOUN
ajeer-261	129	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	30	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	129	31	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	129	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	130	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	130	2	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	130	3	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	130	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	130	5	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	130	6	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	130	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	130	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	130	9	ordinary	ordinary	ADJ
ajeer-261	130	10	linear	linear	ADJ
ajeer-261	130	11	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	130	12	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	130	13	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	130	14	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	130	15	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	130	16	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	130	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	130	18	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	130	19	conditional	conditional	ADJ
ajeer-261	130	20	mean	mean	NOUN
ajeer-261	130	21	assumption	assumption	NOUN
ajeer-261	130	22	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	130	23	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	130	24	hold	hold	VERB
ajeer-261	130	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	131	2	econometrics	econometrics	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	3	perspective	perspective	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	5	three	three	NUM
ajeer-261	131	6	main	main	ADJ
ajeer-261	131	7	circumstances	circumstance	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	8	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	131	9	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	131	10	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	131	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	131	12	violation	violation	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	131	14	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	131	15	assumption	assumption	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	131	18	endogeneity	endogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	20	omitted	omit	VERB
ajeer-261	131	21	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	131	22	bias	bias	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	131	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	131	25	issue	issue	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	26	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	131	27	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	28	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	131	29	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	30	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	31	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	131	32	measurement	measurement	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	33	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	34	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	131	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	131	36	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
ajeer-261	131	37	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	131	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	131	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	132	1	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	132	2	avoid	avoid	VERB
ajeer-261	132	3	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	132	4	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	132	5	potential	potential	ADJ
ajeer-261	132	6	problems	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	132	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	132	9	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	10	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	132	11	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	132	12	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	13	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	132	14	estimated	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	132	15	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	132	16	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	132	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	132	18	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	132	19	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	132	21	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	132	22	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	23	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	132	24	squares	square	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	25	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	132	26	2sls	2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	132	28	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	132	29	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	30	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	31	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	132	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	133	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	133	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	133	3	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	133	4	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	133	5	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	133	6	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	133	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	133	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	133	9	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	133	10	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	133	11	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	133	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	133	13	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	133	14	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	133	15	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	133	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	134	1	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	134	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	134	3	2sls	2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	134	5	we	we	PRON
ajeer-261	134	6	first	first	ADV
ajeer-261	134	7	conduct	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	134	8	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	134	9	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	134	10	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	11	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	12	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	134	13	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	134	14	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	134	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	134	16	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	134	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	134	19	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	134	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	134	22	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	134	23	thereafter	thereafter	ADV
ajeer-261	134	24	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	134	25	further	further	ADJ
ajeer-261	134	26	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	27	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	134	28	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	134	29	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	134	30	instrumenting	instrument	VERB
ajeer-261	134	31	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	134	32	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	33	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	34	variables	variable	VERB
ajeer-261	134	35	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	134	36	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	134	37	2sls	2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	38	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	134	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	135	1	after	after	ADP
ajeer-261	135	2	obtaining	obtain	VERB
ajeer-261	135	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	135	4	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	135	7	we	we	PRON
ajeer-261	135	8	examine	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	135	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	135	10	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	135	12	strength	strength	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	135	14	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	15	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	135	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	135	17	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	135	18	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	19	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	135	20	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	135	21	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	135	22	assessing	assess	VERB
ajeer-261	135	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	135	24	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	135	25	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	135	27	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	135	28	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	29	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	30	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	135	31	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	135	32	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	135	33	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	34	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	135	36	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	135	37	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	135	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	136	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	136	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	136	3	latter	latter	ADJ
ajeer-261	136	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	136	5	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	136	6	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	136	7	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	136	8	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	136	9	conducted	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	136	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	136	11	check	check	VERB
ajeer-261	136	12	whether	whether	SCONJ
ajeer-261	136	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	136	14	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	136	15	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	136	16	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	136	17	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	136	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	137	1	3.1	3.1	NUM
ajeer-261	137	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	137	3	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	137	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	6	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	137	7	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	8	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	137	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	137	10	standard	standard	ADJ
ajeer-261	137	11	measure	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	137	13	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	14	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	137	16	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	137	17	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	137	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	137	19	sum	sum	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	137	21	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	137	23	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	24	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	137	25	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	137	26	proportion	proportion	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	137	28	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	137	29	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	137	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	1	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	2	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	138	3	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	6	annual	annual	ADJ
ajeer-261	138	7	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	9	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	138	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	138	11	widely	widely	ADV
ajeer-261	138	12	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	138	13	proxy	proxy	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	138	15	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	138	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	138	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	138	19	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	21	dowrick	dowrick	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	138	23	golley	golley	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	25	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	138	26	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	27	bajwa	bajwa	PROPN
ajeer-261	138	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	138	29	siddiqi	siddiqi	PROPN
ajeer-261	138	30	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	31	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	138	32	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	138	33	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	138	34	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	138	35	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	138	36	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	138	37	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	138	38	measure	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	138	39	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	138	40	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	138	41	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	42	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	138	43	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	138	44	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	45	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	138	46	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	47	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	138	48	consideration	consideration	NOUN
ajeer-261	138	49	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	139	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	139	2	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	139	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	139	4	averaged	average	VERB
ajeer-261	139	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	139	6	five	five	NUM
ajeer-261	139	7	years	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	139	8	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	139	9	reduce	reduce	VERB
ajeer-261	139	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	139	11	noise	noise	NOUN
ajeer-261	139	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	139	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	139	14	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	139	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	1	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	140	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	140	3	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	4	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	140	5	averaged	average	VERB
ajeer-261	140	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	140	7	five	five	NUM
ajeer-261	140	8	years	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	140	11	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	140	12	condition	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	13	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	14	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	140	15	measured	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	140	16	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	140	17	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	140	19	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	140	20	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	21	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	140	22	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	140	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	140	25	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	140	26	year	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	140	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	140	29	five	five	NUM
ajeer-261	140	30	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	31	year	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	32	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	33	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	140	34	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	140	35	observation	observation	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	36	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	37	cinyabuguma	cinyabuguma	PROPN
ajeer-261	140	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	140	39	putterman	putterman	NOUN
ajeer-261	140	40	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	41	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	140	42	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	140	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	141	2	secondary	secondary	ADJ
ajeer-261	141	3	school	school	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	4	enrolment	enrolment	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	5	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	141	7	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	141	8	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	141	9	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	141	10	proxy	proxy	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	141	12	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	141	13	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	14	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	16	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	141	17	measures	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	141	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	141	19	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	141	21	labour	labour	NOUN
ajeer-261	141	22	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	23	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	141	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	25	2009	2009	NUM
ajeer-261	141	26	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	27	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	141	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	29	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	141	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	141	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	142	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	142	2	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	142	3	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	142	4	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	5	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	142	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	142	8	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	142	9	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	10	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	11	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	12	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	142	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	142	14	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	142	16	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	142	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	143	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	143	2	workforce	workforce	PROPN
ajeer-261	143	3	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	143	5	proxied	proxie	VERB
ajeer-261	143	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	143	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	143	8	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	143	10	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	11	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	143	13	aged	aged	ADJ
ajeer-261	143	14	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	143	15	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	143	16	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	143	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	143	18	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	143	19	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	143	20	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	143	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	143	23	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	143	24	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	143	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	144	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	144	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	144	3	considered	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	144	4	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	144	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	144	6	most	most	ADV
ajeer-261	144	7	active	active	ADJ
ajeer-261	144	8	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	144	9	cadre	cadre	NOUN
ajeer-261	144	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	144	11	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	144	12	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	144	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	145	1	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	145	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	145	3	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	145	4	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	145	5	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	145	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	145	7	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	145	8	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	145	9	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	145	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	146	1	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	2	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	146	3	collected	collect	VERB
ajeer-261	146	4	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	146	5	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	146	6	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	146	8	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	146	9	represent	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	146	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	146	11	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	12	size	size	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	146	14	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	146	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	146	16	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	17	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	18	covering	cover	VERB
ajeer-261	146	19	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	146	20	1989	1989	NUM
ajeer-261	146	21	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	146	22	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	146	23	inclusive	inclusive	ADJ
ajeer-261	146	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	146	25	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	146	26	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	146	27	20	20	NUM
ajeer-261	146	28	years	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	146	29	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	146	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	147	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	147	2	selection	selection	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	147	4	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	147	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	147	7	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	147	9	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	147	10	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	147	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	147	12	criteria	criterion	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	13	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	147	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	147	15	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	147	16	those	those	DET
ajeer-261	147	17	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	18	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	147	19	full	full	ADJ
ajeer-261	147	20	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	21	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	147	22	almost	almost	ADV
ajeer-261	147	23	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	147	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	147	25	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	26	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	147	27	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	147	28	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	147	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	148	1	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	2	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	148	3	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	148	4	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	148	5	account	account	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	148	7	description	description	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	8	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	148	9	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	148	10	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	148	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	148	12	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	13	sources	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	148	15	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	148	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	148	17	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	18	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	148	19	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	148	20	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	148	21	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	148	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	148	23	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	148	24	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	148	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	149	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	149	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	149	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	149	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	149	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	149	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	149	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	149	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	149	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	149	16	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	149	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	149	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	149	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	149	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	149	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	149	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	149	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	149	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	149	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	28	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	29	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	149	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	149	31	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	32	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	149	33	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	149	34	organised	organise	VERB
ajeer-261	149	35	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	149	36	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	149	37	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	38	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	39	form	form	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	40	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	149	41	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	149	42	averaged	average	VERB
ajeer-261	149	43	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	149	44	four	four	NUM
ajeer-261	149	45	five	five	NUM
ajeer-261	149	46	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	47	year	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	48	‘	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	149	49	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	50	periods	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	51	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	149	52	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	149	53	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	149	54	reduce	reduce	VERB
ajeer-261	149	55	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	149	56	noise	noise	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	57	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	149	58	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	149	59	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	150	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
ajeer-261	150	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	150	3	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	150	4	helps	help	VERB
ajeer-261	150	5	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	150	6	remove	remove	VERB
ajeer-261	150	7	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	150	8	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	150	9	cycle	cycle	NOUN
ajeer-261	150	10	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	150	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	150	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	150	13	dataset	dataset	NOUN
ajeer-261	150	14	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	150	15	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	150	16	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	150	17	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	150	18	simplify	simplify	VERB
ajeer-261	150	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	150	20	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	150	21	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	150	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	151	1	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	2	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	3	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	151	5	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	151	6	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	151	7	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	151	8	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	151	9	exploit	exploit	VERB
ajeer-261	151	10	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	151	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	151	12	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	13	series	series	PROPN
ajeer-261	151	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	151	15	cross	cross	VERB
ajeer-261	151	16	sectional	sectional	ADJ
ajeer-261	151	17	dimensions	dimension	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	151	19	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	151	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	151	22	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	151	23	proved	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	151	24	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	151	25	provide	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	151	26	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	151	27	efficient	efficient	ADJ
ajeer-261	151	28	estimations	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	29	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	151	30	parameters	parameter	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	31	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	151	32	considering	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	151	33	wider	wide	ADJ
ajeer-261	151	34	sources	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	35	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	151	36	variation	variation	NOUN
ajeer-261	151	37	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	152	1	what	what	PRON
ajeer-261	152	2	's	be	AUX
ajeer-261	152	3	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	152	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	152	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	152	6	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	7	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	8	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	9	avails	avail	VERB
ajeer-261	152	10	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	152	11	richer	rich	ADJ
ajeer-261	152	12	set	set	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	152	14	information	information	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	152	16	exploit	exploit	VERB
ajeer-261	152	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	152	18	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	19	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	152	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	152	21	dependent	dependent	ADJ
ajeer-261	152	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	152	23	independent	independent	ADJ
ajeer-261	152	24	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	152	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	153	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	153	2	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	153	3	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	153	4	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	153	5	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	153	6	converted	convert	VERB
ajeer-261	153	7	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	153	8	natural	natural	ADJ
ajeer-261	153	9	logarithm	logarithm	NOUN
ajeer-261	153	10	before	before	ADP
ajeer-261	153	11	its	its	PRON
ajeer-261	153	12	usage	usage	NOUN
ajeer-261	153	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	153	14	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	153	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	153	16	ensure	ensure	VERB
ajeer-261	153	17	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	153	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	153	19	data	data	NOUN
ajeer-261	153	20	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	153	21	normally	normally	ADV
ajeer-261	153	22	distributed	distribute	VERB
ajeer-261	153	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	153	24	properly	properly	ADV
ajeer-261	153	25	skewed	skew	VERB
ajeer-261	153	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	154	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	154	2	rest	rest	NOUN
ajeer-261	154	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	154	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	154	5	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	154	6	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	154	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	154	8	percentages	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	154	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	154	10	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	154	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	154	12	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	154	13	was	be	VERB
ajeer-261	154	14	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	154	15	need	need	NOUN
ajeer-261	154	16	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	154	17	logarithmic	logarithmic	ADJ
ajeer-261	154	18	transformations	transformation	NOUN
ajeer-261	154	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	155	1	3.2	3.2	NUM
ajeer-261	155	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	155	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	4	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	5	estimations	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	6	results	result	VERB
ajeer-261	155	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	155	8	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	155	10	analyse	analyse	VERB
ajeer-261	155	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	155	12	link	link	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	13	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	155	14	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	15	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	155	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	155	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	155	20	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	155	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	155	22	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	23	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	155	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	155	26	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	155	27	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	155	29	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	155	30	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	31	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	155	32	squares	square	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	33	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	155	34	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	35	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	36	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	37	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	155	38	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	155	39	employed	employ	VERB
ajeer-261	155	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	156	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	156	2	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	156	3	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	4	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	5	squares	square	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	6	method	method	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	7	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	156	8	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	9	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	10	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	156	11	employed	employ	VERB
ajeer-261	156	12	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	156	13	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	156	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	156	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	156	16	covariates	covariate	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	156	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	156	19	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	156	21	1.1	1.1	NUM
ajeer-261	156	22	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	156	23	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	156	24	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	25	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	156	26	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	156	27	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	28	openness).this	openness).this	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	29	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	30	provides	provide	VERB
ajeer-261	156	31	five	five	NUM
ajeer-261	156	32	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	33	options	option	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	34	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	156	35	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	36	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	156	37	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	156	38	variation	variation	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	39	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	156	40	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	156	41	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	156	42	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	156	43	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	44	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	156	45	treat	treat	VERB
ajeer-261	156	46	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	156	47	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	48	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	156	49	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	156	50	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	157	2	options	option	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	3	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	157	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	157	5	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	157	6	gls	gls	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	7	randomeffects	randomeffect	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	8	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	9	g2sls	g2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	157	11	ec2sls	ec2sls	PROPN
ajeer-261	157	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	13	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	157	16	between	between	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	17	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	18	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	20	be2sls	be2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	22	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	157	25	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	157	26	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	27	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	28	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	29	fe2sls	fe2sls	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	157	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	157	33	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	157	34	differenced	differenced	ADJ
ajeer-261	157	35	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	36	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	37	fd2sls	fd2sls	PROPN
ajeer-261	157	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	157	39	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	157	40	take	take	VERB
ajeer-261	157	41	away	away	ADV
ajeer-261	157	42	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	157	43	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	44	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	157	45	fitting	fit	VERB
ajeer-261	157	46	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	157	47	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	48	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	157	49	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	157	50	differences	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	157	51	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	158	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	158	2	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	3	opts	opt	VERB
ajeer-261	158	4	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	158	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	158	6	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	158	7	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	158	9	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	158	10	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	11	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	158	13	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	158	14	we	we	PRON
ajeer-261	158	15	conduct	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	158	16	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	158	17	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	18	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	158	19	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	158	20	stages	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	158	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	159	1	table-1	table-1	NUM
ajeer-261	159	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	159	3	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	159	4	description	description	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	159	6	sources	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	159	8	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	9	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	159	10	description	description	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	159	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	159	13	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	159	14	source	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	15	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	16	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	159	17	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	159	20	annual	annual	ADJ
ajeer-261	159	21	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	22	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	159	23	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	159	24	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	159	25	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	159	26	dependent	dependent	ADJ
ajeer-261	159	27	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	159	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	160	1	annual	annual	ADJ
ajeer-261	160	2	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	4	rate	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	160	6	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	7	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	160	8	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	9	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	160	10	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	160	11	constant	constant	ADJ
ajeer-261	160	12	2005	2005	NUM
ajeer-261	160	13	u.s	u.s	PROPN
ajeer-261	160	14	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	160	15	dollars	dollar	NOUN
ajeer-261	160	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	161	1	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	161	2	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	161	3	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	161	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	161	5	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	161	6	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	161	7	product	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	161	8	divided	divide	VERB
ajeer-261	161	9	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	161	10	midyear	midyear	NOUN
ajeer-261	161	11	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	161	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	162	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	162	2	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	162	3	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	162	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	163	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	3	measures	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	4	aggregate	aggregate	VERB
ajeer-261	163	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	163	7	sum	sum	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	163	9	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	163	11	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	163	13	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	14	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	163	15	services	service	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	16	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	163	17	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	163	18	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	163	19	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	163	21	gdp	gdp	PROPN
ajeer-261	163	22	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	163	23	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	163	24	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	163	25	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	163	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	164	1	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	164	2	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	3	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	164	4	measure	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	164	6	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	7	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	164	8	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	164	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	164	11	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	164	12	year	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	164	14	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	164	15	―five	―five	ADJ
ajeer-261	164	16	year	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	17	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	18	average‖	average‖	PROPN
ajeer-261	164	19	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	164	20	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	164	21	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	164	22	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	164	23	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	164	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	165	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	165	2	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	165	3	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	165	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	166	1	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	166	2	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	3	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	166	5	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	166	6	gdp	gdp	PROPN
ajeer-261	166	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	166	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	166	9	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	10	consists	consist	VERB
ajeer-261	166	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	166	12	outlays	outlay	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	13	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	166	14	additions	addition	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	15	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	166	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	166	17	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	166	18	assets	asset	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	166	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	166	21	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	22	plus	plus	CCONJ
ajeer-261	166	23	net	net	ADJ
ajeer-261	166	24	changes	change	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	166	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	166	27	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	166	29	inventories	inventory	NOUN
ajeer-261	166	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	1	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	167	2	assets	asset	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	3	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	167	4	land	land	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	5	improvements	improvement	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	6	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	7	plant	plant	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	9	machinery	machinery	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	167	12	equipment	equipment	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	13	purchases	purchase	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	14	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	167	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	167	17	construction	construction	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	167	19	roads	road	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	21	railways	railway	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	167	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	167	25	like	like	ADJ
ajeer-261	167	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	27	including	include	VERB
ajeer-261	167	28	schools	school	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	30	offices	office	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	31	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	32	hospitals	hospital	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	34	private	private	ADJ
ajeer-261	167	35	residential	residential	ADJ
ajeer-261	167	36	dwellings	dwelling	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	37	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	167	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	167	39	commercial	commercial	ADJ
ajeer-261	167	40	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	167	41	industrial	industrial	ADJ
ajeer-261	167	42	buildings	building	NOUN
ajeer-261	167	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	168	1	inventories	inventory	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	2	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	168	3	stocks	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	168	5	goods	good	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	6	held	hold	VERB
ajeer-261	168	7	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	168	8	firms	firm	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	168	10	meet	meet	VERB
ajeer-261	168	11	temporary	temporary	ADJ
ajeer-261	168	12	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	168	13	unexpected	unexpected	ADJ
ajeer-261	168	14	fluctuations	fluctuation	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	168	16	production	production	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	17	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	168	18	sales	sale	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	168	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	168	21	'	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	168	22	work	work	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	168	24	progress	progress	NOUN
ajeer-261	168	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	168	26	'	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	169	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	169	2	bank	bank	NOUN
ajeer-261	169	3	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	169	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	170	1	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	170	2	capital	capital	PROPN
ajeer-261	170	3	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	170	5	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	170	7	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	170	8	enrolment	enrolment	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	9	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	170	10	measures	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	170	11	secondary	secondary	ADJ
ajeer-261	170	12	school	school	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	13	enrolment	enrolment	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	14	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	170	15	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	170	16	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	170	18	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	170	19	enrolment	enrolment	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	170	21	regardless	regardless	ADV
ajeer-261	170	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	170	23	age	age	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	170	25	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	170	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	170	27	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	170	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	170	30	age	age	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	31	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	32	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	170	33	officially	officially	ADV
ajeer-261	170	34	corresponds	correspond	VERB
ajeer-261	170	35	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	170	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	170	37	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	38	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	170	39	education	education	NOUN
ajeer-261	170	40	shown	show	VERB
ajeer-261	170	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	171	1	secondary	secondary	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	2	education	education	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	3	completes	complete	VERB
ajeer-261	171	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	171	5	provision	provision	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	171	7	basic	basic	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	8	education	education	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	9	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	171	10	began	begin	VERB
ajeer-261	171	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	171	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	171	13	primary	primary	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	14	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	171	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	171	17	aims	aim	VERB
ajeer-261	171	18	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	171	19	laying	lay	VERB
ajeer-261	171	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	171	21	foundations	foundation	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	22	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	171	23	lifelong	lifelong	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	24	learning	learning	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	25	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	171	26	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	27	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	171	29	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	171	30	offering	offer	VERB
ajeer-261	171	31	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	32	subjector	subjector	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	33	skill	skill	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	34	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	171	35	oriented	orient	VERB
ajeer-261	171	36	instruction	instruction	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	37	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	171	38	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	39	specialized	specialized	ADJ
ajeer-261	171	40	teachers	teacher	NOUN
ajeer-261	171	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	172	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	172	2	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	172	3	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	172	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	173	1	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	2	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	173	3	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	4	aged	age	VERB
ajeer-261	173	5	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	173	6	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	173	7	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	173	8	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	173	9	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	173	10	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	173	12	total	total	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	173	14	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	173	15	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	173	16	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	173	17	measure	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	173	19	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	173	20	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	21	's	's	PART
ajeer-261	173	22	active	active	ADJ
ajeer-261	173	23	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	24	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	173	25	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	173	26	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	173	28	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	173	29	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	173	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	174	1	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	174	2	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	174	3	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	174	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	174	5	ages	age	NOUN
ajeer-261	174	6	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	174	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	174	8	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	174	9	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	174	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	174	11	number	number	NOUN
ajeer-261	174	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	174	13	people	people	NOUN
ajeer-261	174	14	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	174	15	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	174	16	potentially	potentially	ADV
ajeer-261	174	17	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	174	18	economically	economically	ADV
ajeer-261	174	19	active	active	ADJ
ajeer-261	174	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	175	1	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	175	3	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	175	4	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	175	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	175	6	de	de	X
ajeer-261	175	7	facto	facto	X
ajeer-261	175	8	definition	definition	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	10	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	175	12	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	175	13	counts	count	VERB
ajeer-261	175	14	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	175	15	residents	resident	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	16	regardless	regardless	ADV
ajeer-261	175	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	18	legal	legal	ADJ
ajeer-261	175	19	status	status	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	20	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	175	21	citizenship	citizenship	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	22	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	175	23	except	except	SCONJ
ajeer-261	175	24	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	175	25	refugees	refugee	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	26	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	175	27	permanently	permanently	ADV
ajeer-261	175	28	settled	settle	VERB
ajeer-261	175	29	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	175	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	175	31	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	33	asylum	asylum	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	175	35	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	175	36	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	175	37	generally	generally	ADV
ajeer-261	175	38	considered	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	175	39	part	part	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	40	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	41	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	175	42	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	43	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	44	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	175	45	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	46	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	175	47	origin	origin	NOUN
ajeer-261	175	48	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	176	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	176	2	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	176	3	database	database	NOUN
ajeer-261	176	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	1	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	2	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	3	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	5	net	net	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	6	inflows(%gdp	inflows(%gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	8	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	9	measures	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	177	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	177	11	sum	sum	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	177	13	equity	equity	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	14	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	16	reinvestment	reinvestment	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	177	18	earnings	earning	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	20	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	21	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	22	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	23	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	24	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	177	27	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	177	28	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	177	29	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	30	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	31	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	177	32	shown	show	VERB
ajeer-261	177	33	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	177	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	177	35	balance	balance	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	36	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	177	37	payments	payment	NOUN
ajeer-261	177	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	178	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	178	2	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	3	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	178	4	net	net	ADJ
ajeer-261	178	5	inflows	inflow	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	178	7	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	178	8	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	9	inflows	inflow	VERB
ajeer-261	178	10	less	less	ADJ
ajeer-261	178	11	disinvestment	disinvestment	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	178	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	178	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	178	15	reporting	reporting	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	16	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	17	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	178	18	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	178	19	investors	investor	NOUN
ajeer-261	178	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	178	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	178	22	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	178	23	divided	divide	VERB
ajeer-261	178	24	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	178	25	gdp	gdp	PROPN
ajeer-261	178	26	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	178	27	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	178	28	bank	bank	PROPN
ajeer-261	178	29	database	database	PROPN
ajeer-261	178	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	179	1	source	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	179	3	author‘s	author‘s	X
ajeer-261	179	4	compilation	compilation	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	179	6	2015	2015	NUM
ajeer-261	179	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	179	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	179	9	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	179	10	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	11	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	179	12	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	179	13	do	do	VERB
ajeer-261	179	14	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	15	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	179	16	treating	treat	VERB
ajeer-261	179	17	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	179	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	179	19	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	20	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	179	21	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	179	22	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	179	23	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	179	24	exogenous	exogenous	ADJ
ajeer-261	179	25	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	179	26	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	179	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	179	28	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	179	29	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	30	within	within	ADP
ajeer-261	179	31	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	179	32	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	179	33	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	179	34	generalised	generalised	ADJ
ajeer-261	179	35	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	179	36	square	square	ADJ
ajeer-261	179	37	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	1	subsequently	subsequently	ADV
ajeer-261	180	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	3	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	180	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	180	5	second	second	ADJ
ajeer-261	180	6	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	180	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	180	9	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	180	12	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	13	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	14	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	180	15	instrumented	instrument	VERB
ajeer-261	180	16	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	180	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	180	18	primary	primary	ADJ
ajeer-261	180	19	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	21	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	180	22	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	180	24	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	180	25	location	location	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	27	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	180	29	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	30	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	180	31	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	33	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	34	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	180	36	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	180	38	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	180	39	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	180	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	181	2	resultant	resultant	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	3	equations	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	4	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	181	5	presented	present	VERB
ajeer-261	181	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	181	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	181	8	specifications	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	9	below	below	ADV
ajeer-261	181	10	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	11	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	181	12	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	181	14	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	181	16	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	181	17	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	19	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	181	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	21	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	181	22	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	23	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	181	24	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	181	25	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	181	26	6	6	NUM
ajeer-261	181	27	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	28	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	181	29	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	181	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	181	31	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	32	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	33	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	34	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	181	35	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	36	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	37	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	38	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	39	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	40	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	181	41	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	181	42	growthit	growthit	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	43	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	181	44	β0+β1log(initial	β0+β1log(initial	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	45	conditionsit)+	conditionsit)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	46	β2(gross	β2(gross	NUM
ajeer-261	181	47	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	48	formation(%gdp	formation(%gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	49	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	50	it)+	it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	51	β3(human	β3(human	PROPN
ajeer-261	181	52	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	53	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	181	54	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	181	55	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	181	56	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	181	57	enrollment)it)+	enrollment)it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	1	β4(workforce	β4(workforce	PROPN
ajeer-261	182	2	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	182	3	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	4	aged	age	VERB
ajeer-261	182	5	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	182	6	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	182	7	64%total)it)+	64%total)it)+	ADJ
ajeer-261	182	8	β5	β5	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	9	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	182	11	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	12	it)+	it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	13	β6(fdi	β6(fdi	NUM
ajeer-261	182	14	ratioit	ratioit	NOUN
ajeer-261	182	15	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	183	1	+	+	VERB
ajeer-261	183	2	εit	εit	VERB
ajeer-261	183	3	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	183	4	1.2	1.2	NUM
ajeer-261	183	5	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	183	6	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	7	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	183	8	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	183	9	growthit	growthit	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	10	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	183	11	β0+β1log(initial	β0+β1log(initial	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	12	conditionsit)+	conditionsit)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	13	β2(gross	β2(gross	NUM
ajeer-261	183	14	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	15	formation(%gdp)it)+	formation(%gdp)it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	16	β3(human	β3(human	PROPN
ajeer-261	183	17	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	18	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	183	20	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	183	21	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	183	22	enrollment)it)+	enrollment)it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	23	β4(workforce	β4(workforce	PROPN
ajeer-261	183	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	183	25	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	26	aged	age	VERB
ajeer-261	183	27	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	183	28	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	183	29	64%total)it)+	64%total)it)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	30	β5(fdi	β5(fdi	ADJ
ajeer-261	183	31	ratioit)+	ratioit)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	32	β6[log(openness	β6[log(openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	183	33	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	183	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	1	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	184	2	β7	β7	ADJ
ajeer-261	184	3	log(gdp	log(gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	184	4	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	184	5	capitait)+	capitait)+	PROPN
ajeer-261	184	6	β8log	β8log	PROPN
ajeer-261	184	7	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	8	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	184	9	locationit)+	locationit)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	184	10	β9log(populationit)+	β9log(populationit)+	NOUN
ajeer-261	184	11	β10log(areait)+	β10log(areait)+	SYM
ajeer-261	184	12	β11trade	β11trade	ADJ
ajeer-261	184	13	policyit	policyit	NOUN
ajeer-261	184	14	+	+	X
ajeer-261	184	15	β12agriculture	β12agriculture	ADJ
ajeer-261	184	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	17	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	184	18	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	184	19	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	20	+	+	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	21	β13mining(%gdp	β13mining(%gdp	X
ajeer-261	184	22	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	184	23	]	]	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	1	+	+	X
ajeer-261	185	2	εit	εit	VERB
ajeer-261	185	3	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	4	1.3	1.3	NUM
ajeer-261	185	5	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	6	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	185	7	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	9	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	185	10	represents	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	185	11	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	12	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	14	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	185	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	185	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	185	17	ith	ith	PROPN
ajeer-261	185	18	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	185	19	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	185	20	section	section	ADJ
ajeer-261	185	21	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	185	23	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	185	24	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	185	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	185	26	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	185	28	observation	observation	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	185	30	β	β	PROPN
ajeer-261	185	31	represents	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	185	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	185	33	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	34	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	185	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	185	36	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	37	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	185	38	εit	εit	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	39	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	185	40	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	185	41	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	42	term	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	185	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	186	1	table-2	table-2	NUM
ajeer-261	186	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	1	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	187	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	187	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	187	7	sub	sub	PROPN
ajeer-261	187	8	sahara	sahara	PROPN
ajeer-261	187	9	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	187	10	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	187	11	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	12	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	13	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	14	xtreg	xtreg	PROPN
ajeer-261	187	15	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	16	instrumented	instrument	VERB
ajeer-261	187	17	2sls	2sls	NUM
ajeer-261	187	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	19	xtivreg	xtivreg	PROPN
ajeer-261	187	20	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	21	modelling	model	VERB
ajeer-261	187	22	technique	technique	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	23	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	24	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	187	25	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	26	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	27	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	28	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	187	29	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	30	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	31	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	32	lninitial	lninitial	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	33	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	34	1.03	1.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	35	0.20	0.20	NUM
ajeer-261	187	36	0.88	0.88	NUM
ajeer-261	187	37	0.21	0.21	NUM
ajeer-261	187	38	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	39	0.98	0.98	NUM
ajeer-261	187	40	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	41	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	42	0.28	0.28	NUM
ajeer-261	187	43	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	44	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	45	1.00	1.00	NUM
ajeer-261	187	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	47	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	48	0.28	0.28	NUM
ajeer-261	187	49	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	50	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	51	0.24	0.24	NUM
ajeer-261	187	52	0.07	0.07	NUM
ajeer-261	187	53	*	*	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	54	0.23	0.23	NUM
ajeer-261	187	55	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	56	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	57	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	58	0.19	0.19	NUM
ajeer-261	187	59	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	60	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	61	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	62	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	63	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	64	0.19	0.19	NUM
ajeer-261	187	65	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	66	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	67	0.04	0.04	NUM
ajeer-261	187	68	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	69	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	70	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	71	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	72	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	73	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	187	74	total	total	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	75	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	76	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	77	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	78	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	79	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	80	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	81	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	82	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	83	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	84	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	85	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	86	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	87	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	88	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	89	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	90	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	91	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	92	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	93	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	94	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	95	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	96	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	187	97	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	98	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	99	0.17	0.17	NUM
ajeer-261	187	100	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	101	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	102	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	103	0.14	0.14	NUM
ajeer-261	187	104	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	105	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	106	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	107	0.18	0.18	NUM
ajeer-261	187	108	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	109	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	110	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	111	0.16	0.16	NUM
ajeer-261	187	112	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	113	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	114	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	115	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	116	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	117	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	118	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	119	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	120	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	121	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	122	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	123	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	124	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	125	0.04	0.04	NUM
ajeer-261	187	126	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	127	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	128	flows	flow	VERB
ajeer-261	187	129	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	130	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	187	131	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	132	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	133	0.05	0.05	NUM
ajeer-261	187	134	0.15	0.15	NUM
ajeer-261	187	135	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	136	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	137	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	138	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	139	0.13	0.13	NUM
ajeer-261	187	140	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	141	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	142	0.09	0.09	NUM
ajeer-261	187	143	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	144	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	145	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	146	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	147	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	148	0.09	0.09	NUM
ajeer-261	187	149	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	150	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	151	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	187	152	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	153	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	154	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	155	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	187	156	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	157	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	158	0.05	0.05	NUM
ajeer-261	187	159	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	187	160	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	161	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	162	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	163	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	164	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	165	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	187	166	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	167	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	168	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	187	169	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	170	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	171	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	187	172	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	173	hausman	hausman	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	174	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	175	5.82	5.82	NUM
ajeer-261	187	176	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	177	0.44	0.44	NUM
ajeer-261	187	178	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	179	5.72	5.72	NUM
ajeer-261	187	180	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	181	0	0	NUM
ajeer-261	187	182	.	.	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	183	45	45	NUM
ajeer-261	187	184	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	185	r	r	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	186	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	187	187	square	square	ADJ
ajeer-261	187	188	0.26	0.26	NUM
ajeer-261	187	189	0.52	0.52	NUM
ajeer-261	187	190	0.28	0.28	NUM
ajeer-261	187	191	0.48	0.48	NUM
ajeer-261	187	192	no	no	NOUN
ajeer-261	187	193	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	188	1	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	188	2	observations	observation	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	3	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	188	4	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	188	5	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	188	6	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	188	7	no	no	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	188	9	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	10	groups	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	11	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	188	12	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	188	13	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	188	14	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	188	15	note	note	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	16	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	188	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	188	18	dependent	dependent	ADJ
ajeer-261	188	19	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	20	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	188	21	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	188	22	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	23	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	24	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	188	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	188	26	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	27	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	188	28	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	188	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	5	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	6	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	8	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	9	denotes	denote	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	10	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	11	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	189	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	189	14	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	189	16	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	189	17	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	189	19	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	189	20	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	189	21	respectively	respectively	ADV
ajeer-261	189	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	190	1	standard	standard	ADJ
ajeer-261	190	2	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	190	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	190	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	190	5	parentheses	parenthesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	190	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	191	1	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	191	2	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	191	3	presents	present	VERB
ajeer-261	191	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	191	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	191	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	191	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	191	8	specifications	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	191	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	191	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	191	11	equations	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	191	12	1.2	1.2	NUM
ajeer-261	191	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	191	14	1.3	1.3	NUM
ajeer-261	191	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	192	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	192	2	hausman	hausman	PROPN
ajeer-261	192	3	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	192	4	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	192	5	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	192	6	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	192	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	192	8	decide	decide	VERB
ajeer-261	192	9	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	192	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	192	11	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	192	12	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	192	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	192	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	192	15	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	192	16	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	192	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	192	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	192	19	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	192	20	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	192	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	193	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	193	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	193	3	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	193	4	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	5	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	193	6	tests	test	VERB
ajeer-261	193	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	8	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	193	9	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	10	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	193	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	12	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	13	estimated	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	193	14	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	193	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	16	efficient	efficient	ADJ
ajeer-261	193	17	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	193	18	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	19	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	20	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	193	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	22	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	193	23	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	193	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	25	ones	one	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	26	estimated	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	193	27	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	193	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	193	29	consistent	consistent	ADJ
ajeer-261	193	30	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	193	31	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	32	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	193	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	194	2	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	194	3	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	194	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	6	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	194	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	194	8	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	194	9	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	194	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	11	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	194	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	194	13	insignificant	insignificant	ADJ
ajeer-261	194	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	15	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	194	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	194	17	p	p	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	18	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	19	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	21	prob	prob	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	22	>	>	X
ajeer-261	194	23	chi2	chi2	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	24	larger	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	194	25	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	194	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	194	27	critical	critical	ADJ
ajeer-261	194	28	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	29	.05	.05	NUM
ajeer-261	194	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	194	31	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	194	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	194	33	prob	prob	PROPN
ajeer-261	194	34	>	>	X
ajeer-261	194	35	chi2	chi2	PROPN
ajeer-261	194	36	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	194	37	0.44	0.44	NUM
ajeer-261	194	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	194	39	0.45	0.45	NUM
ajeer-261	194	40	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	194	41	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	194	42	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	194	43	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	194	44	instrumented	instrument	VERB
ajeer-261	194	45	2sls	2sls	NUM
ajeer-261	194	46	respectively	respectively	ADV
ajeer-261	194	47	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	195	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	195	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	195	3	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	195	4	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	195	5	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	195	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	195	8	hausman	hausman	ADJ
ajeer-261	195	9	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	10	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	195	12	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	195	13	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	14	do	do	AUX
ajeer-261	195	15	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	195	16	reject	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	195	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	195	18	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	195	19	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	20	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	195	21	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	195	22	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	195	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	195	24	unique	unique	ADJ
ajeer-261	195	25	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	26	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	195	27	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	195	28	correlated	correlate	VERB
ajeer-261	195	29	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	195	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	195	31	regressors	regressor	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	195	33	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	195	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	195	35	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	195	36	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	37	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	195	38	adequately	adequately	ADV
ajeer-261	195	39	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	195	40	modelled	model	VERB
ajeer-261	195	41	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	195	42	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	195	43	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	195	44	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	45	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	195	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	196	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	196	2	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	196	3	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	196	5	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	196	6	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	7	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	196	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	11	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	12	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	196	13	highly	highly	ADV
ajeer-261	196	14	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	196	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	196	16	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	196	17	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	18	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	19	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	196	20	highly	highly	ADV
ajeer-261	196	21	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	196	22	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	196	23	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	196	24	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	196	25	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	26	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	196	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	196	29	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	30	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	31	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	196	32	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	196	33	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	196	34	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	196	35	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	36	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	196	37	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	196	38	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	196	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	197	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	197	2	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	197	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	197	5	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	6	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	197	8	statistically	statistically	ADV
ajeer-261	197	9	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	197	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	197	11	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	197	12	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	13	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	197	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	197	15	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	197	16	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	17	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	197	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	198	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	198	2	workforce	workforce	PROPN
ajeer-261	198	3	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	198	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	198	5	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	198	6	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	198	7	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	198	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	198	9	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	198	10	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	198	11	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	198	12	both	both	CCONJ
ajeer-261	198	13	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	198	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	198	15	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	198	16	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	198	17	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	198	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	198	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	198	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	198	21	instrumented	instrumented	ADJ
ajeer-261	198	22	g2sls	g2sls	PROPN
ajeer-261	198	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	199	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	199	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	199	3	consistent	consistent	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	4	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	199	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	199	6	assertion	assertion	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	199	8	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	199	9	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	199	10	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	199	11	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	199	12	skilled	skilled	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	13	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	14	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	199	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	199	16	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	17	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	199	18	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	19	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	20	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	21	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	199	22	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	199	23	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	199	24	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	25	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	26	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	199	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	199	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	199	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	199	30	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	199	31	borensztein	borensztein	PROPN
ajeer-261	199	32	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	199	33	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	199	34	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	199	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	199	36	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	199	37	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	199	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	200	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	200	2	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	200	3	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	200	4	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	200	6	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	200	7	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	200	9	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	10	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	200	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	200	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	200	13	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	200	14	highly	highly	ADV
ajeer-261	200	15	statistically	statistically	ADV
ajeer-261	200	16	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	200	17	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	200	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	200	19	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	200	20	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	21	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	200	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	200	24	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	200	25	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	26	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	200	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	201	1	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	201	2	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	201	3	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	201	4	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	201	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	201	6	take	take	VERB
ajeer-261	201	7	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	201	8	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	201	9	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	201	10	signs	sign	NOUN
ajeer-261	201	11	implying	imply	VERB
ajeer-261	201	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	201	13	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	201	14	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	201	15	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	201	16	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	201	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	201	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	201	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	201	20	alfaro	alfaro	PROPN
ajeer-261	201	21	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	201	22	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	201	23	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	201	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	201	25	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	201	26	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	201	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	202	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	202	2	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	3	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	4	condition	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	5	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	202	6	relatively	relatively	ADV
ajeer-261	202	7	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	8	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	202	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	202	11	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	202	12	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	202	14	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	202	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	202	16	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	202	17	statistically	statistically	ADV
ajeer-261	202	18	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	202	20	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	202	21	suggests	suggest	VERB
ajeer-261	202	22	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	202	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	202	24	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	25	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	202	26	lower	low	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	27	influence	influence	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	28	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	202	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	202	30	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	202	31	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	202	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	203	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
ajeer-261	203	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	203	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	203	4	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	203	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	203	6	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	203	7	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	203	8	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	203	9	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	203	10	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	203	11	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	203	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	203	13	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	203	14	stages	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	203	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	203	16	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	203	17	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	203	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	204	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	204	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	204	3	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	204	4	take	take	VERB
ajeer-261	204	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	204	6	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	204	7	signs	sign	NOUN
ajeer-261	204	8	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	204	9	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	204	10	four	four	NUM
ajeer-261	204	11	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	204	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	205	1	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	2	flows	flow	VERB
ajeer-261	205	3	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	205	5	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	205	6	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	205	7	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	205	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	205	9	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	205	10	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	11	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	205	13	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	205	14	stages	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	205	16	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	205	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	205	18	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	205	19	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	205	21	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	22	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	23	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	205	24	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	205	25	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	205	26	statistically	statistically	ADV
ajeer-261	205	27	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	205	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	205	29	though	though	SCONJ
ajeer-261	205	30	all	all	PRON
ajeer-261	205	31	take	take	VERB
ajeer-261	205	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	205	33	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	205	34	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	205	35	signs	sign	NOUN
ajeer-261	205	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	206	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	206	2	r	r	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	3	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	206	4	square	square	ADJ
ajeer-261	206	5	value	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	6	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	206	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	206	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	206	9	explanatory	explanatory	ADJ
ajeer-261	206	10	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	11	together	together	ADV
ajeer-261	206	12	explain	explain	VERB
ajeer-261	206	13	approximately	approximately	ADV
ajeer-261	206	14	27	27	NUM
ajeer-261	206	15	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	16	deviations	deviation	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	206	18	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	206	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	20	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	206	21	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	22	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	206	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	206	24	fixed	fix	VERB
ajeer-261	206	25	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	26	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	27	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	206	28	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	206	29	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	206	30	approximately	approximately	ADV
ajeer-261	206	31	50	50	NUM
ajeer-261	206	32	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	206	33	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	34	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	206	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	206	36	generalised	generalise	VERB
ajeer-261	206	37	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	206	38	square	square	ADJ
ajeer-261	206	39	estimator	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	206	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	207	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	207	2	estimated	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	207	3	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	4	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	207	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	6	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	207	8	positively	positively	ADV
ajeer-261	207	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	207	10	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	207	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	207	12	10per	10per	NUM
ajeer-261	207	13	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	207	15	indicating	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	207	16	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	207	17	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	207	18	increase	increase	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	207	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	207	21	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	22	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	23	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	207	24	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	207	25	percent	percent	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	26	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	207	27	associated	associate	VERB
ajeer-261	207	28	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	207	29	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	207	30	increase	increase	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	31	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	207	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	207	33	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	207	34	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	35	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	207	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	207	37	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	207	38	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	39	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	207	40	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	207	41	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	207	42	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	207	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	208	1	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	208	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	3	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	4	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	208	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	208	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	8	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	208	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	11	statistical	statistical	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	12	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	13	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	208	14	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	208	15	equations	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	16	indicates	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	208	17	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	208	18	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	19	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	20	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	21	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	208	22	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	23	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	24	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	208	25	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	27	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	208	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	29	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	30	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	31	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	208	32	followed	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	208	33	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	208	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	35	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	36	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	208	37	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	38	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	208	39	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	208	40	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	41	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	42	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	208	43	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	44	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	45	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	208	46	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	47	aged	age	VERB
ajeer-261	208	48	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	208	49	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	208	50	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	208	51	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	208	52	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	208	53	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	208	54	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	55	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	208	56	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	208	57	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	208	58	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	208	59	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	209	1	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	2	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	209	3	presents	present	VERB
ajeer-261	209	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	209	5	alternative	alternative	ADJ
ajeer-261	209	6	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	7	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	209	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	209	9	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	209	10	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	209	12	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	209	13	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	14	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	209	15	squares	square	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	16	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	209	17	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	18	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	19	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	20	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	209	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	209	22	―first‖	―first‖	PROPN
ajeer-261	209	23	option	option	NOUN
ajeer-261	209	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	210	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	210	2	option	option	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	3	reports	report	VERB
ajeer-261	210	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	210	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	8	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	9	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	210	10	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	210	11	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	210	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	13	excluded	exclude	VERB
ajeer-261	210	14	instruments	instrument	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	15	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	210	16	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	210	17	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	210	18	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	210	19	possible	possible	ADJ
ajeer-261	210	20	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	210	21	examine	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	210	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	23	correlation	correlation	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	210	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	26	instruments	instrument	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	27	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	210	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	210	29	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
ajeer-261	210	30	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	31	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	210	32	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	210	33	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	34	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	210	35	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	210	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	211	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	211	2	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	211	3	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	4	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	6	above	above	ADV
ajeer-261	211	7	suggest	suggest	VERB
ajeer-261	211	8	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	211	9	three	three	NUM
ajeer-261	211	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	211	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	211	12	seven	seven	NUM
ajeer-261	211	13	excluded	exclude	VERB
ajeer-261	211	14	instruments	instrument	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	15	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	211	16	correlated	correlate	VERB
ajeer-261	211	17	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	211	18	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	19	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	20	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	211	21	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	211	22	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	211	24	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	211	25	agriculture	agriculture	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	26	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	27	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	211	28	highly	highly	ADV
ajeer-261	211	29	correlated	correlate	VERB
ajeer-261	211	30	followed	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	211	31	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	211	32	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	33	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	211	34	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	35	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	211	36	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	37	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	211	38	mining	mining	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	39	ratio	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	211	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	212	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	212	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	212	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	212	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	212	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	212	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	212	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	212	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	212	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	212	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	212	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	212	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	212	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	212	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	212	16	7	7	NUM
ajeer-261	212	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	212	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	212	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	212	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	212	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	212	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	212	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	212	28	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	29	table-3	table-3	PROPN
ajeer-261	212	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	1	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	213	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	213	3	‗xtivreg	‗xtivreg	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	4	‘	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	5	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	213	6	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	213	7	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	213	8	option	option	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	9	modelling	modelling	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	10	technique	technique	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	11	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	12	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	213	13	stage	stage	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	14	g2sls	g2sls	PROPN
ajeer-261	213	15	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	16	g2sls	g2sls	ADP
ajeer-261	213	17	random	random	ADJ
ajeer-261	213	18	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	19	iv	iv	NUM
ajeer-261	213	20	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	21	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	213	22	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	23	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	213	24	*	*	SYM
ajeer-261	213	25	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	27	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	213	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	29	0.21	0.21	NUM
ajeer-261	213	30	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	31	0.28	0.28	NUM
ajeer-261	213	32	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	33	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	34	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	213	35	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	36	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	37	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	213	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	39	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	40	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	213	41	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	213	42	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	1	aged	aged	ADJ
ajeer-261	214	2	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	214	3	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	214	4	64	64	NUM
ajeer-261	214	5	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	6	total	total	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	8	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	214	9	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	10	0.26	0.26	NUM
ajeer-261	214	11	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	12	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	214	13	*	*	SYM
ajeer-261	214	14	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	15	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	214	16	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	17	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	214	18	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	20	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	214	22	total	total	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	23	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	24	0.14	0.14	NUM
ajeer-261	214	25	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	26	0.10	0.10	NUM
ajeer-261	214	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	28	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	214	29	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	30	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	214	31	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	32	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	214	33	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	34	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	35	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	36	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	214	37	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	39	-0.53	-0.53	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	40	*	*	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	41	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	42	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	43	0.26	0.26	NUM
ajeer-261	214	44	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	45	0.16	0.16	NUM
ajeer-261	214	46	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	47	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	48	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	49	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	50	0.04	0.04	NUM
ajeer-261	214	51	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	52	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	53	flows	flow	VERB
ajeer-261	214	54	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	55	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	214	56	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	57	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	58	1.63	1.63	NUM
ajeer-261	214	59	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	60	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	61	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	62	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	63	0.40	0.40	NUM
ajeer-261	214	64	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	65	0.13	0.13	NUM
ajeer-261	214	66	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	67	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	68	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	69	0.06	0.06	NUM
ajeer-261	214	70	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	71	lngdpper	lngdpper	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	72	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	73	-0.09	-0.09	NUM
ajeer-261	214	74	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	75	0.11	0.11	NUM
ajeer-261	214	76	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	77	lnpopulation	lnpopulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	78	-0.21	-0.21	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	79	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	80	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	81	0.11	0.11	NUM
ajeer-261	214	82	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	83	lnarea	lnarea	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	84	-0.01	-0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	214	85	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	86	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	214	87	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	88	lneconomic	lneconomic	ADJ
ajeer-261	214	89	location	location	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	90	0.07	0.07	NUM
ajeer-261	214	91	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	92	0.11	0.11	NUM
ajeer-261	214	93	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	94	tradepolicy	tradepolicy	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	95	0.01	0.01	NUM
ajeer-261	214	96	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	97	0.02	0.02	NUM
ajeer-261	214	98	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	99	agriculture	agriculture	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	100	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	101	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	214	102	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	103	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	104	-0.58	-0.58	PROPN
ajeer-261	214	105	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	106	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	107	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	108	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	109	0.17	0.17	NUM
ajeer-261	214	110	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	111	mining	mining	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	112	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	113	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	214	114	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	115	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	116	0.31	0.31	NUM
ajeer-261	214	117	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	118	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	119	0.18	0.18	NUM
ajeer-261	214	120	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	214	121	no	no	NOUN
ajeer-261	214	122	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	215	1	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	215	2	observation	observation	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	3	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	215	4	196	196	NUM
ajeer-261	215	5	no	no	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	215	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	215	8	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	9	groups	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	10	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	215	11	49	49	NUM
ajeer-261	215	12	note	note	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	215	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	215	15	dependent	dependent	ADJ
ajeer-261	215	16	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	17	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	215	18	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	215	19	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	20	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	21	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	215	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	215	23	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	24	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	215	25	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	215	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	5	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	6	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	8	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	9	denotes	denote	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	10	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	11	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	216	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	216	14	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	216	16	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	216	17	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	216	19	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	216	20	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	216	21	respectively	respectively	ADV
ajeer-261	216	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	217	1	standard	standard	ADJ
ajeer-261	217	2	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	217	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	217	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	217	5	parentheses	parenthesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	217	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	218	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	3	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	218	5	instrumented	instrument	VERB
ajeer-261	218	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	218	7	lngdp	lngdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	8	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	218	9	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	218	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	11	lneconomic	lneconomic	ADJ
ajeer-261	218	12	location	location	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	14	lnpopulation	lnpopulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	16	lnarea	lnarea	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	18	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	19	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	21	agriculture	agriculture	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	22	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	23	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	218	24	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	25	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	218	27	mining(%gdp	mining(%gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	218	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	218	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	219	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	219	2	exceptions	exception	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	219	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	219	5	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	219	7	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	219	9	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	219	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	219	12	location	location	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	219	14	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	219	16	area	area	NOUN
ajeer-261	219	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	220	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	220	2	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	220	3	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	220	4	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	220	5	noted	note	VERB
ajeer-261	220	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	220	7	conditioning	conditioning	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	8	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	220	9	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	220	10	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	11	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	220	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	220	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	220	14	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	220	16	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	17	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	18	seem	seem	VERB
ajeer-261	220	19	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	220	20	play	play	VERB
ajeer-261	220	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	220	22	relatively	relatively	ADV
ajeer-261	220	23	less	less	ADJ
ajeer-261	220	24	role	role	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	220	26	determining	determine	VERB
ajeer-261	220	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	220	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	220	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	30	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	220	31	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	220	32	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	220	33	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	220	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	221	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	221	2	rest	rest	NOUN
ajeer-261	221	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	221	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	221	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	221	6	present	present	VERB
ajeer-261	221	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	221	8	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	221	9	picture	picture	NOUN
ajeer-261	221	10	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	221	11	discussed	discuss	VERB
ajeer-261	221	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	221	13	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	221	14	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	221	15	except	except	SCONJ
ajeer-261	221	16	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	221	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	221	18	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	221	19	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	221	20	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	221	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	222	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	222	2	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	3	results	result	VERB
ajeer-261	222	4	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	222	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	222	6	log	log	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	222	8	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	9	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	10	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	222	11	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	222	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	222	13	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	14	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	222	15	statistically	statistically	ADV
ajeer-261	222	16	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	222	18	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	222	19	relatively	relatively	ADV
ajeer-261	222	20	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	21	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	222	23	implying	imply	VERB
ajeer-261	222	24	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	222	25	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	26	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	27	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	222	28	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	29	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	30	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	222	31	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	222	32	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	222	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	223	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	223	2	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	223	3	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	223	5	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	6	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	7	indicate	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	223	8	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	223	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	223	12	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	223	13	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	14	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	223	15	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	223	16	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	223	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	224	1	though	though	SCONJ
ajeer-261	224	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	224	3	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	224	5	statistical	statistical	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	6	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	224	8	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	224	9	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	224	10	promising	promise	VERB
ajeer-261	224	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	224	12	still	still	ADV
ajeer-261	224	13	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	224	14	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	15	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	16	guarantees	guarantee	VERB
ajeer-261	224	17	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	18	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	224	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	224	21	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	22	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	23	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	224	24	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	224	25	effort	effort	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	26	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	224	27	boost	boost	VERB
ajeer-261	224	28	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	224	29	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	30	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	31	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	224	32	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	224	33	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	34	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	224	35	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	224	36	desirable	desirable	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	37	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	38	impacts	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	39	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	224	40	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	224	41	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	224	42	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	43	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	224	44	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	225	1	4	4	X
ajeer-261	225	2	.	.	X
ajeer-261	225	3	further	further	ADJ
ajeer-261	225	4	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	5	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	225	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	225	7	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	225	9	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	225	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	225	12	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	225	14	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	15	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	225	16	part	part	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	17	examines	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	225	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	225	19	existence	existence	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	225	21	either	either	CCONJ
ajeer-261	225	22	uni	uni	PROPN
ajeer-261	225	23	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	225	24	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	225	25	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	225	26	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	225	27	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	28	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	225	29	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	30	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	225	32	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	225	33	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	225	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	226	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	226	2	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	226	3	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	226	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	226	5	extended	extended	ADJ
ajeer-261	226	6	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	226	7	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	226	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	226	9	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	226	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	226	11	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	226	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	226	13	previously	previously	ADV
ajeer-261	226	14	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	226	15	1989	1989	NUM
ajeer-261	226	16	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	226	17	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	226	18	now	now	ADV
ajeer-261	226	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	226	20	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	226	21	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	226	22	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	226	23	1980	1980	NUM
ajeer-261	226	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	226	25	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	226	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	227	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	227	2	reason	reason	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	3	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	227	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	227	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	6	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	227	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	227	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	227	9	interest	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	10	do	do	AUX
ajeer-261	227	11	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	227	12	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	227	13	missing	miss	VERB
ajeer-261	227	14	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	15	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	227	16	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	227	17	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	227	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	227	19	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	20	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	227	21	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	227	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	227	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	227	24	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	227	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	227	27	previous	previous	ADJ
ajeer-261	227	28	dataset	dataset	NOUN
ajeer-261	227	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	228	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	228	2	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	228	3	step	step	NOUN
ajeer-261	228	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	228	5	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	228	6	test	test	VERB
ajeer-261	228	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	228	8	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	228	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	228	10	detect	detect	VERB
ajeer-261	228	11	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	228	12	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	228	13	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	228	14	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	228	15	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	228	16	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	228	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	228	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	228	19	ensure	ensure	VERB
ajeer-261	228	20	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	228	21	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	228	22	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	228	23	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	228	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	229	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	229	2	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	229	3	ensure	ensure	VERB
ajeer-261	229	4	appropriate	appropriate	ADJ
ajeer-261	229	5	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	229	6	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	229	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	229	8	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	229	9	avoidance	avoidance	NOUN
ajeer-261	229	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	229	11	arriving	arrive	VERB
ajeer-261	229	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	229	13	misleading	mislead	VERB
ajeer-261	229	14	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	229	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	229	16	onafowora	onafowora	PROPN
ajeer-261	229	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	229	18	owoye	owoye	NOUN
ajeer-261	229	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	229	20	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	229	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	229	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	230	1	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	230	2	after	after	ADP
ajeer-261	230	3	establishing	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	230	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	230	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	230	6	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	230	7	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	230	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	230	9	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	230	10	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	230	11	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	230	12	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	230	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	230	14	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	230	15	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	230	16	when	when	SCONJ
ajeer-261	230	17	cointegration	cointegration	NOUN
ajeer-261	230	18	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	230	19	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	230	20	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	230	21	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	230	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	231	1	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	231	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	231	3	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	4	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	231	5	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	231	6	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	231	8	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	231	9	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	231	10	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	231	11	mean	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	231	12	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	231	13	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	231	14	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	231	15	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	231	16	cointegrated	cointegrate	VERB
ajeer-261	231	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	231	18	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	231	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	231	20	necessity	necessity	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	231	22	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	231	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	231	24	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	231	25	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	26	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	27	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	28	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	231	29	establish	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	231	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	231	31	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	231	33	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	231	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	232	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	232	2	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	232	3	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	232	4	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	232	6	conducted	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	232	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	232	8	establish	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	232	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	232	10	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	11	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	232	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	232	14	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	15	aims	aim	VERB
ajeer-261	232	16	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	232	17	determining	determine	VERB
ajeer-261	232	18	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	232	19	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	232	20	whether	whether	SCONJ
ajeer-261	232	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	232	22	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	23	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	232	24	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	232	25	unidirectional	unidirectional	ADJ
ajeer-261	232	26	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	232	27	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	232	28	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	232	29	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	232	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	233	1	4.1	4.1	NUM
ajeer-261	233	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	233	3	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	4	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	5	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	233	7	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	8	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	233	10	conduct	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	233	11	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	233	12	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	233	14	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	15	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	16	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	17	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	18	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	233	19	employed	employ	VERB
ajeer-261	233	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	233	21	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	233	22	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	233	23	essentially	essentially	ADV
ajeer-261	233	24	multiple	multiple	ADJ
ajeer-261	233	25	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	26	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	27	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	233	28	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	233	29	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	233	30	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	233	31	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	233	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	233	33	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	34	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	35	structures	structure	NOUN
ajeer-261	233	36	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	234	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	234	2	intention	intention	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	234	4	testing	testing	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	234	6	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	7	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	8	aims	aim	VERB
ajeer-261	234	9	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	234	10	checking	check	VERB
ajeer-261	234	11	whether	whether	SCONJ
ajeer-261	234	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	234	13	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	14	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	234	15	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	234	16	mean	mean	NOUN
ajeer-261	234	17	around	around	ADP
ajeer-261	234	18	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	234	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	235	1	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	235	2	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	235	3	various	various	ADJ
ajeer-261	235	4	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	235	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	235	6	testing	test	VERB
ajeer-261	235	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	235	8	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	235	9	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	235	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	235	11	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	235	12	dataset	dataset	NOUN
ajeer-261	235	13	ranging	range	VERB
ajeer-261	235	14	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	235	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	235	16	levin	levin	PROPN
ajeer-261	235	17	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	235	18	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	235	19	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	236	1	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	236	2	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	236	3	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	237	1	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	237	2	breitung	breitung	PROPN
ajeer-261	237	3	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	237	4	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	237	5	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	237	6	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	1	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	238	2	m	m	VERB
ajeer-261	238	3	et	et	NOUN
ajeer-261	238	4	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	238	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	6	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	7	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	238	8	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	238	10	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	238	11	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	238	12	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	238	13	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	238	14	choi	choi	NOUN
ajeer-261	238	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	16	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	238	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	238	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	239	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	239	2	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	239	3	conducted	conduct	VERB
ajeer-261	239	4	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	239	5	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	239	6	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	239	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	239	8	check	check	VERB
ajeer-261	239	9	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	239	10	stationarity	stationarity	NOUN
ajeer-261	239	11	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	239	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	239	13	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	239	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	240	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	240	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	240	3	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	240	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	240	6	entire	entire	ADJ
ajeer-261	240	7	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	8	gave	give	VERB
ajeer-261	240	9	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	240	10	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	240	12	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	13	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	240	14	reports	report	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	15	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	240	16	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	240	17	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	18	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	19	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	240	21	i	i	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	22	m	m	PROPN
ajeer-261	240	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	240	24	pesaran	pesaran	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	25	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	240	26	shin	shin	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	27	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	240	28	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	240	29	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	240	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	240	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	241	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	241	2	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	3	allow	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	241	4	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	241	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	241	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	241	8	sense	sense	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	9	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	241	10	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	241	11	allow	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	241	12	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	241	13	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	241	14	autoregressive	autoregressive	ADJ
ajeer-261	241	15	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	241	16	ar	ar	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	241	18	structure	structure	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	19	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	241	20	all	all	PRON
ajeer-261	241	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	241	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	241	23	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	24	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	241	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	241	26	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	241	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	1	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	242	2	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	242	3	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	242	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	5	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	242	6	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	242	7	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	242	8	m	m	PROPN
ajeer-261	242	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	10	pesaran	pesaran	VERB
ajeer-261	242	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	12	shin	shin	PROPN
ajeer-261	242	13	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	14	ips	ips	NOUN
ajeer-261	242	15	tbar	tbar	NOUN
ajeer-261	242	16	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	242	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	242	18	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	242	19	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	242	20	m	m	VERB
ajeer-261	242	21	et	et	NOUN
ajeer-261	242	22	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	242	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	1	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	2	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	243	3	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	243	5	fisher	fisher	NOUN
ajeer-261	243	6	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	7	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	243	8	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	243	9	choi	choi	NOUN
ajeer-261	243	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	11	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	243	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	243	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	244	2	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	244	4	both	both	PRON
ajeer-261	244	5	referred	refer	VERB
ajeer-261	244	6	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	244	7	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	244	8	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	9	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	10	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	11	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	244	12	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	244	13	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	14	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	15	processes	process	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	17	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	244	18	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	244	19	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	244	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	244	21	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	244	22	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	23	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	244	24	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	244	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	244	26	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	27	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	244	28	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	244	29	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	30	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	31	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	32	choi	choi	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	34	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	244	35	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	36	breitung	breitung	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	37	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	38	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	244	39	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	40	levin	levin	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	41	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	42	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	43	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	44	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	45	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	244	46	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	47	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	244	48	m	m	VERB
ajeer-261	244	49	et	et	NOUN
ajeer-261	244	50	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	51	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	244	52	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	53	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	244	54	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	244	55	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	245	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	245	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	245	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	245	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	245	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	245	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	245	16	8	8	NUM
ajeer-261	245	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	245	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	245	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	245	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	28	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	245	30	choice	choice	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	31	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	245	32	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	245	33	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	245	34	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	35	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	245	36	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	245	37	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	245	38	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	245	39	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	245	40	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	41	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	245	42	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	43	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	44	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	245	45	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	245	46	counterparts	counterpart	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	47	assume	assume	VERB
ajeer-261	245	48	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	49	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	245	50	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	51	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	245	52	balanced	balanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	53	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	245	54	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	245	55	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	245	56	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	245	57	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	245	58	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	245	59	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	245	60	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	245	61	situation	situation	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	62	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	245	63	unbalanced	unbalanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	64	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	65	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	66	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	67	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	245	68	m	m	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	69	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	70	pesaran	pesaran	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	71	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	245	72	shin	shin	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	73	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	245	74	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	245	75	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	76	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	77	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	245	78	proved	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	245	79	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	245	80	work	work	VERB
ajeer-261	245	81	perfectly	perfectly	ADV
ajeer-261	245	82	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	245	83	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	245	84	unbalanced	unbalanced	ADJ
ajeer-261	245	85	data	data	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	86	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	87	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	245	88	though	though	SCONJ
ajeer-261	245	89	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	245	90	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	245	91	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	245	92	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	245	93	gaps	gap	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	94	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	245	95	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	245	96	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	245	97	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	246	1	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	246	2	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	246	3	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	246	4	chosen	choose	VERB
ajeer-261	246	5	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	246	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	246	7	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	8	dataset	dataset	VERB
ajeer-261	246	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	246	10	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	11	involves	involve	VERB
ajeer-261	246	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	246	13	large	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	246	14	number	number	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	246	16	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	246	17	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	18	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	246	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	246	20	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	246	21	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	22	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	246	23	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	246	24	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	246	25	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	246	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	246	27	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	28	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	246	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	246	30	whole	whole	ADJ
ajeer-261	246	31	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	32	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	246	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	247	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	247	2	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	247	4	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	247	5	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	247	6	recommended	recommend	VERB
ajeer-261	247	7	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	247	8	performing	perform	VERB
ajeer-261	247	9	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	247	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	247	11	combining	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	247	12	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	247	13	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	14	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	15	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	16	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	247	17	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	247	18	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	247	19	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	20	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	21	when	when	SCONJ
ajeer-261	247	22	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	247	23	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	24	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	247	25	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	247	26	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	247	27	heterogeneous	heterogeneous	ADJ
ajeer-261	247	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	247	29	non	non	ADJ
ajeer-261	247	30	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	247	31	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	247	32	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	247	33	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	247	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	248	1	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	248	2	thus	thus	ADV
ajeer-261	248	3	derive	derive	VERB
ajeer-261	248	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	248	5	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	6	specific	specific	ADJ
ajeer-261	248	7	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	8	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	9	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	248	10	combining	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	248	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	248	12	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	248	13	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	14	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	15	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	248	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	249	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	249	2	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	249	3	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	4	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	5	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	249	6	devised	devise	VERB
ajeer-261	249	7	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	249	8	finite	finite	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	9	n	n	CCONJ
ajeer-261	249	10	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	249	11	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	249	12	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	249	13	infinite	infinite	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	14	n	n	CCONJ
ajeer-261	249	15	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	249	16	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	249	17	assume	assume	VERB
ajeer-261	249	18	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	249	19	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	249	20	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	21	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	22	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	249	23	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	24	types	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	25	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	249	26	non	non	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	27	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	28	stochastic	stochastic	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	29	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	249	30	stochastic	stochastic	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	31	component	component	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	32	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	249	33	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	249	34	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	249	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	249	36	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	37	series	series	PROPN
ajeer-261	249	38	span	span	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	39	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	249	40	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	249	41	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	249	42	each	each	PRON
ajeer-261	249	43	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	249	44	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	249	45	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	249	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	250	1	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	250	2	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	3	settings	setting	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	250	5	assume	assume	VERB
ajeer-261	250	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	250	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	250	8	alternative	alternative	ADJ
ajeer-261	250	9	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	10	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	250	11	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	250	12	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	250	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	250	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	250	15	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	16	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	250	17	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	250	18	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	19	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	20	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	250	21	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	250	22	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	250	23	does	do	VERB
ajeer-261	250	24	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	250	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	251	1	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	251	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	251	3	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	251	4	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	5	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	6	settings	setting	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	251	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	251	9	main	main	ADJ
ajeer-261	251	10	idea	idea	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	11	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	251	12	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	251	13	combine	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	251	14	p	p	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	15	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	251	16	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	17	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	251	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	251	19	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	20	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	21	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	22	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	251	23	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	251	24	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	251	25	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	251	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	252	2	ips	ips	PROPN
ajeer-261	252	3	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	252	4	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	5	bar	bar	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	6	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	252	8	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	252	9	t	t	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	10	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	11	bar	bar	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	12	statistic	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	13	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	252	14	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	252	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	252	16	augmented	augment	VERB
ajeer-261	252	17	dickey	dickey	PROPN
ajeer-261	252	18	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	19	fuller	full	ADJ
ajeer-261	252	20	statistic	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	22	dickey	dickey	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	252	24	fuller	full	ADJ
ajeer-261	252	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	26	1979	1979	NUM
ajeer-261	252	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	252	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	252	29	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	30	statistic	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	31	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	252	32	computed	compute	VERB
ajeer-261	252	33	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	252	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	252	35	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	36	mean	mean	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	252	38	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	252	39	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	252	40	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	41	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	42	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	43	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	252	44	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	252	45	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	252	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	253	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	3	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	253	4	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	253	5	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	6	combine	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	253	7	information	information	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	8	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	253	9	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	253	10	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	253	11	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	12	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	13	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	16	crucial	crucial	ADJ
ajeer-261	253	17	difference	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	18	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	253	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	20	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	253	21	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	253	22	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	253	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	24	ips	ips	PROPN
ajeer-261	253	25	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	26	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	253	27	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	253	28	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	253	29	combining	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	253	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	31	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	32	statistics	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	33	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	253	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	35	fisher	fisher	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	36	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	37	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	38	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	39	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	253	40	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	253	41	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	253	42	combining	combine	VERB
ajeer-261	253	43	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	44	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	45	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	46	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	253	47	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	253	48	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	253	49	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	50	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	51	maddala	maddala	NOUN
ajeer-261	253	52	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	253	53	wu	wu	PROPN
ajeer-261	253	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	55	1999	1999	NUM
ajeer-261	253	56	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	253	57	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	254	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	254	2	framework	framework	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	3	consider	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	254	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	254	5	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	254	7	n	n	PROPN
ajeer-261	254	8	cross	cross	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	9	sections	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	254	11	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	254	12	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	13	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	254	14	observed	observe	VERB
ajeer-261	254	15	over	over	ADP
ajeer-261	254	16	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	254	17	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	18	periods	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	254	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	254	20	1980	1980	NUM
ajeer-261	254	21	-2011	-2011	NUM
ajeer-261	254	22	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	254	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	255	2	stochastic	stochastic	ADJ
ajeer-261	255	3	process	process	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	5	yit	yit	PROPN
ajeer-261	255	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	255	8	generated	generate	VERB
ajeer-261	255	9	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	255	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	255	11	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	255	12	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	13	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	14	autoregressive	autoregressive	ADJ
ajeer-261	255	15	process	process	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	16	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	17	yit=	yit=	PROPN
ajeer-261	255	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	19	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	255	20	øi)µi	øi)µi	SYM
ajeer-261	255	21	+	+	CCONJ
ajeer-261	255	22	øiyi	øiyi	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	24	t-1	t-1	PROPN
ajeer-261	255	25	+	+	CCONJ
ajeer-261	255	26	εit	εit	VERB
ajeer-261	255	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	28	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	255	29	=	=	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	30	1,	1,	NUM
ajeer-261	255	31	…	…	SYM
ajeer-261	255	32	n	n	CCONJ
ajeer-261	255	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	34	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	255	35	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	255	36	1,	1,	NUM
ajeer-261	255	37	…	…	SYM
ajeer-261	255	38	,t	,t	X
ajeer-261	255	39	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	40	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	41	1.4	1.4	NUM
ajeer-261	255	42	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	43	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	255	44	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	45	initial	initial	ADJ
ajeer-261	255	46	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	255	47	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	48	yi0	yi0	ADV
ajeer-261	255	49	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	255	50	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	255	51	given	give	VERB
ajeer-261	255	52	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	256	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	256	2	interest	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	256	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	256	5	testing	test	VERB
ajeer-261	256	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	256	7	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	256	8	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	256	10	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	11	roots	root	VERB
ajeer-261	256	12	øi=	øi=	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	256	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	256	15	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	256	16	i.	i.	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	256	18	equation	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	256	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	256	20	1.4	1.4	NUM
ajeer-261	256	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	256	22	above	above	ADV
ajeer-261	256	23	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	256	24	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	256	25	expressed	express	VERB
ajeer-261	256	26	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	256	27	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	257	1	dyit	dyit	NOUN
ajeer-261	257	2	=	=	PUNCT
ajeer-261	257	3	αi	αi	VERB
ajeer-261	258	1	+	+	NOUN
ajeer-261	258	2	βiyi	βiyi	NOUN
ajeer-261	258	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	258	4	t-1	t-1	PROPN
ajeer-261	258	5	+	+	SYM
ajeer-261	258	6	εit	εit	ADJ
ajeer-261	258	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	258	8	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	258	9	1.5	1.5	NUM
ajeer-261	258	10	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	1	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	259	2	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	3	αi=	αi=	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	5	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	259	6	øi)µi	øi)µi	NUM
ajeer-261	259	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	9	βi=	βi=	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	11	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	259	12	øi)anddyit	øi)anddyit	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	13	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	259	14	yityi	yityi	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	16	t-1	t-1	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	17	table-4	table-4	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	19	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	20	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	21	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	22	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	23	results	result	VERB
ajeer-261	259	24	1980	1980	NUM
ajeer-261	259	25	-2011(by	-2011(by	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	26	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	259	27	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	259	28	m	m	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	30	pesaran	pesaran	ADJ
ajeer-261	259	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	259	32	shin	shin	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	33	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	259	36	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	259	37	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	38	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	259	39	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	259	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	1	ips	ips	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	2	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	3	adf	adf	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	4	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	5	pp	pp	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	6	conclusion	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	7	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	8	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	260	10	trend	trend	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	11	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	12	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	260	14	trend	trend	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	15	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	16	intercept	intercept	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	260	18	trend	trend	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	19	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	20	-2.55	-2.55	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	21	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	22	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	23	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	25	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	26	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	27	-4.21	-4.21	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	28	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	29	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	30	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	31	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	32	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	33	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	34	159.37	159.37	NUM
ajeer-261	260	35	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	36	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	37	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	38	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	39	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	40	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	41	194.15	194.15	NUM
ajeer-261	260	42	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	43	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	44	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	45	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	46	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	47	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	48	145.49	145.49	NUM
ajeer-261	260	49	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	50	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	51	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	52	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	53	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	54	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	55	169.87	169.87	NUM
ajeer-261	260	56	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	57	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	58	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	59	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	60	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	61	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	62	i(0	i(0	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	63	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	64	gdppp	gdppp	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	65	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	260	66	-21.31	-21.31	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	67	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	68	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	69	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	70	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	71	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	72	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	73	-22.04	-22.04	PROPN
ajeer-261	260	74	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	75	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	76	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	77	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	78	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	79	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	80	735.05	735.05	NUM
ajeer-261	260	81	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	82	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	83	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	84	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	85	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	260	86	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	260	87	757.76	757.76	NUM
ajeer-261	260	88	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	261	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	261	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	261	3	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	261	4	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	261	5	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	1	910.26	910.26	NUM
ajeer-261	262	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	4	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	6	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	262	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	8	1461.92	1461.92	NUM
ajeer-261	262	9	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	10	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	11	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	13	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	262	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	15	i(0	i(0	PROPN
ajeer-261	262	16	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	17	fdi	fdi	PROPN
ajeer-261	262	18	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	19	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	262	20	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	262	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	22	-10.68	-10.68	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	23	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	24	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	25	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	27	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	262	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	262	29	-10.19	-10.19	NOUN
ajeer-261	263	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	263	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	263	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	263	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	263	5	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	263	6	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	1	375.87	375.87	NUM
ajeer-261	264	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	4	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	6	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	8	354.04	354.04	NUM
ajeer-261	264	9	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	10	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	11	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	13	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	15	390.34	390.34	NUM
ajeer-261	264	16	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	17	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	18	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	20	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	22	346.52	346.52	NUM
ajeer-261	264	23	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	24	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	25	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	27	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	29	i(0	i(0	ADJ
ajeer-261	264	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	31	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	264	32	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	264	33	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	264	34	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	35	%	%	INTJ
ajeer-261	264	36	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	264	37	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	38	-4.45	-4.45	PROPN
ajeer-261	264	39	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	40	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	41	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	42	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	43	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	44	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	45	-3.39	-3.39	NOUN
ajeer-261	264	46	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	47	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	48	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	49	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	264	50	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	264	51	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	1	212.81	212.81	NUM
ajeer-261	265	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	4	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	6	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	265	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	8	230.04	230.04	NUM
ajeer-261	265	9	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	10	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	11	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	13	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	265	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	15	189.93	189.93	NUM
ajeer-261	265	16	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	17	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	18	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	20	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	265	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	22	162.08	162.08	NUM
ajeer-261	265	23	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	24	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	25	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	27	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	265	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	29	i(0	i(0	ADJ
ajeer-261	265	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	31	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	265	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	265	33	human	human	ADJ
ajeer-261	265	34	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	265	35	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	36	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	265	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	265	38	total	total	NOUN
ajeer-261	265	39	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	265	40	-9.62	-9.62	NOUN
ajeer-261	266	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	266	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	266	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	266	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	266	5	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	266	6	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	266	7	-6.92	-6.92	NUM
ajeer-261	267	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	267	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	267	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	267	4	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	267	5	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	267	6	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	1	299.92	299.92	NUM
ajeer-261	268	2	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	3	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	4	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	5	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	6	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	7	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	8	239.51	239.51	NUM
ajeer-261	268	9	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	10	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	11	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	13	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	15	332.39	332.39	NUM
ajeer-261	268	16	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	17	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	18	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	20	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	22	336.37	336.37	NUM
ajeer-261	268	23	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	24	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	25	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	27	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	29	i(0	i(0	PROPN
ajeer-261	268	30	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	31	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	32	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	33	aged	aged	ADJ
ajeer-261	268	34	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	268	35	-64	-64	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	36	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	37	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	268	38	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	39	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	40	-3.15	-3.15	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	41	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	42	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	43	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	44	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	45	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	47	14.03	14.03	NUM
ajeer-261	268	48	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	49	1.00	1.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	50	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	51	184.15	184.15	NUM
ajeer-261	268	52	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	53	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	54	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	55	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	56	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	57	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	58	58.68	58.68	NUM
ajeer-261	268	59	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	60	1.00	1.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	61	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	62	110.92	110.92	NUM
ajeer-261	268	63	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	64	0.51	0.51	NUM
ajeer-261	268	65	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	66	16.05	16.05	NUM
ajeer-261	268	67	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	68	1.00	1.00	NUM
ajeer-261	268	69	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	70	i(0	i(0	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	71	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	72	notes	note	VERB
ajeer-261	268	73	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	74	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	75	rejects	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	268	76	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	77	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	78	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	268	79	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	268	80	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	81	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	82	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	268	83	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	84	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	268	85	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	86	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	87	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	88	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	89	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	90	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	91	rejects	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	268	92	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	93	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	94	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	268	95	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	268	96	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	97	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	98	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	268	99	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	100	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	268	101	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	102	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	103	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	104	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	105	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	106	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	107	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	268	108	rejects	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	268	109	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	110	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	111	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	268	112	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	268	113	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	114	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	115	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	268	116	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	268	117	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	268	118	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	119	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	120	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	268	121	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	269	1	probabilities	probability	NOUN
ajeer-261	269	2	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	269	3	parentheses	parenthesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	269	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	270	2	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	270	3	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	270	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	270	6	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	7	roots	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	8	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	270	9	becomes	become	VERB
ajeer-261	270	10	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	11	h0	h0	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	13	βi=0	βi=0	VERB
ajeer-261	270	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	270	15	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	270	16	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	270	17	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	18	1.6	1.6	NUM
ajeer-261	270	19	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	20	against	against	ADP
ajeer-261	270	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	270	22	alternatives	alternative	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	23	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	270	24	allows	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	270	25	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	270	26	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	270	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	270	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	270	29	cross	cross	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	30	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	31	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	270	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	270	33	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	34	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	270	35	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	270	36	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	37	roots	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	38	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	39	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	270	40	at	at	ADV
ajeer-261	270	41	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	270	42	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	270	43	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	270	44	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	270	45	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	46	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	47	h1	h1	PROPN
ajeer-261	270	48	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	49	βi<0	βi<0	PROPN
ajeer-261	270	50	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	51	i=1,2,	i=1,2,	NOUN
ajeer-261	270	52	…	…	X
ajeer-261	270	53	,n1	,n1	X
ajeer-261	270	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	55	βi	βi	X
ajeer-261	270	56	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	270	57	0	0	NUM
ajeer-261	270	58	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	270	59	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	270	60	=	=	SYM
ajeer-261	270	61	n1	n1	PROPN
ajeer-261	271	1	+	+	CCONJ
ajeer-261	271	2	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	271	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	4	n1	n1	PROPN
ajeer-261	271	5	+2	+2	PROPN
ajeer-261	271	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	7	...	...	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	9	n.	n.	PROPN
ajeer-261	271	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	11	1.7	1.7	NUM
ajeer-261	271	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	271	14	formulation	formulation	NOUN
ajeer-261	271	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	271	16	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	271	17	alternative	alternative	ADJ
ajeer-261	271	18	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	271	19	allows	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	271	20	βi	βi	PRON
ajeer-261	271	21	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	271	22	differ	differ	VERB
ajeer-261	271	23	across	across	ADP
ajeer-261	271	24	cross	cross	NOUN
ajeer-261	271	25	sections	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	271	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	271	27	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	271	28	allowing	allow	VERB
ajeer-261	271	29	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	271	30	heterogeneity	heterogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	271	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	272	1	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	2	4	4	NUM
ajeer-261	272	3	presents	present	VERB
ajeer-261	272	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	272	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	272	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	272	8	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	9	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	10	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	272	12	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	272	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	272	14	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	272	16	interest	interest	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	272	18	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	272	19	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	272	21	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	272	22	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	272	23	difference	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	272	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	273	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	273	2	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	3	presents	present	VERB
ajeer-261	273	4	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	273	5	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	273	6	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	7	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	8	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	273	10	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	273	11	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	273	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	273	13	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	273	14	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	273	15	note	note	VERB
ajeer-261	273	16	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	273	17	mentioned	mention	VERB
ajeer-261	273	18	earlier	early	ADV
ajeer-261	273	19	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	273	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	273	21	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	22	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	273	23	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	273	24	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	273	25	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	273	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	273	27	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	28	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	29	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	273	30	mentioned	mention	VERB
ajeer-261	273	31	above	above	ADV
ajeer-261	273	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	274	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	274	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	274	3	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	274	4	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	274	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	274	6	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	274	7	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	274	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	274	9	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	274	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	274	11	that	that	ADV
ajeer-261	274	12	is	is	ADV
ajeer-261	274	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	274	14	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	274	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	274	16	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	274	17	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	274	18	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	274	19	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	274	20	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	274	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	275	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	275	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	275	3	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	275	4	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	275	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	275	6	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	275	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	275	8	choice	choice	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	275	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	275	11	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	275	12	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	275	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	275	15	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	16	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	275	17	proved	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	275	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	275	19	behave	behave	VERB
ajeer-261	275	20	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	275	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	275	22	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	275	23	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	24	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	275	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	275	26	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	275	27	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	28	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	29	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	275	30	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	275	31	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	275	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	276	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	276	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	3	show	show	VERB
ajeer-261	276	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	276	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	276	6	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	276	7	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	8	both	both	CCONJ
ajeer-261	276	9	ips	ips	PROPN
ajeer-261	276	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	276	11	fisher	fisher	PROPN
ajeer-261	276	12	type	type	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	13	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	276	15	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	16	roots	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	17	reject	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	276	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	276	19	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	276	20	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	276	22	non	non	ADJ
ajeer-261	276	23	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	276	24	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	276	25	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	276	26	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	276	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	277	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	277	2	that	that	DET
ajeer-261	277	3	reason	reason	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	277	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	277	6	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	7	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	8	do	do	AUX
ajeer-261	277	9	reject	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	277	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	277	11	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	12	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	277	14	non	non	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	15	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	16	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	17	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	277	18	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	19	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	277	20	both	both	CCONJ
ajeer-261	277	21	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	22	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	23	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	277	24	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	25	linear	linear	ADJ
ajeer-261	277	26	trend	trend	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	27	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	277	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	1	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	278	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	278	3	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	278	5	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	278	6	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	7	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	278	8	rejecting	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	278	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	278	10	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	278	11	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	278	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	278	14	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	278	16	i(0	i(0	PROPN
ajeer-261	278	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	19	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	278	20	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	278	21	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	278	22	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	23	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	278	25	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	278	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	28	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	278	29	measured	measure	VERB
ajeer-261	278	30	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	278	31	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	32	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	278	33	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	34	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	35	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	278	36	integrated	integrate	VERB
ajeer-261	278	37	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	278	38	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	278	39	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	40	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	278	41	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	278	42	i(0	i(0	NOUN
ajeer-261	278	43	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	278	44	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	279	1	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	279	2	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	279	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	279	4	integrated	integrate	VERB
ajeer-261	279	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	279	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	279	7	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	279	8	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	279	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	279	10	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	279	11	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	279	12	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	279	13	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	279	14	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	279	15	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	279	16	cointegrated	cointegrate	VERB
ajeer-261	279	17	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	279	18	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	279	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	280	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	280	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	280	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	280	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	280	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	280	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	280	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	280	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	280	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	280	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	280	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	280	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	280	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	280	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	280	16	9	9	NUM
ajeer-261	280	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	280	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	280	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	280	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	280	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	280	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	280	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	280	28	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	280	29	4.2	4.2	NUM
ajeer-261	280	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	281	1	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	2	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	281	3	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	281	4	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	5	so	so	ADV
ajeer-261	281	6	far	far	ADV
ajeer-261	281	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	281	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	281	9	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	10	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	281	11	exist	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	281	12	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	281	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	281	14	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	15	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	281	16	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	281	17	established	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	281	18	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	281	19	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	281	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	281	21	existing	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	281	22	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	23	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	281	24	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	281	25	prove	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	281	26	anything	anything	PRON
ajeer-261	281	27	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	281	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	281	29	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	30	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	281	31	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	281	33	influence	influence	NOUN
ajeer-261	281	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	1	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	282	2	common	common	ADJ
ajeer-261	282	3	sense	sense	NOUN
ajeer-261	282	4	logic	logic	NOUN
ajeer-261	282	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	282	6	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	282	7	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	282	8	start	start	VERB
ajeer-261	282	9	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	282	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	282	11	axiom	axiom	NOUN
ajeer-261	282	12	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	282	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	14	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	282	15	always	always	ADV
ajeer-261	282	16	forge	forge	VERB
ajeer-261	282	17	ahead	ahead	ADV
ajeer-261	282	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	19	never	never	ADV
ajeer-261	282	20	backward	backward	ADJ
ajeer-261	282	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	22	koop	koop	PROPN
ajeer-261	282	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	24	2000	2000	NUM
ajeer-261	282	25	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	282	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	283	1	thus	thus	ADV
ajeer-261	283	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	283	3	since	since	SCONJ
ajeer-261	283	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	283	5	certain	certain	ADJ
ajeer-261	283	6	event	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	7	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	283	8	happened	happen	VERB
ajeer-261	283	9	before	before	ADP
ajeer-261	283	10	event	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	11	b	b	NUM
ajeer-261	283	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	283	13	one	one	PRON
ajeer-261	283	14	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	283	15	conclude	conclude	VERB
ajeer-261	283	16	fallaciously	fallaciously	ADV
ajeer-261	283	17	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	283	18	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	283	19	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	283	20	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	283	21	possibility	possibility	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	22	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	283	23	event	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	24	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	283	25	caused	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	283	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	283	27	happening	happening	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	283	29	event	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	30	b	b	PROPN
ajeer-261	283	31	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	283	32	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	283	33	past	past	ADJ
ajeer-261	283	34	events	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	35	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	283	36	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	283	37	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	283	38	current	current	ADJ
ajeer-261	283	39	events	event	NOUN
ajeer-261	283	40	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	283	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	284	1	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	284	2	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
ajeer-261	284	3	both	both	CCONJ
ajeer-261	284	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	284	5	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	284	6	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	284	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	284	8	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	284	9	fail	fail	VERB
ajeer-261	284	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	284	11	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	284	12	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	284	13	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	284	14	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	284	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	284	16	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	284	17	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	284	18	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	284	19	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	284	20	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	284	21	said	say	VERB
ajeer-261	284	22	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	284	23	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	284	24	independent	independent	ADJ
ajeer-261	284	25	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	284	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	285	1	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	285	2	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	285	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	285	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	285	5	possibility	possibility	NOUN
ajeer-261	285	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	285	7	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	285	8	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	285	9	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	285	10	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	285	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	285	12	meanwhile	meanwhile	ADV
ajeer-261	285	13	b	b	X
ajeer-261	285	14	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	285	15	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	285	16	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	285	17	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	285	18	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	285	19	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	285	20	referred	refer	VERB
ajeer-261	285	21	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	285	22	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	285	23	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	285	24	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	285	25	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	285	26	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	285	27	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	285	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	1	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	286	2	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	286	3	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	286	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	5	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	6	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	7	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	286	8	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	9	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	10	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	11	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	286	12	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	13	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	15	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	286	16	changes	change	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	286	18	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	286	19	must	must	AUX
ajeer-261	286	20	precede	precede	VERB
ajeer-261	286	21	changes	change	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	286	23	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	286	24	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	286	25	when	when	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	26	regressing	regress	VERB
ajeer-261	286	27	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	28	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	286	29	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	30	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	31	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	32	including	include	VERB
ajeer-261	286	33	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	34	past	past	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	35	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	36	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	286	37	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	39	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	40	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	41	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	286	42	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	43	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	286	44	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	286	45	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	286	46	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	286	47	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	286	48	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	286	49	improves	improve	VERB
ajeer-261	286	50	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	51	prediction	prediction	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	52	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	286	53	b	b	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	54	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	55	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	286	56	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	286	57	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	286	58	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	286	59	concluded	conclude	VERB
ajeer-261	286	60	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	61	a	a	PRON
ajeer-261	286	62	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	63	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	64	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	65	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	286	66	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	286	67	similar	similar	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	68	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	69	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	286	70	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	286	71	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	286	72	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	73	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	74	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	75	b	b	X
ajeer-261	286	76	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	77	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	78	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	79	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	286	80	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	81	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	82	main	main	ADJ
ajeer-261	286	83	idea	idea	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	84	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	286	85	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	286	86	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	87	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	286	88	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	286	89	predict	predict	VERB
ajeer-261	286	90	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	286	91	existence	existence	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	92	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	286	93	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	94	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	286	95	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	96	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	97	whether	whether	SCONJ
ajeer-261	286	98	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	286	99	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	286	100	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	286	101	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	286	102	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	103	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	104	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	286	105	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	106	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	286	107	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	108	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	286	109	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	286	110	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	111	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	286	112	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	286	113	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	286	114	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	115	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	116	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	117	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	286	118	runs	run	VERB
ajeer-261	286	119	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	286	120	both	both	DET
ajeer-261	286	121	directions	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	122	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	123	bi	bi	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	124	directional	directional	NOUN
ajeer-261	286	125	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	286	126	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	287	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	287	3	known	know	VERB
ajeer-261	287	4	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	287	5	bilateral	bilateral	ADJ
ajeer-261	287	6	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	7	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	287	8	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	287	9	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	287	10	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	287	11	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	287	12	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	13	under	under	ADP
ajeer-261	287	14	consideration	consideration	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	16	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	287	17	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	18	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	287	19	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	287	20	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	287	21	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	287	22	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	23	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	287	24	involved	involve	VERB
ajeer-261	287	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	26	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	287	27	multivariable	multivariable	ADJ
ajeer-261	287	28	causation	causation	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	29	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	287	31	relevant	relevant	ADJ
ajeer-261	287	32	technique	technique	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	33	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	287	34	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	287	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	287	36	vector	vector	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	37	autoregression	autoregression	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	38	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	39	var	var	NOUN
ajeer-261	287	40	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	287	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	1	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	288	2	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	288	3	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	4	involves	involve	VERB
ajeer-261	288	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	288	6	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	288	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	288	9	following	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	288	10	pair	pair	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	288	12	regressions	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	14	∑	∑	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	15	∑	∑	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	17	1.8	1.8	NUM
ajeer-261	288	18	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	19	∑	∑	ADV
ajeer-261	288	20	∑	∑	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	21	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	22	1.9	1.9	NUM
ajeer-261	288	23	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	24	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	288	25	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	26	index	index	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	27	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	288	28	refers	refer	VERB
ajeer-261	288	29	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	288	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	288	31	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	32	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	33	i	i	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	34	=	=	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	35	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	288	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	37	...	...	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	38	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	39	n	n	CCONJ
ajeer-261	288	40	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	41	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	42	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	288	43	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	288	44	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	288	45	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	46	period	period	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	47	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	48	t=1	t=1	ADV
ajeer-261	288	49	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	50	...	...	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	51	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	52	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	288	53	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	288	54	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	288	55	l	l	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	56	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	288	57	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	288	58	lag	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	288	59	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	289	1	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	289	2	represents	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	289	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	289	4	white	white	ADJ
ajeer-261	289	5	noise	noise	NOUN
ajeer-261	289	6	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	289	7	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	289	8	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	289	9	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	289	10	correlated	correlate	VERB
ajeer-261	289	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	289	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	289	13	given	give	VERB
ajeer-261	289	14	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	289	15	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	289	16	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	289	17	across	across	ADP
ajeer-261	289	18	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	289	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	290	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	290	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	290	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	290	4	assumed	assume	VERB
ajeer-261	290	5	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	290	6	yt	yt	PROPN
ajeer-261	290	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	290	8	xt	xt	PROPN
ajeer-261	290	9	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	290	10	stationary	stationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	290	11	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	290	12	cointegrated	cointegrate	VERB
ajeer-261	290	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	290	14	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	290	15	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	290	16	case	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	290	17	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	290	18	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	290	19	difference	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	290	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	290	21	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	290	22	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	290	23	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	290	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	290	25	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	290	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	290	27	respectively	respectively	ADV
ajeer-261	290	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	291	1	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	291	2	respect	respect	NOUN
ajeer-261	291	3	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	291	4	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	291	5	method	method	NOUN
ajeer-261	291	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	291	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	291	8	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	1	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	292	2	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	292	3	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	292	4	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	292	5	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	6	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	7	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	8	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	292	9	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	292	10	x	x	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	11	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	292	12	y	y	PRON
ajeer-261	292	13	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	292	14	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	292	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	292	16	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	292	17	equation	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	18	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	292	19	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	292	20	‘s	‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	21	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	292	22	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	23	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	24	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	292	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	292	26	second	second	ADJ
ajeer-261	292	27	all	all	PRON
ajeer-261	292	28	‘s	‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	29	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	30	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	31	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	32	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	33	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	292	34	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	36	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	292	37	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	292	38	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	292	39	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	40	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	41	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	42	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	292	43	y	y	PRON
ajeer-261	292	44	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	292	45	x	x	PRON
ajeer-261	292	46	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	292	47	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	292	48	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	292	49	first	first	ADJ
ajeer-261	292	50	equation	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	51	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	292	52	‘s	‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	53	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	54	autoregressive	autoregressive	ADJ
ajeer-261	292	55	coefficients)are	coefficients)are	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	56	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	57	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	58	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	292	59	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	292	60	second	second	ADJ
ajeer-261	292	61	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	292	62	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	292	63	‘s	‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	64	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	292	65	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	66	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	67	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	292	68	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	292	69	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	292	70	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	71	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	72	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	73	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	292	74	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	75	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	76	x	x	PRON
ajeer-261	292	77	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	292	78	neither	neither	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	79	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	292	80	‘s	‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	81	nor	nor	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	82	all	all	PRON
ajeer-261	292	83	‘s	‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	84	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	85	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	292	86	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	87	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	292	88	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	89	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	292	90	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	292	91	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	292	92	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	93	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	292	94	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	292	95	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	292	96	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	97	x	x	SYM
ajeer-261	292	98	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	292	99	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	292	100	‘s	‘	VERB
ajeer-261	292	101	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	292	102	‘s	‘s	PRON
ajeer-261	292	103	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	292	104	zero	zero	NUM
ajeer-261	292	105	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	293	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	293	2	evaluation	evaluation	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	293	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	293	5	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	293	6	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	7	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	293	8	x	x	PRON
ajeer-261	293	9	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	293	10	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	293	11	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	293	12	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	293	13	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	14	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	293	15	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	293	16	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	293	17	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	293	18	estimating	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	293	19	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	293	20	equation	equation	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	21	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	293	22	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	293	23	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	24	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	293	25	regressed	regress	VERB
ajeer-261	293	26	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	293	27	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	293	28	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	29	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	293	30	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	293	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	293	33	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	293	34	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	35	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	293	36	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	293	37	additional	additional	ADJ
ajeer-261	293	38	variable	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	39	x.	x.	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	40	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	293	41	reject	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	293	42	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	293	43	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	293	44	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	45	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	293	46	x	x	PRON
ajeer-261	293	47	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	293	48	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	293	49	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	293	50	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	293	51	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	52	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	293	53	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	293	54	concluding	conclude	VERB
ajeer-261	293	55	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	293	56	x	x	X
ajeer-261	293	57	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	58	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	293	59	y	y	PROPN
ajeer-261	293	60	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	293	61	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	293	62	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	293	63	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	293	64	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	293	65	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	293	66	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	293	67	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	293	68	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	293	69	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	293	70	x	x	PRON
ajeer-261	293	71	must	must	AUX
ajeer-261	293	72	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	293	73	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	293	74	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	294	1	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	294	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	294	3	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	294	5	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	294	6	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	7	tool	tool	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	8	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	294	9	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	294	10	considered	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	294	11	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	294	12	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	294	13	imperfect	imperfect	ADJ
ajeer-261	294	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	294	15	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	294	16	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	294	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	294	18	yet	yet	CCONJ
ajeer-261	294	19	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	294	20	standard	standard	ADJ
ajeer-261	294	21	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	294	22	helpful	helpful	ADJ
ajeer-261	294	23	tool	tool	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	24	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	294	25	assessing	assess	VERB
ajeer-261	294	26	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	294	27	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	28	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	29	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	294	30	two	two	NUM
ajeer-261	294	31	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	294	32	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	295	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	295	2	most	most	ADV
ajeer-261	295	3	reported	reported	ADJ
ajeer-261	295	4	weakness	weakness	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	295	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	295	7	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	8	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	9	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	10	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	295	11	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	295	12	advantages	advantage	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	13	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	295	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	295	15	inappropriate	inappropriate	ADJ
ajeer-261	295	16	assumption	assumption	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	295	18	causal	causal	ADJ
ajeer-261	295	19	homogeneity	homogeneity	NOUN
ajeer-261	295	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	296	1	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	296	2	course	course	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	296	4	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	296	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	296	6	true	true	ADJ
ajeer-261	296	7	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	296	8	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	296	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	296	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	296	11	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	12	data	data	VERB
ajeer-261	296	13	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	296	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	296	16	flaw	flaw	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	296	18	making	make	VERB
ajeer-261	296	19	inferences	inference	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	20	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	296	21	causal	causal	ADJ
ajeer-261	296	22	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	296	24	all	all	DET
ajeer-261	296	25	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	296	26	cross	cross	PROPN
ajeer-261	296	27	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	28	units	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	29	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	296	30	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	296	31	sometimes	sometimes	ADV
ajeer-261	296	32	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	296	33	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	296	34	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	296	35	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	296	36	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	296	37	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	296	38	individual	individual	PROPN
ajeer-261	296	39	cross	cross	PROPN
ajeer-261	296	40	sections	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	296	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	297	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	297	2	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	297	3	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	297	4	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	297	5	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	297	6	true	true	ADJ
ajeer-261	297	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	297	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	297	9	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	297	10	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	11	round	round	ADV
ajeer-261	297	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	297	13	rejecting	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	297	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	297	15	existence	existence	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	297	17	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	18	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	297	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	297	20	whole	whole	ADJ
ajeer-261	297	21	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	297	23	cross	cross	PROPN
ajeer-261	297	24	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	25	individuals	individual	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	26	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	297	27	actually	actually	ADV
ajeer-261	297	28	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	297	29	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	297	30	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	297	31	causal	causal	ADJ
ajeer-261	297	32	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	33	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	297	34	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	297	35	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	297	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	297	37	individual	individual	PROPN
ajeer-261	297	38	cross	cross	PROPN
ajeer-261	297	39	sections	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	40	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	297	41	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	297	42	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	297	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	298	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	298	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	298	3	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	298	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	298	5	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	298	6	good	good	ADJ
ajeer-261	298	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	298	8	note	note	VERB
ajeer-261	298	9	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	298	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	298	11	outcome	outcome	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	298	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	298	14	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	298	15	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	16	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	298	17	sensitive	sensitive	ADJ
ajeer-261	298	18	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	298	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	298	20	number	number	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	298	22	lags	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	23	introduced	introduce	VERB
ajeer-261	298	24	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	298	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	298	26	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	27	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	298	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	299	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	299	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	299	3	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	299	4	too	too	ADV
ajeer-261	299	5	few	few	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	6	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	299	7	too	too	ADV
ajeer-261	299	8	many	many	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	9	lags	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	10	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	299	11	problematic	problematic	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	299	13	too	too	ADV
ajeer-261	299	14	few	few	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	15	lags	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	16	means	mean	VERB
ajeer-261	299	17	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	299	18	important	important	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	19	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	20	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	299	21	omitted	omit	VERB
ajeer-261	299	22	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	299	23	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	24	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	25	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	299	26	leads	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	299	27	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	299	28	biasness	biasness	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	29	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	299	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	299	31	retained	retain	VERB
ajeer-261	299	32	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	33	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	299	35	leading	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	299	36	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	299	37	erroneous	erroneous	ADJ
ajeer-261	299	38	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	299	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	300	1	likewise	likewise	ADV
ajeer-261	300	2	too	too	ADV
ajeer-261	300	3	many	many	ADJ
ajeer-261	300	4	lags	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	5	leads	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	300	6	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	300	7	specification	specification	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	8	error	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	9	indicating	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	300	10	wasteful	wasteful	ADJ
ajeer-261	300	11	observations	observation	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	300	13	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	300	14	increasing	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	300	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	16	standard	standard	ADJ
ajeer-261	300	17	errors	error	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	18	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	300	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	20	estimated	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	300	21	coefficients	coefficient	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	22	leading	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	300	23	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	300	24	false	false	ADJ
ajeer-261	300	25	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	300	27	konya	konya	PROPN
ajeer-261	300	28	2006).the	2006).the	PROPN
ajeer-261	300	29	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	30	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	300	31	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	32	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	33	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	300	34	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	300	35	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	300	36	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	300	37	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	38	lag	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	39	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	300	40	2	2	NUM
ajeer-261	300	41	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	300	42	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	300	43	whatever	whatever	DET
ajeer-261	300	44	lag	lag	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	45	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	300	46	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	300	47	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	300	48	chosen	choose	VERB
ajeer-261	300	49	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	300	50	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	300	51	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	300	52	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	300	53	gives	give	VERB
ajeer-261	300	54	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	55	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	300	56	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	57	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	300	58	terms	term	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	59	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	300	60	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	61	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	300	62	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	300	63	nature	nature	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	64	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	300	65	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	300	66	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	1	table-5	table-5	PROPN
ajeer-261	301	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	3	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	301	4	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	5	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	6	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	7	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	301	8	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	301	9	dependent	dependent	PROPN
ajeer-261	301	10	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	11	source	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	301	13	causation	causation	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	14	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	15	independent	independent	ADJ
ajeer-261	301	16	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	18	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	19	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	20	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	21	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	301	22	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	23	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	24	f	f	PROPN
ajeer-261	301	25	–	–	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	26	statistic	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	27	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	28	pvalue	pvalue	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	29	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	30	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	31	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	32	8.21	8.21	NUM
ajeer-261	301	33	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	34	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	35	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	36	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	37	0.00	0.00	NUM
ajeer-261	301	38	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	39	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	40	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	301	41	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	42	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	43	0.03	0.03	NUM
ajeer-261	301	44	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	45	0.97	0.97	NUM
ajeer-261	301	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	47	note	note	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	48	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	301	49	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	301	50	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	51	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	301	52	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	301	53	parenthesis	parenthesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	54	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	301	55	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	301	56	probability	probability	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	57	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	301	58	rejecting	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	301	59	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	301	60	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	61	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	301	62	non	non	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	63	-	-	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	64	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	301	65	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	1	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	2	rejects	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	302	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	302	4	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	302	6	non	non	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	7	-	-	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	8	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	9	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	302	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	302	11	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	302	12	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	13	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	14	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	15	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	302	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	18	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	19	*	*	PUNCT
ajeer-261	302	20	rejects	reject	VERB
ajeer-261	302	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	302	22	null	null	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	302	24	non	non	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	25	-	-	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	26	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	27	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	302	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	302	29	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	302	30	%	%	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	31	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	32	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	302	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	303	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	303	2	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	3	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	303	4	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	5	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	6	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	7	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	303	8	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	303	9	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	10	reveal	reveal	VERB
ajeer-261	303	11	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	303	12	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	303	13	exists	exist	VERB
ajeer-261	303	14	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	303	15	high	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	16	statistical	statistical	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	17	significant	significant	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	18	unidirectional	unidirectional	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	19	short	short	ADJ
ajeer-261	303	20	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	21	causal	causal	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	22	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	23	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	303	24	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	25	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	303	27	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	28	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	303	29	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	30	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	303	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	304	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	304	2	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	304	4	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	5	runs	run	VERB
ajeer-261	304	6	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	304	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	304	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	304	10	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	11	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	12	indicating	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	304	13	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	304	14	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	304	15	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	16	induces	induce	VERB
ajeer-261	304	17	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	18	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	304	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	304	20	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	304	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	305	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	305	2	implies	imply	VERB
ajeer-261	305	3	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	305	4	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	305	5	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	305	6	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	305	7	boost	boost	VERB
ajeer-261	305	8	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	305	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	305	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	305	11	ratios	ratio	NOUN
ajeer-261	305	12	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	305	13	enhancing	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	305	14	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	305	15	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	305	16	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	305	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	306	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	306	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	306	3	supports	support	VERB
ajeer-261	306	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	306	5	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	306	6	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	306	7	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	306	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	306	9	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	306	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	306	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	307	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	307	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	307	3	above	above	ADV
ajeer-261	307	4	do	do	AUX
ajeer-261	307	5	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	307	6	give	give	VERB
ajeer-261	307	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	307	8	detailed	detailed	ADJ
ajeer-261	307	9	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	307	10	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	307	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	307	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	307	13	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	307	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	307	15	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	307	16	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	307	17	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	307	18	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	307	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	308	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	308	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	308	3	inevitable	inevitable	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	4	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	308	5	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	308	6	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	308	7	look	look	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	8	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	308	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	308	10	detailed	detailed	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	11	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	12	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	13	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	14	considering	consider	VERB
ajeer-261	308	15	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	308	16	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	17	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	308	18	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	308	20	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	308	21	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	22	significantly	significantly	ADV
ajeer-261	308	23	differ	differ	VERB
ajeer-261	308	24	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	308	25	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	308	26	another	another	DET
ajeer-261	308	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	308	28	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	308	29	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	308	30	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	308	31	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	308	32	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	33	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	34	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	35	experiences	experience	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	36	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	308	37	hence	hence	ADV
ajeer-261	308	38	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	308	39	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	40	directions	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	41	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	308	42	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	43	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	44	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	308	45	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	308	46	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	308	47	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	1	factors	factor	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	2	such	such	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	3	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	309	4	civil	civil	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	5	wars	war	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	309	7	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	309	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	309	9	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	309	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	12	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	13	extent	extent	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	309	15	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	16	aid	aid	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	17	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	309	18	receive	receive	VERB
ajeer-261	309	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	309	21	differences	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	309	23	climatic	climatic	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	24	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	26	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	309	27	differences	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	28	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	309	29	natural	natural	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	30	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	31	endowments	endowment	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	33	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	309	34	others	other	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	309	36	explains	explain	VERB
ajeer-261	309	37	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	309	38	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	309	39	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	40	disparities	disparity	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	41	among	among	ADP
ajeer-261	309	42	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	309	43	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	309	44	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	310	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	310	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	310	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	310	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	310	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	310	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	310	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	310	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	310	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	310	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	310	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	310	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	310	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	310	16	10	10	NUM
ajeer-261	310	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	310	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	310	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	310	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	310	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	310	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	310	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	310	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	310	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	310	27	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	28	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	29	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	310	30	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	310	31	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	310	32	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	310	33	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	310	34	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	310	35	requires	require	VERB
ajeer-261	310	36	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	310	37	cross	cross	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	38	section	section	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	39	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	40	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	41	rather	rather	ADV
ajeer-261	310	42	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	310	43	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	310	44	previously	previously	ADV
ajeer-261	310	45	used	use	VERB
ajeer-261	310	46	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	310	47	dataset	dataset	VERB
ajeer-261	310	48	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	311	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	311	2	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	3	size	size	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	311	5	altered	alter	VERB
ajeer-261	311	6	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	311	7	four	four	NUM
ajeer-261	311	8	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	9	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	311	10	djibouti	djibouti	PROPN
ajeer-261	311	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	311	12	libya	libya	PROPN
ajeer-261	311	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	311	14	somalia	somalia	PROPN
ajeer-261	311	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	311	16	eritrea	eritrea	PROPN
ajeer-261	311	17	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	311	18	were	be	AUX
ajeer-261	311	19	removed	remove	VERB
ajeer-261	311	20	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	311	21	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	311	22	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	23	due	due	ADP
ajeer-261	311	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	311	25	many	many	ADJ
ajeer-261	311	26	gaps	gap	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	27	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	311	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	311	29	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	30	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	311	31	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	311	32	result	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	33	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	311	34	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	311	35	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	311	36	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	311	37	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	38	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	311	39	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	311	40	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	311	41	workout	workout	VERB
ajeer-261	311	42	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	312	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	312	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	312	3	expected	expect	VERB
ajeer-261	312	4	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	312	5	testing	testing	NOUN
ajeer-261	312	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	312	7	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	312	8	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	312	9	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	312	10	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	312	11	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	312	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	312	13	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	312	14	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	312	15	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	312	16	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	312	17	help	help	VERB
ajeer-261	312	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	312	19	explain	explain	VERB
ajeer-261	312	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	312	21	differences	difference	NOUN
ajeer-261	312	22	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	312	23	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	312	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	313	1	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	313	2	6	6	NUM
ajeer-261	313	3	shows	show	VERB
ajeer-261	313	4	mixed	mixed	ADJ
ajeer-261	313	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	313	6	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	313	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	313	8	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	313	9	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	313	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	313	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	314	1	table-6	table-6	PROPN
ajeer-261	314	2	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	315	1	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	315	2	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	315	3	wald	wald	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	4	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	315	6	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	315	7	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	315	8	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	9	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	315	10	lags	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	315	11	5	5	NUM
ajeer-261	315	12	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	315	13	null	null	ADJ
ajeer-261	315	14	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	15	f	f	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	16	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	315	17	statistic	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	18	probability	probability	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	19	algeria‘s	algeria‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	20	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	315	21	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	315	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	315	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	1	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	2	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	3	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	316	4	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	5	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	6	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	7	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	9	0.8011	0.8011	NUM
ajeer-261	316	10	0.5641	0.5641	NUM
ajeer-261	316	11	algeria‘s	algeria‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	12	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	13	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	15	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	16	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	17	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	19	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	20	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	21	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	22	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	25	1.6771	1.6771	NUM
ajeer-261	316	26	0.1940	0.1940	NUM
ajeer-261	316	27	angola‘s	angola‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	28	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	29	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	30	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	31	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	32	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	33	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	34	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	35	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	36	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	37	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	38	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	39	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	40	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	41	2.5879	2.5879	NUM
ajeer-261	316	42	0.0944	0.0944	NUM
ajeer-261	316	43	angola‘s	angola‘s	PRON
ajeer-261	316	44	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	45	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	46	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	47	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	48	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	49	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	50	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	51	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	52	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	53	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	54	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	55	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	56	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	57	4.9693	4.9693	NUM
ajeer-261	316	58	0.0149	0.0149	NUM
ajeer-261	316	59	benin‘s	benin‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	60	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	61	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	62	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	63	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	64	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	65	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	66	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	67	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	68	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	69	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	70	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	71	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	72	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	73	2.0173	2.0173	NUM
ajeer-261	316	74	0.1276	0.1276	NUM
ajeer-261	316	75	benin‘s	benin‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	316	76	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	77	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	78	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	79	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	80	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	81	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	82	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	83	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	84	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	85	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	86	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	87	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	88	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	89	1.5083	1.5083	NUM
ajeer-261	316	90	0.2393	0.2393	NUM
ajeer-261	316	91	botswana‘s	botswana‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	92	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	93	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	94	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	95	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	96	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	97	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	98	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	99	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	100	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	101	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	102	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	103	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	104	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	105	2.8533	2.8533	NUM
ajeer-261	316	106	0.0493	0.0493	NUM
ajeer-261	316	107	botswana‘s	botswana‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	108	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	109	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	110	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	111	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	112	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	113	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	114	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	115	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	116	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	117	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	118	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	119	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	120	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	121	3.4521	3.4521	NUM
ajeer-261	316	122	0.0256	0.0256	NUM
ajeer-261	316	123	burkina	burkina	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	124	faso‘s	faso‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	125	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	126	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	127	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	128	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	129	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	130	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	131	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	132	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	133	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	134	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	135	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	136	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	137	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	138	2.877	2.877	NUM
ajeer-261	316	139	0.0480	0.0480	NUM
ajeer-261	316	140	burkina	burkina	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	141	faso‘s	faso‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	142	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	143	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	144	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	145	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	146	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	147	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	148	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	149	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	150	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	151	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	152	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	153	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	154	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	155	0.33131	0.33131	NUM
ajeer-261	316	156	0.8538	0.8538	NUM
ajeer-261	316	157	burundi‘s	burundi‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	158	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	159	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	160	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	161	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	162	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	163	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	164	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	165	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	166	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	167	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	168	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	169	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	170	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	171	1.1316	1.1316	NUM
ajeer-261	316	172	0.3794	0.3794	NUM
ajeer-261	316	173	burundi‘s	burundi‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	174	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	175	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	176	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	177	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	178	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	179	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	180	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	181	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	182	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	183	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	184	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	185	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	186	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	187	0.10774	0.10774	NUM
ajeer-261	316	188	0.9892	0.9892	NUM
ajeer-261	316	189	cameroon‘s	cameroon‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	190	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	191	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	192	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	193	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	194	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	195	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	196	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	197	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	198	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	199	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	200	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	201	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	202	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	203	3.3337	3.3337	NUM
ajeer-261	316	204	0.0264	0.0264	NUM
ajeer-261	316	205	cameroon‘s	cameroon‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	206	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	207	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	208	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	209	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	210	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	316	211	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	212	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	213	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	316	214	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	316	215	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	316	216	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	316	217	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	218	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	219	0.62039	0.62039	NUM
ajeer-261	316	220	0.6861	0.6861	NUM
ajeer-261	316	221	central	central	ADJ
ajeer-261	316	222	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	223	republic‘s	republic‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	316	224	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	316	225	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	226	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	316	227	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	316	228	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	1	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	2	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	3	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	317	4	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	5	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	6	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	7	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	9	1.6074	1.6074	NUM
ajeer-261	317	10	0.2095	0.2095	NUM
ajeer-261	317	11	central	central	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	12	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	13	republic‘s	republic‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	14	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	15	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	17	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	18	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	19	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	20	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	21	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	22	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	23	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	24	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	25	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	26	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	27	2.3836	2.3836	NUM
ajeer-261	317	28	0.0840	0.0840	NUM
ajeer-261	317	29	chad‘s	chad‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	30	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	31	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	32	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	33	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	34	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	35	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	36	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	37	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	38	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	39	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	40	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	41	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	42	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	43	4.4836	4.4836	NUM
ajeer-261	317	44	0.0079	0.0079	NUM
ajeer-261	317	45	chad‘s	chad‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	46	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	47	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	48	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	49	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	50	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	51	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	52	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	53	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	54	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	55	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	56	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	57	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	58	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	59	0.15731	0.15731	NUM
ajeer-261	317	60	0.9750	0.9750	NUM
ajeer-261	317	61	congo‘s	congo‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	62	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	63	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	64	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	65	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	66	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	67	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	68	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	69	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	70	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	71	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	72	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	73	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	74	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	75	2.4155	2.4155	NUM
ajeer-261	317	76	0.0765	0.0765	NUM
ajeer-261	317	77	congo‘s	congo‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	78	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	79	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	80	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	81	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	82	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	83	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	84	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	85	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	86	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	87	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	88	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	89	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	90	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	91	0.83672	0.83672	NUM
ajeer-261	317	92	0.5408	0.5408	NUM
ajeer-261	317	93	cote	cote	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	94	d‘ivoire‘s	d‘ivoire‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	95	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	96	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	97	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	98	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	99	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	100	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	101	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	102	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	103	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	104	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	105	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	106	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	107	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	108	8.2656	8.2656	NUM
ajeer-261	317	109	0.0003	0.0003	NUM
ajeer-261	317	110	cote	cote	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	111	d‘ivoire‘s	d‘ivoire‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	112	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	113	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	114	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	115	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	116	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	117	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	118	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	119	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	120	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	121	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	122	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	123	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	124	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	125	0.47718	0.47718	NUM
ajeer-261	317	126	0.7885	0.7885	NUM
ajeer-261	317	127	d.r.c‘s	d.r.c‘s	ADV
ajeer-261	317	128	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	129	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	130	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	131	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	132	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	133	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	134	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	135	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	136	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	137	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	138	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	139	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	140	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	141	0.56938	0.56938	NUM
ajeer-261	317	142	0.7225	0.7225	NUM
ajeer-261	317	143	d.r.c‘s	d.r.c‘s	ADV
ajeer-261	317	144	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	145	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	146	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	147	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	148	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	149	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	150	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	151	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	152	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	153	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	154	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	155	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	156	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	157	0.32143	0.32143	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	158	0.8935	0.8935	NUM
ajeer-261	317	159	djibouti‘s	djibouti‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	160	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	161	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	162	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	163	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	164	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	165	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	166	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	167	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	168	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	169	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	170	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	171	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	172	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	173	2.9518	2.9518	NUM
ajeer-261	317	174	0.0693	0.0693	NUM
ajeer-261	317	175	djibouti‘s	djibouti‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	176	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	177	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	178	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	179	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	180	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	181	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	182	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	183	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	184	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	185	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	186	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	187	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	188	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	189	0.53504	0.53504	NUM
ajeer-261	317	190	0.5917	0.5917	NUM
ajeer-261	317	191	egypt‘s	egypt‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	192	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	193	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	194	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	195	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	196	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	197	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	198	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	199	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	200	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	201	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	202	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	203	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	204	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	205	3.429	3.429	NUM
ajeer-261	317	206	0.0237	0.0237	NUM
ajeer-261	317	207	egypt‘s	egypt‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	208	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	209	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	210	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	211	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	212	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	213	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	214	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	215	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	216	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	217	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	218	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	219	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	220	0.5152	0.5152	NUM
ajeer-261	317	221	0.7614	0.7614	NUM
ajeer-261	317	222	equatorial	equatorial	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	223	guinea‘s	guinea‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	224	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	225	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	226	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	227	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	228	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	229	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	230	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	231	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	232	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	233	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	234	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	235	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	236	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	237	8.0177	8.0177	NUM
ajeer-261	317	238	0.0004	0.0004	NUM
ajeer-261	317	239	equatorial	equatorial	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	240	guinea‘s	guinea‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	241	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	242	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	243	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	244	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	245	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	246	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	247	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	248	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	249	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	250	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	251	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	252	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	253	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	254	4.3112	4.3112	NUM
ajeer-261	317	255	0.0094	0.0094	NUM
ajeer-261	317	256	eritrea‘s	eritrea‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	257	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	258	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	259	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	260	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	261	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	262	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	263	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	264	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	265	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	266	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	267	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	268	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	269	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	270	7.083	7.083	NUM
ajeer-261	317	271	0.0008	0.0008	NUM
ajeer-261	317	272	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	273	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	274	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	275	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	276	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	317	277	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	278	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	279	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	317	280	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	317	281	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	317	282	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	317	283	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	317	284	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	317	285	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	317	286	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	317	287	11	11	NUM
ajeer-261	317	288	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	289	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	317	290	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	317	291	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	317	292	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	293	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	317	294	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	295	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	317	296	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	297	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	298	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	299	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	300	eritrea‘s	eritrea‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	317	301	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	317	302	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	303	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	317	304	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	305	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	317	306	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	307	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	308	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	317	309	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	317	310	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	317	311	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	317	312	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	313	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	317	314	0.61825	0.61825	NUM
ajeer-261	318	1	0.6876	0.6876	NUM
ajeer-261	318	2	ethiopia‘s	ethiopia‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	318	3	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	4	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	6	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	7	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	8	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	9	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	10	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	11	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	12	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	13	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	14	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	15	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	16	5.8085	5.8085	NUM
ajeer-261	318	17	0.0023	0.0023	NUM
ajeer-261	318	18	ethiopia‘s	ethiopia‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	318	19	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	20	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	22	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	23	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	24	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	25	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	26	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	27	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	28	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	29	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	30	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	31	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	32	0.89956	0.89956	NUM
ajeer-261	318	33	0.5025	0.5025	NUM
ajeer-261	318	34	gabon‘s	gabon‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	318	35	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	36	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	38	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	39	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	40	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	41	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	42	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	43	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	44	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	45	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	46	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	47	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	48	8.8078	8.8078	NUM
ajeer-261	318	49	0.0011	0.0011	NUM
ajeer-261	318	50	gabon‘s	gabon‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	318	51	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	52	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	53	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	54	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	55	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	56	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	57	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	58	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	59	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	60	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	61	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	62	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	63	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	64	0.58228	0.58228	NUM
ajeer-261	318	65	0.5655	0.5655	NUM
ajeer-261	318	66	gambia‘s	gambia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	67	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	68	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	69	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	70	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	71	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	72	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	73	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	74	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	75	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	76	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	77	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	78	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	79	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	80	1.7701	1.7701	NUM
ajeer-261	318	81	0.1699	0.1699	NUM
ajeer-261	318	82	gambia‘s	gambia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	83	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	84	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	85	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	86	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	87	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	88	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	89	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	90	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	91	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	92	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	93	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	94	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	95	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	96	0.45545	0.45545	NUM
ajeer-261	318	97	0.8039	0.8039	NUM
ajeer-261	318	98	ghana‘s	ghana‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	99	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	100	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	101	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	102	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	103	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	104	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	105	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	106	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	107	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	108	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	109	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	110	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	111	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	112	0.71634	0.71634	NUM
ajeer-261	318	113	0.4976	0.4976	NUM
ajeer-261	318	114	ghana‘s	ghana‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	115	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	116	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	117	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	118	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	119	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	120	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	121	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	122	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	123	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	124	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	125	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	126	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	127	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	128	3.7343	3.7343	NUM
ajeer-261	318	129	0.0370	0.0370	NUM
ajeer-261	318	130	guinea‘s	guinea‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	131	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	132	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	133	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	134	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	135	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	136	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	137	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	138	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	139	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	140	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	141	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	142	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	143	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	144	1.5138	1.5138	NUM
ajeer-261	318	145	0.2349	0.2349	NUM
ajeer-261	318	146	guinea‘s	guinea‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	147	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	148	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	149	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	150	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	151	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	318	152	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	153	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	154	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	318	155	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	318	156	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	318	157	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	318	158	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	159	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	160	3.4525	3.4525	NUM
ajeer-261	318	161	0.0231	0.0231	NUM
ajeer-261	318	162	guinea	guinea	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	163	bissau‘s	bissau‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	164	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	318	165	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	166	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	318	167	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	318	168	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	1	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	2	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	3	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	319	4	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	5	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	6	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	7	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	9	3.2331	3.2331	NUM
ajeer-261	319	10	0.0551	0.0551	NUM
ajeer-261	319	11	guinea	guinea	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	12	bissau‘s	bissau‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	319	13	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	14	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	15	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	16	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	17	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	18	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	20	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	21	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	22	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	23	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	24	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	25	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	26	0.28378	0.28378	NUM
ajeer-261	319	27	0.7552	0.7552	NUM
ajeer-261	319	28	kenya‘s	kenya‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	29	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	30	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	31	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	32	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	33	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	34	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	35	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	36	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	37	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	38	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	39	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	40	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	41	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	42	0.53149	0.53149	NUM
ajeer-261	319	43	0.7497	0.7497	NUM
ajeer-261	319	44	kenya‘s	kenya‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	45	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	46	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	47	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	48	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	49	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	50	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	51	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	52	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	53	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	54	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	55	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	56	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	57	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	58	2.9601	2.9601	NUM
ajeer-261	319	59	0.0402	0.0402	NUM
ajeer-261	319	60	lesotho‘s	lesotho‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	319	61	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	62	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	63	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	64	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	65	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	66	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	67	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	68	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	69	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	70	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	71	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	72	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	319	73	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	74	1.3394	1.3394	NUM
ajeer-261	319	75	0.2927	0.2927	NUM
ajeer-261	319	76	lesotho‘s	lesotho‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	319	77	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	78	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	79	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	80	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	81	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	82	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	83	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	84	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	85	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	86	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	87	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	88	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	89	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	90	0.92489	0.92489	NUM
ajeer-261	319	91	0.4877	0.4877	NUM
ajeer-261	319	92	liberia‘s	liberia‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	319	93	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	94	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	95	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	96	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	97	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	98	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	99	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	100	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	101	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	102	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	103	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	104	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	105	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	106	0.51435	0.51435	NUM
ajeer-261	319	107	0.7620	0.7620	NUM
ajeer-261	319	108	liberia‘s	liberia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	109	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	319	110	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	111	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	319	112	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	113	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	319	114	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	115	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	116	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	319	117	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	319	118	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	319	119	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	319	120	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	319	121	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	1	0.20799	0.20799	NUM
ajeer-261	320	2	0.9548	0.9548	NUM
ajeer-261	320	3	libya‘s	libya‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	4	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	320	5	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	320	7	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	9	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	320	10	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	320	11	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	320	12	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	320	13	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	14	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	320	15	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	17	2.8313	2.8313	NUM
ajeer-261	320	18	0.0765	0.0765	NUM
ajeer-261	320	19	libya‘s	libya‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	320	20	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	320	21	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	320	23	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	24	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	320	25	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	27	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	320	28	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	320	29	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	320	30	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	320	31	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	32	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	33	0.23857	0.23857	NUM
ajeer-261	320	34	0.7894	0.7894	NUM
ajeer-261	320	35	madagascar‘s	madagascar‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	36	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	320	37	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	38	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	320	39	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	40	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	41	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	320	42	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	320	43	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	320	44	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	320	45	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	46	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	320	47	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	48	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	320	49	0.62897	0.62897	NUM
ajeer-261	321	1	0.6800	0.6800	NUM
ajeer-261	321	2	madagascar‘s	madagascar‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	3	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	4	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	6	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	7	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	8	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	9	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	10	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	11	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	12	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	13	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	14	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	15	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	16	0.6291	0.6291	NUM
ajeer-261	321	17	0.6799	0.6799	NUM
ajeer-261	321	18	malawi‘s	malawi‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	19	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	20	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	21	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	22	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	23	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	24	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	25	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	26	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	27	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	28	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	29	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	30	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	321	31	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	32	2.5274	2.5274	NUM
ajeer-261	321	33	0.0986	0.0986	NUM
ajeer-261	321	34	malawi‘s	malawi‘	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	35	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	36	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	37	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	38	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	39	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	40	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	41	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	42	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	43	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	44	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	45	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	46	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	47	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	48	3.0928	3.0928	NUM
ajeer-261	321	49	0.0617	0.0617	NUM
ajeer-261	321	50	mauritania‘s	mauritania‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	321	51	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	52	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	53	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	54	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	55	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	56	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	57	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	58	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	59	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	60	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	61	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	62	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	63	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	64	1.294	1.294	NUM
ajeer-261	321	65	0.3099	0.3099	NUM
ajeer-261	321	66	mauritania‘s	mauritania‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	321	67	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	68	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	69	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	70	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	71	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	72	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	73	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	74	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	75	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	76	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	77	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	78	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	79	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	80	1.4456	1.4456	NUM
ajeer-261	321	81	0.2560	0.2560	NUM
ajeer-261	321	82	mauritius‘s	mauritius‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	83	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	84	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	85	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	86	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	87	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	88	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	89	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	90	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	91	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	92	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	93	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	94	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	95	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	96	2.5067	2.5067	NUM
ajeer-261	321	97	0.0686	0.0686	NUM
ajeer-261	321	98	mauritius‘s	mauritius‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	99	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	100	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	101	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	102	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	103	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	104	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	105	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	106	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	107	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	108	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	109	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	110	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	111	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	112	2.275	2.275	NUM
ajeer-261	321	113	0.0907	0.0907	NUM
ajeer-261	321	114	morocco‘s	morocco‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	321	115	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	116	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	117	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	118	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	119	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	120	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	121	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	122	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	123	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	124	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	125	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	126	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	127	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	128	3.7011	3.7011	NUM
ajeer-261	321	129	0.0380	0.0380	NUM
ajeer-261	321	130	morocco‘s	morocco‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	321	131	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	132	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	133	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	134	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	135	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	136	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	137	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	138	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	139	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	140	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	141	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	142	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	143	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	144	0.55158	0.55158	NUM
ajeer-261	321	145	0.5824	0.5824	NUM
ajeer-261	321	146	mozambique‘s	mozambique‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	147	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	148	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	149	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	150	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	151	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	152	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	153	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	154	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	155	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	156	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	157	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	158	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	159	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	160	0.96555	0.96555	NUM
ajeer-261	321	161	0.4646	0.4646	NUM
ajeer-261	321	162	mozambique‘s	mozambique‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	163	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	164	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	165	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	166	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	167	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	321	168	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	169	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	170	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	321	171	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	321	172	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	321	173	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	321	174	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	175	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	176	0.5234	0.5234	NUM
ajeer-261	321	177	0.7555	0.7555	NUM
ajeer-261	321	178	namibia‘s	namibia‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	321	179	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	321	180	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	181	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	321	182	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	321	183	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	1	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	322	2	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	322	3	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	322	4	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	322	5	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	6	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	322	7	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	9	6.4002	6.4002	NUM
ajeer-261	322	10	0.0053	0.0053	NUM
ajeer-261	322	11	namibia‘s	namibia‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	12	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	322	13	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	322	15	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	16	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	322	17	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	19	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	322	20	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	322	21	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	322	22	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	322	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	25	0.69089	0.69089	NUM
ajeer-261	322	26	0.5098	0.5098	NUM
ajeer-261	322	27	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	322	28	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	29	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	322	30	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	322	32	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	322	33	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	322	35	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	322	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	322	37	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	322	38	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	322	39	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	322	40	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	322	41	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	322	42	12	12	NUM
ajeer-261	322	43	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	44	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	322	45	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	322	46	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	322	47	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	48	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	322	49	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	50	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	322	51	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	52	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	53	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	54	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	322	55	niger‘s	niger‘	VERB
ajeer-261	322	56	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	322	57	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	58	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	322	59	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	60	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	61	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	322	62	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	322	63	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	322	64	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	322	65	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	66	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	322	67	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	68	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	69	4.4979	4.4979	NUM
ajeer-261	322	70	0.0078	0.0078	NUM
ajeer-261	322	71	niger‘s	niger‘	VERB
ajeer-261	322	72	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	322	73	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	74	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	322	75	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	76	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	322	77	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	78	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	79	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	322	80	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	322	81	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	322	82	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	322	83	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	322	84	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	1	2.5816	2.5816	NUM
ajeer-261	323	2	0.0627	0.0627	NUM
ajeer-261	323	3	nigeria‘s	nigeria‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	4	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	5	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	7	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	8	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	9	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	10	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	11	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	12	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	13	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	14	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	15	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	16	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	17	4.1374	4.1374	NUM
ajeer-261	323	18	0.0112	0.0112	NUM
ajeer-261	323	19	nigeria‘s	nigeria‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	20	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	21	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	23	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	24	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	25	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	26	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	27	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	28	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	29	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	30	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	31	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	32	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	33	0.10042	0.10042	NUM
ajeer-261	323	34	0.9908	0.9908	NUM
ajeer-261	323	35	rwanda‘s	rwanda‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	36	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	37	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	38	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	39	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	40	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	41	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	42	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	43	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	44	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	45	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	46	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	47	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	48	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	49	3.2247	3.2247	NUM
ajeer-261	323	50	0.0298	0.0298	NUM
ajeer-261	323	51	rwanda‘s	rwanda‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	52	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	53	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	54	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	55	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	56	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	57	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	58	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	59	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	60	granger	granger	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	61	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	62	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	63	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	64	6.0261	6.0261	NUM
ajeer-261	323	65	0.0019	0.0019	NUM
ajeer-261	323	66	senegal‘s	senegal‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	67	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	68	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	69	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	70	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	71	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	72	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	73	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	74	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	75	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	76	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	77	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	78	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	79	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	80	2.3085	2.3085	NUM
ajeer-261	323	81	0.0871	0.0871	NUM
ajeer-261	323	82	senegal‘s	senegal‘s	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	83	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	84	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	85	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	86	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	87	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	88	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	89	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	90	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	91	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	92	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	93	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	94	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	95	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	96	1.6112	1.6112	NUM
ajeer-261	323	97	0.2077	0.2077	NUM
ajeer-261	323	98	seychelles	seychelle	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	99	‘	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	323	100	s	s	PART
ajeer-261	323	101	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	102	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	103	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	104	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	105	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	106	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	107	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	108	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	109	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	110	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	111	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	112	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	113	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	114	1.2395	1.2395	NUM
ajeer-261	323	115	0.3318	0.3318	NUM
ajeer-261	323	116	seychelles	seychelle	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	117	‘	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	323	118	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	119	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	120	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	121	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	122	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	123	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	124	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	125	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	126	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	127	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	128	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	129	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	130	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	131	7.5168	7.5168	NUM
ajeer-261	323	132	0.0006	0.0006	NUM
ajeer-261	323	133	sierra	sierra	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	134	leone‘s	leone‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	135	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	136	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	137	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	138	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	139	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	140	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	141	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	142	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	143	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	144	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	145	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	146	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	147	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	148	2.3715	2.3715	NUM
ajeer-261	323	149	0.0807	0.0807	NUM
ajeer-261	323	150	sierra	sierra	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	151	leone‘s	leone‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	152	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	153	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	154	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	155	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	156	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	157	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	158	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	159	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	160	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	161	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	162	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	163	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	164	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	165	0.95221	0.95221	NUM
ajeer-261	323	166	0.4721	0.4721	NUM
ajeer-261	323	167	sudan‘s	sudan‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	168	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	169	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	170	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	171	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	172	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	173	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	174	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	175	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	176	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	177	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	178	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	179	capita	capita	X
ajeer-261	323	180	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	181	1.0108	1.0108	NUM
ajeer-261	323	182	0.4399	0.4399	NUM
ajeer-261	323	183	sudan‘s	sudan‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	184	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	185	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	186	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	187	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	188	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	189	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	190	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	191	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	192	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	193	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	194	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	195	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	196	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	197	1.0854	1.0854	NUM
ajeer-261	323	198	0.4016	0.4016	NUM
ajeer-261	323	199	tanzania‘s	tanzania‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	200	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	201	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	202	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	203	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	204	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	205	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	206	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	207	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	208	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	209	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	210	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	211	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	212	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	213	3.939	3.939	NUM
ajeer-261	323	214	0.0137	0.0137	NUM
ajeer-261	323	215	tanzania‘s	tanzania‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	216	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	217	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	218	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	219	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	220	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	221	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	222	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	223	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	224	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	225	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	226	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	227	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	228	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	229	1.0992	1.0992	NUM
ajeer-261	323	230	0.3949	0.3949	NUM
ajeer-261	323	231	togo‘s	togo‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	232	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	233	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	234	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	235	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	236	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	237	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	238	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	239	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	240	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	241	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	242	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	243	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	244	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	245	0.80132	0.80132	NUM
ajeer-261	323	246	0.4591	0.4591	NUM
ajeer-261	323	247	togo‘s	togo‘s	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	248	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	249	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	250	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	251	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	252	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	253	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	254	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	255	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	256	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	257	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	258	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	259	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	260	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	261	0.45999	0.45999	NUM
ajeer-261	323	262	0.6361	0.6361	NUM
ajeer-261	323	263	tunisia‘s	tunisia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	264	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	265	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	266	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	267	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	268	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	269	does	do	VERB
ajeer-261	323	270	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	271	granger	granger	VERB
ajeer-261	323	272	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	273	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	274	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	275	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	276	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	277	1.4625	1.4625	NUM
ajeer-261	323	278	0.2506	0.2506	NUM
ajeer-261	323	279	tunisia‘s	tunisia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	280	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	281	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	282	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	283	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	284	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	285	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	286	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	287	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	288	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	289	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	290	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	291	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	292	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	293	5.0319	5.0319	NUM
ajeer-261	323	294	0.0047	0.0047	NUM
ajeer-261	323	295	uganda‘s	uganda‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	296	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	297	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	298	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	299	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	300	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	301	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	302	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	303	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	304	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	305	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	306	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	307	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	308	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	309	5.1588	5.1588	NUM
ajeer-261	323	310	0.0047	0.0047	NUM
ajeer-261	323	311	uganda‘s	uganda‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	312	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	313	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	314	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	315	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	316	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	317	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	318	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	319	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	320	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	321	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	322	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	323	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	324	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	325	0.94342	0.94342	NUM
ajeer-261	323	326	0.4584	0.4584	NUM
ajeer-261	323	327	zambia‘s	zambia‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	328	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	329	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	330	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	331	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	332	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	333	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	334	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	335	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	336	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	337	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	338	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	339	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	340	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	341	3.9071	3.9071	NUM
ajeer-261	323	342	0.0323	0.0323	NUM
ajeer-261	323	343	zambia‘s	zambia‘s	NUM
ajeer-261	323	344	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	345	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	346	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	347	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	348	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	349	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	350	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	351	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	352	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	353	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	354	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	355	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	356	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	357	0.04414	0.04414	NUM
ajeer-261	323	358	0.9569	0.9569	NUM
ajeer-261	323	359	zimbabwe‘s	zimbabwe‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	360	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	361	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	362	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	363	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	364	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	365	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	366	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	367	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	368	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	369	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	370	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	371	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	372	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	373	5.7073	5.7073	NUM
ajeer-261	323	374	0.0025	0.0025	NUM
ajeer-261	323	375	zimbabwe‘s	zimbabwe‘s	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	376	lagged	lag	VERB
ajeer-261	323	377	values	value	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	378	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	379	gdp	gdp	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	380	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	323	381	capita	capita	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	382	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	383	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	323	384	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	323	385	granger	granger	AUX
ajeer-261	323	386	cause	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	323	387	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	388	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	389	4.8202	4.8202	PROPN
ajeer-261	323	390	0.0057	0.0057	NUM
ajeer-261	323	391	source	source	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	392	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	323	393	stata	stata	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	394	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	395	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	323	396	2015	2015	NUM
ajeer-261	323	397	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	323	398	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	323	399	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	400	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	323	401	dominant	dominant	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	402	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	403	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	323	404	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	323	405	34.8	34.8	NUM
ajeer-261	323	406	per	per	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	407	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	408	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	323	409	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	323	410	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	323	411	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	412	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	323	413	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	323	414	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	415	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	323	416	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	323	417	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	418	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	323	419	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	420	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	323	421	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	1	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	324	2	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	324	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	324	4	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	324	5	composition	composition	NOUN
ajeer-261	324	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	324	7	16	16	NUM
ajeer-261	324	8	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	324	9	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	10	burkina	burkina	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	11	faso	faso	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	13	cameroon	cameroon	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	15	chad	chad	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	324	18	cot	cot	NOUN
ajeer-261	324	19	d‘ivoire	d‘ivoire	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	21	egypt	egypt	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	23	eritrea	eritrea	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	25	ethiopia	ethiopia	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	27	gabon	gabon	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	29	guinea	guinea	NOUN
ajeer-261	324	30	bissau	bissau	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	31	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	32	morocco	morocco	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	33	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	34	namibia	namibia	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	36	niger	niger	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	37	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	38	nigeria	nigeria	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	39	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	40	tanzania	tanzania	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	41	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	42	uganda	uganda	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	43	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	324	44	zambia	zambia	PROPN
ajeer-261	324	45	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	324	46	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	325	1	several	several	ADJ
ajeer-261	325	2	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	325	3	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	325	4	recommended	recommend	VERB
ajeer-261	325	5	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	325	6	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	325	7	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	325	8	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	325	9	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	325	10	particularly	particularly	ADV
ajeer-261	325	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	325	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	325	13	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	325	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	325	15	like	like	ADP
ajeer-261	325	16	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	325	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	325	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	325	19	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	325	20	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	325	21	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	326	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	326	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	326	3	based	base	VERB
ajeer-261	326	4	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	326	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	326	6	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	326	8	with	with	SCONJ
ajeer-261	326	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	326	10	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	11	promotion	promotion	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	12	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	13	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	326	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	15	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	326	16	expand	expand	VERB
ajeer-261	326	17	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	326	18	limited	limited	ADJ
ajeer-261	326	19	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	326	20	markets	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	21	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	326	22	making	make	VERB
ajeer-261	326	23	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	24	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	326	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	326	26	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	326	27	markets	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	28	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	326	29	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	30	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	326	31	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	326	32	products	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	326	33	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	326	34	chow	chow	PROPN
ajeer-261	326	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	326	36	1987	1987	NUM
ajeer-261	326	37	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	326	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	327	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	327	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	327	3	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	4	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	327	5	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	6	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	327	7	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	327	8	much	much	ADV
ajeer-261	327	9	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	327	10	advantageous	advantageous	ADJ
ajeer-261	327	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	327	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	327	13	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	327	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	15	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	327	16	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	327	17	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	327	18	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	327	19	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	327	20	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	327	21	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	327	22	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	327	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	327	24	real	real	ADJ
ajeer-261	327	25	incomes	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	26	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	327	27	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	327	28	if	if	SCONJ
ajeer-261	327	29	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	327	30	would	would	AUX
ajeer-261	327	31	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	327	32	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	327	33	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	327	34	structural	structural	ADJ
ajeer-261	327	35	transformation	transformation	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	36	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	327	37	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	327	38	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	327	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	328	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	328	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	328	3	important	important	ADJ
ajeer-261	328	4	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	328	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	328	6	order	order	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	7	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	328	8	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	328	9	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	10	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	328	11	achieve	achieve	VERB
ajeer-261	328	12	sustained	sustained	ADJ
ajeer-261	328	13	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	328	14	growths	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	328	16	promotion	promotion	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	328	18	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	19	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	20	presupposes	presuppose	VERB
ajeer-261	328	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	328	22	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	328	23	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	328	24	established	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	328	25	set	set	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	26	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	328	27	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	28	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	328	29	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	30	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	328	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	329	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	329	2	importance	importance	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	329	4	having	having	AUX
ajeer-261	329	5	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	329	6	established	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	329	7	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	329	8	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	329	10	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	11	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	12	lies	lie	VERB
ajeer-261	329	13	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	329	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	329	15	fact	fact	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	16	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	329	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	329	18	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	19	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	329	20	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	329	21	facing	face	VERB
ajeer-261	329	22	several	several	ADJ
ajeer-261	329	23	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	329	24	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	329	25	problems	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	329	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	330	1	one	one	NUM
ajeer-261	330	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	330	3	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	330	4	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	330	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	330	6	increasing	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	330	7	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
ajeer-261	330	8	especially	especially	ADV
ajeer-261	330	9	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	330	10	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	330	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	330	12	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	330	13	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	330	14	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	330	15	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	330	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	330	17	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	330	18	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	330	19	trying	try	VERB
ajeer-261	330	20	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	330	21	open	open	VERB
ajeer-261	330	22	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	330	23	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	330	24	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	330	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	1	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	2	show	show	VERB
ajeer-261	331	3	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	331	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	331	5	collapse	collapse	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	331	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	331	8	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	11	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	331	12	us$43	us$43	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	13	billion	billion	NUM
ajeer-261	331	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	15	during	during	ADP
ajeer-261	331	16	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	331	17	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	331	18	crisis	crisis	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	19	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	331	20	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	331	21	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	331	22	result	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	23	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	331	24	increased	increase	VERB
ajeer-261	331	25	tariffs	tariff	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	26	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	331	27	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	331	28	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	29	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	331	30	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	331	32	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	331	33	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	34	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	35	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	331	36	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	37	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	331	38	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	39	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	331	40	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	331	41	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	331	42	13	13	NUM
ajeer-261	331	43	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	44	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	331	45	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	331	46	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	331	47	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	48	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	49	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	50	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	331	51	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	52	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	53	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	54	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	55	major	major	ADJ
ajeer-261	331	56	imported	import	VERB
ajeer-261	331	57	products	product	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	58	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	331	59	russia	russia	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	60	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	61	china	china	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	62	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	331	63	argentina	argentina	PROPN
ajeer-261	331	64	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	331	65	turkey	turkey	NOUN
ajeer-261	331	66	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	332	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	332	2	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	332	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	332	4	due	due	ADJ
ajeer-261	332	5	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	332	6	higher	high	ADJ
ajeer-261	332	7	antidumping	antidumpe	VERB
ajeer-261	332	8	duties	duty	NOUN
ajeer-261	332	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	332	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	332	11	united	united	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	12	states	states	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	332	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	332	15	eu	eu	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	16	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	332	17	kee	kee	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	18	et	et	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	19	al	al	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	20	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	332	21	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	332	22	2013	2013	NUM
ajeer-261	332	23	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	332	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	333	1	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	333	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	3	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	333	4	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	5	impose	impose	VERB
ajeer-261	333	6	restrictions	restriction	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	7	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	333	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	333	9	free	free	ADJ
ajeer-261	333	10	flow	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	12	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	13	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	333	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	333	15	grounds	ground	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	17	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	333	18	welfare	welfare	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	333	20	while	while	SCONJ
ajeer-261	333	21	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	333	22	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	333	23	advocated	advocate	VERB
ajeer-261	333	24	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	333	25	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	333	26	greatly	greatly	ADV
ajeer-261	333	27	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	333	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	333	29	benefit	benefit	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	30	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	31	small	small	ADJ
ajeer-261	333	32	minority	minority	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	33	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	34	producers	producer	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	35	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	333	36	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	333	37	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	38	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	333	39	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	333	40	expense	expense	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	41	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	42	mostly	mostly	ADV
ajeer-261	333	43	silent	silent	ADJ
ajeer-261	333	44	majority	majority	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	45	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	333	46	consumers	consumer	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	47	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	333	48	salvatore	salvatore	NOUN
ajeer-261	333	49	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	333	50	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	333	51	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	333	52	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	1	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	334	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	334	3	even	even	ADV
ajeer-261	334	4	more	more	ADV
ajeer-261	334	5	challenging	challenging	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	6	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	334	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	334	8	tendency	tendency	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	334	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	334	11	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	12	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	334	13	break	break	VERB
ajeer-261	334	14	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	334	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	334	16	three	three	NUM
ajeer-261	334	17	major	major	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	18	blocks	block	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	20	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	334	21	north	north	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	22	american	american	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	23	block	block	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	24	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	25	i.e.	i.e.	X
ajeer-261	334	26	us	us	PROPN
ajeer-261	334	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	28	canada	canada	PROPN
ajeer-261	334	29	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	334	30	mexico	mexico	PROPN
ajeer-261	334	31	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	334	33	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	334	34	european	european	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	35	trading	trading	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	36	block	block	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	37	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	334	38	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	334	39	trading	trading	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	40	block	block	NOUN
ajeer-261	334	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	335	1	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	335	2	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	335	3	tendency	tendency	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	4	towards	towards	ADP
ajeer-261	335	5	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	6	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	335	7	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	335	8	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	335	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	335	11	creation	creation	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	335	13	blocks	block	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	335	15	poor	poor	ADJ
ajeer-261	335	16	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	335	17	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	18	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	335	19	left	leave	VERB
ajeer-261	335	20	hanging	hang	VERB
ajeer-261	335	21	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	335	22	even	even	ADV
ajeer-261	335	23	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	335	24	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	335	25	efforts	effort	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	26	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	335	27	adopt	adopt	VERB
ajeer-261	335	28	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	29	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	30	so	so	SCONJ
ajeer-261	335	31	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	335	32	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	335	33	boost	boost	VERB
ajeer-261	335	34	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	335	35	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	335	36	proves	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	335	37	futile	futile	ADJ
ajeer-261	335	38	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	336	1	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	336	2	is	be	VERB
ajeer-261	336	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	336	4	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	336	5	excessive	excessive	ADJ
ajeer-261	336	6	volatility	volatility	NOUN
ajeer-261	336	7	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	336	8	exchange	exchange	NOUN
ajeer-261	336	9	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	336	10	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	336	11	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	336	12	challenge	challenge	NOUN
ajeer-261	336	13	facing	face	VERB
ajeer-261	336	14	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	336	15	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	336	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	337	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	337	2	pattern	pattern	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	337	4	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	337	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	337	7	specialisation	specialisation	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	337	9	greatly	greatly	ADV
ajeer-261	337	10	affected	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	337	11	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	337	12	large	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	337	13	fluctuations	fluctuation	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	14	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	337	15	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	337	16	currencies	currency	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	17	as	as	ADV
ajeer-261	337	18	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	337	19	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	337	20	persistent	persistent	ADJ
ajeer-261	337	21	exchange	exchange	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	22	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	23	disequilibrium	disequilibrium	NOUN
ajeer-261	337	24	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	338	1	besides	besides	SCONJ
ajeer-261	338	2	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	338	3	causes	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	338	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	338	5	instability	instability	NOUN
ajeer-261	338	6	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	338	7	global	global	ADJ
ajeer-261	338	8	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	338	9	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	338	10	conditions	condition	NOUN
ajeer-261	338	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	339	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	339	2	unstable	unstable	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	3	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	4	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	339	5	feeble	feeble	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	6	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	7	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	339	9	institutional	institutional	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	10	system	system	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	11	like	like	ADP
ajeer-261	339	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	339	13	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	14	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	339	16	opening	open	VERB
ajeer-261	339	17	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	339	18	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	339	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	339	20	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	21	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	22	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	339	23	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	339	24	disastrous	disastrous	ADJ
ajeer-261	339	25	leading	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	339	26	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	339	27	country	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	28	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	339	29	experiencing	experience	VERB
ajeer-261	339	30	disadvantages	disadvantage	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	31	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	339	32	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	339	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	340	1	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	340	2	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	340	3	results	result	VERB
ajeer-261	340	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	340	5	table	table	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	6	6	6	NUM
ajeer-261	340	7	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	340	8	indicate	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	340	9	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	340	10	13.0	13.0	NUM
ajeer-261	340	11	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	340	12	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	13	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	340	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	340	15	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	340	16	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	17	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	340	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	340	19	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	20	show	show	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	21	preference	preference	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	340	23	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	24	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	340	25	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	340	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	1	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	2	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	341	3	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	341	4	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	5	include	include	VERB
ajeer-261	341	6	angola	angola	PROPN
ajeer-261	341	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	8	ghana	ghana	PROPN
ajeer-261	341	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	10	guinea	guinea	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	12	kenya	kenya	PROPN
ajeer-261	341	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	14	seychelles	seychelle	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	15	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	341	16	tunisia	tunisia	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	17	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	341	18	whereas	whereas	SCONJ
ajeer-261	341	19	only	only	ADV
ajeer-261	341	20	8.7	8.7	NUM
ajeer-261	341	21	per	per	ADP
ajeer-261	341	22	cent	cent	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	23	indicates	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	341	24	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	341	25	bi	bi	ADJ
ajeer-261	341	26	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	341	27	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	28	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	341	29	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	30	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	31	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	341	32	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	341	33	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	341	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	342	2	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	342	3	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	342	5	implication	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	342	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	342	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	342	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	342	12	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	13	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	342	14	mutually	mutually	ADV
ajeer-261	342	15	beneficial	beneficial	ADJ
ajeer-261	342	16	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	342	17	reinforce	reinforce	VERB
ajeer-261	342	18	each	each	DET
ajeer-261	342	19	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	342	20	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	21	chow	chow	PROPN
ajeer-261	342	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	23	1987	1987	NUM
ajeer-261	342	24	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	25	klasra	klasra	NOUN
ajeer-261	342	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	27	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	342	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	342	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	343	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	343	2	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	3	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	343	4	indicate	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	343	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	343	6	large	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	343	7	number	number	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	343	9	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	10	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	343	11	no	no	DET
ajeer-261	343	12	conclusive	conclusive	ADJ
ajeer-261	343	13	implication	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	343	15	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	16	direction	direction	NOUN
ajeer-261	343	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	344	1	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	344	2	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	344	3	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	4	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	344	5	represent	represent	VERB
ajeer-261	344	6	43.5	43.5	NUM
ajeer-261	344	7	percent	percent	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	344	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	344	10	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	344	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	344	13	implication	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	14	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	344	15	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	344	16	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	344	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	344	18	adoption	adoption	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	19	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	344	20	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	344	21	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	22	other	other	ADJ
ajeer-261	344	23	than	than	ADP
ajeer-261	344	24	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	25	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	344	26	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	344	27	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	28	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	344	29	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	30	might	might	AUX
ajeer-261	344	31	result	result	VERB
ajeer-261	344	32	into	into	ADP
ajeer-261	344	33	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	344	34	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	35	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	344	36	sarkar	sarkar	NOUN
ajeer-261	344	37	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	344	38	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	344	39	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	344	40	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	345	1	5	5	X
ajeer-261	345	2	.	.	X
ajeer-261	345	3	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	4	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	345	5	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	6	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	345	7	examined	examine	VERB
ajeer-261	345	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	345	9	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	345	11	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	12	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	13	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	345	14	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	345	15	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	16	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	345	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	345	18	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	345	19	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	20	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	345	21	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	345	22	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	345	23	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	345	24	done	do	VERB
ajeer-261	345	25	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	345	26	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	27	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	345	28	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	29	models	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	30	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	345	31	later	later	ADV
ajeer-261	345	32	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	345	33	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	345	34	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	345	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	346	1	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	346	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	3	variables	variable	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	4	included	include	VERB
ajeer-261	346	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	346	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	8	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	346	10	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	11	statistical	statistical	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	12	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	13	indicates	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	346	14	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	346	15	gross	gross	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	16	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	17	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	18	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	346	19	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	20	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	21	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	346	22	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	23	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	24	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	346	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	26	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	27	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	28	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	346	29	followed	follow	VERB
ajeer-261	346	30	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	346	31	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	32	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	33	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	346	34	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	35	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	346	36	then	then	ADV
ajeer-261	346	37	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	38	flows	flow	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	39	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	346	40	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	41	workforce	workforce	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	42	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	346	43	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	44	aged	aged	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	45	1564	1564	NUM
ajeer-261	346	46	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	346	47	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	346	48	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	346	49	percentage	percentage	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	50	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	346	51	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	346	52	total	total	ADJ
ajeer-261	346	53	population	population	NOUN
ajeer-261	346	54	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	347	1	moreover	moreover	ADV
ajeer-261	347	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	347	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	347	4	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	5	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	6	indicate	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	347	7	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	347	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	347	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	347	12	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	13	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	347	14	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	347	15	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	347	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	348	1	though	though	SCONJ
ajeer-261	348	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	348	3	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	348	5	statistical	statistical	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	6	significance	significance	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	348	8	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	348	9	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	348	10	promising	promise	VERB
ajeer-261	348	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	348	12	still	still	ADV
ajeer-261	348	13	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	348	14	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	15	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	16	guarantees	guarantee	VERB
ajeer-261	348	17	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	18	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	19	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	348	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	348	21	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	22	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	23	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	348	24	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	348	25	effort	effort	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	26	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	348	27	boost	boost	VERB
ajeer-261	348	28	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	348	29	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	30	levels	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	31	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	348	32	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	348	33	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	34	will	will	AUX
ajeer-261	348	35	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	348	36	desirable	desirable	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	37	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	38	impacts	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	39	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	348	40	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	348	41	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	348	42	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	43	rates	rate	NOUN
ajeer-261	348	44	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	349	1	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	349	2	relationships	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	349	3	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	349	4	confirmed	confirm	VERB
ajeer-261	349	5	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	349	6	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	349	7	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	349	8	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	349	9	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	349	10	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	349	11	uni	uni	ADJ
ajeer-261	349	12	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	349	13	directional	directional	ADJ
ajeer-261	349	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	349	15	running	run	VERB
ajeer-261	349	16	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	349	17	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	349	18	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	349	19	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	349	20	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	349	21	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	349	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	350	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	350	2	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	350	3	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	350	4	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	350	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	350	6	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	350	7	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	350	8	as	as	ADP
ajeer-261	350	9	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	350	10	whole	whole	NOUN
ajeer-261	350	11	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	350	12	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	350	13	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	350	14	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	350	15	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	350	16	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	350	17	indicate	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	350	18	mixed	mixed	ADJ
ajeer-261	350	19	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	350	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	351	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	351	2	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	3	implications	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	351	5	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	351	6	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	7	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	351	8	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	9	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	10	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	351	11	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	351	12	comparatively	comparatively	ADV
ajeer-261	351	13	permanent	permanent	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	14	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	15	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	16	shocks	shock	VERB
ajeer-261	351	17	induce	induce	VERB
ajeer-261	351	18	larger	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	19	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	20	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	351	21	run	run	VERB
ajeer-261	351	22	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	23	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	24	level	level	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	25	responses	response	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	26	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	351	27	than	than	SCONJ
ajeer-261	351	28	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	351	29	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	30	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	351	31	permanent	permanent	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	32	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	33	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	34	shocks	shock	VERB
ajeer-261	351	35	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	351	36	long	long	ADV
ajeer-261	351	37	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	351	38	run	run	VERB
ajeer-261	351	39	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	351	40	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	351	41	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	352	1	therefore	therefore	ADV
ajeer-261	352	2	concentrating	concentrate	VERB
ajeer-261	352	3	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	352	4	enhancing	enhance	VERB
ajeer-261	352	5	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	6	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	352	7	induce	induce	VERB
ajeer-261	352	8	permanent	permanent	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	9	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	10	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	11	may	may	AUX
ajeer-261	352	12	bring	bring	VERB
ajeer-261	352	13	about	about	ADP
ajeer-261	352	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	352	15	large	large	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	16	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	17	long	long	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	18	run	run	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	19	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	20	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	21	changes	change	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	22	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	352	23	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	352	24	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	352	25	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	352	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	353	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	353	2	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	353	3	way	way	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	4	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	353	5	conclusions	conclusion	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	6	supports	support	VERB
ajeer-261	353	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	353	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	9	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	353	10	driven	drive	VERB
ajeer-261	353	11	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	12	hypothesis	hypothesis	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	13	discussed	discuss	VERB
ajeer-261	353	14	earlier	early	ADV
ajeer-261	353	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	353	16	this	this	DET
ajeer-261	353	17	paper	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	353	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	354	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	354	2	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	354	3	some	some	PRON
ajeer-261	354	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	354	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	354	6	individual	individual	ADJ
ajeer-261	354	7	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	8	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	354	9	causality	causality	PROPN
ajeer-261	354	10	wald	wald	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	11	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	12	indicates	indicate	VERB
ajeer-261	354	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	354	14	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	354	15	are	be	VERB
ajeer-261	354	16	also	also	ADV
ajeer-261	354	17	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	18	where	where	SCONJ
ajeer-261	354	19	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	354	20	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	21	runs	run	VERB
ajeer-261	354	22	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	354	23	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	24	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	25	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	354	26	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	354	27	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	354	28	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	355	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	355	2	implication	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	355	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	355	4	which	which	PRON
ajeer-261	355	5	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	355	6	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	355	7	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	355	8	should	should	AUX
ajeer-261	355	9	seek	seek	VERB
ajeer-261	355	10	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	355	11	adoption	adoption	NOUN
ajeer-261	355	12	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	355	13	outward	outward	ADJ
ajeer-261	355	14	oriented	orient	VERB
ajeer-261	355	15	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	355	16	for	for	SCONJ
ajeer-261	355	17	them	they	PRON
ajeer-261	355	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	355	19	achieve	achieve	VERB
ajeer-261	355	20	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	355	21	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	355	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	356	1	however	however	ADV
ajeer-261	356	2	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	356	3	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	356	4	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	356	5	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	356	6	straight	straight	ADV
ajeer-261	356	7	forward	forward	ADV
ajeer-261	356	8	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	356	9	many	many	ADJ
ajeer-261	356	10	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	356	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	356	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	357	1	deriving	derive	VERB
ajeer-261	357	2	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	357	3	impacts	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	4	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	357	5	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	357	6	integrating	integrating	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	357	8	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	357	9	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	10	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	357	12	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	13	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	14	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	357	15	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	357	16	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	17	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	357	18	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	357	19	understand	understand	VERB
ajeer-261	357	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	357	21	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	22	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	357	23	globalisation	globalisation	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	24	having	have	VERB
ajeer-261	357	25	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	357	26	mind	mind	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	27	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	357	28	set	set	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	29	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	357	30	up	up	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	31	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	357	32	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	357	33	own	own	ADJ
ajeer-261	357	34	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	357	35	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	358	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	358	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	358	3	because	because	SCONJ
ajeer-261	358	4	globalisation	globalisation	NOUN
ajeer-261	358	5	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	358	6	proved	prove	VERB
ajeer-261	358	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	358	8	oppose	oppose	VERB
ajeer-261	358	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	358	10	notion	notion	NOUN
ajeer-261	358	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	358	12	‗one	‗one	ADJ
ajeer-261	358	13	size	size	NOUN
ajeer-261	358	14	fits	fit	VERB
ajeer-261	358	15	all	all	PRON
ajeer-261	358	16	’	'	PUNCT
ajeer-261	358	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	359	1	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	359	2	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	3	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	359	4	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	359	5	know	know	VERB
ajeer-261	359	6	how	how	SCONJ
ajeer-261	359	7	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	359	8	manage	manage	VERB
ajeer-261	359	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	359	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	11	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	12	they	they	PRON
ajeer-261	359	13	adopt	adopt	VERB
ajeer-261	359	14	so	so	ADV
ajeer-261	359	15	as	as	SCONJ
ajeer-261	359	16	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	359	17	maximize	maximize	VERB
ajeer-261	359	18	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	359	19	benefits	benefit	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	20	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	359	21	outward	outward	ADJ
ajeer-261	359	22	oriented	orient	VERB
ajeer-261	359	23	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	24	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	359	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	359	26	same	same	ADJ
ajeer-261	359	27	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	28	minimising	minimise	VERB
ajeer-261	359	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	359	30	risks	risk	NOUN
ajeer-261	359	31	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	360	1	this	this	PRON
ajeer-261	360	2	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	360	3	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	360	4	line	line	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	5	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	360	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	360	7	argument	argument	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	8	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	360	9	rodriguez	rodriguez	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	360	11	rodrik	rodrik	PROPN
ajeer-261	360	12	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	360	13	2000	2000	NUM
ajeer-261	360	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	360	15	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	360	16	argues	argue	VERB
ajeer-261	360	17	that	that	SCONJ
ajeer-261	360	18	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	19	has	have	VERB
ajeer-261	360	20	potential	potential	ADJ
ajeer-261	360	21	benefits	benefit	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	360	23	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	360	24	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	360	25	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	360	26	benefits	benefit	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	27	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	360	28	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	360	29	realised	realise	VERB
ajeer-261	360	30	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	360	31	beneficiaries	beneficiary	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	32	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	360	33	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	360	34	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	360	35	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	36	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	360	37	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	360	38	established	establish	VERB
ajeer-261	360	39	complementary	complementary	ADJ
ajeer-261	360	40	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	41	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	360	42	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	360	43	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	361	1	proper	proper	ADJ
ajeer-261	361	2	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	361	4	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	5	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	361	6	protect	protect	VERB
ajeer-261	361	7	these	these	DET
ajeer-261	361	8	growing	grow	VERB
ajeer-261	361	9	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	10	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	361	11	external	external	ADJ
ajeer-261	361	12	shocks	shock	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	13	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	361	14	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	361	15	possibility	possibility	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	361	17	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	361	18	quarrels	quarrel	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	361	20	political	political	ADJ
ajeer-261	361	21	turmoil	turmoil	NOUN
ajeer-261	361	22	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	361	23	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	361	24	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	361	25	produced	produce	VERB
ajeer-261	361	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	362	1	thus	thus	ADV
ajeer-261	362	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	362	3	despite	despite	SCONJ
ajeer-261	362	4	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	362	5	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	6	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	7	anxiousness	anxiousness	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	8	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	362	9	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	11	might	might	AUX
ajeer-261	362	12	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	362	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	362	14	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	362	15	emphasis	emphasis	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	362	17	adopting	adopt	VERB
ajeer-261	362	18	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	19	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	362	20	encouraging	encourage	VERB
ajeer-261	362	21	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	362	23	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	24	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	25	investments	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	26	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	362	27	alone	alone	ADV
ajeer-261	362	28	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	362	29	without	without	ADP
ajeer-261	362	30	strengthening	strengthen	VERB
ajeer-261	362	31	their	their	PRON
ajeer-261	362	32	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	33	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	362	34	domestic	domestic	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	35	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	362	36	could	could	AUX
ajeer-261	362	37	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	362	38	hazardous	hazardous	ADJ
ajeer-261	362	39	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	363	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	363	2	end	end	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	3	result	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	363	5	most	most	ADJ
ajeer-261	363	6	cases	case	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	7	has	have	AUX
ajeer-261	363	8	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	363	9	been	be	AUX
ajeer-261	363	10	what	what	PRON
ajeer-261	363	11	was	be	AUX
ajeer-261	363	12	intended	intend	VERB
ajeer-261	363	13	but	but	CCONJ
ajeer-261	363	14	rather	rather	ADV
ajeer-261	363	15	ending	end	VERB
ajeer-261	363	16	up	up	ADP
ajeer-261	363	17	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	363	18	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	19	that	that	PRON
ajeer-261	363	20	are	be	AUX
ajeer-261	363	21	doomed	doom	VERB
ajeer-261	363	22	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	363	23	disappointment	disappointment	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	363	25	failure	failure	NOUN
ajeer-261	363	26	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	364	1	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	2	makers	maker	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	3	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	364	4	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	364	5	know	know	VERB
ajeer-261	364	6	that	that	DET
ajeer-261	364	7	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	8	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	364	9	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	364	10	mixed	mixed	ADJ
ajeer-261	364	11	blessing	blessing	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	364	13	it	it	PRON
ajeer-261	364	14	need	need	VERB
ajeer-261	364	15	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	364	16	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	364	17	nurtured	nurture	VERB
ajeer-261	364	18	well	well	ADV
ajeer-261	364	19	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	364	20	have	have	AUX
ajeer-261	364	21	guaranteed	guarantee	VERB
ajeer-261	364	22	positive	positive	ADJ
ajeer-261	364	23	results	result	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	24	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	364	25	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	364	26	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	364	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	365	1	references	reference	NOUN
ajeer-261	365	2	adhikary	adhikary	PROPN
ajeer-261	365	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	365	4	b.k	b.k	PROPN
ajeer-261	365	5	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	365	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	365	7	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	365	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	366	1	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	366	3	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	4	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	366	6	capital	capital	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	7	formation	formation	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	366	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	366	10	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	366	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	12	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	366	13	bangladesh	bangladesh	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	366	15	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	366	16	linkage	linkage	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	17	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	366	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	1	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	367	2	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	367	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	367	4	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	367	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	367	6	management	management	NOUN
ajeer-261	367	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	8	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	367	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	10	16	16	NUM
ajeer-261	367	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	367	12	28	28	NUM
ajeer-261	367	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	14	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	367	15	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	367	16	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	17	https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n1p16	https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v6n1p16	PROPN
ajeer-261	367	18	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	367	19	aizenman	aizenman	NOUN
ajeer-261	367	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	21	j.	j.	PROPN
ajeer-261	367	22	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	367	23	i.	i.	PROPN
ajeer-261	367	24	noy	noy	PROPN
ajeer-261	367	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	367	26	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	367	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	368	1	endogenous	endogenous	ADJ
ajeer-261	368	2	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	368	3	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	368	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	368	5	efficiency	efficiency	NOUN
ajeer-261	368	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	368	7	political	political	ADJ
ajeer-261	368	8	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	368	9	considerations	consideration	NOUN
ajeer-261	368	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	368	11	no	no	INTJ
ajeer-261	368	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	369	1	w10144	w10144	ADJ
ajeer-261	369	2	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	369	3	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	370	1	national	national	PROPN
ajeer-261	370	2	bureau	bureau	PROPN
ajeer-261	370	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	370	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	370	5	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	370	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	1	alfaro	alfaro	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	3	l.	l.	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	5	a.	a.	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	6	chanda	chanda	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	8	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	9	kalemli	kalemli	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	10	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	11	ozcan	ozcan	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	371	13	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	14	sayek	sayek	PROPN
ajeer-261	371	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	371	16	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	371	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	372	1	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	372	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	372	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	372	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	372	5	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	372	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	372	7	role	role	NOUN
ajeer-261	372	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	372	9	local	local	ADJ
ajeer-261	372	10	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	372	11	markets	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	372	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	373	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	373	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	373	3	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	373	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	373	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	373	6	64(1	64(1	NUM
ajeer-261	373	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	373	8	89	89	NUM
ajeer-261	373	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	373	10	112	112	NUM
ajeer-261	373	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	374	1	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	374	2	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	374	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	374	4	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00081-3	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(03)00081-3	PROPN
ajeer-261	374	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	375	1	asiedu	asiedu	PROPN
ajeer-261	375	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	375	3	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	375	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	375	5	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	375	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	376	1	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	376	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	376	3	determinants	determinant	NOUN
ajeer-261	376	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	376	5	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	376	6	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	376	7	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	376	8	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	376	9	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	376	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	376	11	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	376	12	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	376	13	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	376	14	different	different	ADJ
ajeer-261	376	15	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	377	1	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	377	2	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	377	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	377	4	30(1	30(1	NUM
ajeer-261	377	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	377	6	107	107	NUM
ajeer-261	377	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	377	8	119	119	NUM
ajeer-261	377	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	377	10	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	377	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	377	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	377	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00100-0	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(01)00100-0	ADJ
ajeer-261	377	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	378	1	asiedu	asiedu	PROPN
ajeer-261	378	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	378	3	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	378	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	378	5	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	378	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	379	1	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	379	2	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	379	3	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	379	5	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	379	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	379	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	379	8	role	role	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	9	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	379	10	natural	natural	ADJ
ajeer-261	379	11	resources	resource	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	379	13	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	14	size	size	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	379	16	government	government	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	17	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	379	19	institutions	institution	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	379	21	political	political	ADJ
ajeer-261	379	22	instability	instability	NOUN
ajeer-261	379	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	380	1	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	380	2	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	380	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	380	4	29(1	29(1	NUM
ajeer-261	380	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	380	6	63	63	NUM
ajeer-261	380	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	380	8	77	77	NUM
ajeer-261	380	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	381	1	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	381	2	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	381	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	381	4	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00758.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.2006.00758.x	ADJ
ajeer-261	381	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	382	1	awokuse	awokuse	NOUN
ajeer-261	382	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	382	3	t.o	t.o	PROPN
ajeer-261	382	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	382	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	382	6	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	382	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	383	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	383	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	383	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	383	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	383	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	9	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	10	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	383	11	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	383	12	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	383	13	import	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	383	14	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	383	15	led	lead	VERB
ajeer-261	383	16	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	1	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	384	2	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	384	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	4	40(2	40(2	NUM
ajeer-261	384	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	6	161	161	NUM
ajeer-261	384	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	384	8	173	173	NUM
ajeer-261	384	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	10	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	384	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	384	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	13	https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600749490	https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600749490	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	15	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	384	16	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	17	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	384	18	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	384	19	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	384	20	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	384	21	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	384	22	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	23	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	384	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	25	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	384	26	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	27	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	384	28	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	384	29	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	384	30	14	14	NUM
ajeer-261	384	31	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	32	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	384	33	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	384	34	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	384	35	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	384	36	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	37	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	38	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	384	39	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	40	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	41	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	42	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	43	babatunde	babatunde	PROPN
ajeer-261	384	44	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	45	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	384	46	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	384	47	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	384	48	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	385	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	385	4	infrastructure	infrastructure	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	385	6	fdi	fdi	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	385	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	385	10	sub	sub	ADJ
ajeer-261	385	11	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	385	12	saharan	saharan	ADJ
ajeer-261	385	13	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	385	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	385	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	386	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	386	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	386	3	management	management	NOUN
ajeer-261	386	4	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	386	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	386	6	practice	practice	NOUN
ajeer-261	386	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	386	8	12(7	12(7	NUM
ajeer-261	386	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	386	10	27	27	NUM
ajeer-261	386	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	386	12	36	36	NUM
ajeer-261	386	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	387	1	bajwa	bajwa	PROPN
ajeer-261	387	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	387	3	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	387	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	387	5	m.w	m.w	PROPN
ajeer-261	387	6	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	387	7	siddiqi	siddiqi	PROPN
ajeer-261	387	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	387	9	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	387	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	388	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	388	4	its	its	PRON
ajeer-261	388	5	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	6	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	388	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	388	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	388	10	selected	select	VERB
ajeer-261	388	11	south	south	ADJ
ajeer-261	388	12	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	388	13	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	388	15	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	388	16	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	17	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	18	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	388	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	389	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	389	2	academy	academy	PROPN
ajeer-261	389	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	389	4	science	science	PROPN
ajeer-261	389	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	389	6	engineering	engineering	NOUN
ajeer-261	389	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	389	8	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	389	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	389	10	50(2	50(2	NUM
ajeer-261	389	11	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	389	12	1073	1073	NUM
ajeer-261	389	13	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	389	14	1078	1078	NUM
ajeer-261	389	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	390	1	borensztein	borensztein	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	390	3	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	390	5	j.	j.	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	6	de	de	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	7	gregorio	gregorio	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	390	9	j.w	j.w	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	10	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	11	lee	lee	PROPN
ajeer-261	390	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	390	13	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	390	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	391	1	how	how	SCONJ
ajeer-261	391	2	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	391	3	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	391	4	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	391	5	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	391	6	affect	affect	VERB
ajeer-261	391	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	391	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	391	9	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	392	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	392	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	392	3	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	392	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	392	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	392	6	45(1	45(1	NOUN
ajeer-261	392	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	392	8	115	115	NUM
ajeer-261	392	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	392	10	135	135	NUM
ajeer-261	392	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	392	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	392	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	392	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	392	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(97)00033-0	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1996(97)00033-0	PROPN
ajeer-261	392	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	393	1	breitung	breitung	PROPN
ajeer-261	393	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	393	3	j.	j.	PROPN
ajeer-261	393	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	393	5	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	393	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	394	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	394	2	local	local	ADJ
ajeer-261	394	3	power	power	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	394	5	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	394	6	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	7	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	8	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	9	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	394	10	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	11	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	394	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	395	1	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	395	2	nonstationary	nonstationary	ADJ
ajeer-261	395	3	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	395	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	395	5	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	395	6	cointegration	cointegration	NOUN
ajeer-261	395	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	395	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	395	9	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
ajeer-261	395	10	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	395	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	396	1	emerald	emerald	PROPN
ajeer-261	396	2	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	396	3	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	396	4	limited	limit	VERB
ajeer-261	396	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	397	1	pp	pp	ADP
ajeer-261	397	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	397	3	161	161	NUM
ajeer-261	397	4	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	397	5	177	177	NUM
ajeer-261	397	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	397	7	breitung	breitung	PROPN
ajeer-261	397	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	397	9	j.	j.	PROPN
ajeer-261	397	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	397	11	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	397	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	398	1	nonparametric	nonparametric	NOUN
ajeer-261	398	2	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	398	3	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	398	4	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	398	5	roots	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	398	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	398	7	cointegration	cointegration	NOUN
ajeer-261	398	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	399	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	399	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	399	3	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
ajeer-261	399	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	399	5	108(2	108(2	NUM
ajeer-261	399	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	399	7	343	343	NUM
ajeer-261	399	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	399	9	363	363	NUM
ajeer-261	399	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	399	11	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	399	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	399	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	399	14	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(01)00139-7	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(01)00139-7	NOUN
ajeer-261	399	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	400	1	caner	caner	NOUN
ajeer-261	400	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	400	3	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	400	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	400	5	b.e	b.e	PROPN
ajeer-261	400	6	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	400	7	hansen	hansen	PROPN
ajeer-261	400	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	400	9	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	400	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	401	1	instrumental	instrumental	ADJ
ajeer-261	401	2	variable	variable	ADJ
ajeer-261	401	3	estimation	estimation	NOUN
ajeer-261	401	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	401	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	401	6	threshold	threshold	NOUN
ajeer-261	401	7	model	model	NOUN
ajeer-261	401	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	402	1	econometric	econometric	PROPN
ajeer-261	402	2	theory	theory	NOUN
ajeer-261	402	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	402	4	20(5	20(5	NUM
ajeer-261	402	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	402	6	813	813	NUM
ajeer-261	402	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	402	8	843	843	NUM
ajeer-261	402	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	403	1	choi	choi	NOUN
ajeer-261	403	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	403	3	i.	i.	NOUN
ajeer-261	403	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	403	5	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	403	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	404	1	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	404	2	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	404	3	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	404	4	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	404	5	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	404	6	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	404	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	405	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	405	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	405	3	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	405	4	money	money	NOUN
ajeer-261	405	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	405	6	finance	finance	NOUN
ajeer-261	405	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	405	8	20(2	20(2	NUM
ajeer-261	405	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	405	10	249	249	NUM
ajeer-261	405	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	405	12	272	272	NUM
ajeer-261	405	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	406	1	chow	chow	PROPN
ajeer-261	406	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	406	3	p.c	p.c	PROPN
ajeer-261	406	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	406	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	406	6	1987	1987	NUM
ajeer-261	406	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	1	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	2	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	407	3	export	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	407	6	industrial	industrial	ADJ
ajeer-261	407	7	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	8	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	9	empirial	empirial	ADJ
ajeer-261	407	10	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	11	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	407	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	407	13	nics	nic	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	15	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	407	16	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	407	17	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	18	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	19	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	20	26(1	26(1	NUM
ajeer-261	407	21	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	22	55	55	NUM
ajeer-261	407	23	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	407	24	63	63	NUM
ajeer-261	407	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	26	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	407	27	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	407	28	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	407	29	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(87)90051-4	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(87)90051-4	NOUN
ajeer-261	407	30	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	408	1	cinyabuguma	cinyabuguma	PROPN
ajeer-261	408	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	408	3	m.m	m.m	PROPN
ajeer-261	408	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	408	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	408	6	l.	l.	PROPN
ajeer-261	408	7	putterman	putterman	PROPN
ajeer-261	408	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	408	9	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	408	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	409	1	sub	sub	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	2	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	3	saharan	saharan	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	409	5	surprises	surprise	NOUN
ajeer-261	409	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	409	7	being	be	AUX
ajeer-261	409	8	heterogeneous	heterogeneous	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	409	10	inland	inland	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	409	12	close	close	ADJ
ajeer-261	409	13	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	409	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	409	15	equator	equator	NOUN
ajeer-261	409	16	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	409	17	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	409	18	slow	slow	VERB
ajeer-261	409	19	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	409	20	within	within	ADP
ajeer-261	409	21	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	409	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	410	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	410	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	410	3	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	410	4	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	410	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	410	6	20(2	20(2	NUM
ajeer-261	410	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	410	8	217	217	NUM
ajeer-261	410	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	410	10	262	262	NUM
ajeer-261	410	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	410	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	410	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	410	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	410	15	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejq040	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejq040	PROPN
ajeer-261	410	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	411	1	david	david	PROPN
ajeer-261	411	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	411	3	h.l	h.l	PROPN
ajeer-261	411	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	411	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	411	6	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	411	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	412	1	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	412	2	guide	guide	NOUN
ajeer-261	412	3	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	412	4	measures	measure	NOUN
ajeer-261	412	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	412	6	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	412	7	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	412	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	412	9	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	412	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	413	1	mimeo	mimeo	NOUN
ajeer-261	413	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	413	3	indiana	indiana	PROPN
ajeer-261	413	4	university	university	PROPN
ajeer-261	413	5	south	south	PROPN
ajeer-261	413	6	bend	bend	PROPN
ajeer-261	413	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	414	1	dickey	dickey	PROPN
ajeer-261	414	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	414	3	d.a	d.a	PROPN
ajeer-261	414	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	414	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	414	6	w.a	w.a	PROPN
ajeer-261	414	7	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	414	8	fuller	full	ADJ
ajeer-261	414	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	414	10	1979	1979	NUM
ajeer-261	414	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	415	1	distribution	distribution	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	415	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	415	4	estimators	estimator	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	5	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	415	6	autoregressive	autoregressive	ADJ
ajeer-261	415	7	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	8	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	9	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	415	10	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	415	11	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	12	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	415	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	416	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	416	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	416	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	416	4	american	american	PROPN
ajeer-261	416	5	statistical	statistical	PROPN
ajeer-261	416	6	association	association	NOUN
ajeer-261	416	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	416	8	74(366a	74(366a	NUM
ajeer-261	416	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	416	10	427	427	NUM
ajeer-261	416	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	416	12	431	431	NUM
ajeer-261	416	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	417	1	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	417	2	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	417	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	417	4	https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348	https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348	PROPN
ajeer-261	417	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	418	1	din	din	PROPN
ajeer-261	418	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	418	3	m.u	m.u	PROPN
ajeer-261	418	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	418	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	418	6	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	418	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	419	1	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	419	3	imports	import	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	419	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	419	6	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	419	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	8	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	419	9	south	south	PROPN
ajeer-261	419	10	asia	asia	PROPN
ajeer-261	419	11	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	419	12	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	13	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	419	14	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	419	15	multivariate	multivariate	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	16	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	17	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	419	18	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	19	framework	framework	NOUN
ajeer-261	419	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	420	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	420	2	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	420	3	development	development	PROPN
ajeer-261	420	4	review	review	PROPN
ajeer-261	420	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	420	6	43(2	43(2	NUM
ajeer-261	420	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	420	8	105	105	NUM
ajeer-261	420	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	420	10	124	124	NUM
ajeer-261	420	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	420	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	420	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	420	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	420	15	https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i2pp.105-124	https://doi.org/10.30541/v43i2pp.105-124	PROPN
ajeer-261	420	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	421	1	din	din	VERB
ajeer-261	421	2	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	421	4	m.-u	m.-u	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	421	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	421	7	g.	g.	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	8	ejaz	ejaz	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	421	10	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	11	omer	omer	PROPN
ajeer-261	421	12	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	421	13	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	421	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	422	1	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	422	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	422	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	422	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	422	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	422	6	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	422	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	423	2	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	3	development	development	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	4	review	review	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	6	42(4	42(4	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	8	795	795	NUM
ajeer-261	423	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	423	10	807	807	NUM
ajeer-261	423	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	423	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	423	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	15	https://doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.795-807	https://doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.795-807	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	17	dollar	dollar	NOUN
ajeer-261	423	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	19	d.	d.	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	423	21	a.	a.	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	22	kraay	kraay	PROPN
ajeer-261	423	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	423	24	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	423	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	424	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	424	2	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	424	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	424	4	poverty	poverty	NOUN
ajeer-261	424	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	425	1	finance	finance	NOUN
ajeer-261	425	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	425	3	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	425	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	425	5	16	16	NUM
ajeer-261	425	6	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	425	7	19	19	NUM
ajeer-261	425	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	425	9	dowrick	dowrick	PROPN
ajeer-261	425	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	425	11	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	425	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	425	13	j.	j.	PROPN
ajeer-261	425	14	golley	golley	PROPN
ajeer-261	425	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	425	16	2004	2004	NUM
ajeer-261	425	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	426	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	426	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	426	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	426	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	426	5	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	426	6	who	who	PRON
ajeer-261	426	7	benefits	benefit	VERB
ajeer-261	426	8	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	427	1	oxford	oxford	PROPN
ajeer-261	427	2	review	review	NOUN
ajeer-261	427	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	427	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	427	5	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	427	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	427	7	20(1	20(1	NUM
ajeer-261	427	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	427	9	38	38	NUM
ajeer-261	427	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	427	11	56	56	NUM
ajeer-261	427	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	427	13	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	427	14	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	427	15	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	427	16	https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grh003	https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grh003	PROPN
ajeer-261	427	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	428	1	edwards	edwards	PROPN
ajeer-261	428	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	428	3	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	428	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	428	5	1993	1993	NUM
ajeer-261	428	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	429	1	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	429	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	429	3	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	429	4	liberalization	liberalization	NOUN
ajeer-261	429	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	429	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	429	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	429	8	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	429	9	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	429	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	429	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	430	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	430	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	430	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	430	4	literature	literature	NOUN
ajeer-261	430	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	430	6	31(3	31(3	NUM
ajeer-261	430	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	430	8	1358	1358	NUM
ajeer-261	430	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	430	10	1393	1393	NUM
ajeer-261	430	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	431	1	ekanayake	ekanayake	NOUN
ajeer-261	431	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	431	3	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	431	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	431	5	r.	r.	PROPN
ajeer-261	431	6	vogel	vogel	PROPN
ajeer-261	431	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	431	8	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	431	9	veeramacheneni	veeramacheneni	PROPN
ajeer-261	431	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	431	11	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	431	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	432	1	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	432	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	432	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	5	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	432	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	432	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	8	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	432	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	432	10	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	11	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	432	12	output	output	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	432	14	inward	inward	ADP
ajeer-261	432	15	fdi	fdi	PROPN
ajeer-261	432	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	432	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	432	18	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	432	19	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	433	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	433	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	433	3	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	433	4	strategies	strategy	NOUN
ajeer-261	433	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	433	6	20(1	20(1	NUM
ajeer-261	433	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	433	8	59	59	NUM
ajeer-261	433	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	433	10	59	59	NUM
ajeer-261	433	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	434	1	falvey	falvey	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	434	3	r.	r.	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	434	5	d.	d.	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	6	greenaway	greenaway	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	434	8	n.	n.	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	9	foster	foster	PROPN
ajeer-261	434	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	434	11	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	434	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	435	1	north	north	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	2	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	435	3	south	south	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	435	6	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	7	spillovers	spillover	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	435	9	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	10	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	435	11	no	no	INTJ
ajeer-261	435	12	.	.	NOUN
ajeer-261	435	13	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	435	14	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	435	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	436	1	european	european	ADJ
ajeer-261	436	2	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	436	3	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	436	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	437	1	frankel	frankel	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	437	3	j.a	j.a	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	437	6	d.h	d.h	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	7	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	8	romer	romer	PROPN
ajeer-261	437	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	437	10	1999	1999	NUM
ajeer-261	437	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	438	1	does	do	AUX
ajeer-261	438	2	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	438	3	cause	cause	NOUN
ajeer-261	438	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	438	5	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	439	1	american	american	PROPN
ajeer-261	439	2	economic	economic	PROPN
ajeer-261	439	3	review	review	PROPN
ajeer-261	439	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	439	5	89(3	89(3	NUM
ajeer-261	439	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	439	7	379	379	NUM
ajeer-261	439	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	439	9	399	399	NUM
ajeer-261	439	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	440	1	grossman	grossman	PROPN
ajeer-261	440	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	440	3	g.m	g.m	PROPN
ajeer-261	440	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	440	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	440	6	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	440	7	helpman	helpman	PROPN
ajeer-261	440	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	440	9	1991	1991	NUM
ajeer-261	440	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	441	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	441	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	441	3	knowledge	knowledge	NOUN
ajeer-261	441	4	spillovers	spillover	NOUN
ajeer-261	441	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	441	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	441	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	441	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	442	1	european	european	ADJ
ajeer-261	442	2	economic	economic	PROPN
ajeer-261	442	3	review	review	PROPN
ajeer-261	442	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	442	5	35(2	35(2	NUM
ajeer-261	442	6	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	442	7	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	442	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	442	9	517	517	NUM
ajeer-261	442	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	442	11	526	526	NUM
ajeer-261	442	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	443	1	harrison	harrison	PROPN
ajeer-261	443	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	443	3	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	443	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	443	5	1996	1996	NUM
ajeer-261	443	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	444	1	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	444	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	444	5	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	444	6	time	time	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	7	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	444	8	series	series	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	444	10	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	444	11	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	444	12	country	country	ADJ
ajeer-261	444	13	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	14	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	444	15	developing	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	444	16	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	444	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	445	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	445	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	445	3	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	445	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	445	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	445	6	48(2	48(2	NUM
ajeer-261	445	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	445	8	419	419	NUM
ajeer-261	445	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	445	10	447	447	NUM
ajeer-261	445	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	445	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	445	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	445	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	445	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00042-9	https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(95)00042-9	NOUN
ajeer-261	445	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	446	1	hassan	hassan	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	446	3	a.k	a.k	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	446	6	m.r	m.r	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	7	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	8	islam	islam	PROPN
ajeer-261	446	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	446	10	2005	2005	NUM
ajeer-261	446	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	1	temporal	temporal	ADJ
ajeer-261	447	2	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	447	4	dynamics	dynamic	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	447	6	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	447	7	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	9	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	10	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	447	13	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	447	14	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	15	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	447	16	vector	vector	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	17	auto	auto	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	18	regression	regression	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	19	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	20	var	var	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	21	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	22	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	447	23	bangladesh	bangladesh	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	24	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	25	1974	1974	NUM
ajeer-261	447	26	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	447	27	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	447	28	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	447	29	implication	implication	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	30	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	447	31	poverty	poverty	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	32	reduction	reduction	NOUN
ajeer-261	447	33	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	448	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	448	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	448	3	nepalese	nepalese	ADJ
ajeer-261	448	4	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	448	5	studies	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	448	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	448	7	2(1	2(1	NUM
ajeer-261	448	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	448	9	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	448	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	448	11	12	12	NUM
ajeer-261	448	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	448	13	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	448	14	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	448	15	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	448	16	https://doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v2i1.50	https://doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v2i1.50	PROPN
ajeer-261	448	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	449	1	huchet	huchet	NOUN
ajeer-261	449	2	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	449	3	bourdon	bourdon	PROPN
ajeer-261	449	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	449	5	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	449	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	449	7	c.	c.	PROPN
ajeer-261	449	8	le	le	PROPN
ajeer-261	449	9	mouël	mouël	PROPN
ajeer-261	449	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	449	11	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	449	12	vijil	vijil	NOUN
ajeer-261	449	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	449	14	2018	2018	NUM
ajeer-261	449	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	450	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	450	2	relationship	relationship	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	3	between	between	ADP
ajeer-261	450	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	5	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	450	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	450	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	9	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	450	10	some	some	DET
ajeer-261	450	11	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	450	12	insights	insight	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	13	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	450	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	450	15	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	16	measurement	measurement	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	17	issue	issue	NOUN
ajeer-261	450	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	451	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	451	2	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	451	3	economy	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	451	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	451	5	41(1	41(1	NUM
ajeer-261	451	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	451	7	59	59	NUM
ajeer-261	451	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	451	9	76	76	NUM
ajeer-261	451	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	451	11	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	451	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	451	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	451	14	https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12586	https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12586	X
ajeer-261	451	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	452	1	i	i	PRON
ajeer-261	452	2	m	m	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	452	4	k.s	k.s	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	5	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	452	7	m.h	m.h	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	8	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	9	pesaran	pesaran	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	10	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	452	11	y.	y.	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	12	shin	shin	PROPN
ajeer-261	452	13	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	452	14	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	452	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	453	1	testing	test	VERB
ajeer-261	453	2	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	453	3	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	453	4	roots	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	453	5	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	453	6	heterogeneous	heterogeneous	ADJ
ajeer-261	453	7	panels	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	453	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	454	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	454	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	454	3	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
ajeer-261	454	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	454	5	115(1	115(1	NUM
ajeer-261	454	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	454	7	53	53	NUM
ajeer-261	454	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	454	9	74	74	NUM
ajeer-261	454	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	455	1	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	455	2	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	455	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	455	4	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00092-7	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(03)00092-7	PROPN
ajeer-261	455	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	456	1	kandiero	kandiero	PROPN
ajeer-261	456	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	456	3	t.	t.	PROPN
ajeer-261	456	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	456	5	m.	m.	PROPN
ajeer-261	456	6	chitiga	chitiga	PROPN
ajeer-261	456	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	456	8	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	456	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	457	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	457	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	457	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	457	4	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	457	5	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	457	6	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	457	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	457	8	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	457	9	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	457	10	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	457	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	458	1	south	south	ADJ
ajeer-261	458	2	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	458	3	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	458	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	458	5	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	458	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	458	7	management	management	NOUN
ajeer-261	458	8	sciences	science	NOUN
ajeer-261	458	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	458	10	9(3	9(3	NUM
ajeer-261	458	11	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	458	12	355	355	NUM
ajeer-261	458	13	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	458	14	370	370	NUM
ajeer-261	458	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	459	1	karras	karras	PROPN
ajeer-261	459	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	459	3	g.	g.	PROPN
ajeer-261	459	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	459	5	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	459	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	460	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	460	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	460	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	460	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	460	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	460	6	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	460	7	we	we	PRON
ajeer-261	460	8	estimate	estimate	VERB
ajeer-261	460	9	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	460	10	precise	precise	ADJ
ajeer-261	460	11	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	460	12	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	461	1	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	461	2	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
ajeer-261	461	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	461	4	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	461	5	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	461	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	461	7	3(1	3(1	NUM
ajeer-261	461	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	461	9	7	7	NUM
ajeer-261	461	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	461	11	24	24	NUM
ajeer-261	461	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	462	1	kee	kee	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	462	3	h.l	h.l	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	462	6	c.	c.	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	7	neagu	neagu	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	462	9	a.	a.	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	10	nicita	nicita	PROPN
ajeer-261	462	11	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	462	12	2013	2013	NUM
ajeer-261	462	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	462	14	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	462	15	protectionism	protectionism	NOUN
ajeer-261	462	16	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	462	17	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	462	18	rise	rise	NOUN
ajeer-261	462	19	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	463	1	assessing	assess	VERB
ajeer-261	463	2	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	463	3	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	463	4	policies	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	463	5	during	during	ADP
ajeer-261	463	6	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	463	7	crisis	crisis	NOUN
ajeer-261	463	8	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	463	9	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	463	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	464	1	review	review	NOUN
ajeer-261	464	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	464	3	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	464	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	464	5	statistics	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	464	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	464	7	95(1	95(1	NOUN
ajeer-261	464	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	464	9	342	342	NUM
ajeer-261	464	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	464	11	346	346	NUM
ajeer-261	464	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	464	13	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	464	14	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	464	15	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	464	16	https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00241	https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00241	PROPN
ajeer-261	464	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	465	1	kim	kim	PROPN
ajeer-261	465	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	465	3	d.-h	d.-h	PROPN
ajeer-261	465	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	465	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	465	6	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	465	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	466	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	466	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	466	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	466	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	466	5	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	466	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	467	2	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	467	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	467	4	international	international	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	5	trade	trade	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	6	&	&	CCONJ
ajeer-261	467	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	467	8	development	development	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	9	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	10	20(5	20(5	NUM
ajeer-261	467	11	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	12	677	677	NUM
ajeer-261	467	13	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	467	14	709	709	NUM
ajeer-261	467	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	16	klasra	klasra	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	18	m.a	m.a	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	19	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	467	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	467	21	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	467	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	468	1	foreign	foreign	ADJ
ajeer-261	468	2	direct	direct	ADJ
ajeer-261	468	3	investment	investment	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	468	5	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	6	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	7	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	468	8	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	468	9	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	10	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	468	11	pakistan	pakistan	PROPN
ajeer-261	468	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	468	13	turkey	turkey	PROPN
ajeer-261	468	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	468	15	an	an	DET
ajeer-261	468	16	investigation	investigation	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	17	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	468	18	bounds	bound	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	19	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	468	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	469	1	quality	quality	NOUN
ajeer-261	469	2	&	&	CCONJ
ajeer-261	469	3	quantity	quantity	NOUN
ajeer-261	469	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	469	5	45(1	45(1	NOUN
ajeer-261	469	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	469	7	223	223	NUM
ajeer-261	469	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	469	9	231	231	NUM
ajeer-261	469	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	469	11	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	469	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	469	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	469	14	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9272-5	https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-009-9272-5	NUM
ajeer-261	469	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	470	1	kónya	kónya	PROPN
ajeer-261	470	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	470	3	l.	l.	PROPN
ajeer-261	470	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	470	5	2006	2006	NUM
ajeer-261	470	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	471	1	exports	export	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	471	3	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	471	5	granger	granger	PROPN
ajeer-261	471	6	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	7	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	8	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	471	9	oecd	oecd	PROPN
ajeer-261	471	10	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	11	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	471	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	471	13	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	14	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	15	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	471	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	472	1	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	472	2	modell	modell	PROPN
ajeer-261	472	3	ing	ing	PROPN
ajeer-261	472	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	472	5	23(6	23(6	NUM
ajeer-261	472	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	472	7	978	978	NUM
ajeer-261	472	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	472	9	992	992	NUM
ajeer-261	472	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	472	11	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	472	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	472	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	472	14	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008	NOUN
ajeer-261	472	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	473	1	koop	koop	PROPN
ajeer-261	473	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	473	3	g.	g.	PROPN
ajeer-261	473	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	473	5	2000	2000	NUM
ajeer-261	473	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	474	1	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	474	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	474	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	474	4	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	474	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	475	1	chichester	chichester	PROPN
ajeer-261	475	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	475	3	wiley	wiley	PROPN
ajeer-261	475	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	476	1	krugman	krugman	PROPN
ajeer-261	476	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	476	3	p.	p.	NOUN
ajeer-261	476	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	476	5	a.j	a.j	PROPN
ajeer-261	476	6	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	476	7	venables	venables	PROPN
ajeer-261	476	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	476	9	1995	1995	NUM
ajeer-261	476	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	477	1	globalization	globalization	NOUN
ajeer-261	477	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	477	3	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	477	4	inequality	inequality	NOUN
ajeer-261	477	5	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	477	6	nations	nation	NOUN
ajeer-261	477	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	478	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	478	2	quarterly	quarterly	ADJ
ajeer-261	478	3	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	478	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	478	5	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	478	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	478	7	110(4	110(4	NUM
ajeer-261	478	8	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	478	9	857	857	NUM
ajeer-261	478	10	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	478	11	880	880	NUM
ajeer-261	478	12	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	479	1	levin	levin	PROPN
ajeer-261	479	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	479	3	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	479	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	479	5	c.-f	c.-f	NOUN
ajeer-261	479	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	480	1	lin	lin	PROPN
ajeer-261	480	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	480	3	c.-s.j	c.-s.j	PROPN
ajeer-261	480	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	480	5	chu	chu	PROPN
ajeer-261	480	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	480	7	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	480	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	481	1	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	2	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	3	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	4	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	481	5	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	6	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	7	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	481	8	asymptotic	asymptotic	ADJ
ajeer-261	481	9	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	481	10	finite	finite	ADJ
ajeer-261	481	11	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	481	12	sample	sample	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	13	properties	property	NOUN
ajeer-261	481	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	482	3	econometrics	econometric	NOUN
ajeer-261	482	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	5	108(1	108(1	NUM
ajeer-261	482	6	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	7	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	482	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	482	9	24	24	NUM
ajeer-261	482	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	11	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	482	12	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	482	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	14	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(01)00098-7	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(01)00098-7	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	16	maddala	maddala	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	18	g.s	g.s	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	19	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	482	21	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	22	wu	wu	PROPN
ajeer-261	482	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	482	24	1999	1999	NUM
ajeer-261	482	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	483	1	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	483	2	comparative	comparative	ADJ
ajeer-261	483	3	study	study	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	483	5	unit	unit	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	6	root	root	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	7	tests	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	8	with	with	ADP
ajeer-261	483	9	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	10	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	11	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	483	12	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	483	13	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	483	14	simple	simple	ADJ
ajeer-261	483	15	test	test	NOUN
ajeer-261	483	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	1	oxford	oxford	ADJ
ajeer-261	484	2	bulletin	bulletin	NOUN
ajeer-261	484	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	484	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	484	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	484	6	statistics	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	484	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	8	61(s1	61(s1	NUM
ajeer-261	484	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	10	631	631	NUM
ajeer-261	484	11	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	12	652	652	NUM
ajeer-261	484	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	14	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	484	15	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	484	16	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	484	17	https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13	https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13	PROPN
ajeer-261	484	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	485	1	madsen	madsen	PROPN
ajeer-261	485	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	485	3	j.b	j.b	PROPN
ajeer-261	485	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	485	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	485	6	2007	2007	NUM
ajeer-261	485	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	486	1	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	2	spillover	spillover	VERB
ajeer-261	486	3	through	through	ADP
ajeer-261	486	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	486	6	tfp	tfp	PROPN
ajeer-261	486	7	convergence	convergence	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	8	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	486	9	135	135	NUM
ajeer-261	486	10	years	year	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	11	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	486	12	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	13	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	486	14	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	486	15	oecd	oecd	PROPN
ajeer-261	486	16	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	486	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	487	3	international	international	ADJ
ajeer-261	487	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	487	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	6	72(2	72(2	NUM
ajeer-261	487	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	8	464	464	NUM
ajeer-261	487	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	487	10	480	480	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	487	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	487	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.12.001	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2006.12.001	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	16	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	17	manole	manole	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	19	v.	v.	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	487	21	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	487	22	spatareanu	spatareanu	PROPN
ajeer-261	487	23	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	487	24	2010	2010	NUM
ajeer-261	487	25	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	488	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	488	4	income	income	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	5	—	—	PUNCT
ajeer-261	488	6	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	488	7	re	re	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	8	-	-	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	9	examination	examination	NOUN
ajeer-261	488	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	489	1	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	489	2	letters	letter	NOUN
ajeer-261	489	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	489	4	106(1	106(1	NUM
ajeer-261	489	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	489	6	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	489	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	489	8	3	3	NUM
ajeer-261	489	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	489	10	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	489	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	489	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	489	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.06.021	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2009.06.021	NUM
ajeer-261	489	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	490	1	marelli	marelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	490	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	490	3	e.	e.	PROPN
ajeer-261	490	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	490	5	m.	m.	PROPN
ajeer-261	490	6	signorelli	signorelli	PROPN
ajeer-261	490	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	490	8	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	490	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	491	1	china	china	PROPN
ajeer-261	491	2	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	491	3	india	india	PROPN
ajeer-261	491	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	491	5	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	491	6	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	491	7	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	491	8	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	491	9	effects	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	491	10	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	491	11	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	491	12	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	491	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	492	2	european	european	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	3	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	492	5	comparative	comparative	ADJ
ajeer-261	492	6	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	492	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	8	8(1	8(1	NOUN
ajeer-261	492	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	10	129	129	NUM
ajeer-261	492	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	492	12	155	155	NUM
ajeer-261	492	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	14	menyah	menyah	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	16	k.	k.	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	17	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	18	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	19	nazlioglu	nazlioglu	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	20	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	492	21	y.	y.	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	22	wolde	wolde	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	23	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	24	rufael	rufael	PROPN
ajeer-261	492	25	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	492	26	2014	2014	NUM
ajeer-261	492	27	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	493	1	financial	financial	ADJ
ajeer-261	493	2	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	493	4	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	5	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	493	7	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	493	8	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	9	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	493	10	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	493	11	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	493	13	new	new	ADJ
ajeer-261	493	14	insights	insight	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	15	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	493	16	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	493	17	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	18	causality	causality	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	19	approach	approach	NOUN
ajeer-261	493	20	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	1	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	494	2	modelling	modelling	NOUN
ajeer-261	494	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	4	37(c	37(c	NUM
ajeer-261	494	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	6	386	386	NUM
ajeer-261	494	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	494	8	394	394	NUM
ajeer-261	494	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	10	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	494	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	494	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.044	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.11.044	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	15	mercan	mercan	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	17	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	494	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	19	i.	i.	NOUN
ajeer-261	494	20	gocer	gocer	NOUN
ajeer-261	494	21	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	22	s.	s.	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	23	bulut	bulut	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	24	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	494	25	m.	m.	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	26	dam	dam	PROPN
ajeer-261	494	27	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	494	28	2013	2013	NUM
ajeer-261	494	29	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	495	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	495	2	effect	effect	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	495	4	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	5	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	495	6	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	495	7	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	8	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	495	9	bric	bric	PROPN
ajeer-261	495	10	-	-	PUNCT
ajeer-261	495	11	t	t	PROPN
ajeer-261	495	12	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	13	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	495	14	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	15	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	16	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	495	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	1	eurasian	eurasian	ADJ
ajeer-261	496	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	496	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	496	4	business	business	NOUN
ajeer-261	496	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	496	6	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	496	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	8	6(11	6(11	NUM
ajeer-261	496	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	10	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	496	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	496	12	14	14	NUM
ajeer-261	496	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	14	nannicini	nannicini	PROPN
ajeer-261	496	15	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	16	t.	t.	NOUN
ajeer-261	496	17	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	496	18	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	496	19	billmeier	billmeier	NOUN
ajeer-261	496	20	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	496	21	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	496	22	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	497	1	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	497	2	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	497	3	transition	transition	NOUN
ajeer-261	497	4	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	497	5	how	how	SCONJ
ajeer-261	497	6	important	important	ADJ
ajeer-261	497	7	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	497	8	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	497	9	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	497	10	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	497	11	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	497	12	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	498	1	oxford	oxford	ADJ
ajeer-261	498	2	bulletin	bulletin	NOUN
ajeer-261	498	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	498	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	498	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	498	6	statistics	statistic	NOUN
ajeer-261	498	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	498	8	73(3	73(3	NUM
ajeer-261	498	9	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	498	10	287	287	NUM
ajeer-261	498	11	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	498	12	314	314	NUM
ajeer-261	498	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	498	14	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	498	15	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	498	16	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	498	17	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00626.x	https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2010.00626.x	X
ajeer-261	498	18	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	499	1	onafowora	onafowora	PROPN
ajeer-261	499	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	499	3	o.a	o.a	PROPN
ajeer-261	499	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	499	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	499	6	o.	o.	PROPN
ajeer-261	499	7	owoye	owoye	PROPN
ajeer-261	499	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	499	9	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	499	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	500	1	can	can	AUX
ajeer-261	500	2	trade	trade	VERB
ajeer-261	500	3	liberalization	liberalization	NOUN
ajeer-261	500	4	stimulate	stimulate	VERB
ajeer-261	500	5	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	500	6	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	500	7	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	500	8	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	500	9	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	1	world	world	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	2	development	development	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	4	26(3	26(3	NUM
ajeer-261	501	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	6	497	497	NUM
ajeer-261	501	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	501	8	506	506	NUM
ajeer-261	501	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	10	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	501	11	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	501	12	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	13	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)10058-4	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0305-750x(97)10058-4	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	14	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	15	rodriguez	rodriguez	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	16	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	17	f.	f.	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	18	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	501	19	d.	d.	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	20	rodrik	rodrik	PROPN
ajeer-261	501	21	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	501	22	2000	2000	NUM
ajeer-261	501	23	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	502	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	2	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	502	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	502	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	502	7	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	502	8	skeptic	skeptic	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	9	's	's	PART
ajeer-261	502	10	guide	guide	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	11	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	502	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	502	13	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	502	14	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	502	15	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	502	16	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	502	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	503	1	nber	nber	PROPN
ajeer-261	503	2	macroeconomics	macroeconomics	PROPN
ajeer-261	503	3	annual	annual	ADJ
ajeer-261	503	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	503	5	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	503	6	:	:	SYM
ajeer-261	503	7	261	261	NUM
ajeer-261	503	8	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	503	9	325	325	NUM
ajeer-261	503	10	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	504	1	rodriguez	rodriguez	PROPN
ajeer-261	504	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	504	3	f.	f.	PROPN
ajeer-261	504	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	504	5	d.	d.	PROPN
ajeer-261	504	6	rodrik	rodrik	PROPN
ajeer-261	504	7	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	504	8	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	504	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	505	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	2	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	505	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	505	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	505	7	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	505	8	skeptic	skeptic	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	9	's	's	PART
ajeer-261	505	10	guide	guide	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	11	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	505	12	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	505	13	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	505	14	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	505	15	national	national	ADJ
ajeer-261	505	16	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	505	17	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	506	1	nber	nber	PROPN
ajeer-261	506	2	macroeconomics	macroeconomics	PROPN
ajeer-261	506	3	annual	annual	ADJ
ajeer-261	506	4	2000	2000	NUM
ajeer-261	506	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	506	6	mit	mit	PROPN
ajeer-261	506	7	press	press	NOUN
ajeer-261	506	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	506	9	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	506	10	:	:	SYM
ajeer-261	506	11	261	261	NUM
ajeer-261	506	12	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	506	13	338	338	NUM
ajeer-261	506	14	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	507	1	rose	rose	VERB
ajeer-261	507	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	507	3	a.	a.	NOUN
ajeer-261	507	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	507	5	2002	2002	NUM
ajeer-261	507	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	508	1	do	do	AUX
ajeer-261	508	2	wto	wto	PROPN
ajeer-261	508	3	members	member	NOUN
ajeer-261	508	4	have	have	VERB
ajeer-261	508	5	more	more	ADJ
ajeer-261	508	6	liberal	liberal	ADJ
ajeer-261	508	7	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	508	8	policy	policy	NOUN
ajeer-261	508	9	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	509	1	(	(	PUNCT
ajeer-261	509	2	no	no	INTJ
ajeer-261	509	3	.	.	NOUN
ajeer-261	509	4	3659	3659	NUM
ajeer-261	509	5	)	)	PUNCT
ajeer-261	509	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	510	1	cepr	cepr	ADJ
ajeer-261	510	2	discussion	discussion	NOUN
ajeer-261	510	3	papers	paper	NOUN
ajeer-261	510	4	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	511	1	salvatore	salvatore	PROPN
ajeer-261	511	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	511	3	d.	d.	PROPN
ajeer-261	511	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	511	5	1998	1998	NUM
ajeer-261	511	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	512	1	europe‘s	europe‘s	VERB
ajeer-261	512	2	structural	structural	ADJ
ajeer-261	512	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	512	4	competitiveness	competitiveness	NOUN
ajeer-261	512	5	problems	problem	NOUN
ajeer-261	512	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	512	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	512	8	euro	euro	NOUN
ajeer-261	512	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	513	1	world	world	NOUN
ajeer-261	513	2	economy	economy	PROPN
ajeer-261	513	3	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	513	4	21(2	21(2	NUM
ajeer-261	513	5	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	513	6	189	189	NUM
ajeer-261	513	7	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	513	8	205	205	NUM
ajeer-261	513	9	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	514	1	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	514	2	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	514	3	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	514	4	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00126	https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9701.00126	PROPN
ajeer-261	514	5	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	515	1	sarkar	sarkar	PROPN
ajeer-261	515	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	515	3	p.	p.	PROPN
ajeer-261	515	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	515	5	2008	2008	NUM
ajeer-261	515	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	516	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	516	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	516	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	516	4	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	516	5	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	516	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	516	7	there	there	PRON
ajeer-261	516	8	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	516	9	link	link	NOUN
ajeer-261	516	10	?	?	PUNCT
ajeer-261	517	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	517	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	517	3	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	517	4	issues	issue	NOUN
ajeer-261	517	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	517	6	42(3	42(3	NUM
ajeer-261	517	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	517	8	763	763	NUM
ajeer-261	517	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	517	10	785	785	NUM
ajeer-261	517	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	517	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	517	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	517	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	517	15	https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2008.11507178	https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2008.11507178	PROPN
ajeer-261	517	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	518	1	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	518	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	518	3	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	518	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	518	5	2009	2009	NUM
ajeer-261	518	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	519	1	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	519	2	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	519	3	importance	importance	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	519	5	education	education	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	519	7	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	8	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	519	9	africa	africa	PROPN
ajeer-261	519	10	using	use	VERB
ajeer-261	519	11	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
ajeer-261	519	12	panel	panel	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	13	data	datum	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	14	analysis	analysis	NOUN
ajeer-261	519	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	520	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	520	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	520	3	applied	apply	VERB
ajeer-261	520	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	520	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	520	6	12(1	12(1	NUM
ajeer-261	520	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	520	8	137	137	NUM
ajeer-261	520	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	520	10	157	157	NUM
ajeer-261	520	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	520	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	520	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	520	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	520	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/s1514-0326(09)60009-x	https://doi.org/10.1016/s1514-0326(09)60009-x	PROPN
ajeer-261	520	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	521	1	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	521	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	521	3	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	521	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	521	5	2011	2011	NUM
ajeer-261	521	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	522	1	assessing	assess	VERB
ajeer-261	522	2	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	522	3	dynamic	dynamic	ADJ
ajeer-261	522	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	522	5	impact	impact	NOUN
ajeer-261	522	6	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	522	7	tourism	tourism	NOUN
ajeer-261	522	8	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	522	9	island	island	NOUN
ajeer-261	522	10	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	522	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	523	1	annals	annal	NOUN
ajeer-261	523	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	523	3	tourism	tourism	NOUN
ajeer-261	523	4	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	523	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	523	6	38(1	38(1	NUM
ajeer-261	523	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	523	8	291	291	NUM
ajeer-261	523	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	523	10	308	308	NUM
ajeer-261	523	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	523	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	523	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	523	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	523	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.009	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.009	PROPN
ajeer-261	523	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	524	2	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	3	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	524	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	524	5	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	524	6	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	524	7	research	research	NOUN
ajeer-261	524	8	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	9	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	524	10	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	11	6(1	6(1	NUM
ajeer-261	524	12	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	13	1	1	NUM
ajeer-261	524	14	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	524	15	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	524	16	15	15	NUM
ajeer-261	524	17	©	©	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	18	2019	2019	NUM
ajeer-261	524	19	by	by	ADP
ajeer-261	524	20	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	524	21	authors	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	524	22	;	;	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	23	licensee	licensee	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	24	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	524	25	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	26	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	27	publishing	publishing	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	28	group	group	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	29	seetanah	seetanah	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	30	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	31	b.	b.	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	32	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	33	u.	u.	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	34	subadar	subadar	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	35	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	36	r.v	r.v	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	37	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	38	sannassee	sannassee	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	39	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	40	m.	m.	NOUN
ajeer-261	524	41	lamport	lamport	NOUN
ajeer-261	524	42	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	524	43	v.	v.	ADP
ajeer-261	524	44	ajageer	ajageer	PROPN
ajeer-261	524	45	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	524	46	2012	2012	NUM
ajeer-261	524	47	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	525	1	stock	stock	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	2	market	market	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	3	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	4	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	525	5	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	525	6	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	7	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	525	8	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	9	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	525	10	least	least	ADJ
ajeer-261	525	11	developed	develop	VERB
ajeer-261	525	12	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	525	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	526	1	berlin	berlin	PROPN
ajeer-261	526	2	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	526	3	college	college	NOUN
ajeer-261	526	4	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	526	5	technology	technology	NOUN
ajeer-261	526	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	526	7	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	526	8	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	527	1	tsangarides	tsangaride	NOUN
ajeer-261	527	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	527	3	c.g	c.g	PROPN
ajeer-261	527	4	.	.	PROPN
ajeer-261	527	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	527	6	2001	2001	NUM
ajeer-261	527	7	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	528	1	on	on	ADP
ajeer-261	528	2	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	528	3	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	528	4	country	country	ADJ
ajeer-261	528	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	528	6	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	528	7	convergence	convergence	NOUN
ajeer-261	528	8	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	528	9	evidence	evidence	NOUN
ajeer-261	528	10	from	from	ADP
ajeer-261	528	11	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	528	12	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	528	13	oecd	oecd	PROPN
ajeer-261	528	14	countries	country	NOUN
ajeer-261	528	15	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	529	1	journal	journal	NOUN
ajeer-261	529	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	529	3	african	african	ADJ
ajeer-261	529	4	economies	economy	NOUN
ajeer-261	529	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	529	6	10(4	10(4	NUM
ajeer-261	529	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	529	8	355	355	NUM
ajeer-261	529	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	529	10	389	389	NUM
ajeer-261	529	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	529	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	529	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	529	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	529	15	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/10.4.355	https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/10.4.355	PROPN
ajeer-261	529	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	530	1	yanikkaya	yanikkaya	PROPN
ajeer-261	530	2	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	530	3	h.	h.	PROPN
ajeer-261	530	4	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	530	5	2003	2003	NUM
ajeer-261	530	6	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	531	1	trade	trade	NOUN
ajeer-261	531	2	openness	openness	NOUN
ajeer-261	531	3	and	and	CCONJ
ajeer-261	531	4	economic	economic	ADJ
ajeer-261	531	5	growth	growth	NOUN
ajeer-261	531	6	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	531	7	a	a	DET
ajeer-261	531	8	cross	cross	ADJ
ajeer-261	531	9	-	-	ADJ
ajeer-261	531	10	country	country	ADJ
ajeer-261	531	11	empirical	empirical	ADJ
ajeer-261	531	12	investigation	investigation	NOUN
ajeer-261	531	13	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	532	1	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	532	2	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	532	3	development	development	NOUN
ajeer-261	532	4	economics	economic	NOUN
ajeer-261	532	5	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	532	6	72(1	72(1	NOUN
ajeer-261	532	7	):	):	PUNCT
ajeer-261	532	8	57	57	NUM
ajeer-261	532	9	-	-	SYM
ajeer-261	532	10	89	89	NUM
ajeer-261	532	11	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	532	12	available	available	ADJ
ajeer-261	532	13	at	at	ADP
ajeer-261	532	14	:	:	PUNCT
ajeer-261	532	15	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(03)00068-3	https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3878(03)00068-3	PROPN
ajeer-261	532	16	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	533	1	asian	asian	ADJ
ajeer-261	533	2	online	online	PROPN
ajeer-261	533	3	journal	journal	PROPN
ajeer-261	533	4	publishing	publishing	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	5	group	group	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	6	is	be	AUX
ajeer-261	533	7	not	not	PART
ajeer-261	533	8	responsible	responsible	ADJ
ajeer-261	533	9	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	533	10	answerable	answerable	ADJ
ajeer-261	533	11	for	for	ADP
ajeer-261	533	12	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	533	13	loss	loss	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	14	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	533	15	damage	damage	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	16	or	or	CCONJ
ajeer-261	533	17	liability	liability	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	18	,	,	PUNCT
ajeer-261	533	19	etc	etc	X
ajeer-261	533	20	.	.	X
ajeer-261	533	21	caused	cause	VERB
ajeer-261	533	22	in	in	ADP
ajeer-261	533	23	relation	relation	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	24	to	to	PART
ajeer-261	533	25	/	/	PUNCT
ajeer-261	533	26	arising	arise	VERB
ajeer-261	533	27	out	out	ADP
ajeer-261	533	28	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	533	29	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	533	30	use	use	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	31	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	533	32	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	533	33	content	content	NOUN
ajeer-261	533	34	.	.	PUNCT
ajeer-261	534	1	any	any	DET
ajeer-261	534	2	queries	query	NOUN
ajeer-261	534	3	should	should	AUX
ajeer-261	534	4	be	be	AUX
ajeer-261	534	5	directed	direct	VERB
ajeer-261	534	6	to	to	ADP
ajeer-261	534	7	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	534	8	corresponding	corresponding	ADJ
ajeer-261	534	9	author	author	NOUN
ajeer-261	534	10	of	of	ADP
ajeer-261	534	11	the	the	DET
ajeer-261	534	12	article	article	NOUN
ajeer-261	534	13	.	.	PUNCT