aji: A Pathfinder

This is a computer-generated pathfinder created against the Distant Reader study called aji.

Each Distant Reader study carrel is composed of many individual items. Each item is bibliographically described with author, title, date, summary, and keyword values. Below is a list of the items' most signficant keywords as well as lists of the items themselves. Purpusing the content of this pathfinder provides the student, researcher, or scholar with one way to get their heads around the scope of the carrel. The keywords include:

Cells; Article; Disease; Infection; Olivier; Test; Health; Group; Vaccine; Covid-19; Immune; Prevalence; Treatment; Extract; Rats; Adherence; Results; Blood; Diabetes; Children; Levels; Food; Immunity; Rabbits; Diagnosis; Extracts; Patient

Depending on how this pathfinder was created, many of the bibliographic sections will include elaborations on the meaning(s) of the given keywords. These elaborations were generated by feeding the items' summaries to a large langauge model and asking the model to address the question, "What is X?", where "X" is the keyword. The result will be a few sentences of elaboration. Be forewarned. The elaborations are often plausible, but they should not be take as truth. Instead, they should be taken as points for consideration.

• A review on Iguratimod: Bridging Hope for Arthritis Patients through the Dual Power of Immunomodulation and Anti-inflammation by Gupta, Nikita; Begum, Sana; Farooqui, Varda; Afreen, Summaiya; Avunoori, Pranitha (2024) - Through the inhibition of NF-κB activity, it modulates transcriptional regulation to suppress the production of cytokines and chemokines, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects” Iguratimod demonstrates its efficacy as well as tolerance when used as an additional therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients who exhibit an insufficient response to both methotrexate and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Keywords: arthritis; cells; effect; iguratimod; mtx; patients; production; rheumatoid; treatment
• An Overview of Antigen Properties, Classifications and Mechanisms of Action by N.N., Agbiji,; M.O, Ekong, (2024) - Antigens are necessary building blocks of complexes of antigen and antibody, which are used in forensic analyses to identify human blood as well as additional materials. 5.1 Types of Antigen According to Origin Antigens can be divided into two categories according to their origin 5.1.1 Exogenous antigen Exogenous antigens are antigens which are foreign to their host and can enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or injection; they can then move throughout the body through bodily fluids; the absorption of foreign antigen is principally carried out by Antigen Processing Cells (APCs) via phagocytosis, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Keywords: antibodies; antibody; antigens; blood; body; cells; host; immunology; proteins; response; system
• Long-lasting Response of Human Circulating T-follicular Helper Cells (cTfh) To Post SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Immunization by Shukla, Sandhya; Shukla, Arvind Kumar; Ray, Navin; Upadhyay, Adarsha Mahendra; Mirone, Giovanna; Mongre, Raj Kumar (2024) - Tfh cell responses in various vaccine candidates of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine candidates Phenotypes Function Antibody isotypes Ref. This will be critical to better classifying and correctly understanding lymphoid and circulating Tfh cell responses after Shukla et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. Keywords: antibodies; antibody; cd4; cells; cov-2; covid-19; ctfh; et al; follicular; helper; immunol; infection; responses; sars; specific; t cells; tfh; tfh cells; vaccination; vaccine
• Optimizing Cancer Immunotherapy through Combination Therapies: Advances in Chemoimmunotherapy, Lymphodepletion, and Precision Medicine by Li, Shen; Li, Biaoru (2024) - The main goals of LD are to (1) reduce endogenous lymphocytes to inhibit the engraftment of CAR-T infusions and support their long-term activity; (2) reduce tumor cells to avoid rapid exhaustion of CAR-Ts; and (3) prepare and reprogram the microenvironment and soluble factors to ensure optimal engraftment, homing, and long-term survival of CAR-T cells The cytotoxic drugs kill tumor cells and inhibit their proliferation through DNA damage, inhibiting DNA replication and arresting mitosis. Keywords: act; cancer; car; cells; chemoimmunotherapy; chemotherapy; combination; ici; immune; immunotherapy; medicine; patients; precision; specific; til; treatment; tumor
• Gonadal Histo-morphology and Enhanced Fertility Potential of Curcuma longa in Male STZ-induced Diabetic Rats by Akpaso, Mfon I; Takim, Elton N; Oku, Michael E; Sadeyeng, Anani; Edim, Lydia B; Udo-Affah, Gabriel U (2024) - Its main Akpaso et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. [53] who reported that the addition of curcumin in frozen-thawed Angora goat semen improved both motility and acrosome integrity, while also enhancing the motility and functional integrity of sperm plasma membrane in frozen Akpaso et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 258-273, 2024; Keywords: akpaso; animals; asian; cells; control; count; curcuma; diabetes; diabetic; effects; et al; extract; group; longa; male; mellitus; motility; p<0.05; rats; sperm
• A Review on Vadadustat: Hope in Treatment of Anemia Patients Having Chronic Kidney Disease by Gupta, Nikita; Khan, Mohd Naveed; Farooqui, Varda; Poojitha, Guntoju; Kavya, Thipparam (2024) - From this mechanism, one would anticipate that renal EPO production would be only mildly suppressed in iron deficiency anemia compared with other forms of anemia that are associated with either maintenance or even elevation of plasma iron. Ueda N, Takasawa K. Impact of inflammation on ferritin, hepcidin and the management of iron deficiency anemia in chronic kidney disease. Keywords: anemia; cells; ckd; disease; epo; factor; group; hepcidin; hif; hydroxylase; hypoxia; iron; kidney; kidney disease; patients; placebo; production; prolyl; renal; treatment; vadadustat
• An Inter Mammalian Microbiome-Immune-Axis MIA by SHNAWA, Ibrahim M S (2025) - Such variations suggest that human gut microbiome may exhibit more plasticity in response to environmental variation (Amato et al., 2019). Mouse gut microbiome composition contains 85% of bacterial genera different from that of human gut microbiome. Keywords: axis; cells; dysbiosis; et al; gut; human; immune; mice; microbiome; rabbit; system
• Immunomodulatory Potentials of Probiotics: A Review by Nwobodo, David Chinemerem; Ugwu, Malachy Chigozie (2020) - Nussler and Thomson in 1992 reported that lactic acid bacteria and their products can interact with immune cells, leading to the production of cytokines that have a manifold effect on immune and non-immune cells [27]. Probiotics affect the expression level of TLRs on DC as wells as immune cells in Peyer’s patches, leading to a production of a wide range of cytokine regulating the evolvement of the immune response. Keywords: acid; article; bacteria; casei; cells; cytokines; effects; et al; food; gut; host; immune; immunomodulatory; journal; lactobacillus; macrophages; mechanisms; microbiology; no.aji.54889; nwobodo; probiotics; production; response; review; stimulation; system
• The Role of Monocytes and Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Non-AIDS Defining Events: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications by Adavba, Samuel Adinoyi (2025) - Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc, are available here: https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/136909 Received: 25/03/2025 Published: 06/06/2025 ABSTRACT Monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection, contributing not only to viral persistence but also to the development of non-AIDS-defining events (nADEs) in People Living with HIV (PLWH). Moreover, HIV infection alters the functional properties of monocytes and macrophages, diminishing their ability to eliminate pathogens and regulate immune responses. Keywords: activation; aids; cells; damage; et al; hiv; infection; inflammation; liver; macrophages; monocytes
• Local Immunity Concept in the Context of the Novel Corona Viral Infection: A Consideration by Prasad, A. S. V. (2020) - 2.2 Review of Some of the Diseases to Which the Concept of Local Immunity is Applied and Tested 2.2.1 Local immunity in polio virus infection [6] The Salk polio vaccine, which consists of killed virus administered systemically, elicits serum IgG as the major antibody and induces little or no secretory response. Local mucosal infections of the respiratory or gastro-intestinal tract may elicit local cell-mediateld and humoral (IgA) immune responses, but not necessarily systemic immunity. Keywords: antibody; article; cells; corona; covid; immunity; infection; influenza; mucosal; nasal; protection; protein; respiratory; responses; vaccine; virus
• T Cell Exhaustion and Immune Dysfunction in Spontaneous Abortion: A Targeted Review by Walana, Williams; Billak, George; Suurbaar, Jennifer; Malechi, Hawa (2025) - Studies have shown that T cell exhaustion is characterised by a decrease in the expression of stimulatory receptors and an increase in the expression of suppressive receptors, making it challenging for T cells to respond to infections. Tim-3: Expression on immune cells and roles at the maternal-fetal interface. Keywords: abortion; cells; et al; pregnancy; tim-3; wrsa
• Epigenetic Dysregulation and its Role in Immune-Mediated Diseases by Ajibola, Fagbemi Oluwaseyi; Ayodele, Adedoyin Elizabeth (2025) - These studies have robustly confirmed the paramount importance of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region and highlighted key pathways involved in immune cell signaling, cytokine production, and lymphocyte activation (Ausserwinkler et al., 2025; Arneth, 2024). These factors can initiate stable epigenetic reprogramming within immune cells, potentially leading to the sustained overexpression of pro- inflammatory genes or the silencing of key immunoregulatory pathways. Keywords: cells; disease; dna; et al; expression; genes; histone; hypomethylation; immune; methylation; sle; specific
• The Gut–NET–ICB Axis: Microbial Metabolite-Mediated Regulation of NETosis and Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy by Jimoh, Islam Ariremako; NNANNA, TOBECHI BRENDAN; OLUMUJI, TAIWO MICHEAL; Ukegbu, Paul Onyekachi; Hungbo, Michael Sewanu; Hussaini, Kanime (2025) - Conclusion: The modulation of NETosis by gut microbial metabolites represents a crucial mechanism underlying the microbiome's impact on cancer immunotherapy. - HDAC inhibition (Mager et al., 2020) - Signaling via GPCRs (GPR41, GPR43, GPR109a) (Ayodele et al., 2025) - Energy source for colonocytes & immune cells. Keywords: acids; axis; cells; et al; gut; icb; immune; metabolites; microbiome; netosis; response; tumor
• Impact of Exercise on Some Haematological and Cellular Immune Markers in Male Athletes by Nwoke, K. U.; Amah-Tariah, F. S.; N. Chuemere, A. (2020) - Blood samples were collected from 86 apparently healthy male athletes before and after exercise training using standardized methods. The result of this study showed that there was no statistically significant p<0.05 difference between the BMI of male athletes compared with male non-athletes (Table 1); suggesting that BMI alone cannot be used to determine fitness levels in athletes because hypertrophied muscle may give perception of overweight. Keywords: athletes; blood; cells; change; exercise; haematological; med; non; sports; study; training; university
• Discussion on the Concept of Immunity and How Human Body System Could Build Immunity against COVID 19 and It Relevance to Public Health Education by Opoku, Albert; Danso, Joana Owusu; Mensah, Olivia Nyarko; Owusu, Nicholas Amoah; Twene, Prince; Dankwa, Jefferson Asare; Owusu, Andrews (2020) - Acquired immunity is developed or acquired by natural or artificial means. 3. TYPES OF IMMUNITY BASED SOURCE OF IMMUNITY If we consider the source of immunity, that is, where it comes from, we can begin with two major categories: genetic immunity and acquired immunity (Adaptive immunity) Keywords: antibodies; article; cells; covid; human; immunity; means; system
• Acute Immune Mediated Lung Injury in COVID 19: A Review by Prasad, A. S. V. (2020) - Simple coagulation cascade activation/ fibrinolysis, cannot explain either the presence of immune cells like CD8+ and CD4+ cells nor the consolidation/fibrosis component. Fibrin and products of platelets and inflammatory cells modulate the angiogenic response of endothelial cells and contribute to tissue repair. Keywords: activation; ards; article; cells; coagulation; complement; covid; cytokines; damage; endothelial; expression; factor; findings; lung; macrophages; pathology; pathway; patients; protein; receptors; role; tnf; type; vascular; virus
• Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Novel Therapeutic Targets by Shehu, Shaayau; Kurya, Abdulaziz Umar; Aliyu, Usama; Sharma, Dinesh C. (2020) - Soluble forms of both types of IL-1R compete with cell surface receptors thereby decreasing IL- 1 mediated activation of cells [54]. Inflammatory cytokines are proved to be beneficial for their bactericidal capacity of phagocytes, recruit additional innate cell populations to sites of infection, induce dendritic cell maturation and direct the subsequent specific immune response to the invading microbes [12]. Keywords: activation; arthritis; cells; cytokines; disease; factor; il-1; il-6; inflammation; interleukin-1; journal; patients; receptor; response; rheumatoid; rheumatoid arthritis; role; tnf
• Stem Cell Therapy in Treatment of Non-communicable Diseases: Possibilities and Challenges by Rahman, Nahian; Sultana, Mussamat Mahbuba; Sultana, Marium; Ghosh, Susmita; Mostary, Urme; Saha, Priya; Kabir, Md. Ruhul (2020) - Accepted 09 May 2020 Published 18 May 2020 ABSTRACT Over recent years stem cells have stood out as a promising tool for regenerative medicine, providing alternative therapeutic solutions for many non-communicable diseases. Many clinical trials using stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are focused on the refit and regeneration of various tissues and organs in degenerative diseases, whose current treatment only succeeds in delay down the progression of the disease. Keywords: cells; diabetes; disease; journal; kidney; pluripotent; stem; stem cells; therapy; tissue; transplantation; treatment; types
• TNF-α, TNF Receptors and Their Complex Implications in Therapy by Churchill, Brian Mark; Patri, Pallavi; Cama, Rashna; Inrig, Jula K. (2020) - Jonathan Holbrook et al have described TNF-α and TNF receptors in detail [14]. This suggests that mechanism of action of the TNF-α and TNF receptors is complex, and further studies are needed to elucidate these mechanisms. Keywords: agents; anti; arthritis; article; cells; disease; et al; factor; gene; inflammation; kidney; lupus; necrosis; patients; receptors; renal; rheumatoid; risk; role; studies; therapy; tnf; tnfr2; tumor
• Mechanism of Antiviral Immune Response and COVID-19 Infection by Sheshe, Sadeeq; Nazifi, Abdullahi; Labbo, A. M.; Khalid, G. M.; Yahya, Abubakar; Muhammad, Umar; Haruna, Aliyu Musa (2020) - Cell mediated immune response involves the activation of cells that could lead to destruction and elimination of the foreign bodies [9]. With that said however, no available studies have shown direct relation between onset of viral immune response and the microbiome in respiratory tract [30]. Keywords: article; cells; coronavirus; covid-19; doi; immunity; mechanisms; proteins; response; sars; system; virus
• High Fat Diet Triggers a Prompt and Transient Increase in Adipose Tissue Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor and Circulating Myeloid Cells in Mice by S. Eld, Helene M.; Madsen, Louise; Lund, Christina H.; Metzdorff, Stine Broeng; Frøkiær, Hanne (2021) - G- CSF suppressed production of LPS-induced TNF and increased IL-10 production in dendritic cells suggesting that G-CSF down-regulates LPS-induced inflammation. Here, we investigated the effect of short-term feeding a HFD to young mice on bone marrow Eld et al.; AJI, 4(1): 160-174, 2021; Article no.AJI.83640 162 and blood cell composition and further assessed the circulatory and VAT level of G-CSF and GM- CSF as well as the expression of genes involved in LPS-induced inflammation in VAT. Keywords: adipose; blood; cells; control; csf; day; expression; fat; fed; fig; hfd; increase; lps; mice; monocytes; neutrophils; production; tissue

• The Martyrdom of St. Julia: On Microbial Strategies to Evade the Immune System by Nguyen, Thuc Anh; Angkasuwan, Angkarina; Rossi, Claudia; Overveld, Frans J. Van; Rijkers, Ger T. (2018) - Micro-organisms can also produce proteins that degrade (IgA protease) or inactivate antibody molecules (protein A and protein G). Staphylococcus aureus expresses a protein on its surface called protein A, which can bind to the Fc portion of IgG. Binding of protein A to IgG blocks Fc receptor- mediated phagocytosis [45,46]. Keywords: antibodies; article; aureus; cell; complement; doi; evasion; hemagglutinin; host; human; immunol; infect; infection; influenza; micro; nguyen; no.aji.41198; pandemic; protein; receptor; system; virus; viruses
• A 6-Year Statistical Study of Systemic Sclerosis in the Region of Casablanca-Settat, Morocco by Yassir, Lakrafi; Basma, Benhayoun; Rihabe, Cherfouf; Mehdi, Bouroyene El; Leila, Barakat; Merieme, Benzakour; Echchilali, Khadija; Moudatir, Mina; Kabli, Hassan El (2024) - 4. Percentage of patients with a family history of systemic sclerosis 85.7% (n=36) had no family history of systemic scleroderma, 9.5% (n=4) were unaware if they had any, and 4.8% (n=2) reported a family history of scleroderma Fig. At the time of diagnosis of systemic sclerosis in our patients, the clinical picture was dominated by skin involvement with Raynaud's phenomenon found in 95.2% of patients, followed by pulp scars found in 61.9% of patients, then curled fingers found in 54.8%, of cutaneous sclerosis not exceeding the MCP in 45.2% and exceeding the MCP in 45.2%, then refinement of the lips and nose found in 40.5% of patients, then pulpal ulcerations found in 35.7%, telangiectasias in 28.6%. Keywords: article; asian; damage; diagnosis; diagram; disease; fig; involvement; patients; scleroderma; sclerosis; summary; years
• Molecular Pathogenesis, Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutics Used in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis by Shehu, Shaayau; Kurya, Abdulaziz Umar; Farouq, Kamal Murtala; Toro, Abdulhakim Umar (2020) - A 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluate subcutaneous administration of 40 mg adalimumab every two weeks in 60 patients with erosive hand OA, however the tolerability and safety profiles of adalimumab on those patients were very good and resulting to successful Shehu et al.; AJI, 3(1): 223-232, 2020; Article no.AJI.57637 228 neutralization of the TNFα there by slowing the progression of structural damage in erosive interphalangeal finger joint osteoarthritis [30]. Pal CP, Singh P, Chaturvedi S, Pruthi KK, Vij A. Epidemiology of knee osteoarthritis in India and related factors. Keywords: article; bone; cartilage; changes; clinical; disease; doi; efficacy; joint; knee; osteoarthritis; patients; prevalence; study; treatment; women
• Structure and Function of COVID-19 Encode Proteins in the Transcription and Replication Mechanism with Its Preventive Measures and Propose Efficacy Treatments: A Critical Systematic Review by E., Oguh C.; O., Obiwulu E. N.; O., Oniwon W.; U., Okekeaji; V., Ugwu C.; J., Umezinwa O.; A., Osuji C. (2020) - A conformational structure occurs in the structure and the process of entry into the virus cell start when S protein is bound to the receptor On the foundation of Oguh et al.; AJI, 3(1): 145-159, 2020; Article no.AJI.56272 151 sequence arrangement and homology modeling, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 share an extremely preserved receptor-binding domain (RBD), a domain of S protein and 76% of sequence similarity in their S proteins Keywords: article; cell; chloroquine; coronavirus; cov-2; covid-19; fig; genome; hcq; membrane; no.aji.56272; oguh; protein; replication; rna; sars; structure; treatment
• A Case of Furuncular Myiasis Due to Cordylobia anthropophaga in Infant in Makkah, Saudi Arabia by Hassanein, Raafat A.; Almatary, Amal M.; Alkurbi, Mohammad O. (2020) - We intended to describe here a case of furuncular cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae in infant from south area in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Ko JY, Lee I, Park1 BJ, Shin1 JM, Ryu J. A case of cutaneous myiasis caused by Cordylobia anthropophaga larvae in a Korean Traveler Returning from Central Africa, Korean J Parasitol. Keywords: anthropophaga; arabia; article; case; cordylobia; fig; larvae; myiasis; saudi
• A Multimodal Strategic Approach to Integrative Oncology by Stoff, Jesse A. (2022) - As a short overview, cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells (found within tumors or hematological cancers) that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells, specifically the ability to give rise to all of the heterogeneous cancer cell lines found in a particular tumor. Current research demonstrates that cancer is largely a metabolic disease involving disturbances in energy production (deregulating cellular energetics) through a shift from respiration to fermentation, but this is not the only aberrant energy pathway that cancer cells can utilize. Keywords: activity; agents; aji; anti; anticancer; apoptosis; article; breast cancer; cancer; cancer cells; cancer res; cancer stem; cancer therapy; cellular; chemotherapy; combination; csc; cscs; curcumin; dec; disease; dna; doi; dose; effects; epub; expression; genes; growth; human; immune; inflammation; inhibitors; j cancer; jan; jun; kim; kinase; mar; med; metabolic; metastasis; metformin; natural; new; no.aji.77967; oct; oncol; pathways; patient; pmid; potential; protein; radiation; research; resistance; response; review; sci; sep; stem cells; stoff; strategy; system; targeting; therapy; treatment; tumor; tumor cells; use; viscum; vitamin; wang
• COVID 19 Vaccinations: Should It Be by Choice or Mandatory in Ghana? Our Opinion in Response to Political Activists’ Arguments against Compulsory Vaccination by Abolasom, Raphael Kumah; Opoku, Albert; Twene, Prince; Owusu, Nicholas Amoah (2021) - The Public Health Act, 2012 (ACT 851), part II (Vaccination), Section 22, subsection (1), gives power to the Minister of Health, through a legislative instrument (LI) to order compulsory vaccination for public interest. Vaccination must serve its purpose, compulsory vaccination is a fruitless venture should it have no positive impact on the immunity of the people [21,22]. Keywords: act; article; compulsory; constitution; covid-19; ghana; health; rights; vaccination
• Predictors of Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Public Hospitals of Sidama Region, Ethiopia, 2021 a Case Control Study Protocol by Tesfaye Tegegne, Kaleab; Ayalew Assefa, Abiyu; Zenebe, Andualem; Semeon Bagajjo, Wosenyeleh; Bifato, Berhanu; Tadele Abebe, Alelign; Assefa, Sintayehu (2021) - Anemia is the main cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women in developing countries with maternal and fetal consequences, which leads to premature births, low birth weight, fetal cognitive impairment and death. Objective: To determine predictors of anemia among pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals of Sidama region, Ethiopia, 2021. Keywords: aji4(1; anemia; antenatal; article; care; case; data; ethiopia; factors; food; hawassa; health; hospitals; iron; no.aji.78308; nutrition; predictors; pregnancy; prevalence; region; sample; sidama; status; study; tegegne; total; women; yes
• Effects of Copper and Zinc Supplementation on Haematological, Renal and Liver Function in Healthy Wistar Rats by Effah-Yeboah, Emmanuel; Agyapong Asare, Emmanuel; Dwomoh Abraham, Janice; Kofi Amissah Reynolds, Papa; Dwomoh, Joshua; Adongo, Eldith; Appiah, Stephen; Iddrisu Balali, Gadafi (2021) - Low levels of ALT are generally considered a good marker of liver health; however, low levels of ALT occur as a result of certain underlying medical conditions such as deficiency in Vitamin B6 or chronic kidney disease. Serum copper and zinc levels at diagnosis and hepatocellular carcinoma survival in the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort. Keywords: alt; article; control; copper; doses; effects; exposure; group; high; journal; levels; liver; low; metals; rats; study; zinc
• Fresh Raffia Palm Wine, Fermented Soya Bean Milk Supplementation, Enzymatic Antioxidant and Lipid Peroxidation Biomarkers in Lactating Female Wistar Rats by Jacques Ndeh, Forwah; Ojong, Ebot Walter; Akpan, Uwem Okon; Ekeagba, Immaculate Ihuoma (2021) - Table 2 shows the effects of ten (10) days administration of fermented soya bean milk and fresh palm wine supplements on the serum activities of four endogenous antioxidant enzymes in female lactating wistar rats namely:- 3.1 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Serum activities of four endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD , CAT and GPX ) in female lactating wistar rats treated with soya bean milk and fresh palm wine supplements, metoclopramide, distilled water and normal feed Group Animal handling and treatment of groups I II III IV V P-value Control Treated with Treated with Treated with Treated with Treated with Treated with Substances Administered Distilled water METCL FPW FSBM FSBM FSBM FSBM Quantity 1mg/kg 5mg/kg 10ml/kg 10% 20% 40% 40% +FPW Mean±SEM 2.25± 0.09 1.69±0.07 2.18 ± 0.10 1.76± 0.10 1.85±0.05 2.34±0.13 2.98 ± 0.12 P<0.05 α activity (IU/L) Keywords: activities; activity; antioxidant; article; bean; catalase; control; fpw; fsbm; group; lactation; lipid; mda; mean; metoclopramide; milk; palm; peroxidation; soya; wine
• Molecular Detection and Sequencing of Rotavirus VP4 among Children Aged 0-5 Years with Gastroenteritis in 2 Selected Healthcare Centres in Keffi, Nigeria by Ibrahim, I.; Usman, R. U.; Mohammed, H. I.; Ishaleku, D.; Shuaibu, A. B. (2021) - Samples 1, 6 and 9 were positive for Rotavirus VP4 gene while samples 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 were negative. Results: Of the 303 children screened, 54(17.8%) were positive for Rotavirus infection. Keywords: age; article; children; et al; gastroenteritis; infection; journal; keffi; nigeria; prevalence; rotavirus; state; study; vp4; years
• Therapeutic Potential of the Dual Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor (PPAR)/ Agonist Aleglitazar in Attenuating TNF-mediated Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Human Adipocytes: A Review by ElSawy, Naser A. (2019) - Sakat S, Mani K, Demidchenko Y, Gorbunov E, Tarasov S, Mathur A, Epstein O. Release-active dilutions of diclofenac enhance anti-inflammatory effect of diclofenac in carrageenan-induced rat Paw Edema model. Serum level of TNF- α in obese patients with T2DM increased than normal or non-obese patient with T2DM, serum level of TNF- α show positive correlation to degree of adipose tissue and negative correlation with glucose-insulin rate (GIR),increase TNF- α highly associated with increased insulin resistance (Fig. 9) Keywords: aleglitazar; article; carrageenan; diabetes; diclofenac; drug; fig; hind; inflammation; insulin; mar; mellitus; paw; resistance; tissue; type

• Frequency and Patterns of Cardiac Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Shaker, Esmat Esam (2025) - Negative 35(40%) 68(80%) Positive 53(60%) 17(20%) Anti_SSB 0.005 Negative 72(82%) 77(90%) Positive 16(18%) 8(10%) Shaker; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. The causes of heart damage in SLE patients were identified to assess the relationship with disease activity, duration, and rheumatic treatment. Keywords: cardiac; disease; group; heart; lupus; patients; sle; test
• Clinical Profile and Analysis of Biological Markers (Fecal Calprotectin and CRP) during Relapse of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in a Population of Adults by Nassar, Asma; Alliouch -kerboua, Amina; Meriche, Hacene; Gadiri, Nassima Sabiha; Chettab, Frida (2025) - Comparison of FC results between UC and CD during relapse phase Positive FC Negative FC Equivocal FC Pearson Chi-square test CD (relapse) 24 cases 11(45,83%) 13(45,17%) 0 P=0,27 UC (relapse) 14 cases 9(64,29%) 5(35,71%) 0 Total (38) 20(52,63%) 18(47,37%) 0 3.2.4 Distribution of the population according to CRP Levels In our study, 34 patients (46.57%) had a CRP level of ≥ 6 mg/L, while 39 patients (53.42%) had a CRP level of < 6 mg/L. Patients with CD had a higher proportion of positive CRP compared to patients with UC. A retrospective analysis of records from inflammatory bowel disease patients followed between January 2012 and October 2014 at a gastroenterology care center in Mumbai included sixty-three patients (32 with ulcerative colitis and 31 with Crohn's disease). Keywords: bowel; cases; crp; disease; ibd; levels; patients; relapse; results; study; table
• Metabolomics Role in Health and Disease: Current Status and Future Directions by Mamman, Godiya Peter; Angulu, Caleb Ndako; Ado, Aminu,; Mahmud, Mohammed Evuti; Aliyu, Ruqayyatu; Angulu, Samuel; Owoyale, Adeoye Daniel (2025) - With the advent of chromatographic techniques, the capacity to separate metabolites and enhance the number of metabolites identified has surely improved (Li et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2019). Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) enzymes in gliomas and acute myeloid leukemia Mamman et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. Keywords: biomarkers; cancer; diagnosis; disease; disorders; et al; health; journal; levels; metabolic; metabolites; metabolomics; treatment
• The Relationship between the Levels of Anti Cyclic Citrullinated Protein Antibodies Type2 (ACPA2) and the Severity of Erosive Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) by Jnad, M.; Aldou, K.; Yazaji, H. (2020) - There is no research on association between ACPA and structural damage in RA patients in Syria. ACPA positive patients are at particularly high risk for developing severe forms of RA and severe radiographic damage, as they are independent severity factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and may be very useful biomarkers to predict disease damage [6,7]. Keywords: acpa; anti; arthritis; disease; erosive; patients; rheumatoid
• Novel Coronavirus COVID-19: A General Overview for Emergency Clinicians and Current Scenario by Alam, Md. Bashir (2020) - Novel coronavirus (COVID-19, also known informally as Wuhan coronavirus) Human coronavirus HKU1 5. Keywords: china; coronavirus; covid-19; disease; doi; health; medicine; novel; outbreak; patients; pneumonia; sars; syndrome; wuhan
• Herd Immunity, the Best Way out of SARS COV-2 Pandemic: Preaching the Good News about COVID-19 Vaccine and Vaccine Efficacy by Ademola, Opeyemi Shadrach; Nehemiah, Emono Dankano; Oyelowo, Gideon Kehinde; Oladeji, Florence Oluwakemi (2022) - 50% efficacy threshold was set for COVID-19 vaccines because COVID-19 was deemed such a severe disease, that if a vaccine is only 50% effective, it’s still worth using [18]. The emerging data on COVID-19 vaccines suggests that the vaccines are very safe with high efficacy, at least against some of the variants. Keywords: covid-19; disease; health; nigeria; participants; population; state; study; vaccination; vaccine
• Burden of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (TID) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines from 2014-2018 by Okikiade, Adedeji; Anderson, Ikeokwu; Afolayan-Oloye, Olayinka; Adeola O., Olanrewaju; Paulpillai, Mane (2021) - There tends to be decrease in diabetes complications in certain parts of the world, and the survival and quality of life have improved tremendously, but financial constraints and awareness have restricted ample access to type 1 diabetes prevention, control and treatment, as well as meeting the informed inventiveness and creativity of gadgets, such as the closed-loop systems. Incidence rates decline after puberty and appear to stabilize in young adulthood (15–29 years). Keywords: age; data; diabetes; disease; grenadines; incidence; mellitus; peak; population; study; t1d; type; vincent; years

• Epidemiological Study of Intestinal Parasites in School Children in Vandeikya LGA, Benue State, Nigeria by Atsuwe, T. S.; Obisike, V. U.; Chikwendu, J. I.; Kondo, C. K.; Tyoakoso, C. T.; Amuta, E. U. (2019) - Intestinal parasite prevalences were highest in children aged 5-9 years, as the children grew older (15-19 years), zero (0%) prevalences were recorded for all intestinal parasites. ABSTRACT A study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of intestinal parasites in school children in Vandeikya LGA, Benue State, Nigeria. Keywords: age; children; histolytica; infection; lumbricoides; parasites; prevalence; school; water
• Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Viral Infections in Port Harcourt, Nigeria by Ndukwu, Chidi L.C.; Chinedu-madu, Jane Ugochi (2024) - 3.2 Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Viral Infections The seroprevalence of Hepatitis C virus infection as determined in the study area was 0.5% as only one of the 206 tests recorded positive. The prevalence of 5.8% obtained here for hepatitis B infection was higher than the 1.2% prevalence among members of a university community in Port Harcourt Keywords: age; harcourt; hbv; hcv; hepatitis; infection; nigeria; port; prevalence; seroprevalence; study
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus Epidemic among People Who Inject Drugs and Female Sex Workers in North Africa: A Systematic Review by Khalaf, Ahmed A. M. (2025) - The aim of the present study was to review the status of the HIV epidemic among PWID and FSWs in North African countries by explaining HIV prevalence. However, having updated literature on HIV prevalence is crucial for tracking the spread of infection and describing the burden on global public health. Keywords: africa; aids; countries; fsws; hiv; hiv prevalence; infection; north; prevalence; pwid; studies
• Serum Levels of TNF- α, IL-10 and Albumin in Female Patients with Post-Surgical Wound Infection in Asaba Delta State, Nigeria by F.A., Ehiaghe,; C.M., Nworah,; J.I., Ehiaghe,; O.N., Osakue,; M.C., Olisah,; J., Ize-Iyamu,; O.O., Amengialue,; N.D., Ogoegbunam, (2025) - Post-operative wound infection (POWIs) is still a leading cause of morbidity and death for patients having surgery, even with improvements in surgical techniques and a better understanding of the pathophysiology of wound infection (Kallakuri et al., 2024). Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/137461 Received: 03/04/2025 Published: 11/06/2025 Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.9734/aji/2025/v8i1167 https://pr.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/137461 Ehiaghe et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 134-141, 2025; Article no.AJI.137461 135 ABSTRACT Post-operative wound infections (POWIs), sometimes referred to as post-surgical wound infections (PSWIs), are a common complication following surgery. Keywords: albumin; et al; il-10; infection; journal; levels; patients; serum; tnf; wound
• Knowledge, Attitude and Uptake of Hepatitis B Vaccine among Clinical Medical Students of a Tertiary Institution in Southeast Nigeria by Eze, N. C.; Egba, E. C.; Ogbanna, J. E.; Nwamini, S. N.; Nweke, P. U.; Amasianya, J. S. (2020) - Published 24 June 2020 ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis B virus infection is a global public health problem especially in developing countries like Nigeria. This proportion of respondents with good knowledge may be due to their daily participation in educational programs on Hepatitis B virus infection and prevention within and outside the academic setting as quite above half of the respondents got their information from the school. Keywords: hbv; health; hepatitis; infection; knowledge; respondents; students; vaccine
• Role and Effects of Micronutrients Supplementation in Immune System and SARS-Cov-2(COVID-19) by Chowdhury, Akibul Islam (2020) - Vitamin A is required for immune cell maturation and functioning as boosting the immune system is the main focus to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Vitamin A helps to increase the activity of natural killer cells which have antiviral defenses. Keywords: activity; cell; covid-19; effects; function; human; immune; immunity; infection; journal; lymphocyte; role; supplementation; system; vitamin; zinc
• Seroprevalence of Rubella IgG and IgM Antibodies among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria by Akele, Richard Yomi; Pam, Baget Nerat; Oluboyo, Bernard Oluwapelumi; Enitan, Seyi Samson; Akinseye, Janet Funmilayo; Adewumi, Funmilayo Ajoke (2020) - Structured questionnaire was administered to collect Sociodemographic data and sera samples were also collected to determine seroprevalence of rubella IgG and IgM antibodies using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Results: Of the 184 sera samples analyzed 176 (95.7%) and 22 (12%) were seropositive for rubella IgG and IgM respectively. Keywords: antibodies; ekiti; igg; igm; infection; nigeria; rubella; seroprevalence; study; trimester; virus; women
• Preliminary Report on the Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Malaria among People Living with HIV/AIDS within Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria by Makwe, O. T.; Obisike, V. U.; Amali, O.; Imandeh, G. N. (2020) - May 2020 ABSTRACT This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and malaria among people living with HIV/AIDS within Makurdi metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. Four hundred (400) blood and stool samples of people living with HIV/AIDS were collected from 45 NAF Base Hospital and Bishop Murray Hospital, Makurdi and examined for intestinal parasites and malaria infections between the months of September and December 2014. Keywords: a(%; age; distribution; hiv; infection; makurdi; malaria; parasites; years
• Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection amongst Febrile Patients Attending Selected Public and Private Hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria by Ogunware, Adedayo Emmanuel; Onakomaiya, Adedayo Olawale; Adekoya, Adesewa Adeyinka (2020) - 1. Gender distribution of HCV antibody positive patients from Ibijola Medical Center and Lagos State University Health Center Gender was not found to be associated with the viral prevalence although the infection was higher among males than females (P > 0.05), but this may be connected to the fact that some men involve in homo sexualism which is a high risk factor for the transmission of HCV as Risky sexual behaviors such as fisting and unprotected intercourse can be mucosally traumatic and may be associated with bleeding [20]. HCV infection is often asymptomatic, making it very hard to detect at an early stage. Keywords: blood; hcv; health; hepatitis; infection; lagos; nigeria; patients; prevalence; state; study; university; virus

• Exploring the Role of Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test in Assessing Non-IgE Mediated Immunoreactivity to Benzoic Acid in Allergic Patients by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Santana , Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Lima , Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/115657 Received: 02/04/2024 Accepted: 13/04/2024 Published: 17/04/2024 ABSTRACT Background: Several publications report benzoic acid as responsible for non–IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Aim: To evaluate the potential of the Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition Test (LAIT) to discriminate non–IgE-mediated immunoreactivity against benzoic acid in patients with non–IgE-mediated allergic phenotypes. Keywords: acid; adherence; benzoic; ige; immunoreactivity; inhibition; leukocyte; non; olivier; patients; test
• Endotyping Non IgE Mediated Immunoreactivity to Dermatophagoides farinae: Implications for Allergic Patients: A Retrospective Study by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Monteiro, Everton Salgado (2024) - Methodology: The registered results of the semi-quantitative serum TTP against D. farinae extract were distributed in ranges through a cascade distribution chart to outline the variability of the results. The registered results of the percentage of Leukocyte Adherence Inhibition (LAI) promoted by the ex vivo challenges with D. farinae extract were distributed in ranges through a cascade distribution chart to outline the variability of results. Keywords: adherence; allergens; dermatophagoides; farinae; ige; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; leukocyte; non; olivier; patients; results; test
• Endotyping Non–IgE-mediated Immunoreactivity to Polyethylene Glycol: Implications for Allergic Patients by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - A cohort of 100 outside patients had been submitted to TTP with PEGs solution 1mg/mL for presenting non–IgE-mediated allergic rhinitis, allergic bronchitis, asthma, allergic sinus headache, atopic dermatitis, and/or urticaria. Shortly, each donor’s fresh plasma was divided into two parts and used in paralleled ex vivo challenging tests with PEGs solution 1 mg/mL and the unchallenged plasma assay. Keywords: adherence; allergy; glycol; ige; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; leukocyte; lima; non; olivier; patients; pegs; polyethylene; results; santos; test; ttp
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Aluminum in Allergic Patients: A Retrospective Study by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - Aluminum in its metal presentation (E 173) and aluminum salts are bactericides frequently used as preservatives for foods and cosmetics [7]. Diagnosis of delayed hypersensitivity to aluminum is usually clinically made in patients with contact dermatitis with the help of cutaneous path tests performed with aluminum salts dispersed in petrolatum Keywords: adherence; allergic; aluminum; dermatitis; food; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; leukocyte; lima; olivier; patients; results; santos; test; ttp
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Allium Spices and Sulfites Preservatives in Allergic Patients: A Retrospective Study by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - Conclusion: Results support that the TTP and LAIT performed with sodium bisulfite, garlic, and onion extracts may discriminate diverse degrees of humoral and cellular immunoreactivity in patients suffering from diversified allergic phenotypes. In the last decade of the 20th century, doctors became progressively aware of other clinical manifestations that could be caused by hypersensitivity to components of the Allium genus: several cases of bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and dermatitis were attributed to onion allergy, demonstrated by bronchial provocation tests, nasal provocation tests, and skin tests with onion extracts that cross-reacted with garlic and leek extracts; and in some cases, detection of specific IgE against onion and garlic was possible by Phadezyme® and CAP System RAST FEIA® Keywords: adherence; allergy; allium; asian; bisulfite; dermatitis; extract; garlic; ige; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; lait; leukocyte; olivier; onion; patients; results; santos; sodium; sulfites; test; ttp
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Tartrazine in Allergic Patients: A Retrospective Study by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - The extensive clinical spectrum of tartrazine hypersensitivity includes urticaria, angioedema, anaphylactic shock, asthmatic bronchitis, rhinitis, throat tickle, cough, vasculitis (purpura), and contact dermatitis Tartrazine hypersensitivity has been associated with aspirin sensitivity; however, the mechanism is obscure since aspirin inhibits the cyclooxygenases responsible for producing prostaglandins, while tartrazine does not have this effect Keywords: adherence; asian; hypersensitivity; ige; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; leukocyte; olivier; patients; results; santos; tartrazine; test
• Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Hen’s Egg White: Relevance in Allergic Patients by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - Usually referred to in cosmetic ingredients as albumen, egg white proteins are used to enhance skin and hair properties, enhance skin tone, and reduce wrinkles. An overview of the functional properties of egg white proteins and their application in the food industry. Keywords: adherence; egg; hen; ige; immunol; immunoreactivity; inhibition; lait; leukocyte; olivier; patients; test; ttp; white
• Assessing Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity to Lanolin: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Atopic and Contact Dermatitis Patients by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2024) - There is no record in the literature of any standardized lab examination (such as specific IgE, associated cytokines, or any serologic technique) to diagnose lanolin hypersensitivity or suggest lanolin immunoreactivity. Methods: We retrospectively examined the medical charts of two cohorts of patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and/or contact dermatitis with clinical suspicion of lanolin hypersensitivity, who were investigated with the help of TTP or ex vivo challenge tests monitored by LAIT against lanolin. Keywords: adherence; asian; atopic; contact; dermatitis; immunoreactivity; inhibition; lanolin; leukocyte; lima; olivier; patients; pinto; santos; test
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Pollen and Citrus Fruits in Patients with Non–IgE-mediated Rhinoconjunctivitis by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto da; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos (2025) - Procedure for allergen ex vivo challenging We performed the LAIT as previously described (Olivier et al. 2012, Olivier et al. 2014, Olivier et al. 2021b, Olivier et al. 2021c, Olivier et al. 2021e, Olivier et al. 2022b, Olivier et al. 2022a, Olivier et al. 2022c, Olivier et al. 2023e, Olivier et al. 2023g, Olivier et al. 2023a, Olivier et al. 2024e). Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 8-25, 2025; Article no. AJI.131451 20 Bean, G. W., & Glaser, J. (1960). Keywords: a. p.; et al; ige; journal; lait; olivier; olivier et; patients; pollen; results; test; ttp
• Immunoreactivity to Cocoa and Nickel in Atopic and Allergic Contact Dermatitis by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto , Daiana Guedes; Teixeira , Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santana , Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves (2025) - Olivier, C. E., Pinto, D. G., Teixeira, A. P. M., Miguel, C. S., Santos, R. A. P. G., Santana, J. L. S. et al. (2024a). Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 35-49, 2025; Article no.AJI.133582 37 Besides nickel, cocoa beans may present several toxic metals absorbed from the soil, posing human health risks (Frimpong et al., 2024). Keywords: a. p.; cocoa; et al; immunoreactivity; journal; nickel; olivier; olivier et; p. g.
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Immunoreactivity against Formaldehyde in Patients with Atopic and/or Contact Dermatitis by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves (2025) - There is no standardized lab examination to (unequivocally) diagnose non–IgE-mediated formaldehyde hypersensitivity or to suggest formaldehyde immunoreactivity. Methods: We retrospectively examined the medical charts of two cohorts (n = 100, each) of patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and/or contact dermatitis with clinical suspicion of formaldehyde hypersensitivity, who were investigated with the help of TTP or ex vivo challenge tests monitored by LAIT against formaldehyde. Keywords: a. p.; contact; dermatitis; et al; formaldehyde; immunoreactivity; journal; olivier
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Cross-reactivity among Canine, Feline, and Swine Allergens in Patients with Allergic Multimorbidity by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Monteiro, Everton Salgado (2025) - Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 142-162, 2025; Article no.AJI.138781 145 The Alpha-gal syndrome is another condition that warrants careful diagnosis, as it may present cross-reactive allergens in cat and dog dander, as well as pork meat (Commins and Platts-Mills, 2013). Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 142-162, 2025; Article no.AJI.138781 146 A cohort of 100 consecutive outside patients (LAIT cohort) had been submitted to LAIT with cat dander, dog dander, and pork meat extract for presenting non–IgE-mediated Allergic Multimorbidity as defined by the concomitant or consecutive presence of at least two allergic phenotypes (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic bronchitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria, gastrointestinal hypersensitivity, and/or anaphylaxis). Keywords: a. p.; cat; dog; et al; fur; journal; lait; meat; olivier; olivier et; pork; results; test
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Cross-Reactivity between Blomia tropicalis and Farfantepenaeus brasiliensis in Patients with Allergic Multimorbidity by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves; Monteiro, Everton Salgado (2025) - Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 163-178, 2025; Article no.AJI.139203 178 Yang, A. C., Arruda, L. K., Santos, A. B. R., Barbosa, M. C. R., Chapman, M. D., Kalil, J., et al. (2010). Some patients showed low or moderate immunoreactivity during Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 163-178, 2025; Article no.AJI.139203 Keywords: a. p.; blomia; et al; immunoreactivity; journal; lait; olivier; olivier et; patients; test; tropicalis
• Endotyping Cellular and Humoral Cross-Reactivity Against Chicken Meat and Egg Yolk in Non-IgE-Mediated Food Protein-Induced Gastrointestinal Allergies by Olivier, Celso Eduardo; Pinto, Daiana Guedes; Teixeira, Ana Paula Monezzi; Miguel, Cibele Silva; Santana, Jhéssica Letícia Santos; Lima, Regiane Patussi Santos; Rocha, Nicole Sartoreto; Santos, Raquel Acácia Pereira Gonçalves (2025) - Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. Olivier et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. Keywords: chicken; egg; et al; food; ige; journal; meat; olivier

• Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Root Bark Extract against Some Pathogenic Organisms by Amanze, Emmanuel K.; Nwankpa, Ugonna D.; Udekwu, Chinedu E.; Ogbonna, Henry N.; Nwokafor, Chibuzo V.; Udensi, Chukwuma G. (2020) - This activity, however, was much lower than the one exhibited by corresponding methanol extracts 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 Control co n ce n tr at io n o f e xt ra ct Zone of inhibition (mm) Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by methanol root bark extracts of Moringa oleifera Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 Control C o n ce n tr at io n o f e xt ra ct Zone of inhibition Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by aqueous root bark extracts of Moringa Oleifera Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Amanze et al.; AJI, 3(1): 298-304, 2020; Hence, this study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of Moringa Oleifera root bark extract on bacterial pathogens. Keywords: activity; bark; extracts; inhibition; moringa; oleifera; plant; root; test
• Investigation of Neuropharmacological Effects of Flemingia stricta (Roxb.) Leaves by Biozid, Md. Shahrear; Alam, Mohammad Nazmul; Abeden, Md. Jainul; Rahman, Md. Masudur; Islam, Md. Rafikul (2020) - According to our study, it could be said that, this plant might possess molecules which results in significant effects of F. stricta extracts made by different chemicals. Plant extracts produced a significant increase in sleeping Original Research Article Biozid et al.; AJI, 3(1): 173-181, 2020; Keywords: activity; control; effect; extracts; mice; min; plant; stricta; test

• Missed Immunisation and Immunisation Drop-outs among Infants in Rural Health Facilities in Abakaliki, Nigeria by Eze, N. C. (2018) - Complete Peer review History: http://www.sciencedomain.org/review-history/27207 Received 15 th August 2018 Accepted 5 th November 2018 Published 14 th November 2018 ABSTRACT Background: Missed immunisation, immunisation drop-out and coverage rates at primary health care (PHC) level indicate the level at which communities utilise the preventive services and thus serve as a measure of the strength of the public health system. This study, therefore, determined the extent of missed immunisation and immunisation drop-outs in Abakaliki. Keywords: drop; health; immunisation; infants; mile; vaccines
• High Rates of Birth Defects in Fallujah, Iraq: Radiological and Chemical Pollution of the Affected Children and their Parents by Abdulghani Alaani, Samira Telfah; Tafash, Mohammad; Abdulkareem Murie, Abdulkadir; Muhyee Al-Esawi, Allawi (2020) - It was not previously attempted to conduct investigation of the association between presentation of BD families and metal load in post-war contexts, while studies of industrial or mine derived metals pollution have implied this correlation. Absolute levels of major teratogenic and carcinogenic contaminants (V, Co, Mo, U and Pb) were significantly higher in Fallujah people than in controls from other areas, with Pb levels in BD children higher than other newborns in Fallujah. Keywords: birth; children; controls; defects; fallujah; families; hair; health; history; load; metal; parents
• A Pilot Study on Pre-diabetes and Associated Central Obesity among Students of University of Guyana, Guyana by Jordan, Dakari; Simpson, Dacia; Kurup, Rajini; Anderson, Audrey; Boston, Cecil (2020) - The findings of this study revealed pre-diabetes incidence of 40.5% and a weak positive correlation between central obesity and pre-diabetes, with r-values of 0.25 (males), 0.27 (females) & 0.26 (overall). Authors RK and CB participated in study design and final data analysis and interpretation. Keywords: bmi; diabetes; fat; health; incidence; obesity; overweight; participants; pre; study
• A Cross-sectional Study on Awareness, Attitude and Utilisation of Immunisation Services by Mothers of Under-five in Elele, Rivers State, Nigeria by Uwakwe, Kenechi A.; Oluoha, Uche R.; Iwu, Anthony C.; Duru, Chukwuma B.; Nwaigbo, Ernest; Alex-Okedo, Ijeoma N. (2018) - Child immunisation in Nigeria is provided through routine immunisation and catch-up supplemental immunisation campaigns (also known as National Immunisation Days) organised across the country or sub-nationally in selected areas Respondents level of awareness of childhood immunisation was high (95.0%) and the major sources of information on immunisation were antenatal clinic (61.0%) and health workers (20.0%). Keywords: children; health; immunisation; knowledge; mothers; nigeria; respondents; study; vaccination; vaccine
• Reasons for Childhood Immunisation Drop-out in Rural Health Facilities in Abakaliki, Nigeria by Eze, N. C. (2018) - However, reasons for childhood immunisation drop out are unknown in the study area, hence this study determined the reasons for dropout in rural areas of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. However differences in the indicators of access and utilisation of immunisation services exist [2,3]. Keywords: distance; drop; facility; health; immunisation; nigeria; reasons; study
• General Overview of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19): A Summary of Evidence by Habib, Mohammad Asadul (2020) - Medical signs of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, exhaustion and a limited number of patients with signs of gastrointestinal infection. Illness in intensive care staff after brief exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome. Keywords: china; clinical; coronavirus; cov; covid-19; health; mers; novel; participants; patients; pneumonia; sars; syndrome; transmission
• COVID-19 and Actor Well-being: A Serial Mediated Moderation of Mask Usage and Personal Health Engagement by Clement, Addo Prince; Bernard, Gumah; Sagoe, Ato Kwamena; Andy, Ohemeng Asare; Bakabbey, Kulbo Nora; Lydia, Takyi Nyankom; Dora, Kulbo Bassamar (2021) - H8: Face mask use attitude has a positive association with mask purchase intention H9: Face mask use intention has a positive association with mask purchase intention H10: H6: Face mask use attitude has a positive association with mask use intention H7: Face mask use attitude partially mediates the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mask use intention. Keywords: attitude; change; covid-19; doi; face; fear; health; intention; journal; mask; mask use; purchase; regulation; self; use; wellbeing

• Interleukin-12 (P70) Concentrations in Malaria Patients Attending Some Hospitals in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria by Yakusak Benjamin, Gideon; E. Moses, B.; D. Jatau, E.; M. Z. Whong, C. (2019) - Malaria prevalence in relation to gender Gender No. examined No. positive % Prevalence χ 2 P value OR 95%CI Malaria prevalence in relation to pregnancy Pregnant No. examined No. positive % Prevalence χ 2 P value Keywords: concentrations; group; il-12; interleukin-12; malaria; p70; parasitemia; prevalence; study; world; zaria
• Clinical Picture of Patients with the Undetectable Serum IgE and Low Serum IgE in a Retrospective Evaluation of Patients of the Opole Regional Hospital (2013-2023) by Warmuzińska, Alina; Woszczyk, Dariusz; Tubek, Sławomir (2024) - Keywords: Ultralow/undetectable IgE plasma level (<0.1 U/l); extremely low IgE plasma level (<2.0 U/l); low IgE plasma level. Bronchial asthma/COPD, emphysema, generalised atherosclerosis – can be interpreted as a symptom of depletion of the immune system 2x 73.3 – 0.8 OP 11 M 53 Tuberculosis recurrence, COPD, emphysema, fluid in left pleural cavity - increase in the IgE level during clinical improvement phase 2x 1.3 - 144 OP 12 M 71 Post-radiation pneumonia Small cell cancer of the right lung, bronchial asthma, atrial fibrillation, circulatory failure - increase in the IgE level during clinical improvement phase 2x 1.4 – 107.7 OP 13 K 73 COPD/Bronchial asthma, psoriasis - last highest result during the period of requiring hospitalisation for exacerbation of bronchial asthma and psoriasis; high variability of IgE levels - indicates significant lability of the immune system 13x 1.4 - 1200 OP 14 M 83 Bronchiolitis, idiopathic bronchiolitis with organising pneumonia, bronchial asthma, secondary immunodeficiency, generalised atherosclerosis 7x 1.5 - 13 OP 15 K 81 COPD, emphysema, chronic respiratory failure on home oxygen therapy, Graves-Basedow disease – can be interpreted as a symptom of depletion of the immune system 7x 101.2 – 1.4 OP 16 M 56 Pulmonary sarcoidosis, chronic renal failure, chronic venous insufficiency of the lower limbs 3x 38.6-1.6-24.0 OP 17 K 81 Tumour of the right lung, COPD, t2 DM - without histopathological diagnosis of the tumour, stable clinical condition 2x 1,6 – 47,4 OP 18 M 68 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, chronic respiratory failure on home oxygen therapy, bronchiectasis, t2 DM, secondary immunodeficiency, listeriosis in anamnesis - increase in the IgE level during inflammatory exacerbation of chronic 3x 0,9 – 16,0 – 1,6 OP Warmuzińska et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. Keywords: approx; asthma; differences; group; ige; level; low; patients; serum
• Stereological Studies on Ameliorative Role of Ethanolic Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Gongronema latifolium against Streptozocin- Induced Diabetic Splenic Tissue Damage in Wistar Rats by M.E, Oku,; M.I, Akpaso,; P.A, Odey,; E.M, Eru,; S.E., Anani,; N.M, Umoh, (2024) - Ebaid H, Metwalli A, Al-Tamimi A, Allam, A. Effect of STZ-Induced diabetes on spleen rats: Improvement by camel whey proteins. The findings of [31] further support the current study's results, as they reported that the administration of whey protein to diabetic rats improved the lymphocyte population in the white pulp of the spleen. Keywords: diabetes; diabetic; extract; group; plate; pulp; rats; spleen; splenic; stz; volume; white; wistar
• Evaluation of Hematological and Histopathological Effects of Dennettia tripetala Fruit Extract on Isoniazid-Induced Seizure in Wistar Rats by E., Finbarrs-Bello; E., Odo C.; G., Ojuolape S. (2020) - The positive control or non treated seizure group (Fig. 1a) revealed characteristic features of the neuronal degenerative changes: atrophied and shrunken neurons, coagulative necrosis and microcystic spaces. Antioxidant and anticonvulsant effect of Dennettia tripetala on rat model of Isoniazid–induced seizure. Keywords: dose; effect; extract; group; isoniazid; neurons; seizure; sodium; tripetala; valproate
• Common Household Insecticides Used in Nigeria Induced Oxidative Stress in Wistar Rats by Airaodion, Augustine I.; Ngwogu, Kenneth O.; Ngwogu, Ada C.; Megwas, Anthony U.; Ekenjoku, John A.; Awosanya, Olaide O. (2020) - Published 08 April 2020 ABSTRACT Background: The use of household insecticides for the eradication of insects especially mosquitoes in Nigeria is increasing. Keywords: Antioxidants; free radicals; household insecticides; oxidative stress. Keywords: airaodion; animals; effect; group; insecticides; nigeria; rats; stress
• Effects of D-Ribose-L-Cysteine on Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Index and Infertility in Streptozotocin-Induced Male Diabetic Wistar Rats by Oluwabusola Adedeji, Abiodun; Kunle Orisadiran, Patrick (2020) - Diabetic control rats exhibited higher serum Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and low HDL-cholesterol levels compared to those of normal rats. In the present study, diabetic control rats showed a marked reduction in their body weights when compared to normal control rats. Keywords: blood; cholesterol; control; cysteine; diabetes; diabetic; glucose; group; insulin; levels; lipid; p<0.05; rats; ribose; sperm; streptozotocin; study
• Ameliorative Effects of Turmeric Extract against CCL4 Induced Liver and Kidney Injury in Adult Wistar Rat by Eric, E. U.; Adolphus, E. (2020) - Conclusion: The study demonstrates that turmeric extract has no ameliorative effect against CCl4- induced liver damage in rats. CCl4 is metabolized by P450 cytochrome to CCl3 radical that induces the peroxidation of membrane lipids and disturbs Ca 2+ homeostasis thus inducing liver tissue damage [5]. Keywords: ccl4; control; extract; group; kidney; liver; rats; turmeric
• Results of Allergological and Immunological Research in Patients with Polipoid Rhinosinusitis by Djuraev, J. A.; Khasanov, U. S.; Vohidov, U. N.; Sharipov, S. S. (2020) - Indicators of cellular immunity in patients with CRS Indicator Patients with EPRS, (n = 48) Patients with NPRS, (n=31) Control group, (n=20) Whitebloodcells, μl 6187,5±943,88 6035,5±1759,84 6295,0±737,33 Lymphocytes, % 30,7±9,33 29,7±4,19 29,4±4,15 Lymphocytes, μl 1717,0±440,38 1790,3±328,99 1945,0±225,89 CD3+, % 47,2±6,05 47,2±5,24 57,9±4,26 CD3+, μl 814,2±281,30 758,8±135,84 1009,1±214,33 CD4+, % 26,9±2,43** 26,5±2,28** 36,4±1,90 CD4+, μl 466,4±140,06* 443,0±92,37*** 856,7±71,23 CD8+, % 19,6±4,60 20,4±3,30 22,6±1,90 CD8+, μl 330,4±125,28 339,4±45,45* 498,4±60,84 IRI 1,44±0,21 1,3±0,13** 1,75±0,10 CD16+, % 19,7±3,60 16,1±4,89 14,2±1,84 CD20+, % 22,3±2,00 21,6±2,71 21,9±2,02 CD20+, μl 383,7±121,50 366,0±91,66 412,4±95,94 CD23+, % 24,2±2,25 19,8±1,47 20,0±1,34 CD38+, % 31,6±7,02 31,4±6,80 20,9±5,35 CD95+, % 24,0±3,15 19,7±1,55 19,8±1,51 Indicators of cellular immunity in patients with CRS Indicator Patients with EPRS, (n=48) Patients with NPRS, (n=31) Control group, (n=20) IgG, mg% 1144,2±168,93 1184,3±99,74 1176,2±99,17 IgA, mg% 141,9±14,15 167,8±17,88*** 128,4±16,94 IgM, mg% 118,3±18,22 120,3±15,22 121,7±15,16 CIC large, cu 17,8±6,03 19,8±5,09 11,8±3,14 CIC small, cu 28,1±9,17*** 22,3±8,80 21,8±6,92 Note: * - Differences relative to control group data are significant (*** - P<0,001) Keywords: chronic; control; crs; group; increase; nasal; patients; polyposis; polyps; rhinosinusitis

• Immunogenicity of Bacterial Protoplasmic Sonicate Proteins by IMS, Shnawa; HSH, Algerbori; QNO, Thewaini (2024) - The objective of the present work was the investigation of immunogenicity of protoplasmic sonicate protein antigens of skin burn infections with P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca. While, KOPSP immunogenicity, Table 2, were by promoting humoral immune responses both at mucosal and systemic level [21]. Keywords: antigens; cell; immunogenicity; mucosal; proteins; rabbits; responses; systemic; vaccine
• Immune Characterisation of Human Local Pneumotropic Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 and 6 as Local Vaccine Strains by I M S, Shnawa; AAJ, AL-Janabi (2024) - Measuring Immune response to pneumococcal vaccine. A review of pneumococcal vaccine recommendations and future protein antigen. Keywords: cytokine; immune; mucosal; pneumoniae; rabbits; responses; serotype; strains; systemic; vaccine
• An Alum Loaded Macrophage Driven Autoimmune Myopathy by SHNAWA, IBRAHIM M S (2025) - Authier 2001 Long term persistence of vaccine driven alum in muscle 2001 Gherardi et al., 2011 MMF present local and systemic forms 2003 Papo 2003 Electron microscopic study of MMF lesion description 2003-2005 Shmgdi et al., 2005 Reporting MMF unrelated to vaccination 2005 Park et al., 2005 Experimental induction of MMF in rats. Clearance of alum from the body have been found a species dependent process (Gherardi et al., 2019). Keywords: adjuvant; alum; autoimmune; et al; immune; macrophage; mmf; myofasciitis; shnawa; vaccine
• An Immunocomputing Approach to the Development of Multiepitope Vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by R, Naseema. (2025) - “In the current study, we have chosen ten mycobacterial proteins from different region of difference (PPE39, PPE68, Rv0310c, PE_PGRS35, PE_PGRS_31, CFP10, Rv1975, lpqG, esxV, espJ) and an adjuvant (RpfE) for vaccine construct. Molecular docking of vaccine construct: The refined 3D structures of the vaccine constructs were utilized for molecular docking studies. Keywords: cell; construct; ctl; epitopes; hla; immune; mycobacterium; server; tlr4; tuberculosis; vaccine
• Immunological Response to Recombinant Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccine among Vaccinated Adults in Kaduna South, Nigeria by Ibrahim, Salama K.; Isa, Yetunde Faidero; Hamafyelto, Hosea S.; Nimzing, Lohya; Sheyin, Zakka (2020) - Hepatitis B vaccine is a genetically engineered (man-made in the laboratory) piece of the virus. Hepatitis B vaccines are routinely given intramuscularly in the upper arm or anterolateral thigh. Keywords: conversion; hbsab; hbv; hepatitis; sero; study; vaccination; vaccine
• Inequalities in COVID-19 Vaccination; a Call for Global Community Concern by Danquah, Jefferson Asare; Opoku, Albert; Gyamerah, Thomas Boansi; Bernard, Monica Pili; Twene, Prince; Kuma, Rebecca (2021) - With regard to COVID-19 vaccines, the significant test is the disparity of distribution of the novel vaccines. The current trend of unequal accessibility to COVID-19 vaccines which is determined by a country’s economic status, income levels, share of purchased doses, geographical location, race and immigration status, if unregulated will be detrimental to the efforts and gains being made to overcome this pandemic. Keywords: access; countries; covid-19; doses; global; income; vaccination; vaccine; world
• Advances and Challenges in Transmission-Blocking Malaria Vaccine Development. A Systematic Review by Wangai, Laura Nyawira; Kahiro, Shadrack Kimenju; Kamau, Kenny Kimani; Nderu, David Waweru; Nyaiseba, Immaculate Marwa; Amarch, David Butto; Webale, Mark Kilongosi; Munde, Elly (2021) - Sauerwein RW, Bousema T. Transmission blocking malaria vaccines: Assays and candidates in clinical development. Lack of understanding as to what the mechanism of protective immunity is, limited research funding, and perhaps lack of the appropriate technologies necessary to develop an effective vaccine has probably contributed to the delayed development of effective malaria vaccines. Keywords: antibodies; antibody; antigens; blocking; candidate; development; falciparum; malaria; parasite; pfs25; pfs48/45; protein; tbv; transmission; vaccine

• Prevalence and Classes of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among COVID-19 Suspected Patients who Attended a Health Care Setting in Sana’a, Yemen by Sallam, Talal A.; Al-Youssefi, Mokhtar; A Bawazir, Amen (2021) - Therefore, validation and standardization of Sallam et al.; AJI, 4(1): 146-153, 2021; Article no.AJI.83681 Sam IC, Chong YM, Tan CW, et al. Low postpandemic wave SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence in Kuala Lumpur and Sallam et al.; AJI, 4(1): 146-153, 2021; Article no.AJI.83681 153 Selangor, Malaysia. Keywords: antibody; cov-2; covid-19; doi; igg; igm; sars; seroprevalence; yemen

• Preclinical Immunogenicity of Capsule and Outermembrane Proteins of a Local Neurotropic Isolate of Hemophilus Infleunzae B in a Lapin Model by Shnawa, Ibrahim M S; AL-Thahab, Azhar O; A.Thewaini, Kasim N (2025) - Shnawa et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-7, 2025; Article no.AJI.129951 3 2.5 Immunization Protocol The test groups were primed with complete Freund adjuvant CFA in a rate of one ml for each rabbit, control group was primed with saline. Th2-Th1 shift with the multiantigenic formulation Shnawa et al.; Asian J. Immunol., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. Keywords: capsule; immune; mucosal; omp; rabbits; shnawa

• Malaria-related Anaemia among Children and Adolescents Attending General Hospitals in Obi and Oju Local Government Areas of Benue State by U. Obisike, V.; J. Agbo, O.; O. Ogbu, M.; I. Chikwendu, J.; U. Amuta, E. (2019) - Mild anaemia PCV: 25-29% moderate anaemia PCV: 19-24% and severe anaemia PCV: ≤18%. Whole blood samples for malaria test were collected by fingertip pricking and vein punctured from a total of 738 children and adolescent patients that visited these hospitals between the months of October, 2015 to February, 2016. Keywords: anaemia; areas; blood; children; malaria; obi; oju; prevalence
• Seroprevalence of Syphilis and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection among Blood Donors Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano-Nigeria by Saleh, Khadijah Abdullahi; Jobbi, Yusuf Danasabe; Yusuf, Ibrahim; Mustapha, Umar; Adetokun, Azeezat Bolanle; Musa, Dauda Balarabe; Muhammad, Danjuma Faiza (2020) - Seroprevalence of Syphilis and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection among Blood Donors Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano-Nigeria Khadijah Abdullahi Saleh1, Yusuf Danasabe Jobbi2, Ibrahim Yusuf1, Umar Mustapha3*, Azeezat Bolanle Adetokun2, Dauda Balarabe Musa2 and Danjuma Faiza Muhammad3 1Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, College of Natural and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano State, Nigeria. Therefore this was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and socio-demographic distribution of Hepatitis C virus and Syphilis among blood donors in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. Keywords: blood; blood donors; donors; hcv; hepatitis; journal; kano; nigeria; prevalence; seroprevalence; study; syphilis; transfusion; virus

• The Mechanism and Efficacy of Baricitinib as a Novel Therapeutic option for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review by Gupta, Nikita; Konda, Sai Rama; Srija, K.; Reddy, G. Pooja (2024) - Another side effect commonly seen after 12 weeks of baricitinib treatment is an increase in mean cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels without an increase in the LDL to HDL ratio. The purpose of this evaluation was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of baricitinib in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who were using conventional synthetic DMARDs but had not responded adequately to earlier biologic DMARD therapy. Keywords: arthritis; baricitinib; inhibitor; jak; journal; patients; review; rheumatoid; rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatology; treatment
• Effect of Ethanol Extract of Xylopia aethiopica Fruit on Oxidative Stress Indices of Wistar Rats by O. Ogbuagu, Emmanuel; Ogbuagu, Uloaku; I. Airaodion, Augustine; L. Uche, Chika; O. Ezirim, Edmund; N. Nweke, Ifeoma; C. Unekwe, Prince (2022) - This suggested that Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract might be toxic and could possibly play a role in the production of free radicals. This might be an indication that Xylopia aethiopica fruit extract at these doses might be toxic and possibly lead to induction of oxidative stress. Keywords: aethiopica; aethiopica fruit; animals; extract; fruit; glutathione; journal; ogbuagu; stress; treatment; xylopia

• Phytochemical Analysis of Simarouba glauca Dc. and Comparison of its Bioactivity by Pawar, Kiran R.; Janavale, Ganesh B.; Wagh, Sopan G.; Panche, Archana N.; Daspute, A. Abhijit; Pohare, Manoj B.; Harke, Sanjay N. (2019) - The amylase activity inhibition zone appeared around the wells having zinc oxide nanoparticles, methanolic and ethyl acetate extract (Table. 7) (Fig. 6). 4. CONCLUSION Based on our findings we conclude that Simarouba glauca plant leaves have significant amount of phytochemical compounds. Keywords: acetate; activity; analysis; ethyl; extract; glauca; journal; leaves; methanol; nanoparticles; oxide; plant; presence; simarouba; zinc
• Effect of Alstonia boonei and Morinda lucida on Renal Histology of Wistar Rats Infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei by Y.A., Onaolapo,; R.M., Mazadu,; K.Y., Baraya,; F.H., Fasuyi,; A.E., Irhue,; B., Ahmed,; A., Hassan,; A.A., Shehu,; S.B., Bala,; S.N., Kasim,; M.A., Kugama, (2024) - Photomicrographs of renal section of T. brucei brucei infected rats administered 1000 mg/kgb.wt of methanol extract of A. boonei (Group B). Photomicrographs of renal sections T. brucei brucei infected rats administered 1000 mg/kgb.wt of chloroform extract of M. lucida (Group D). Keywords: alstonia; boonei; brucei; brucei brucei; chloroform; extract; infected; lucida; methanol; rats
• Antifungal and Immunomodulatory Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaf Extracts by Okpoho, Jacinta Edesiri; Evbuomwan, Lucky; Ebiala, Fortune Itojie (2019) - Therefore, this work was carried out to determine the immunomodulatory properties and antifungal activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extract. Bryophyllum pinnatum leaf extracts prevent formation of renal calculi in lithiatic rats. Keywords: activity; aspergillus; bryophyllum; concentration; control; ethanol; extract; groups; journal; leaf; pinnatum; plant
• Antimicrobial Efficacy of Four Different Extracts of Plantago major: An In vitro Study by Akkuş, G.; HIZ-ÇİÇEKLİYURT, M. M. (2021) - The broth dilution MICs for Plantago major extracts tested against C. albicans and C. tropicalis showed significant inhibition, which means PM extracted by different solvents might be used with its antifungal activity. PM ethanol extract showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aerouginosa at 2ml/mL, and Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli Keywords: activity; ethanol; extract; major; plantago; study

• Assessment of Post Exposure of Benzene on Some Hematology Parameters and DNA Lesions on Adult Wistar Rats by Patrick Kunle, Orisadiran; Lawrence, Adedeji Adebayo; Oluwabusola, Adedeji Abiodun; AbdulFatai, AbdulRahman (2019) - Results: The result obtained showed that White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC) and platelet counts were significantly reduced in benzene post exposed groups (p<0.05). Low platelet count observed in benzene exposed rats suggested that the process of clot-formation will Orisadiran et al.; AJI, 2(1): 1-10, 2019; Keywords: benzene; blood; bone; cell; control; exposure; marrow; ohdg; post; protein; rats; study; week
• Haematological Assessments of Cocos nucifera Linn. Water and Oil on Apparently Healthy Wistar Albino Rats by Akinjayeju, D. O.; Adebolu, T. T. (2019) - The first four groups(A-D) were daily orogastrically administered different volumes of coconut oil, 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.5 ml, 2.0 ml respectively for 4 weeks while groups E-H were daily orogastrically administered different volumes of coconut water, 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, 1.5 ml, 2.0 ml respectively for four weeks. Effects of coconut oil or coconut water on the total White Blood Cell counts of apparently healthy Wistar albino rats showed the total white blood cell count of healthy rats fed with coconut oil increased from an average initial value of 11.00±0.50 to 11.00±0.50, 11.60±0.90, 12.60±0.60 and 13.50±0.50 after 7,14,21,28 days of feeding the rats with coconut oil at a dose of 0.5 ml. Keywords: 2.50±0.50; 55.50±0.50; coconut; day; oil; rats; water
• Immunomodulatory Effects of Honey in Wistar Rats Infected with Salmonella typhimurium by F. John-Isa, Justinah; Adebolu, Tinuola T.; Oyetayo, Victor O. (2019) - h / TM7 lo g cf u /m l Infection period (h)/Treatment A B C D E F G H 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 w ei gh t (g ) Period (Day) Infected and not treated with honey Not infected and not treated 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 w ei gh t (g ) Period (Day) Infected and treated with 1ml honey Not infected and not treated John-Isa et al.; AJI, 2(1): 18-25, 2019; Effect of honey on the haematological parameters of wistar rats infected with S. typhimurium Group PCV (%) HB (g/L) WBC (10 9 /L) RBC (10 12 g/L) 1 32.50 ± 4.95 b 10.85 ± 1.66 b 12.70 ± 0.28 a 3.00 ± 0.82 b 2 40.00 ± 2.83 ab 13.50 ± 0.71 ab 11.70 ± 0.28 ab 3.20 ± 0.25 ab 3 42.50 ± 2.12 a 14.14 ± 0.66 a 8.77 ± 0.49 c 4.04 ± 0.87 ab 4 43.00 ± 4.24 a 14.30 ± 1.36 a 8.94 ± 0.42 c 4.29 ± 0.07 a 5 40.33 ± 4.51 ab 13.50 ± 1.51 ab 10.86 ± 0.17 abc 4.06 ± 0.30 ab 6 35.50 ± 0.71 ab 11.90 ± 0.28 ab 10.88 ± 0.05 abc 3.66 ± 0.03 ab 7 39.67 ± 4.51 ab 13.19 ± 1.56 ab 9.56 ± 1.92 bc 4.07 ± 0.34 ab 8 35.00 ± 6.00 ab 11.64 ± 2.00 ab 9.83 ± 1.47 bc 3.66 ± 0.53 ab 9 42.33 ± 2.08 a 13.66 ± 0.35 ab 8.82 ± 1.06 c 4.07 ± 0.58 ab Key: 1 = Infected and not treated, 2 = Infected and treated with 1ml honey, 3 = Infected and treated with 2ml honey, 4 = Infected and treated with 3ml honey, 5 = Infected and treated with 0.5ml augmentin, 6 = Infected and administered with 1ml honey – ORS, 7 = Infected and administered with 1ml commercial ORS, 8 = Infected and administered with 1ml homemade ORS, 9 = Not Infected, not treated, PCV = Packed cell volume, HB = Haemoglobin concentration, WBC = White blood cell and RBC = Red blood cell Table 2b. Keywords: honey; rats

• Studies on the Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) among HIV Patients Receiving Treatment in a Major HIV Care Unit in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria by Olusi, T. A.; Adediran, M. B.; Oniya, M. O. (2019) - Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and its determinants amongst HIV patients in India. ABSTRACT There has been great improvement in the life expectancy for HIV patients since the introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Keywords: adherence; aids; art; factors; hiv; medication; participants; patients; study; therapy

• Interferences in Immunological Assays: Causes, Detection, and Prevention by Anouar, Saber; Hazim , Rajae; Brahim , Admou (2024) - By navigating these challenges, we aspire to bolster the confidence in immunological assay results, ensuring their clinical and research relevance remain uncompromised 2. Such interferences can either enhance or diminish the perceived concentration of a targeted molecule, often skewing clinical interpretations and research conclusions. Keywords: antibodies; antibody; assay; binding; free; immunoassays; interferences; laboratory; research; results; sample

• Anti-N Antibody Reacting at 37°C: An Unusual Reaction in Antibody Screening in a 20-Year-Old Male Liver Donor by Ashfaq, Muhammad Shayan; Hasan, Muhammad (2025) - While anti-N antibodies are generally more of a cold-reactive type and don’t usually bind complement, if they do react at 37°C, that’s when we start to worry about their clinical significance. Normally, anti-N antibodies don’t cause major issues, as they are linked to non-pathological clinical outcomes. Keywords: anti; antibodies; antibody; blood; transfusion

• Trends and Socio-demographic Distribution of Immunological Diseases in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines by Okikiade, Adedeji; Anderson, Ikeokwu; Browne-Caesar, Twanna; Brown, Kevin; Lawrence, Rebecca; Osieme, Daniel E.; Janet, O. Funmilayo (2021) - At the same time, immunological diseases share many features related to their onset and progression. Methods: From 2014 to 2018, individuals with immunological diseases were identified from the hospital records of Milton Cato Memorial Hospital, which records information on all patient coming in for healthcare services. Keywords: 0(0; 1(100; age; data; diabetes; diseases; freq; incidence; peak; population; saint; type; vincent; years

• Asthma Severity and Serum Leptin Level in Obese Egyptian Children by F. Elngar, Enas; A. Zekry, Osama; M. Ali, Mamdouh; A. Shora, Hassan (2019) - There was positive significant correlation between serum leptin levels and asthma severity (p = <0.001). and %; * Statistically significant p <0.05 There was positive significant correlation between serum leptin levels and asthma severity (Correlation Coefficient was 0.862* and p value was <0.001) while it is demonstrated a significant negative association of leptin with PEFR results r=-0.468 and p<0.001. Keywords: allergy; asthma; asthmatics; children; history; leptin; levels; obese; obesity; serum; severity; study
• Immunological and Molecular Study of Oral Candidiasis in Children: Evaluating Modern Diagnostic Methods and Clinical Implications by Abass, Hayder Abdul Hussein; Ataia, Zainab Abdul Kareem; Alkardhi, Ihsan K. A.; Muhammed, Hayder Ali (2025) - Adhesion of oral Candida to human buccal epithelial cells following limited exposure to antifungal agents. Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of oral Candida species colonizing children with dental caries. Keywords: albicans; candida; candidiasis; children; ecc

• Role of Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Adiponectin in Insulin Therapy Failure in Type 2 Diabetic Patients by Marie-Ange, Ayissi; Ghyslaine, Biwole Sida; Elise, Guiedem; Ngah, Yayah Emerencia; Bikio, Jacky; Lyonga, Emilia; Messembe, Martha; Mbanyamsig, Mispa Yivala; Ikomey, Georges (2025) - According to the study by Shamsi et al. (2018), TNF-alpha is associated with insulin resistance in these subjects. In addition, in the study conducted by Sajid et al. (2018) on the role of TNF-alpha in the development of insulin resistance and the pathogenesis of T2DM, high levels of TNF-alpha have been shown to induce insulin resistance, which impairs insulin, contributing to the development of T2DM. Keywords: adiponectin; alpha; insulin; levels; patients; subjects; tnf

• Fermented Apple Juice by Two Commercial Lactobacillus species: Changes of Physicochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity by Yan, Wen-Sheng; Guo, Yu-Ru; Li, Huan-Yang; Xu, Jian-Guo (2021) - AJ 12.8±0.5a 6.24±0.20a 4.46±0.23a 0.77±0.09a 0.12±0.04a NF FAJ 9.4±0.3b 5.91±0.19b 3.80±0.16b 0.79±0.21a 0.15±0.03a NF Different letters within a column indicate statistically significant differences between the means (P<0.05); NF, not found; AJ, apple juice; FAJ, fermented apple juice. Changes of acid substances of fermented and non-fermented apple juice Sample TTA (g·kg -1 ) pH Organic acid (ug·g -1 ） oxalic acid tartaric acid malic acid lactic acid acetic acid citric acid oxalic acid maleic acid fumaric acid AJ 0.69±0.12b 5.21±0.64a NF 0.59±0.18a 204.30±9.21 NF NF NF NF NF NF FAJ 0.96±0.06a 3.68±0.43b NF 0.45±0.09b NF 381.78±7.89 NF NF NF NF NF Numbers represent mean values of three independent replicates ± SD; TTA, Abbreviations of total titratable acid; NF, not found; AJ, apple juice; FAJ, fermented apple juice; Different letters within a column indicate statistically significant differences between the means (p < 0.05). Keywords: acid; amino; apple; apple juice; content; fermentation; food; free; juice; total

• The Role of Trained Immunity in Protection against Infectious Diseases: Epigenetic Reprogramming and Long-term Immune Responses by Janefrancis, Okolie Lucy; Stella, Maduka Amuche; Paul, Ojeniran Taiwo; Umar, Yahaya Imran; Mustapha, Lawal; Masud, Oniye Mariam; Muhsin, Umar Muhammad (2025) - This review explores the mechanisms and duration of trained immunity, as well as the therapies related to its potential in infectious diseases. The findings revealed that trained immunity is mediated by histone modifications, metabolic changes, and long-term myelopoiesis. Keywords: epigenetic; et al; immunity; memory; metabolic; reprogramming; studies; study

• Shared Allergenicity in a Lapin-Model of Delayed Htpersensitivity to Gram Negative Protoplasmic Sonicate Proteins PSP by SHNAWA, Ibrahim M S; HSH, ALGebori; Q N, Thewaini (2024) - Results tabulated in Table 1 indicate that there was bilateral shared DTH allergenicity between PSP proteins of P. aeruginosa and K. oxytoca and the nature of this shared allergenicity be of quantitative rather than qualitative. Shared delayed hypersensitivity induced by intracellular bacterial protein that was functionally mapped in this short communication can be characteized as in the followings; 1. Keywords: allergenicity; dth; hrs; kopsp; rabbits; reactions

• Symptomatic Multiple Myeloma in the Second Trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report by Meriche, Hacene; Zaghez, Sara; Bouafia, Feriel Sandra; Abdaoui, Boutheina; Gadiri, Nacima Sabiha; Frigaa, Hichem (2025) - Keywords: Multiple myeloma; pregnancy; anemia; monoclonal composant; electrophoresis. A low-dose whole-body CT scan detected a 6 mm osteolytic lesion in the pelvis, typical of bone involvement associated with multiple myeloma. Keywords: diagnosis; journal; management; monoclonal; multiple; myeloma; pregnancy; rajkumar

• Polyphenol and Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Solvent Extracts from Artemisia argyi by Wang, Dong-Qin; Yang, Jing; Xu, Jianguo (2020) - Therefore, the objective of this work was to investigate the content of total polyphenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone, petroleum ether, n- hexane) from Artemisia argyi. Generally speaking, differences in the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids from different solvent extracts may be come from differences in the polarity of solvents. Keywords: abts; activities; antioxidant; argyi; artemisia; content; dpph; extracts; flavonoids; solvent

• Henoch-Schonlein Purpura Successfully Treated with Oral Steroids: A Case Report by Ali, Mohamed Eltaieb; Alakkad, Ashraf; Hamed, Naglaa Mohamed (2021) - Approximately 70% of patients who suffer from IgA vasculitis experience abdominal pain. Later in the progression of the disease, an affected person may develop problems of the gastrointestinal tract, joints, or even the renal system, although the severity and intensity of all these symptoms differ from patient to patient. Keywords: angina; iga; patient; purpura; rash; symptoms; vasculitis

Epilogue

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Created: 2025-12-23