134 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Asian Journal of Education and Training Vol. 5, No. 1, 134-139, 2019 ISSN(E) 2519-5387 DOI:10.20448/journal.522.2019.51.134.139 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group The Relationship between Daily Lifestyle and Anthropometric Parameters in Secondary School Student Esin Güllü1 Abdullah Güllü2 ( Corresponding Author) 1Hitit University, Faculty of Sports Science, Department of Physical Education and Sports Education, Turkey 2Hitit University, Faculty of Sports Science, Coaching Training Department, Turkey Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between daily lifestyle and anthropometric parameters in secondary school boys, aged 10-12 years. The study included 128 male students in secondary school, healthy and voluntarily. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters of the participants were measured before the study. The daily step counts (STEP) were measured by SenseWear® Armband for 6-day without physical education classes. To determine whether the students had active or inactive daily lifestyle habits, STEP values were assigned to three different levels according to the classification of Craig et al. (2013): passive group (PG), normal group (NG), and active group (AG). One-way ANOVA, multiple comparison, and Pearson correlation coefficient tests were used. P<0.05 was considered significant in all tests. In multiple comparison tests, some anthropometric parameters and STEP averages were significant in favor of AG (p<0.05). There were moderate (r=-0.60) or high (r=0.81) linear relationships between STEP averages and mean values of the anthropometric features (p<0.01). It was concluded that the anthropometric parameters and daily step count of male secondary school students have a significant effect on daily lifestyle habits. Keywords:Lifestyle, Anthropometry, Metabolic parameter, STEP, Secondary school boy. Citation | EsinGüllü; Abdullah Güllü (2019). The Relationship between Daily Lifestyle and Anthropometric Parameters in Secondary School Student. Asian Journal of Education and Training, 5(1): 134-139. History: Received: 5 November 2018 Revised: 18 December 2018 Accepted: 10 January 2019 Published: 2 February 2019 Licensed: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License Publisher: Asian Online Journal Publishing Group Contribution/Acknowledgement: Both authors are very grateful to all participating students and their parents for their time-consuming efforts and decisive participations. Funding: This study received no specific financial support. Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests. Transparency: The authors confirm that the manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study was reported; that no vital features of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned have been explained. Ethical: This study follows all ethical practices during writing. Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 2. Methods ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 135 3. Results .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 136 4. Discussion and Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................... 137 References ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 138 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.20448/journal.522.2019.51.134.139&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2017-01-14 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/EDU/article/view/395 http://asianonlinejournals.com/index.php/EDU/article/view/395 Asian Journal of Education and Training, 2019, 5(1): 134-139 135 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 1. Introduction Physical activity habits and physical fitness levels are defined as children's lifestyle (Arnaoutis et al., 2018). Whether it is a child or an adolescent, the evidence indicates that physical activity has a significant impact on a healthy lifestyle and disease prevention, thus promoting the development of effective interventions that promote a physically active lifestyle in children and adolescents (Hills et al., 2007). Therefore, it has been emphasized that there are important responsibilities of public health and school management to improve physical fitness levels of children and increase their daily physical activities (Janz et al., 2000). Although obesity is considered a complex multi-factorial condition, physical inactivity is defined as an important factor in the development of obesity (Morrison et al., 2018). Because today's children's physical activity levels are far below the levels in previous generation children, and the sedentary lifestyle automatically causes obesity (Hills et al., 2007). Obesity and its metabolic results represent one of the five global risks that lead to hyperglycemia, high blood pressure, cardiovascular morbidity, and mortality, as well as tobacco use and physical inactivity (Hofsø et al., 2010). In the last decade, it is estimated that this generation will be the first generation to live shorter than their parents in human history because of the upward trend in obesity is more than expected (Freira et al., 2018). In addition, obesity is considered a public health problem that can cause many emotional and social effects, such as difficulties in relationship, depression and low self-esteem, as well as difficulties in health problems (Barbosa et al., 2018). Today's environment offers an inactive lifestyle that can contribute to obesity in childhood (Hills et al., 2007). Because of the rapid progress of technological activities such as computer and internet habits to reach addiction level especially among children and adolescents, their staying duration at home increases as well (Barbosa et al., 2018). For this reason, children and adolescents are forced to physically lead to inactive behavior and to a sedentary lifestyle (Bulut, 2013). As a result, the number of overweight children is increasing rapidly in many countries (Seghers and Martien, 2009; Riso et al., 2016) and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2010, 81% of the students aged 11 to 17 were sedentary (World Health Organization (WHO), 2010). Turkey Physical Activity Guide data states that sedentary lifestyle leads to decreased functional capacity, increased mortality and morbidity associated with chronic diseases (T. C. Ministry of Health Public Health Agency of Turkey (TCMH), 2014). Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes in both children and adults, and approximately 80% of overweight children become overweight adults (Burdette et al., 2004). However, it has been widely demonstrated that adequate physical activity during childhood has beneficial effects on both short- and long-term health outcomes, and decreases risk factors for several chronic diseases (Riso et al., 2016). For this reason, experts have recommended that for long-term health, prevention of obesity and an active lifestyle should begin in preschool or school-aged children (Pate et al., 2004). Because, participation in regular physical activity has many health benefits for adolescents (Beets et al., 2015) and young people are advised to exercise moderate to vigorous physical exercise every day for one hour (WHO, 2010a). Anthropometric properties are closely related to health development (Pavlovic et al., 2018) and the relationship between physical activity and body fat levels in adolescents is insufficient (Sevarsson et al., 2018). Some researchers have reported a relationship between increased levels of physical activity and low body fat levels (Must and Tybor, 2005) and however, some others have defended the opposite (Basterfield et al., 2012). In addition to the importance of a high level of physical fitness in childhood, the lack of studies evaluating the relationship between anthropometric traits and lifestyle in adolescence is also emphasized (Arnaoutis et al., 2018). Considering all these explanations; in this study, in order to determine whether the 10- to 12-year-old secondary school boys had active or inactive lifestyles, daily step counts (STEP) were measured by SenseWear® Armband during 24 hours for 6 days without physical education classes. To determine the volunteers' daily lifestyle levels, STEP values were assigned to three different levels according to the classification of Craig et al. (2013a). Accordingly, the purpose of this study was (1) differences between lifestyles of three groups, (2) anthropometric characteristics of the groups according to their lifestyles, and (3) to examine the relationships between the lifestyle and anthropometric parameters of the groups. 2. Methods 2.1. Intervention Group The study included 128 healthy and voluntary secondary school male students aged 10-12 years. To determine the participants' daily lifestyle levels, STEP values were assigned to three different levels according to the classification of Craig et al. (2013). According to this, respectively; first lifestyle level: STEP>12.000 steps/day was assigned to passive level group (PG; n: 39; age: 11.11±0.78 years; height: 149.78±8.71 cm; weight: 56.10±14.01 kg). Second lifestyle level: STEP=12.000-15.000 steps/day were assigned to the normal level group (NG; n: 44; age: 11.43±0.76 years; height: 150.64±10.14 cm; weight: 47.49±9.69 kg). Third lifestyle level: STEP>15,000 steps/day were assigned to the active level group (AG; n: 45; age: 11.13±0.92 years; height: 149.07±5.55 cm; weight: 39.57±4.54 kg). In the selection of the students in the intervention group, apart from the physical education classes, the criteria of not participating in any sports branch or physical activity, no chronic disease and no regular use of medication were taken into consideration. The informed voluntary parental consent and acceptance forms prepared according to the Helsinki Declaration were read and signed by each parents. Thus, necessary permissions were obtained by their families before starting this study. 2.2. Anthropometric and Metabolic Measurements The anthropometric measurements of the students were taken as shorts, t-shirts and bare feet. A height gauge (HarpendenStadiometer, Holtain Ltd., UK) with a precision of ±1 mm was used for height measurements. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), basal metabolism rate (BMR), body fat percentage (BF%), lean body mass percentage (LBM%) and body muscle mass percentage (BMM%) values were measured by body analysis device (Tanita BC- 418 MA Professional, Japan). For metabolic measurements, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured with a sphygmomanometer (Erka Switch Stethoscope, Germany). Pulse pressure (PP) was obtained with SBP and DBP difference (Gunay et al., 2018). Asian Journal of Education and Training, 2019, 5(1): 134-139 136 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group 2.3. Measuring the Daily Lifestyle To determine whether the students had active or inactive lifestyle, STEP was measured by SenseWear® Armband (SWA, Body Media, Inc., Pittsburg, USA) monitor during 24 hours for 6 days without physical education classes. SWA has been reported to provide more accurate predictions than other monitors during mild to moderate activities (Calabró et al., 2014) and is frequently used in children of all ages (Calabro et al., 2009). The SWA was worn on the triceps muscle of the dominant arm (in the middle of the distance between the acromion and the olecranon). Before SWA was worn on the arm, some demographic information such as gender, age, height, body weight, cigarette use and the dominant hand were uploaded from the computer to the device with the help of the SWA software (Innerview 5.1. Body Media, Inc., Pittsburg, PA), and the data in the SWA, which was removed after 6 days, was transferred back to the computer. The intervention group was asked to continue their normal activities as they were on other days, and to remove this device only when they were in aquatic activities, not to remove it from their arms at all other times. Otherwise, it was stated that this study could be adversely affected. 2.4. Statistical Analysis Mean and standard deviations (X±SD) of the results and percentage distribution of the intervention group (%) were presented in the text. Shapiro-Wilk test was used for normality of all variables, and Levene statistics was used for the homogeneity of variances. Since all the data showed normal distribution (p>0.05), parametric tests were performed. The data obtained from the study were compared with the One-way ANOVA test, and the Tukey multiple comparison (post-hoc) tests were used for the differences between the groups. The linear relations between daily lifestyle and anthropometric variables were determined by Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The statistical calculations of the study were done with IBM SPSS 25.0 package program, and p<0.05 level was accepted as significant in all tests. 3. Results The anthropometric, metabolic and STEP values obtained from the intervention group were given between Tables 1 and 2 as below. Table-1.Descriptive, ANOVA and multiple comparison values of the intervention group %95 CI Post-hoc test Variable Group N % X±SD LB UB F p Age (yrs.) PG 39 23.7 11.11±0.78 10.51 11.71 0.60 0.56 PG≤AG≤NG NG 44 36.8 11.43±0.76 10.99 11.87 AG 45 39.5 11.13±0.92 10.63 11.64 Total 128 100.0 11.24±0.82 10.97 11.51 Height (cm) PG 39 23.7 149.78±8.71 143.08 156.48 0.13 0.88 AG≤PG≤NG NG 44 36.8 150.64±10.14 144.79 156.5 AG 45 39.5 149.07±5.55 145.99 152.14 Total 128 100.0 149.82±8.04 147.17 152.46 Wight (kg) PG 39 23.7 56.10±14.01 45.33 66.87 8.88 0.00* AG≤NG15.000 steps). Although the anthropometric characteristics and lifestyle habits in childhood suggest that it is closely related to physical fitness, it is stated that other parameters may indirectly affect lifestyle habits (Arnaoutis et al., 2018). In Asian Journal of Education and Training, 2019, 5(1): 134-139 138 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group order to determine the health status of children and adolescents, the importance of using fat mass and fat percentage which are evaluated by bioelectrical impedance analysis instead of BMI are emphasized (Vantieghem et al., 2018). Therefore, anthropometric parameters (Pavlovic et al., 2018) such as body weight, lean body mass, fat mass and muscle mass are very closely related to health development in adolescence (Lopes et al., 2018). Because body composition parameters related to physical health should be well defined, and being physically active is one of the healthiest behaviors (Vantieghem et al., 2018). Therefore, adolescents are advised to perform moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day (WHO, 2010a). Compliance with these recommendations results in appropriate body weight, increased insulin sensitivity and reduced blood pressure (Vantieghem et al., 2018). It has also been reported to be associated with a high level of physical fitness, a favorable body composition, and protection against hypertension (Arnaoutis et al., 2018). The sedentary and inactive lifestyle in children was found to be associated with BF%, LBM% (Riso et al., 2016) and higher levels of fats (Morrison et al., 2018). This explanations suggests that BF% was in favor of PG with a passive lifestyle level, (AG15.000 steps) compared to other groups (PG