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*Corresponding author: E-mail: amanzekelechiemmanuel@gmail.com; 
 
 
 

Asian Journal of Immunology 
 
3(1): 298-304, 2020; Article no.AJI.60290 
 

 
 

 

 

Antibacterial Activity of Moringa oleifera Root Bark 
Extract against Some Pathogenic Organisms 

 
Emmanuel K. Amanze1*, Ugonna D. Nwankpa2,  

Chinedu E. Udekwu2, Henry N. Ogbonna2, Chibuzo V. Nwokafor1  
and Chukwuma G. Udensi1 

 
1
Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. 

2
Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. 

 
Authors’ contributions 

 
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author EKA designed the study, wrote 

the protocol. Author UDN wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors HNO and CEU performed the 
statistical analysis. Authors CVN and CGU helped with the analyses of the work. All authors read and 

approved the final manuscript. 
 

Article Information 
 

Editor(s): 
(1) Dr. Wagner Loyola, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Brazil. 

(2) Dr. Darko Nozic, University of Belgrade, Serbia. 
Reviewers: 

(1) R. B. Basavaraj, BMS Institute of Technology and Management, India. 
(2) Y. C. Tripathi, Forest Research Institute (FRI), India. 

Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/60290 

 
 
 
 

Received 15 June 2020  
Accepted 21 August 2020 

Published 01 September 2020 

 
 

ABSTRACT 
 

Aim: The study is aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera root bark extract 
against pathogenic organisms.  
Method: The antibacterial activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera root bark 
was investigated against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) using agar 
well diffusion method. Different extracts were prepared at different concentrations (200 mg/ml, 100 
mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml and 6.25 mg/ml).  
Results: The methanol extracts showed a higher zone of inhibition than the aqueous extracts at all 
the extract concentrations and on both test organisms. Also, the observed antibacterial activity was 
dose-dependent for both extract methods. 
Conclusion: The present work showed that Moringa oleifera root bark has antibacterial activity 
against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli suggesting its potential as an antibacterial 
agent against infections caused by the organisms. 

Original Research Article 



 
 
 
 

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299 

 

Keywords: Antibacterial; Moringa oleifera; pathogenic organisms; plant extracts. 
 

1. INTRODUCTION 
 
Medicinal plants contain substances that can be 
used for therapeutic purposes. Plants have been 
a valuable source of natural products for the 
health of human beings, and they have excellent 
potential for producing new drugs

 
[1]. Therefore, 

such plants should be investigated for a better 
understanding of their properties and efficiency

 

[2].  Antibiotic resistance is a type of drug 
resistance where microorganisms can survive 
exposure to an antibiotic. The leading causes of 
antibiotic resistance are genetic mutation in 
bacteria [3].  Inappropriate and irrational use of 
antimicrobial medicines provides a suitable 
environment for resistant microorganisms to 
emerge and persist. The higher the level of 
exposure to the antimicrobial agents, the higher 
the risk of the development of resistance. 
Irrespective of the need for the antibiotic, as 
resistance toward antibiotics becomes more 
common, a greater need for alternative treatment 
arises. However, despite a push for new 
antibiotic therapies, there has been a continued 
decline in the number of a newly approved drugs. 
As regards this, there is a need for finding and 
investigating novel antimicrobial compounds.  
 
While most of the antibiotics have been 
developed from microorganisms, there are many 
reports on the antibacterial effectiveness of the 
traditional herbs against the gram-positive and 
gram-negative bacteria [4]. The plant materials 
remain an essential resource for finding the novel 
antimicrobial compounds. Microbial cells are 
negatively affected by plant-derived substances 
via various mechanisms of actions, one of which 
is the attack of these substances on the 
phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane [5]. 
The medicinal herbs have the bacteriostatic 
effects on the enzymatic activity associated with 
energy production, or they can cause 
denaturation of proteins, modifying cell wall 
permeability, or causing the loss of 
macromolecules. One such plant of medicinal 
value is Moringa oleifera, commonly known as 
Sahajan in Hindi; belonging to the family 
Moringaceae, a single genus family with 13 
known species [6]. 
 
The different parts of the plant viz. leave, stem 
bark, root bark, flowers, fruits, and seeds are 
used in the indigenous systems of medicine for 
the treatment of a variety of human ailments. M. 
oleifera incredible medicinal value, which is 

claimed by many cultures and communities, is 
based on science. M. oleifera has been found to 
contain many essential nutrients, for instance, 
vitamins [7,8]. Nutrition content of a plant plays 
an essential function in medicinal, nutritional, and 
therapeutic properties. M. oleifera leaves consist 
of high sources of vitamin C, calcium, and 
potassium as well as protein and also works as a 
useful source of natural antioxidants. Due to the 
presence of several sorts of antioxidant 
compounds such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, 
carotenoids, and phenolics, M. oleifera can 
extend the period of food containing fats [9]. 
Despite the array of uses to which parts of 
Moringa oleifera trees are put to, scanty literature 
is available on the uses of Moringa oleifera bark 
as antimicrobial [10]. However, a critical step in 
the screening of plant material for antimicrobial 
activity is to evaluate its antibacterial activity 
against pathogenic microorganisms. Hence, this 
study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of 
Moringa Oleifera root bark extract on bacterial 
pathogens.  
 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 
 

2.1 Sample Collection 
 
Dried samples of root barks of M. oleifera were 
collected at National Root Crop Research 
Institute Umudike in Ikwuano, Abia State, 
Nigeria. The root barks of M. oleifera sample was 
identified and authenticated at the Herbarium of 
the Department of Plant Sciences and 
Biotechnology, Michael Okpara University of 
Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State. 
 

2.2 Test Organisms  
 
The test isolates of Staphylococcus aureus 
(ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 
25922) 
 Used in this study were obtained from the 
Microbiology laboratory, Michael Okpara 
University of Agriculture, Umudike, and 
confirmed by Morphological appearance - color, 
shape elevation, pigmentation, opacity, and 
nature of edges of the colonies were observed 
and recorded for each isolate.  
 
Gram test and Motility test: A drop of an 18-20 
hours’ peptone medium culture of the test 
organism was placed on a clean grease-free 
slide with the aid of Pasteur pipette. The slide 
was then covered with a coverslip and viewed 



 
 
 
 

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300 

 

under the microscope using an x40 objective 
lens. The movement of small motile bacteria is 
distinguished from the on-the-spot vibratory 
movement (Brownian movement), which is 
shown by all microorganisms and particles when 
suspended in a fluid. True bacterial motility is the 
ability of an organism to move in different 
directions or a single direction [11].  
 
Biochemical test –Isolated organisms were 
identified by standard microbiology identification 
techniques, including the Catalase test, Citrate 
utilization test, Methyl-Red test, Voges-
Proskauer test, Urease test, and Indole test [11]. 
 

2.3 Preparation of Crude Extracts 
 
The method of Mumtaz et al. [12] was adopted. 
The collected material was shade dried, made to 
a coarse powder, and then packed in polythene 
bags for further analysis. Fifty grams of the plant 
material was soaked in 200 ml of solvents 
(aqueous and methanol) and left for 24 hrs. The 
fraction was separated using sterile muslin cloth 
and filter through sterile Whatman filter paper 
(no. 2). The crude extracts after filtration stored 
in a refrigerator at 4⁰C. All the extracts were then 
concentrated with a rotary vacuum evaporator at 

40⁰C. One Gram (1 g) each of the methanol and 
aqueous extract was added to methanol and 
made up to 5 ml to give a concentration of 200 
mg/ml. Other concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 
and 6.25 mg/ml were prepared by the double 
dilution method as described by Cheesebrough 
[11]. 
 

2.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 
 
The Kirby-Bauer method was applied based on 
zones of inhibition of agar plates [13]. Exactly 1.0 
g of the methanolic and aqueous extracts were 
dissolved and made up to 5 ml each with 
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and water 
respectively to obtain 200 mg/ml of each extract. 
The concentration was diluted two folds to get 
100 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml of each extract. 
Mueller-Hinton agar was prepared, and plates 
inoculated with the different isolates. The 
punched circular discs from Whatman No. 2 filter 
paper were impregnated with 0.1 ml of different 
concentrations of each extract and allowed to air-
dry for a few minutes. 
 
Each of the discs was pressed onto the surface 
of the inoculated medium to ensure contact with 
the medium. Negative control was prepared by 
impregnating some discs with water and DMSO, 

which was transferred and pressed unto the 
inoculated plates while standard antibiotics discs 
(ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and ampicillin) served 
as positive controls. All the tests were carried out 
in duplicates. Incubation was done at 37

o
C for 24 

hr and plates observed for zones of inhibition. 
The degree of sensitivity was expressed as a 
measure of the diameter of zones of inhibition in 
millimeters (mm). A diameter of 10 mm or higher 
was considered as an indication of the sensitivity 
of the test organism to the extracts. The mean 
inhibition zones (mm) were calculated as the 
difference between the disc diameter (6 mm) and 
the diameter of the inhibition zones [14]. 
 

2.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibitory 
Concentration (MIC)  

 

The inoculums of the microbial isolates used for 
the test were prepared by comparing with a 
standard of MacFaland reagent in order to 
reduce microbial load or count. Exactly 1.0 g 
each of both methanolic extracts was dissolved 
separately in 5 ml each of DMSO and sterile 
water respectively to get a concentration of 200 
mg/ml and labeled as solution 1.2 ml of solution 
1. This was serially diluted into 8 folds to get 
corresponding concentrations of 100 mg/ml, 50 
mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 6.75 mg/ml, 3.13 
mg/ml, 1.56 mg/ml and 0.78 mg/ml each for both 
aqueous and ethanolic extract and labeled 
solutions 3 to 9. 
 

A previously prepared Mueller-Hinton broth 
containing various concentrations of the extract 
was inoculated with the standard inoculums of 
each test organism, followed by incubation of the 
tube at 37

0
C for 16-20 hr. Thereafter, the tubes 

were observed for the presence or absence of 
growth in each tubes determined by turbidity of 
the test tubes. The lowest concentration of the 
extracts resulting in no growth after incubation 
was taken as the minimum inhibitory 
concentration (MIC) of the melon fungus extracts 
[15]. 
 

2.6 Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 
(MBC) 

 

The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) 
of the plant extract on the bacterial isolates was 
carried out according to Ajaiyeoba et al. [16]. 
One (1 ml) bacterial culture was pipetted from 
the mixture obtained in the determination of MIC 
tubes, which did not show any growth and were 
sub-cultured onto nutrient agar and incubated at 
37

0
C for 24 hours. After incubation, the 

concentration at which there was no single 
colony of bacteria was taken as MBC.  



 
 
 
 

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301 

 

3. RESULTS 
 
The root bark extracts of Moringa oleifera were analyzed for their antibacterial activity against 
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. 

  

 
 

Fig. 1. Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by methanol root bark extracts of Moringa 
oleifera 

Methanol root bark extract of Moringa Oleifera had a concentration-dependent inhibition on both bacteria with 
increased activity on E. coli than S. aureus. Control drug = Erythromycin 30 mcg 

 

 
 

Fig. 2. Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by aqueous root bark extracts of Moringa 
Oleifera 

The diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by aqueous root bark extracts of Moringa Oleifera, there was a 
concentration-dependent inhibition on both bacteria with increased activity on E. coli than S. aureus. This activity, 

however, was much lower than the one exhibited by corresponding methanol extracts 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 Control 

co
n

ce
n

tr
at

io
n

 o
f 

e
xt

ra
ct

 
 

Zone of inhibition (mm) 

Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by 
methanol root bark extracts of Moringa oleifera 

Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 

0 

5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

200 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 Control 

C
o

n
ce

n
tr

at
io

n
 o

f 
e

xt
ra

ct
 

 

Zone of inhibition 
 

Diameter zone of inhibition (mm) produced by 
aqueous root bark extracts of Moringa Oleifera 

Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli 



 
 
 
 

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302 

 

Table 1. MIC and MBC values for the methanol and aqueous extracts against susceptible 
organisms 

 

Test Organisms Methanol extract Aqueous extract 

MIC MBC MIC MBC 

Staphylococcus aureus 12.5 mg/ml 25 mg/ml 25 mg/ml 50 mg/ml 
Escherichia coli 6.25 mg/ml 12.5 mg/ml 12.5 mg/ml 25 mg/ml 

Methanol extracts exhibited lower MIC and MBC on the test organisms than the aqueous extract. Staphylococcus 
aureus also required a higher concentration of extract to be inhibited than did Escherichia coli 

Keys: MIC = Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 
MBC = Minimum Bactericidal Concentration 

 

4. DISCUSSION 
 
The place of medicinal plants as a natural 
remedy to diseases cannot be overemphasized 
[1]. While most antibiotics have been isolated 
from bacteria, many plants have exhibited 
antibacterial activities and have been used 
widely in the treatment of ailments caused by 
such organisms. Different parts of Moringa 
Oleifera have been used in the treatment of 
different ailments, though with a few studies 
evaluating its antimicrobial potentials. The study 
evaluated the antibacterial activity of Moringa 
Oleifera root bark extract on clinical isolates.  
 
According to Schillinger and Lücke [17], inhibition 
was scored positive if the width of the clear zone 
around the antibacterial agent or colonies of the 
producer strain was 0.5 mm or larger. As the 
results indicate, at concentrations of 50 mg/ml 
and above, Moringa Oleifera root bark extract 
actually possesses inhibitory activities since the 
least zone of inhibition observed at these points 
is 12 mm.  
 
From this investigation, across the groups, the 
aqueous extracts of Moringa Oleifera root bark 
showed lower antibacterial activities compared to 
the methanol extracts. Methanol extracts 
exhibited lower MIC and MBC on the test 
organisms. This observed difference between the 
extracts may be attributed to the ability of 
methanol to extract more of the essential 
secondary plant metabolites and the insolubility 
of active compounds in water since these 
compounds are believed to exert antibacterial 
activity on the test organisms [18]. Okigbo and 
Ajale [19] reported that the inactivity of plant 
extracts might be due to the age of the plant, 
extracting solvent, method of extraction, and time 
of harvesting of plant materials. It can be inferred 
that methanol is a better extracting solution for 
this plant and purpose than water. This 
difference may also be due to the inhibitory 
ability of the methanol even without extract, 

whereas the ability of the aqueous extract to 
exhibit this inhibition may be primarily due to its 
penetrative ability. From the findings in this 
study, the Methanol bark extract showed 
promising antibacterial activity the test pathogens 
at most of the concentrations. 
 
The antimicrobial activity of the leaf extracts of 
Moringa Oleifera root bark was evaluated against 
gram-positive and negative bacteria 
(Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). 
Data presented in Figs. 1 and 2 revealed that the 
leaf extracts were more effective in inhibiting 
Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) with a zone of 
inhibition ranging between 10 mm and 23 mm as 
compared to Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-
positive) with a zone of inhibition ranging 
between 9 mm to 19 mm. This result is contrary 
to that of Agatemor [20] where it was reported 
that gram-negative bacteria are more resistant 
than gram-positive bacteria to antimicrobial plant 
extract. 
 
Rao et al. [21] investigated the antibacterial 
activity of methanolic extract of M. oleifera by 
using well diffusion technique and reported that 
the most significant activity of this plant was seen 
against S. aureus. While working on the same 
plant species, Devi et al. [22] investigated the 
antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of bark 
by agar well diffusion method against Bacillus 
spp. And S. aureus. The results are also in 
agreement with Ahmad et al. [23], who reported 
methanolic leaf extract of C. australis had the 
highest activity against S. aureus at 200 mg/ml 
concentration with 10.5mm zone of inhibition.  
 
The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera bark has 
shown strong antibacterial activity against the 
test organisms. The trends in this study are 
contrary to the reports by Yagoub et al. [24] who, 
in their preliminary screening for antimicrobial 
activity of different plants against different 
organisms, methanolic extracts of A. indica 
produced zero zones of inhibition against E. coli. 



 
 
 
 

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The difference in the effect of this plant extracts 
within the organisms suggested that there are 
different antibacterial compounds in the plant 
extracts and that the compound that acted on 
one may not be the same as the one that acted 
on the others since antibacterial agents have 
different modes of action [25].  
 
At concentrations of 200 mg/ml, the methanol 
extract showed an inhibitory activity (23 mm) on 
E. coli comparable to that of the standard drug 
Erythromycin 30 mcg (25 mm). This further 
suggests its potential as an antibacterial agent. 
 

5. CONCLUSION 
 
Based on these results, it could be concluded 
that methanol was the best extraction solvent for 
the antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera 
against all the tested organisms. The activity 
decreased with the decrease in the concentration 
of the extract. The varying degrees of sensitivity 
of the bacterial test organisms may be due to the 
intrinsic tolerance of microorganisms. The results 
of this study suggest that the Moringa oleifera 

root bark can be used as an antibacterial agent 
against infections caused by Staphylococcus 
aureus and Escherichia coli  
  

CONSENT 
 
It is not applicable. 
 

ETHICAL APPROVAL 
 

It is not applicable. 
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 

We acknowledge the support of the technical 
staff of the Laboratory unit of the Department of 
Microbiology and the Department of 
Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of 
Agriculture, Umudike. We sincerely appreciate 
the input of love and assistance 
 

COMPETING INTERESTS 
 

Authors have declared that no competing 
interests exist. 
 

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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 
provided the original work is properly cited. 
 
 

 

 
 

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