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*Corresponding author: E-mail: nahian.ftns@gmail.com; 
 
 
 

Asian Journal of Immunology 
 
3(1): 182-190, 2020; Article no.AJI.56867 
 

 
 

 

 

Stem Cell Therapy in Treatment of Non-
communicable Diseases: Possibilities and 

Challenges 
 

Nahian Rahman1*, Mussamat Mahbuba Sultana1, Marium Sultana1,  
Susmita Ghosh1, Urme Mostary1, Priya Saha1 and Md. Ruhul Kabir1 

 
1
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, 

Sonapur-3814, Bangladesh. 
 

Authors’ contributions  
 

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors MRK and NR conceptualized 
the idea, analyzed updated evidence, compared it, conducted the study and prepared the manuscript 
and drafting. Authors MMS and MS helped in drafting process and comparison. All authors read and 

approved the final manuscript. 
 

Article Information 
 

Editor(s): 
(1) Dr. Cynthia Aracely Alvizo Báez, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. 

Reviewers: 
(1) Nina Drizr, National Research Center for Hematology, Russia. 

(2) Adam Husein, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia. 
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/56867 

 
 
 

 
Received 05 March 2020  

Accepted 09 May 2020 
Published 18 May 2020 

 
 

ABSTRACT 
 

Over recent years stem cells have stood out as a promising tool for regenerative medicine, 
providing alternative therapeutic solutions for many non-communicable diseases. Many clinical 
trials using stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are focused on the refit and regeneration of 
various tissues and organs in degenerative diseases, whose current treatment only succeeds in 
delay down the progression of the disease. This review summarizes several current clinical and 
nonclinical information on the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells 
(IPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in various diseases. The aim of this review was to 
expand on the background and therapeutic potential of ESCs, MSCs and IPSCs whilst linking this 
to their use within disease therapy with a specific focus on diabetes, kidney disease and 
cardiovascular disease with future possibilities and challenges. Also aimed to explain the benefits 
of transplantation with side effects shortly after transplant and later and interruptions, possibilities 
and challenges of transplantation. 

Review Article 



 
 
 
 

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183 

 

Keywords: Regenerative medicine; stem cells; stem cell therapy; pluripotent stem cells; embryonic 
stem cells; mesenchymal stem cells. 

 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
ESCs : Embryonic Stem Cells 
IPSCs : Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells 
MSCs1 : Mesenchymal Stem Cells 
DPSCs : Dental Pulp Stem Cells 
AVN : Avascular Necrosis 
AdSCs : Adipose Stem Cells 
HSCs : Hematopoietic Stem Cells 
AFSCs : Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells 
RPs : Renal Progenitors 
CVD : Cardiovascular Diseases 
CHD : Coronary Heart Disease 
GVHD : Graft-Versus-Host Disease 

 
1. INTRODUCTION 

 
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells of a 
multicellular organism, that can turn into specific 
cells, as the body needs them. Stem cells have 
the potential to revolutionize tissue regeneration 
and engineering [1]. Cells in the body have 
specific purposes, but stem cells are cells that do 
not yet have a specific role and can become 
almost any cell that is required. There are three 
main types of stem cells depending on source: 
embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent 
stem cells (IPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells 
(MSCs) [2]. 
 

For the first time in 1981, researchers could 
isolate stem cells from mouse embryos. More 
accurate studies on the biology of mouse stem 
cells led to discovery of methods for separation 
of stem cells from the human embryo in 1998. 
Another name of stem cell therapy is 
regenerative medicine, it’s promotes the repair 
response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured 
tissue using stem cells or their derivatives [3]. 
The origin and function of these stem cells varies 
but they all hold diagnostic and therapeutic 
potential. A potential route of treatment is using 
stem cells that have the capability of 
differentiating into healthy tissue, replacing any 
lost through disease manifestation and thus 
justifying the avoidance of lifelong expensive 
treatments [4]. 
 

Stem cells provide new cells for the body as it 
grows and replace specialized cells that 
damaged or lost. They have two unique 
properties that, they can divide repeatedly to 
produce new cell, and they can change into the 
other types of cell that make up the body [5]. 

2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON 
POTENCY  

 

Stem cells can be classified based on potency, 
by the extent to which they can differentiate into 
different cell types. The four main classifications 
are totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent, or 
unipotent. 
 
Totipotent: The ability to differentiate into all 
possible cell types. Examples are the zygote and 
the first few cells that result from the division of 
the zygote [5]. 
 
Pluripotent: The ability to differentiate into 
almost all cell types. Examples are embryonic 
stem cells and cells that are isolated from the 
mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm germ layers 
that are formed in the beginning stages of 
embryonic stem cell differentiation [6]. 
 
Multipotent: The ability to differentiate into a 
closely related family of cells. Examples include 
hematopoietic (adult) stem cells that can become 
red and white blood cells or platelets.  
 
Unipotent: The ability to only produce cells of 
their own type. Examples include (adult) muscle 
stem cells [7]. 
 

3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THEIR 
SOURCES 

 
Embryonic stem cells: Embryonic stem cells are 
self-replicating cells that are potentially immortal 
[7]. They are derived from embryos at a 
developmental stage before the time of 
implantation occur in the uterus. They can 
change into any cell in the body, so these stem 
cells are said to be pluripotent [8]. 
 

Adult stem cells: Adult stem cells are 
undifferentiated totipotent or multipotent cells that 
are found in the body after embryonic 
development and multiply by dividing cells. The 
main role of adult stem cells in vivo is to preserve 
and improve the tissue in which they are found. 
They can replace blood stem cells (or “blood 
formation”) only with blood cells and various 
types of skin cells (or “epithelium”) [8]. There are 
a number of adult stem cell types have been 
isolated from dental tissues, known as dental 
pulp stem cells (DPSCs) [9] and these           
cells exhibited differentiation potential into 



 
 
 
 

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odontoblastic, adipogenic and neural citotype; 
the same group isolated a similar citotype in 
deciduous teeth that have been called SHEDs 
(stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous) 
[10]. 

 
Induced pluripotent stem cells: Recently, a third 
type of stem cell has emerged that has 
properties like embryonic stem cells. Scientists 
have created these induced pluripotent stem 
cells (iPS cells) by controlling the expression of 
specific genes and reprogramming somatic cells 
into pluripotency [11]. They are also pluripotent 
and can develop into cells of any type [12]. 

 
4. APPLICATIONS OF STEM CELL 

THERAPY 
 
The goal of stem cell therapy is to treat damaged 
tissue that can’t heal itself. Recent stem cell 
research often encourages patients who have 
not been treated for diseases in order to alleviate 
the symptoms of chronic diseases. Stem cell 
therapy involves more than just implanting cells 
into the body and growing new healthy tissue. It 
may also be possible to gratify stem cells already 
in the body to work overtime and produce new 
tissue [13]. The growth of stem cells after 
implantation into host tissues or organs is 
influenced with Several natural polymers 
employed as biologic scaffolds carry stem cells 
for tissue repair, including alginate, collagen, 
fibrin, albumin, hyaluronan, platelet-rich plasma, 
and gelatin [14]. 
 

Diseases and conditions where stem cell 
treatment is being investigated include: Non-
union/Delayed Union Fracture, Osteonecrosis or 
Avascular Necrosis (AVN),Knee Cartilage 
Defect, Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Spinal Cord 
injury, Spinal Fusion Treatment, Cerebral Palsy, 
Autism, Motor Neuron Disease, Multiple 
Sclerosis, Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer/ 
Dementia disease, Cerebellar Atrophy, 
Cerebellar Ataxia, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, 
Down Syndrome, Optic Nerve Damage, Retinitis 
Pigmentosa, Macular Degeneration, Dystrophy 
Glaucoma Disease, Diabetes (Type 1 & 2), 
Acute/Chronic Liver Disease, Muscular 
Dystrophy, Acute/Chronic Kidney Disease, 
Peripheral Arterial Disease, Myocardial 
Infarction, Lung Disease, Erectile Dysfunction, 
Anti- Aging Treatment, Scleroderma Disease, 
Skin Replacement, Male Infertility, Female 
Infertility, Breast cancer, Scar, Colon cancer, etc 
[15-17]. 

5. POSSIBILITIES IN SOME MOST 
OCCURRING NON-COMMUNICABLE 
DISEASES 

 

5.1 Stem Cell Therapy for Kidney Disease 
 
Kidney diseases are caused by damage to 
nephrons, which can be sudden and short lived 
called acute kidney disease or slow and 
progressive called chronic kidney disease. 
Chronic kidney disease can lead to renal failure 
and is fatal if not treated. Scientists are studying 
how the kidneys can be restored and the types of 
kidney cells involved in this process [18]. 
 
After variety of insults the kidney has the 
capacity for regeneration. The factors that 
caused kidney damage over the past few 
decades have been carefully studied. There is 
currently no FDA approved stem cell therapy for 
kidney disease [19]. However, clinical trials are 
being conducted to determine whether stem cell-
based kidney therapy is safe and effective in 
humans. Scientists have already successfully 
created an artificial rat kidney that produces urine 
once transplanted into the animal, making 
artificial organ transplantation a highly possible 
reality for human kidney [17,20]. 
 

6. TYPES OF STEM CELLS 
INVESTIGATED to REGENERATE 
DAMAGED TISSUE 

 
Significant advances have been made in 
promoting stem cell products as a possible 
treatment of kidney disease, restoring various 
types of stem cells from renal function in 
preclinical models of acute and chronic renal 
failure [21]. Both preclinical reports and clinical 
trials of stem cells used for treatment kidney 
disease are increasing rapidly. Different types of 
stem cells, ranging from mesenchymal stem cells 
(MSCs), adipose stem cells (AdSCs), 
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), amniotic fluid 
stem cells (AFSCs), renal progenitors (RPs) and 
so forth, can stimulate renal repair in vivo in 
models of acute and chronic kidney failure [19]. 
 

The promise of stem cell therapies in pre-clinical 
models of kidney diseases is yet to be translated 
into more persuasive proof of clinical efficacy. 
Several clinical trials have confirmed the safety 
and tolerability of stem cells, and of MSC-based 
therapies, in patients with renal diseases                
and kidney transplants. However, long-term 
monitoring is recommended to rule out the 



 
 
 
 

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potential risk of cancer and of developing anti-
HLA antibodies [22]. 
 

7. STEM CELL TECHNOLOGY FOR THE 
TREATMENT OF DIABETES 

 
Diabetes is a disease with high blood sugar. 
Most of the glucose comes from the food we eat. 
The hormone used to transport glucose to the 
cell as energy is insulin. When our body cannot 
produce insulin, it is called type 1 diabetes. In 
type 2, glucose is not available due to insulin 
resistance [23]. 
 
In the past, numerous diabetes treatment 
technologies have been used, including 
increased insulin delivery and glucose monitoring 
systems, new methods for the complete 
transplantation of the pancreas and graft, and the 
formation of B cells from the pancreatic ducts or 
stem cells. Now-a-days these two conditions of 
diabetes are treated by stem cell technology [24]. 
 

8. TYPES OF STEM CELLS 
INVESTIGATED TO REGENERATE 
DAMAGED TISSUE 

 
Stem-cell therapy means the replacement of 
diseased cell or missing cells from progeny of 
pluripotent or multipotent cells. Many groups of 
cells are used to turn into beta cells of the 
pancreas, which produce insulin during 
differentiation. Both embryonic stem cells 
(derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst) 
and adult stem cells (found in the postnatal 
organism) have been used to produce β-cells or 
otherwise restore the functioning of β-cell [25]. 
Embryonic stem cells (ESC): Stem cells follow 
appropriate developmental pathway in order 
become insulin producing cells by using 
embryonic stem cells transfusing with insulin 
promoter, resulting insulin producing cells in 
mouse ESC. Which permitted them to make 
insulin producing cells [24].  
 

Induced pluripotent cells (IPSC): IPS has high 
reproducibility and pluripotency. These cells can 
be divided into cells that produce insulin. So, we 
can also make the pancreatic beta cells form 
these cells that can be used for the treatment of 
diabetes [25]. 
 

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy: Stem 
Cell Therapy is an alternative to small islet cell 
transplantation in patients with type 2 diabetes. 
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) can be obtained 
from patients with autologous transplantation. 

However, autologous MSCs from diabetic 
patients are still remarkably different from ESCs, 
because of prolonged exposure to hyperglycemia 
[26]. By using these different kinds of stem cell 
technologies, we can make the insulin producing 
cells that will be helpful in the cure of diabetes 
that is worldwide disease. Type 1 diabetes can 
successfully treated by using β cell from stem 
cells where type 2 diabetes is treated by using β 
cell in combination with drug therapy [27]. 
 

9. STEM CELLS AND CARDIAC REPAIR 
 
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), hypertension, 
coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and 
cardiac arrest (CHF) were the leading causes of 
death. Finally, stem cells can satisfy a large 
unmet clinical need and improve the quality of life 
of millions of people with cardiovascular diseases 
[28]. Reliable evidence suggests that stem cells 
promise to be a treatment for damaged 
myocardial regeneration. Ischemic heart failure 
occurs when there is a lack of oxygen in the 
tissues of the heart [29]. 
 

10. TYPES OF STEM CELLS 
INVESTIGATED TO REGENERATE 
DAMAGED MYOCARDIAL TISSUE 

 
Adult and embryonic stem cells have been 
investigated to regenerate damaged myocardial 
tissue in animal models and in a limited number 
of clinical studies. Specific considerations for the 
application of various cell types will be discussed 
in the following sections [30]. Embryonic stem 
(ES) cells: Pluripotent ES cells can produce 
various types of cells that repair damaged 
myocardial tissue, including myocardial cells, 
endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. For 
this purpose, it has been shown that mouse and 
human ES cells spontaneously differentiate in 
vivo to form endothelial muscle and smooth 
muscle cells in the body. Human ES cells 
differentiate into myocytes with the structural and 
functional properties of myocardial cells. 
Moreover, ES cells that were transplanted into is 
chemically injured myocardium in rats 
differentiated into normal myocardial cells that 
remained viable for up to four months suggesting 
that these cells may be candidates for 
regenerative therapy in humans [31].  
 

11. OTHER DISEASES 
 
Stroke: Stroke triggers the loss of neurons and 
glial cells in large numbers. In the treatment of 
this disease, cell therapy opens fresh horizons by 



 
 
 
 

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facilitating the process of neuronal regeneration. 
Animal studies and several preclinical studies 
verify the effectiveness of cell therapy in post-
stroke functional enhancement [3]. 
 
Spinal cord injury: Spinal cord injury is one of 
the serious neurological damage caused by 
neuronal tissue loss and consequently sensory 
and motor function loss. There is no therapy for 
this damage to be regenerated. This harm can 
be remedied by replacing stem or progenitor 
cells [32]. 
 
Inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn and 
ulcerative colitis were referred to as inflammatory 
diseases of the intestine. The precise cause of 
these illnesses is still unknown, but one of their 
causes is immune system dysfunction. Because 
stem cells are immunoregulatory cells, and also 
because of their capacity to transdifferentiate and 
fuse cells, they appear to have a beneficial 
impact on improving these illnesses [33]. 
 

Liver diseases: Stem cell transplantation has 
now been proposed in the therapy of cirrhosis as 
a novel technique. For this purpose, various 
types of stem cells such as embryonic stem cells, 
mesenchymal stem cells, annex stem cells and 
endothelial progenitor cells were used in 
laboratory studies. Also, laboratory studies have 
shown that primary hepatocytes can be replaced 
in liver, spleen, peritoneal cavity and other sites 
outside the liver [34]. 
 

12. BENEFITS OF STEM CELL THERAPY 
 

With so many treatment options out there, you 
may be surprised what benefits stem cell therapy 
provides. Some of the benefits include minimal 
risk, minimal recovery time and minimal worry. 
Here are 5 more specific benefits to be aware of- 
no need of surgery and avoid its risks and 
complications because it is an invasive, non-
surgical procedure, required less post-procedural 
recovery time, does not require the use of 
general anesthesia, there is no risk of rejection 
because this therapy uses the biologics extracts 
from the patient, no risk of communicable 
disease transmission [35]. 
 

The potential growth of stem cells relies on 
effective recruitment of host stem or progenitor 
cells into the implanted biomaterial scaffolds and 
induction of the infiltrating cells into tissue-
specific cell lineages for functional tissue 
regeneration [36]. Growth factors released from 
the scaffolds could remarkably prompt stem cell 
growth and differentiation, but most of these 

proteins cannot bind with scaffolds and so 
require a bridge to covalently crosslink scaffolds 
on one end and bind growth factors on another 
end. Heparin, one such element, has high levels 
of sulfated anionic glycosaminoglycans that 
contain a growth factor binding domain [37] 
which allows heparin to bind growth factors with 
high affinity while retaining its biological activity. 
Using heparin with growth factors controls their 
release keeps stem cells viable after 
transplantation into host tissues or organs [38].  
 

13. SIDE EFFECTS OF STEM CELL 
TRANSPLANT 

 

After the transplantation many of the side effects 
are happens to the patient shortly after the 
transplant and later. These side effects are 
briefly described below: 
 
Shortly after the transplants: Many of the 
problems can happens shortly after the 
transplants this includes- mouth and throat pain, 
nausea and vomiting, infection, bleeding and 
transfusions, interstitial pneumonitis, other lung 
problems, graft failure and graft-versus-host 
disease. When the body does not accept the new 
stem cells the graft fails. Graft failure is more 
common when the patient and donor are not well 
matched and when patients get stem cells that 
have had the T-cells removed. Graft failure can 
lead to serious bleeding and/or infection and 
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can happen in 
allogeneic transplants when the immune cells 
from the donor see the recipient’s body as 
foreign. Doctors think of GVHD as acute or 
chronic. Acute GVHD starts immediately after 
transplant and lasts a short time. Chronic GVHD 
starts later and lasts a long time [39]. 
 
Acute GVHD: The average time is about 25 
days, but acute GVHD may occur between 10 
and 90 days after transplantation. Skin rash, 
redness of the skin, redness of the palm and 
initial signs. It can spread throughout your body. 
Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, 
abdominal cramps, diarrhea (moisture, 
sometimes bleeding), loss of appetite, yellowing 
of the skin and eyes (jaundice), abdominal pain 
(abdominal pain) and weight loss [40]. 
 
Chronic GVHD: 90 to 600 days after the stem 
cell transplant, chronic GVHD can start 
anywhere. Rash on the palms of the hands or the 
soles of the feet are the first signs. The rash can 
spread and is usually itchy and dry. In severe 
cases, the skin may blister and peel, like a bad 



 
 
 
 

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sunburn. Other symptoms of chronic GVHD can 
include: enlarged liver, bloated abdomen (belly), 
pain in the upper right part of the abdomen 
(belly), increased levels of liver enzymes in the 
blood (seen on blood tests), the skin feels               
tight, dry burning eyes, dryness or painful sores 
in the mouth, burning sensations when                  
eating acidic foods, bacterial infections, and 
blockages in the smaller airways of the lungs, etc 
[41]. 
 
Problems that may show up later: Organ 
damage, Relapse (the cancer comes back), 
Secondary (new) cancers, Abnormal growth of 
lymph tissues, infertility (the inability to produce 
children), hormone changes, such as changes in 
the thyroid or pituitary gland, cataracts (clouding 
of the lens of the eye, which causes vision loss) 
[42]. 
 

14. DIETARY CONCERNS DURING STEM 
CELL TRANSPLANT 

 
Patients with stem cell transplantation are very 
sensitive to microorganisms that can be 
transmitted through food and beverages. To 
provide a more protected environment, transplant 
patients are maintained on a diet upon admission 
which is secure for the patient. The stem cell 
transplant diet restrictions continue until the 
patient’s ANC (ANC: The absolute neutrophil 
count, the number of white blood cells (WBCs) 
that are neutrophils) is greater than 500 for three 
consecutive days and if graft vs. host disease is 
not present [43]. Patients who underwent 
autologous or allogeneic HSCT(hematopoietic 
stem cell therapy) had more pronounced 
changes in diet acceptance and longer hospital 
stays, as well as a greater delay from 
transplantation until engraftment because they 
are at increased nutritional risk due to the 
underlying disease, high metabolic demand and 
complications related to the conditioning 
regimen, which mostly affect the gastrointestinal 
tract, and are thus able to cause symptoms, such 
as nausea, vomiting, mucositis, odynophagia, 
diarrhea, abdominal pain and constipation, that 
make the ingestion of food and absorption of 
nutrients worse [44,45]. When the appropriate 
transplantation occurs, the special diet is 
terminated. The special diet will be stopped when 
adequate engraftment occurs; however, it is a 
good idea to continue to use safe food handling 
and preparation even after the special diet 
restrictions have ended. Diet guidelines                
should be maintained before and after therapy 
[46]. 

15. INTERRUPTIONS, CHALLENGES AND 
PROSPECTS 

 
Though stem cells offer breathtaking 
commitment for coming therapies, significant 
technical hurdles remain. One of the major 
interruptions is that mass proliferation of stem 
cells to generate enough quantities of tissue is 
required for useful transplant purposes. Secondly 
differentiated stem cells should be able to 
integrate into the surrounding tissue after 
transplantation and their functionality for the total 
duration of the patient's life is another area of 
concern along with the fears of immune rejection. 
Uses of autologous adult stem cells and lifelong 
immunosuppressive medicine can reduce the 
harmful side effects. Another major concern is 
the development of cancer after SCT due to self-
renewal and uncontrolled proliferation 
capabilities of stem cells, in this way making 
them able to malignant transformation as CSCs. 
Another major complexity after allogeneic 
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is graft-
versus-host disease is due to donor T-cell 
recognition of recipient alloantigen’s. Autologous 
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation also 
exposes the development of a syndrome like 
allogeneic graft-versus-host disease causing 
serious disease in the GI tract [47]. 
 
Though this field is still in its primary stage, 
scientists are hopeful to use iPSCs in 
transplantation therapy. Use of retroviral vectors 
to initiate transcription factors for reprogramming 
objective can be harmful itself with a raise risk of 
cancer and viral disease development therefore 
researchers are currently investigating non-viral 
allotment techniques. Although the nature of the 
reprogramming method is still not surely clear 
and the developmental potential of iPSCs 
derived from various tissues using various 
methods is unknown. Another main challenge is 
to recognize adult or cancer stem cells in a tissue 
population [48]. 
 
Many preclinical studies regarding SCT have 
moved to clinical trials and translational stage. 
Such as to promote recovery of the damaged 
heart after myocardial infarction (MI), stem cells 
have been delivered by intracoronary infusion. 
Where, recent reviews of these clinical trials 
report that less than half of the trials found only 
small improvements in cardiac function. 
Significant tasks yet remain to enhance the 
usefulness of stem cell therapy for CVD including 
improved identification, recruitment, and in vitro 
growth of autologous stem cells, besides 



 
 
 
 

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identification of mobilizing and homing agents, 
and development of novel culture conditions to 
improve stem cell survival and engraftment. 
Other clinical trials are planned to address 
treatment options for diabetes and kidney 
diseases [49].  
 
To date (08/04/2019), over 880 MSC-based 
clinical trials, complete or ongoing, have been 
registered in the US National Institutes of Health 
database, including hematological diseases, graft 
versus host disease, diabetes, organ 
transplantation, inflammatory diseases, and 
diseases in the lung, liver, bone as well as 
cardiovascular, neurological and autoimmune 
diseases. Most of the above clinical trials are 
carried out in early phases (phase I–II), 
suggesting that the efficiency of SC treatment 
remains to be further investigated in the long-
term [50]. 
 

16. CONCLUSION 
 
There is a lot of research on investigating how 
stem cells can be used to treat different types of 
diseases. It is expected that; stem cell therapy 
might be used to develop for many types of 
diseases in future for which there are no effective 
treatments now. The obtained pluripotent stem 
cells and adult stem cells are important 
candidates for regenerative therapy because of 
the nature of self-healing and the wide range of 
properties of pluripotency. Stem cells have been 
tested for use in various diseases, such as 
diabetes, kidney disease, spinal cord injuries, 
heart disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease, 
as well as various forms of blood diseases. 
Where kidney disease has been studied, there is 
no proven treatment for this disease with stem 
cells because of its complex structure. On the 
other hand, type 1 diabetes can successfully 
treated by using β cell from stem cells where 
type 2 diabetes is treated by using β cell in 
combination with drug therapy. And for the 
patient with different heart disease stem cell 
therapeutics are very promising. As stem cell 
therapy has many benefits for treating disease it 
also has some side effects too. Stem cells have 
a bright future for the therapeutic world according 
to different literature. We hope to see new 
horizon of therapeutics in the form of bone 
marrow transplant, skin replacement, organ 
development, and replacement of lost tissue 
such as hairs, tooth, retina and cochlear cells 
which will add new dimension to the treatment 
and healing process of ailing patients. 
 

CONSENT 
 
It is not applicable. 
 

ETHICAL APPROVAL 
 
It is not applicable. 
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
The authors acknowledge the support of 
Department of Food Technology & Nutrition 
Science, NSTU for the opportunity to conduct 
this research work. 
 

COMPETING INTERESTS 
 
Authors have declared that no competing 
interests exist. 
 

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