id	sid	eid	entity	type
edu-4685	1	1	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	1	2	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	1	3	asian	NORP
edu-4685	1	4	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	1	5	asian journal of education	ORG
edu-4685	2	1	9	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	2	2	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	3	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	4	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	5	2519	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	6	10.20448	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	7	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	2	8	asian	NORP
edu-4685	2	9	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	2	10	japan	GPE
edu-4685	2	11	julian chapple ryukoku university	PERSON
edu-4685	2	12	kyoto	GPE
edu-4685	2	13	japan	GPE
edu-4685	3	1	julian@world.ryukoku.ac.jp	PERSON
edu-4685	3	2	2007	DATE
edu-4685	3	3	the japanese ministry of education	ORG
edu-4685	3	4	2009	DATE
edu-4685	4	1	at least 30 hours	TIME
edu-4685	4	2	every 10 years	DATE
edu-4685	5	1	late 2021	DATE
edu-4685	5	2	2022	CARDINAL
edu-4685	5	3	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	5	4	2007	DATE
edu-4685	6	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	6	2	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	7	1	12 years	DATE
edu-4685	7	2	japan	GPE
edu-4685	9	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	11	1	j.	PERSON
edu-4685	11	2	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	12	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	13	1	asian journal of education	ORG
edu-4685	13	2	9(2	CARDINAL
edu-4685	13	3	48–53	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	1	10.20448	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	2	16	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	3	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	4	3	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	5	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	6	15	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	7	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	8	24	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	9	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	10	4.0	CARDINAL
edu-4685	14	11	asian	NORP
edu-4685	18	1	1	CARDINAL
edu-4685	20	1	49 2	CARDINAL
edu-4685	21	1	49 3	DATE
edu-4685	24	1	50 4	CARDINAL
edu-4685	25	1	yutori kyōiku	PERSON
edu-4685	26	1	50 5	DATE
edu-4685	27	1	51 6	DATE
edu-4685	29	1	51 7	DATE
edu-4685	30	1	52 8	DATE
edu-4685	32	1	52	CARDINAL
edu-4685	33	1	53 mailto:julian@world.ryukoku.ac.jp https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/	TIME
edu-4685	33	2	https://www.doi.org/10.20448/edu.v9i2.4685 https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2115-9915 asian	NORP
edu-4685	33	3	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	33	4	9(2	DATE
edu-4685	33	5	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	33	6	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	33	7	asian	NORP
edu-4685	33	8	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	33	9	japan	GPE
edu-4685	34	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	35	1	1	CARDINAL
edu-4685	35	2	today	DATE
edu-4685	36	1	a few decades ago	DATE
edu-4685	36	2	2019	DATE
edu-4685	38	1	today	DATE
edu-4685	42	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	42	2	today	DATE
edu-4685	42	3	takagi, & imamura	ORG
edu-4685	42	4	2010	DATE
edu-4685	44	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	46	1	12 years	DATE
edu-4685	46	2	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	46	3	japan	GPE
edu-4685	47	1	2	CARDINAL
edu-4685	47	2	japan	GPE
edu-4685	48	1	1897	DATE
edu-4685	48	2	shihan kyōikurei	PERSON
edu-4685	48	3	58%	PERCENT
edu-4685	49	1	1905	DATE
edu-4685	49	2	16%	PERCENT
edu-4685	49	3	institute for international cooperation	ORG
edu-4685	49	4	2004	DATE
edu-4685	49	5	japan	GPE
edu-4685	50	1	institute for international cooperation	ORG
edu-4685	50	2	2004	DATE
edu-4685	51	1	two	CARDINAL
edu-4685	52	1	approximately the next 60 years	DATE
edu-4685	52	2	1913	DATE
edu-4685	52	3	1997	DATE
edu-4685	53	1	2021	DATE
edu-4685	54	1	kyōin menkyo kōshin seido	ORG
edu-4685	54	2	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	54	3	1983	DATE
edu-4685	55	1	2021	DATE
edu-4685	56	1	first	ORDINAL
edu-4685	56	2	the 2000s	DATE
edu-4685	56	3	mainichi shimbun	ORG
edu-4685	56	4	2007	DATE
edu-4685	56	5	2010	DATE
edu-4685	57	1	the ministry of education	ORG
edu-4685	57	2	today	DATE
edu-4685	57	3	nakayama et al.	PERSON
edu-4685	57	4	2010	DATE
edu-4685	59	1	2010	DATE
edu-4685	59	2	the ministry of education	ORG
edu-4685	59	3	2012	DATE
edu-4685	61	1	n.d)	GPE
edu-4685	62	1	wada	ORG
edu-4685	62	2	burnett	PERSON
edu-4685	62	3	2011	DATE
edu-4685	62	4	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	63	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	64	1	june 2007	DATE
edu-4685	64	2	april 2009	DATE
edu-4685	65	1	ten years	DATE
edu-4685	66	1	asian	NORP
edu-4685	66	2	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	66	3	9(2	DATE
edu-4685	66	4	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	66	5	53 50	CARDINAL
edu-4685	66	6	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	66	7	asian	NORP
edu-4685	66	8	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	66	9	at least 30 hours	TIME
edu-4685	66	10	two-year	DATE
edu-4685	67	1	30 hours	TIME
edu-4685	67	2	12 hours	TIME
edu-4685	67	3	18	CARDINAL
edu-4685	68	1	3	CARDINAL
edu-4685	70	1	kita	ORG
edu-4685	70	2	miura	ORG
edu-4685	70	3	2010	DATE
edu-4685	70	4	472	CARDINAL
edu-4685	70	5	82%	PERCENT
edu-4685	71	1	2007	DATE
edu-4685	71	2	imazu	PERSON
edu-4685	71	3	2009	DATE
edu-4685	71	4	kita	ORG
edu-4685	71	5	miura	ORG
edu-4685	71	6	2010	DATE
edu-4685	71	7	2011	DATE
edu-4685	72	1	summer holidays or weekends	DATE
edu-4685	72	2	roughly 30,000 yen	MONEY
edu-4685	73	1	a decade	DATE
edu-4685	77	1	november 2010	DATE
edu-4685	77	2	5100	CARDINAL
edu-4685	78	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	78	2	april 1, 2011	DATE
edu-4685	78	3	wada & burnett	ORG
edu-4685	78	4	2011	DATE
edu-4685	80	1	miura	ORG
edu-4685	80	2	2010	DATE
edu-4685	80	3	finland	GPE
edu-4685	80	4	wada	GPE
edu-4685	80	5	burnett	PERSON
edu-4685	80	6	2011	DATE
edu-4685	81	1	nakayama et al	PERSON
edu-4685	82	1	2010	DATE
edu-4685	83	1	one	CARDINAL
edu-4685	83	2	daily	DATE
edu-4685	83	3	35	CARDINAL
edu-4685	84	1	yamada	PERSON
edu-4685	84	2	2021	CARDINAL
edu-4685	85	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	86	1	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	86	2	mainichi	ORG
edu-4685	86	3	2022	CARDINAL
edu-4685	87	1	4	CARDINAL
edu-4685	87	2	yutori kyōiku	PERSON
edu-4685	87	3	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	87	4	kariya & rappleye	ORG
edu-4685	87	5	2010	DATE
edu-4685	88	1	the hours	TIME
edu-4685	89	1	the school day	DATE
edu-4685	90	1	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	90	2	the years 2002-2011	DATE
edu-4685	91	1	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	91	2	japan	GPE
edu-4685	92	1	two	CARDINAL
edu-4685	94	1	one	CARDINAL
edu-4685	95	1	one	CARDINAL
edu-4685	95	2	today	DATE
edu-4685	96	1	nakai	PERSON
edu-4685	96	2	2012	DATE
edu-4685	96	3	three	CARDINAL
edu-4685	96	4	yutori kyōiku	PERSON
edu-4685	97	1	first	ORDINAL
edu-4685	97	2	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	98	1	second	ORDINAL
edu-4685	100	1	thirdly	ORDINAL
edu-4685	102	1	nakai	PERSON
edu-4685	102	2	2012	DATE
edu-4685	104	1	yutori	PERSON
edu-4685	105	1	first	ORDINAL
edu-4685	106	1	second	ORDINAL
edu-4685	109	1	asian journal of education	ORG
edu-4685	109	2	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	109	3	9(2	DATE
edu-4685	109	4	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	109	5	53 51	CARDINAL
edu-4685	109	6	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	109	7	asian	NORP
edu-4685	109	8	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	110	1	one	CARDINAL
edu-4685	110	2	2014	DATE
edu-4685	111	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	111	2	between 18-24 years of age	DATE
edu-4685	112	1	5	CARDINAL
edu-4685	112	2	two	CARDINAL
edu-4685	114	1	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	116	1	yutori	NORP
edu-4685	116	2	2012	DATE
edu-4685	117	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	117	2	jigyo kenkyū	PERSON
edu-4685	118	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	119	1	three	CARDINAL
edu-4685	120	1	5.1	CARDINAL
edu-4685	121	1	shokuin shitsu	PERSON
edu-4685	121	2	ahn	GPE
edu-4685	121	3	shimojima	GPE
edu-4685	121	4	2018	DATE
edu-4685	122	1	ahn et al.	PERSON
edu-4685	122	2	2018	DATE
edu-4685	123	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	123	2	ahn et al.	PERSON
edu-4685	123	3	2018	DATE
edu-4685	124	1	5.2	CARDINAL
edu-4685	124	2	jigyo kenkyū	PERSON
edu-4685	125	1	jigyo kenkyū	PERSON
edu-4685	126	1	english	NORP
edu-4685	126	2	rappleye & komatsu	ORG
edu-4685	126	3	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	126	4	stevenson & stigler	ORG
edu-4685	126	5	1992	DATE
edu-4685	127	1	one	CARDINAL
edu-4685	127	2	tsuneyoshi	ORG
edu-4685	127	3	2018	DATE
edu-4685	129	1	2019	DATE
edu-4685	129	2	stevenson	PERSON
edu-4685	129	3	1992	DATE
edu-4685	129	4	hiebert	PERSON
edu-4685	129	5	1999	DATE
edu-4685	131	1	5.3	CARDINAL
edu-4685	131	2	tokubetsu	ORG
edu-4685	131	3	the school day	DATE
edu-4685	131	4	2018	DATE
edu-4685	131	5	2020	DATE
edu-4685	134	1	nagashima	ORG
edu-4685	134	2	sakuma (2018)	ORG
edu-4685	134	3	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	134	4	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	135	1	6	CARDINAL
edu-4685	137	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	138	1	america	GPE
edu-4685	138	2	australia	GPE
edu-4685	138	3	finland	GPE
edu-4685	138	4	singapore	GPE
edu-4685	138	5	darling-hammond	PERSON
edu-4685	138	6	2017	DATE
edu-4685	138	7	294	CARDINAL
edu-4685	140	1	the united states	GPE
edu-4685	140	2	1987	DATE
edu-4685	141	1	asian	NORP
edu-4685	141	2	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	141	3	9(2	DATE
edu-4685	141	4	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	141	5	53 52	CARDINAL
edu-4685	141	6	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	141	7	asian	NORP
edu-4685	141	8	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	142	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	142	2	2017	DATE
edu-4685	144	1	2017	DATE
edu-4685	145	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	146	1	7	CARDINAL
edu-4685	146	2	a decade ago	DATE
edu-4685	146	3	japan	GPE
edu-4685	148	1	yutori kyōiku	PERSON
edu-4685	149	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	151	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	152	1	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	152	2	307	CARDINAL
edu-4685	153	1	firstly	ORDINAL
edu-4685	153	2	non-japanese	NORP
edu-4685	153	3	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	153	4	japan	GPE
edu-4685	154	1	at over 124,000	CARDINAL
edu-4685	154	2	2019	DATE
edu-4685	155	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	155	2	non-japanese	NORP
edu-4685	155	3	japan	GPE
edu-4685	156	1	2018	DATE
edu-4685	156	2	100	CARDINAL
edu-4685	156	3	japan	GPE
edu-4685	156	4	77,500	CARDINAL
edu-4685	156	5	16,000	CARDINAL
edu-4685	156	6	mainichi	ORG
edu-4685	156	7	2019	DATE
edu-4685	157	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	158	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	161	1	secondly	ORDINAL
edu-4685	162	1	covid-19	PERSON
edu-4685	163	1	trl	LAW
edu-4685	164	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	166	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	166	2	12 years	DATE
edu-4685	167	1	akiba	GPE
edu-4685	167	2	2013	DATE
edu-4685	171	1	8	CARDINAL
edu-4685	171	2	first	ORDINAL
edu-4685	171	3	japan	GPE
edu-4685	171	4	today	DATE
edu-4685	173	1	every-10-year	DATE
edu-4685	175	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	177	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	177	2	asahi	ORG
edu-4685	177	3	2022	CARDINAL
edu-4685	177	4	asian	NORP
edu-4685	177	5	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	177	6	9(2	DATE
edu-4685	177	7	48	CARDINAL
edu-4685	177	8	2023	CARDINAL
edu-4685	177	9	asian	NORP
edu-4685	177	10	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	179	1	r.	NORP
edu-4685	179	2	shimojima	GPE
edu-4685	179	3	mori	PERSON
edu-4685	179	4	h., & asanuma	ORG
edu-4685	179	5	s. (2018	ORG
edu-4685	180	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	181	1	delta kappan	PERSON
edu-4685	181	2	100(4	DATE
edu-4685	181	3	49	CARDINAL
edu-4685	182	1	akiba	GPE
edu-4685	182	2	m. (2013	PERSON
edu-4685	184	1	florida	GPE
edu-4685	185	1	asahi	ORG
edu-4685	185	2	s.	PERSON
edu-4685	185	3	2022	CARDINAL
edu-4685	186	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	187	1	l.	PERSON
edu-4685	187	2	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	189	1	european journal	ORG
edu-4685	189	2	40(3	CARDINAL
edu-4685	189	3	291	CARDINAL
edu-4685	190	1	higashiyama, h., & hara	ORG
edu-4685	190	2	k.	PERSON
edu-4685	190	3	2010	DATE
edu-4685	191	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	192	1	university heoyu department nonju	ORG
edu-4685	192	2	21	DATE
edu-4685	192	3	125	CARDINAL
edu-4685	193	1	t. (	GPE
edu-4685	193	2	2011	DATE
edu-4685	195	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	196	1	jijitsushinsha	PERSON
edu-4685	197	1	a.	PERSON
edu-4685	197	2	2014	DATE
edu-4685	198	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	199	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	200	1	imazu	PERSON
edu-4685	200	2	k.	PERSON
edu-4685	200	3	2009	DATE
edu-4685	202	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	203	1	iwanami shoten	PERSON
edu-4685	203	2	institute for international cooperation	ORG
edu-4685	204	1	2004	DATE
edu-4685	205	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	206	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	207	1	jica	PERSON
edu-4685	208	1	kariya	GPE
edu-4685	208	2	t., & rappleye	ORG
edu-4685	208	3	j. (	PERSON
edu-4685	208	4	2010	DATE
edu-4685	209	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	209	2	e. hannum	GPE
edu-4685	209	3	h. park & y. goto butler	ORG
edu-4685	209	4	east asia	LOC
edu-4685	210	1	17	CARDINAL
edu-4685	210	2	17-63	CARDINAL
edu-4685	211	1	bingley	ORG
edu-4685	212	1	kita, a., & miura	ORG
edu-4685	212	2	t.	GPE
edu-4685	212	3	2010	DATE
edu-4685	214	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	214	2	iwanami shoten	PERSON
edu-4685	215	1	mainichi	PERSON
edu-4685	215	2	s.	PERSON
edu-4685	215	3	2019	DATE
edu-4685	217	1	https://mainichi.jp/articles/20190106/k00/00m/040/148000c mainichi	PERSON
edu-4685	217	2	s.	PERSON
edu-4685	217	3	2022	CARDINAL
edu-4685	219	1	2019	DATE
edu-4685	220	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	221	1	r. huang	PERSON
edu-4685	221	2	a. takahashi	PERSON
edu-4685	221	3	j. p. da ponte	PERSON
edu-4685	225	1	2012	DATE
edu-4685	227	1	mext	LOC
edu-4685	230	1	https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo0/toushin/020202/020202d.htm	CARDINAL
edu-4685	230	2	a., & sakuma	ORG
edu-4685	230	3	2018	DATE
edu-4685	231	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	232	1	soka	GPE
edu-4685	232	2	70	DATE
edu-4685	232	3	61-76	DATE
edu-4685	233	1	nakai	PERSON
edu-4685	233	2	k.	PERSON
edu-4685	233	3	2012	DATE
edu-4685	234	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	234	2	https://www.nippon.com/en/in-depth/a00601 nakayama	ORG
edu-4685	234	3	a., & imamura	ORG
edu-4685	234	4	2010	DATE
edu-4685	235	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	235	2	english	LANGUAGE
edu-4685	236	1	28	CARDINAL
edu-4685	236	2	j., & komatsu	ORG
edu-4685	236	3	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	237	1	america	GPE
edu-4685	237	2	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	238	1	12(4	CARDINAL
edu-4685	238	2	398	CARDINAL
edu-4685	239	1	https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499917740656 sakuma, a.	ORG
edu-4685	239	2	2007	DATE
edu-4685	242	1	121-130	CARDINAL
edu-4685	243	1	tokyo	GPE
edu-4685	243	2	iwanami shoten	PERSON
edu-4685	244	1	a.	PERSON
edu-4685	244	2	2019	CARDINAL
edu-4685	245	1	10	CARDINAL
edu-4685	246	1	bbc	ORG
edu-4685	247	1	a.	PERSON
edu-4685	247	2	2012	DATE
edu-4685	248	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	250	1	https://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00012/ stevenson	GPE
edu-4685	250	2	h. w.	PERSON
edu-4685	250	3	j. w.	PERSON
edu-4685	250	4	1992	DATE
edu-4685	251	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	251	2	chinese	NORP
edu-4685	252	1	new york	GPE
edu-4685	253	1	j. w.	PERSON
edu-4685	253	2	1999	DATE
edu-4685	255	1	new york	GPE
edu-4685	257	1	2019	DATE
edu-4685	258	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	259	1	r.	PERSON
edu-4685	259	2	2017	CARDINAL
edu-4685	261	1	japan	GPE
edu-4685	261	2	katsudo society	ORG
edu-4685	261	3	25	CARDINAL
edu-4685	261	4	19	CARDINAL
edu-4685	262	1	tsuneyoshi	ORG
edu-4685	262	2	r.	PERSON
edu-4685	262	3	2018	DATE
edu-4685	263	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	263	2	r.	NORP
edu-4685	263	3	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	264	1	new york	GPE
edu-4685	265	1	tsuneyoshi	ORG
edu-4685	265	2	r.	PERSON
edu-4685	265	3	2020	DATE
edu-4685	266	1	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	267	1	new york	GPE
edu-4685	268	1	wada	ORG
edu-4685	268	2	m., & burnett	ORG
edu-4685	268	3	2011	DATE
edu-4685	269	1	yutori kyoiku	PERSON
edu-4685	269	2	japanese	NORP
edu-4685	270	1	7	CARDINAL
edu-4685	270	2	69	CARDINAL
edu-4685	271	1	2021	CARDINAL
edu-4685	273	1	hiroshima university graduate school human	ORG
edu-4685	273	2	kagakukenkyuka kiyō	PERSON
edu-4685	273	3	2	DATE
edu-4685	273	4	159	CARDINAL
edu-4685	274	1	asian	NORP
edu-4685	274	2	journal publishing group	ORG
edu-4685	278	1	https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo0/toushin/020202/020202d.htm	CARDINAL