




































_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
 
*Corresponding author: E-mail: adeshadrach1@gmail.com; 
 
 
 

Asian Journal of Immunology 
 
5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 
 

 

 

Herd Immunity, the Best Way out of SARS COV-2 
Pandemic: Preaching the Good News about  

COVID-19 Vaccine and Vaccine Efficacy 
 

Opeyemi Shadrach Ademola a,b*, Emono Dankano Nehemiah a,  
Gideon Kehinde Oyelowo c and Florence Oluwakemi Oladeji d,e 

 
a
 Department of Chemical Pathology, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 

Nigeria. 
b 
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Adventist College of Health Technology, Km 2 Igbope-

Igbeti Road, Igbope, Oyo State, Nigeria. 
c
 Department of Chemistry, Usman Danfodio University, P.M.B. 2346, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria. 

 
d
 Department of Nursing, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, P.M.B. 4000, Ogbomoso,  

Oyo State, Nigeria.  
e
 Neonatal Ward, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ilorin-Ogbomoso Road, P.O.Box 15, 

Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria.  
 

Authors’ contributions  
 

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author OSA designed the study and 
wrote the protocol. Author GKO wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author EDN performed the 

statistical analysis. Author FOO managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the 
final manuscript. 

 
Article Information 

 
Open Peer Review History: 

This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers, peer 
review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here: 

https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/88927 

 
 
 

Received 10 June 2022  
Accepted 12 July 2022 

Published 18 August 2022 

 
 

ABSTRACT 
 

Aims: To investigate vaccine efficacy amongst the vaccinated population and also to investigate 
the willingness to be vaccinated among the unvaccinated population of Oke-Ogun region of Oyo 
State, Nigeria. 
Study Design: A snowball sampling approach was used. 
Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected randomly from the general populace of 
Oke-Ogun, Oyo State, between 20

th
 of January to 20

th
 of April, 2022. Analysis of samples was 

carried out at the medical laboratory unit of Adeniyi Memorial Hospital, Igbope. 

Original Research Article 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
53 

 

Methodology: 500 consenting adults were recruited to participate in the study (250 health workers 
and 250 non health workers, aged 18 years and above) vaccinated or unvaccinated with SARS-
CoV-2 vaccine. A standard questionnaire was administered to the participants and consenting 
adults were sampled and tested using a SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic antigen test kit. A 2 x 2 
contingency table (chi-square method, 2-tailed with 1 degree of freedom test) was used to 
determine the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. 
Results: Among the 500 participants, 328 (65.6%) participants have been vaccinated, although 214 
(42.8%) participants accounted for full vaccination. Higher vaccination rate 220 (88%) occurred 
among the health workers compared to 153 (61.2%) among the other participants. From the non-
immunized participants, only 32 (18.6%) are willing to get vaccinated immediately, 95 (55.23%) 
were not willing to get the vaccination unless they know more about the virus and the vaccines. 
Infection rate was seen to be higher among the unvaccinated population (10.24%) compared to the 
vaccinated population (2.6%). Furthermore, infection among the unvaccinated health worker 
(13.3%) was seen to be higher than the unvaccinated non-health workers participants (9.2%). 
Conclusion: Covid-19 vaccine has proved to be efficient with high degree of immunity conferred on 
fully-immunized individuals. This will help in the reduction of the severity, mortality of the disease 
and reduction of the impact of the pandemic on the National Health System and economy of 
countries.  
 

 
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; vaccination; COVID-19; infection; vaccine efficacy; vaccine acceptability; 

rapid diagnostic test kit. 
 

1. INTRODUCTION  
 
Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a pandemic that 
has destabilized human life, health, family and 
country’s economy. The pandemic was declared 
in March 2020 [1] after it was first discovered in 
Wuhan, China. The first confirmed case in 
Nigeria was announced on 27 February 2020, 
when an Italian national in Lagos tested positive 
for the virus [2,3]. On 9 March 2020, a second 
case of the virus was reported in Ewekoro, Ogun 
State, a Nigerian citizen who came into contact 
with the Italian national [4,5]. The number of 
confirmed cases as at 13

th
 of June, 2022 is 

256,246. However, there has been far less 
testing for the virus in Nigeria than other 
countries [6]. In Oyo state, 10,219 cases have 
been reported [7]. On 17 March, 2020, Oyo State 
recorded her first case of COVID-19 through a 
returnee from the United Kingdom [8].  
 
Several measures have been taken against the 
disease in order to control its transmission these 
include hand hygiene, physical distancing, 
avoidance of large gathering and the use of face 
mask; all these are targeted at reducing the rapid 
spread of the disease. In response to the 
pandemic, the global efforts to develop multiple 
vaccines to protect against COVID-19 disease 
have been unrivalled in the history of public 
health. The greatest success will rely on 
successful vaccination plan against the SARS-
CoV-2 virus to bring an end to the epidemic. A 
herd immunity of the population must be 

achieved as this can prove greatly successful in 
the campaign against SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and 
to further prevent the emergence of new variants 
of the virus. Until we reach herd immunity, 
COVID-19 will remain a public threat and the 
next mutation could be more lethal [9]. In a study, 
vaccine acceptance rate is 74.5% in Nigeria [10]. 
But this high rate is accounted for mostly by the 
health practitioners.  
 
Covid-19 vaccine has proved to be efficient with 
high degree of immunity conferred on fully-
immunized individuals [11]. The vaccine also 
helps in the reduction of the severity, mortality of 
the disease and reduction of the impact of the 
pandemic on the National Health System and 
economy [12]. However, vaccine hesitancy had 
been a major dilemma in the achievement of 
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination plan. To date various 
surveys have been developed to assess 
individual attitudes as well as concerns around 
the risks and benefits of immunization [13,14].  
 
The population’s perception of SARS-CoV-2 
vaccine has most likely influenced by their 
knowledge about the health consequences of 
SARS-CoV-2 infection and the importance of the 
vaccine to prevent these consequences [15] has 
really determined the vaccine acceptability by the 
population. There has been little COVID-19 
testing and vaccination carried out in the Oke-
ogun axis of Oyo State, major COVID-19 testing 
and vaccination has been done in the capital city, 
Ibadan and this necessitated the reason for this 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewekoro
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogun_State
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_testing


 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
54 

 

study. The vaccine type used in Oyo state, 
Nigeria as at when this study was conducted was 
AstraZeneca and Pfizer though no specification 
of vaccine type was collected for this study. This 
survey is conducted to investigate vaccine 
efficacy amongst the vaccinated population and 
also to investigate the willingness to be 
vaccinated among the unvaccinated population 
of Oke-Ogun region of Oyo State, Nigeria as this 
is important for planning the COVID-19 
vaccination campaign and programme. It is also 
aimed to determine vaccine efficacy among the 
participants which can serve as a tool to preach 
the good news about the vaccine.  
 

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS  
 
2.1 Study Setting and Design 
 
A cross-sectional study was conducted from 20

th
 

of January to 20
th
 of April, 2022 among the 

general population of Oke-Ogun, Oyo State. Oyo 
state is situated in the South-Western part of 
Nigeria. The State has 33 local government 
areas (LGAs) while 10 0f these are located in the 
Oke-Ogun axis of the state. These LGAs has 
varying incidence of COVID-19. As at 11 June 
2020, a total of 34 confirmed cases were 
identified all within the capital city of Oyo State 
[8]. Oyo State has a projected population of 
8,929,410 with annual growth rate of 3.2% [16]. 
Oyo State is predominantly populated by the 
Yoruba ethnic group with a sparse presence of 
other ethnic nationalities. The inhabitants are 
majorly engaged in farming, trading and some of 
them are artisans and civil servants.  
 
Study type: A snowball sampling approach. 500 
consenting adults were recruited (250 health 
workers and 250 non health workers) were 
tested using a SARS-CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test 
kit after appropriately filling a questionnaire.  
 

2.2 Data Collection 
 
Individuals aged 18 years and above who gave 
consent participated in the survey. We collected 
general information and vital information about 
the research participants was collected using a 
well-structured questionnaire. The data include; 
demographic data, anthropometric data, medical 
histories, acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine 
and a consent on SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. 
Vaccinated participants who were tested are 
participants with 3-month old first vaccination 
history. Other information collected includes 
major reasons for vaccine hesitancy. All 

responses were collected and collated 
anonymously both manually and, on a password-
protected laptop until the day for analysis. 
 
The specimen collected was nasopharyngeal 
swab. A sterile swab was inserted into the 
nostrils of participants so that it reaches the 
depth equal to the distance from nostrils to the 
outer opening of the ear. It was rotated 3-4 times 
against the surface of the nasopharyngeal and 
then withdrawn. The swab was then inserted into 
an extraction buffer tube, the buffer tube was 
squeezed and the swab was stirred for more 
than 5 times. The specimen was then mix with 
extraction buffer. The extracted specimen was 
dropped on the specimen well of the test device 
through the nozzle cap and result was read in 
15-30 minutes. 
 

3. INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS 
 

1. To show that the test is working properly, a 
purple colored band appears on the band 
of the control line (C). 

2. A purple colored band either faint or non-
uniform or clear line appearing on the 
SARS-COV-2 antigen (T) band shows a 
positive test. 

3. Invalid test are results that show no 
colored line on the band of the control line 
(C). 

 

3.1 Data Analysis 
 
Data collected from this study was analysed 
using the statistical software statistical package 
for social sciences (SPSS 16). Age, being a 
continuous variable was categorized into age 
groups. For all categorical variables, descriptive 
statistics were presented as percentages (%). 
Age and gender were included in the study to 
show the population’s demographics. 2 x 2 
contingency table (chi-square method, 2-tailed 
test) was used to determine the efficacy of 
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine [17] and values was 
considered as statistically significant at p˂0.05 at 
95% confidence level. 
 

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
 

4.1 Results 
 

4.1.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of 
the participants 

 

The responses of 500 participants were included 
in the analysis. Most respondents were male 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
55 

 

(65%), the majority were in the 30-50 age group 
(58.3%), also major respondents are into 
agriculture (18.2%) other than health workers 
which was planned to include 50% of 
respondents and also most respondents have 
tertiary education (60%). 
 

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics 
of the participants 

 

Socio demographic 
characteristics 

Number of 
sample (%) 
N=500 

Age group  
18-30 104 (20.8%) 
31-50 298 (59.6%) 
51-65 84 (16.8%) 
>65 14 (2.8%) 
Gender  
Male 323 (64.6%) 
Female 177 (35.4%) 
Educational status  
Primary education 25 (5%) 
Secondary education 93 (18.6%) 
Tertiary education 300 (60%) 
No education 82 (16.4%) 
Employment industry  
Agriculture 91 (18.2%) 
Construction    9 (1.8%) 
Manufacturing 27 (5.4%) 
Trading  67 (13.4%) 
Health care 250 (50%) 
Art and Entertainment 22 (4.4%) 
Finance  6 (1.2%) 
Education 10 (2%) 
Not working 18 (3.6%) 

 
4.1.2 Participants’ health status 
 
Of the 500 participants, 163 (32.6%) participants 
reported to have a chronic disease. Amongst the 
health worker participants, 65 (26%) reported to 
have a chronic disease compared to 98 (39.2%) 
in the other participants. The number of positive 
SARS-CoV-2 test was 21 (4.2%) overall. In the 
immunized health workers, 5 (2.27%) results 
were positive while 4 (13.3%) was positive from 
the non-immunized health workers. In other 
participants, 3 (1.96%) results were positive from 
the immunized while 9 (9.2%) results were 
positive from the non-immunized participants. 
Co-morbidity, with P = .50, is not significant to 
COVID-19 test results of participants. 
 

4.1.3 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine acceptability 
 
Overall, 373 (74.6%) participants have been 
vaccinated, although 214 (42.8%) participants 
accounted for full vaccination. There is higher 
vaccination rate 220 (88%) among the health 
workers compared to 153 (61.2%) among the 
other participants. From the non-immunized 
participants, only 32 (18.6%) are willing to get 
vaccinated immediately if made readily available 
while others, 95 (55.23%) were not willing to get 
the vaccination unless they know more about the 
virus and the vaccines. The reason for vaccine 
hesitancy include: the vaccine is not safe and 
was made to depopulate human, religious belief, 
past experiences with other vaccines and some 
believed there is nothing true about SARS-CoV-2 
outbreak. Another vital reason for vaccine 
hesitancy is ‘older people and those with 
underlying medical conditions like cardiovascular 
disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or 
cancer are more likely to develop serious illness’ 
[18] if given the vaccine. It was observed that 
some participants from the group who wouldn’t 
get vaccinated even if vaccine is made available 
would reconsider getting vaccinated if they can 
be ascertained of getting maximal protection 
from the vaccine and wouldn’t be liable to 
contracting other diseases from the vaccine. 
 
4.1.4 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy 
 
Covid-19 infection prevention was seen to be 
high among the vaccinated population as only 
2.14% are positive. Statistical analysis has a P 
value > .000 and hence association of vaccine 
and COVID-19 status is considered to be 
extremely statistically significant. Also, among 
the health workers, 5 (2.27%) was seen to test 
positive among the vaccinated population 
compared to 4 (13.3%) in the unvaccinated 
population. Statistically, P = .002 and hence, the 
association between vaccinated population 
among the health workers and their COVID-19 
status is also considered to be statistically 
significant. 3(1.96%) non-health workers were 
positive. Statistically, P = .000 and association 
between vaccine status and Covid-19 status was 
considered very statistically significant. The 
results also support several reports such as 
Covid-19 tests carried out in the middle-east [17] 
and further helps to boast population trust in 
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.  
 
  

 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
56 

 

Table 2. Health history of participants; COVID-19 vaccination status and COVID-19 infection 
status 

 

Participants’ health characteristics   

Health worker   

Immunized Positive 5 (2.27%) 

 Negative 215 (97.73%) 

Non-immunized Positive 4 (13.33%) 

 Negative 26 (86.67%) 

Co-morbidity Cancer 4 (1.6%) 

 Obesity 8 (3.2%) 

 Diabetes 10 (4%) 

 Hypertension 20 (8%) 

 Others 23 (9.2%) 

Other participants   

Immunized Positive 3 (1.96%) 

 Negative 150 (98.04%) 

Non-immunized Positive 9 (9.2%) 

 Negative 88 (90.72%) 

Co-morbidity Cancer 5 (2%) 

 Obesity 14 (5.6%) 

 Diabetes 18 (7.2%) 

 Hypertension 23 (9.2%) 

 Others 38 (15.2%) 

 

 
 

Fig. 1. Test results of participants with different chronic disease 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
57 

 

 
 

Fig. 2. COVID-19 vaccination rate based on occupation of the participants 
 

 
 

Fig. 3. COVID-19 infection rate among the vaccinated and unvaccinated participants 
 

4.2 Discussion 
 
“Herd immunity” is essential as this would help to 
prevent the spread COVID-19 virus. As seen 
from the results above, infection rate among the 
vaccinated population was reduced as compared 
to unvaccinated population. 50% efficacy 

threshold was set for COVID-19 vaccines 
because COVID-19 was deemed such a severe 
disease, that if a vaccine is only 50% effective, 
it’s still worth using [18]. The emerging data on 
COVID-19 vaccines suggests that the vaccines 
are very safe with high efficacy, at least against 
some of the variants. Acceptance of the vaccine 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
58 

 

was relatively high among healthcare workers 
(88%) but lower in the other participant group 
(61.2%). This high vaccine acceptance among 
healthcare workers has also been reported in 
Somalia [19], Mozambique [15] and South Africa 
[20], but a contrasting report was obtained from 
Democratic Republic of Congo [20].  
 
From our study, it was shown that more 
participants would reconsider getting vaccinated 
if they can be ascertained of getting maximal 
protection from the vaccine and wouldn’t be 
liable to contracting other diseases from the 
vaccine. Also, if vaccine efficacy is high and 
proven statistically, most would get vaccinated. 
This suggests that the more people are educated 
about the importance and efficacy of vaccination 
against COVID-19, their willingness to be 
vaccinated will increase. This was also reported 
in a study in Mozambique [15]. 
 
From our study, age is also a major factor 
affecting the population decision to accept 
COVID-19 vaccine. The actively working group 
who considered their day-to-day activities 
necessary especially with physical meetings is 
the highest vaccinated group, aged 31-50 
(59.6%) who are majorly traders (13.4%) and 
farmers (18.2%), the elderly, >65 years of age 
(2.8%) are the least vaccinated group. This is 
because of their believe that they are less prone 
to contacting the disease as they are majorly 

indoor and also because of the statement ‘older 
people and those with underlying medical 
conditions like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, 
chronic respiratory disease, or cancer are more 
likely to develop serious illness’ [15] if given the 
vaccine. However, in a study in Ghana, 
populations with 36–45 years of age were less 
likely to accept being vaccinated compared to 
those aged 18–25 years [21]. In a study in 
Mozambique [15], it was shown that the lower 
the age, the lower the vaccine acceptability. This 
was also found in Saudi Arabia [22] and South 
Africa [23]. These results show that acceptability 
varies based on country, region, culture, and 
believe of different age-group bracket as to how 
important is COVID-19 vaccine. 
 
Education also plays a major role in vaccination. 
From our report, Participants who have fore-
knowledge and considered vaccination important 
for their own health or for the health of the 
community were more willing to accept 
vaccination. This was proved as the highest 
population of those vaccinated has tertiary 
education, 300 (60%). Statistically, P = .000, 
hence, the association between education level 
of participants and COVID-19 vaccination is 
extremely statistically significant. This suggests 
that if more people are educated about the 
importance of vaccination against COVID-19, 
their willingness to be vaccinated will               
increase.  

 

 
 

Fig. 4. COVID-19 vaccination rate based on age-group 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
59 

 

 
 

Fig. 5. COVID-19 vaccination rate based on the level of education of participants 
 
To reach the greater population of Nigeria at 
large, a cultural and believe barrier would have to 
be broken as this is another major dilemma 
against COVID-19 vaccination plan. Some 
participants believe that COVID-19 pandemic 
isn’t real while some believed that the vaccine 
was made to reduce human population. 
  

5. CONCLUSION 
 
The results from our study show a strong 
relationship between SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and 
immunity against COVID-19. This survey shows 
that there is a high vaccination rate among the 
participants with tertiary education, the actively 
working group (age 31-50) and health 
professionals and COVID-19 among these 
groups was greatly reduced compared to the 
other groups in their respective categories. This 
implies that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can confer 
great immunity on vaccinated individuals 
especially the fully vaccinated. With more 
education about vaccine safety and more proven 
statistical analysis, vaccination rate is expected 
to increase and governmental and societal efforts 
are to be directed towards sensitizing the 
community on COVID-19 vaccination. Once herd 
immunity is attained in a population, this will help 
to minimize the rapid spread of the disease, 

stabilize human life, health, family, country’s 
economy and also prevent the occurrence of 
other variants of the virus. 

 
CONSENT  
 
All authors declare that ‘written informed consent 
was obtained from the patient (or other approved 
parties) for publication of this case report and 
accompanying images.  
 

ETHICAL APPROVAL  
 
All authors hereby declare that all experiments 
have been examined and approved by the 
appropriate ethics committee and have therefore 
been performed in accordance with the ethical 
standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of 
Helsinki. 
 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
We want to acknowledge “Hon. S.A. Aborisade” 
an administrative officer at Adeniyi Memorial 
Hospital for the funding to purchase the SARS-
CoV-2 rapid diagnostic test kit used for this 
study. Other than the funding, the study sponsor 
had no role in the study design; in the collection, 
analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
60 

 

of the manuscript; or in the decision to submit the 
paper for publication. 

 
COMPETING INTERESTS 
 
Authors have declared that no competing 
interests exist. 

 
REFERENCES 

 
1. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks 

at the Media Briefing on COVID-19; 2020. 
Available:https://www.who.int/director-
general/speeches/detail/who-director-
general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-
briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 

2. First Case of Corona Virus Disease 
Confirmed in Nigeria. Nigeria Centre for 
Disease Control. 28 February 2020. 
Retrieved 10 March 2020.  

3. World Health Organization. 33rd WHO 
Regulatory Update on COVID-19; World 
Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 
2021;1–14. 
Available:https://www.who.int/publications/
m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-
covid-19. 

4. UPDATED: Coronavirus: Second case 
confirmed in Nigeria; 2020.  
Retrieved 22 April 2022. 

5. Maclean Ruth, Dahi, Abdi Latif. "Nigeria 
Responds to First Coronavirus Case in Sub-
Saharan Africa". The New York Times; 
2020. 
Retrieved 10 March 2020.  

6. NCDC Covid-19 Page". Nigeria Centre for 
Disease Control.  
Retrieved 29 November 2021. 

7. Daniel OE, Gbemisola AO, Akinyele OA, 
Oluwakemi O, Olalekan AA, Theodora NE 
et al. It's a tricky thing.' COVID-19 cases 
haven't soared in Nigeria, but that could 
change; 2021.  
Available:www.science.org. 
DOI:101001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32101 

8. Aishat BU, Olubunmi A , Akinfemi A, Abass 
G, Bashir B. Epidemiology of coronavirus 
disease  (COVD-19) outbreak cases in Oyo 
State South West Nigeria, March-April 
2020. Pan Afr Med J. 2019;23;35(Suppl 
2):88. 
Available:http://doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.202
0.35.2.23832 

9. "NCDC Covid-19 Page". Nigeria Centre for 
Disease Control. Retrieved 13 June, 2022. 

10. Joao M, Maroco, Pero Pinheiro. Analise 
Estatistica Com SPSS, 5th ed. Portugal; 
2011.  
Available: https://www.wook.pt/livro/analise-
estatistica-com-o-spss-statistics-joao-
maroco/24699154 

11. WHO. Coronavirus  
Available:https://www.who.int/health-
topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1 

12. World Health Organization. 33rd WHO 
Regulatory Update on COVID-19; World 
Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland. 
2021;1–14. 
Available:https://www.who.int/publications/
m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-
covid-19. 

13. Wolff ER, MadlonIKay DJ. Childhood 
vaccine beliefs reported by somali and non-
somali parents. J Am Board am Med. 
2014;27(4):458I64. 

14. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Bolarinwa OA, 
Akande-Sholabi W, Lucero-Prisno DE(III). 
When it is available, will we take it? Social 
media users’ perception of hypothetical 
COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria. Pan Afr. Med. 
J. 2021;38:230. 

15. Dula J, Mulhanga A, Nhanombe A, Cumbi 
L, Júnior A, Gwatsvaira J. et al. COVID-19 
Vaccine Acceptability and Its Determinants 
in Mozambique: An Online Survey. 
Vaccines. 2021;9:828.  
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines90
80828 

16. National Population Commission (NPC). 
Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey; 
2018. 
Available:https://www.citypopulation.de/php/
nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA031 

17. WHO. 2019-nCov-vaccine effectiveness 
measurement. Evaluation of COVID-19 
vaccine effectiveness. INTERIM 
GUIDANCE. 17 March 2021. 

18. WHO. What is COVID-19 vaccine efficacy? 
Retrieved 26 February 2021. 

19. Ahmed MAM, Colebunders R, Gele AA, 
Farah AA, Osman S, Guled IA, Abdullahi 
AAM et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptability 
and adherence to preventive measures in 
somalia: Results of an online survey. 
Vaccines. 2021;9:543. 

20. Adeniyi OV, Stead D, Singata-Madliki M, 
Batting J, Wright M, Jelliman E. et al. 
Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among 
the healthcare workers in the eastern cape, 
South Africa: A cross sectional study. 
Vaccines. 2021;9:666. 

https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria
https://ncdc.gov.ng/news/227/first-case-of-corona-virus-disease-confirmed-in-nigeria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Centre_for_Disease_Control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Centre_for_Disease_Control
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/africa/nigeria-coronavirus.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/africa/nigeria-coronavirus.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/africa/nigeria-coronavirus.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times
http://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Oke%20GA%5BAuthor%5D
http://www.science.org/
https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2020.32101
http://doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23832
http://doi:10.11604/pamj.supp.2020.35.2.23832
http://covid19.ncdc.gov.ng/
https://www.wook.pt/livro/analise-estatistica-com-o-spss-statistics-joao-maroco/24699154
https://www.wook.pt/livro/analise-estatistica-com-o-spss-statistics-joao-maroco/24699154
https://www.wook.pt/livro/analise-estatistica-com-o-spss-statistics-joao-maroco/24699154
https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/33rd-who-regulatory-update-on-covid-19
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080828
https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9080828
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA031
https://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA031


 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
61 

 

21. Lamptey E, Serwaa D, Appiah AB. A 
nationwide survey of the potential 
acceptance and determinants of COVID-19 
vaccines in Ghana. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 
2021;10:183–190. 

22. Al-Mohaithef M, Padhi BK. Determinants of 
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Saudi 
Arabia: A web-based national survey. 

J.Multidiscip. Healthc. 2020;13:1657–            
1663. 

23. Cooper S, Rooyen HV, Wiysonge CS. 
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in South 
Africa: How can we maximize uptake of 
COVID-19 vaccines? Expert Rev. Vaccines 
2021;0:1–13.

 
 

  



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
62 

 

QUESTIONNAIRE 
 
Dear respondent, I am Ademola, Opeyemi Shadrach, a tutor at the Adventist College of Health 
Technology, Igbope and a master’s student of Chemical Pathology, University College Hospital, 
University of Ibadan. I am leading a group of researchers in carrying out a research on HERD 
IMMUNITY, THE BEST WAY OUT OF SARS COV-2 PANDEMIC. PREACHING THE GOOD NEWS 
ABOUT COVID-19 VACCINE AND VACCINE EFFICACY in Oke-Ogun region of Oyo State, Nigeria. 
Your participation is strictly voluntary. Your kind consideration and honest answers would be very 
much appreciated. Thanks. 

 
Serial number     ___________________________ 
 
SECTION A: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 
 
1. Age  _______ 
 
2. Gender  
  
 a) Male [  ]   b) Female [  ] 
 
3. Marital status   
 
 a) Single [  ] b) Married [  ]       c) Divorced/separated [  ] d) Widowed [ ] 
 
4. Educational status  
 
 a) Primary education [  ]  b) Secondary education [  ]  
 
 c) Tertiary education [  ] d) Postgraduate education [  ]  e) None [ ] 
 
5. Employment status 
 

a) Working in person [  ] b) Working remotely [  ] c) Not working-temporarily laid off [  ]   
 d) Not working-Student [  ] e) Not working-others 
 

6. Industry 
 
 (a) Agriculture [  ] b) Construction [  ] c) Manufacturing [  ]  d) Trading [  ] 
 
 e) Health care [  ] f) Art and Entertainment [  ]    g) Finance [  ]  
 

h) Education [  ]   i) Others [  ]. 
 
If others, please specify: _________________________________ 
 

7. How would you define your family income? 
 
 a) Lower than average [  ] b) On average [  ] c) Higher than average [  ] 
 
SECTION B: CO-MORBIDITY 
 
8. Do you have any of the following disease? 
 
 a) Cancer [  ] b) Obesity [  ]     c) Diabetes [  ]     d) Hypertension[  ]     e) Others 
  
If others, please specify: _______________________________ 
 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
63 

 

SECTION C: COVID-19 PREVENTION PRECAUTIONS 
 
9. Do you wear a mask?       
 
a) Yes [  ]    b) No [  ]    c) Not always [  ]      d) I don’t need to [  ] 

 
10. Do you practise social distancing?   
 
a) Yes [  ]    b) No [  ]    c) Not always [  ]   d) I don’t need to [  ] 
 
11.  Do you often wash your hands and use a sanitizer?  
 
a) Yes [  ]    b) No [  ]    c) Not always [  ]   d) I don’t need to [  ] 
 
SECTION D: DOMAIN; COVID-19 VACCINATION 
 
12. Have you tested for COVID-19 previously?  a) Yes [  ]  b) No [  ] c) Not sure [  ] 
 
 If yes, what was the test result?  a) Positive [  ] b) Negative [  ] 
 
13. Have you received COVID-19 vaccine?  a) Yes [  ] b) No [  ] c) Not sure [  ] 
 
 If yes, at what dose of vaccination are you? a) First dose [  ]  b) second dose [  ] 
 
 Date of vaccination: 1

st
 dose……………… 2

nd
 dose…………………. 

 
14. How likely are you to recommend getting the COVID-19 vaccine to others? 
 
 a) Not at all likely [  ]   b) Somewhat likely c) Extremely likely 
 
15. Has all your immediate family members been vaccinated? 
 
 a) Yes [  ] b) No [  ] c) I don’t know [  ] 
 
SECTION E: FOR THOSE WHO ARE UNVACCINATED 
 
16. What makes it difficult for you to get a COVID-19 vaccine? 
 

a) I’m not eligible [  ]          b) I can’t go alone [  ]   c) I don’t know where to 
get vaccinated [  ]    d) The waiting time is too long [  ]                                                
e) Always busy at work [  ]    f) Others. 
 
If others, please specify: _______________________________ 
 

17. How concerned are you about getting COVID-19 vaccine? 
 

a) Not at all concerned [  ]  b) A little concerned [  ]                                          
c) Moderately concerned [  ]    d) Very concerned [  ] 
 

18. How safe do you think a COVID-19 vaccine would be for you? 
 

a) Not at all safe [  ]  b) A little safe [  ]                c) Moderately safe [  ] 
d) Very safe [  ] 
 

19. If a COVID-19 vaccine were available to you, would you get it? 
 
 a) Yes [  ] b) No [  ] c) Not sure [  ] 



 
 
 
 

Ademola et al.; AJI, 5(1): 52-64, 2022; Article no.AJI.88927 
 

 

 
64 

 

20. What would be important for you to know about to become confident in the COVID-19 
vaccine? 

 

a)My risk of getting sick with COVID‐19 is bigger than the risk of side effects  from the
 vaccine [ ]   
 
b) The vaccine cannot cause any immediate or long term injury [  ] 
 
c) It is impossible to get COVID-19 or any other disease from the vaccine itself or its 
components [  ] 
 

d) The vaccine works in protecting me from COVID‐19 [  ] 
 
e) The vaccine works in stopping the transmission of COVID-19 from one person to 
another [  ] 
 

Your kind participation and honest answers are very much appreciated. Thanks. 
_________________________________________________________________________________ 
© 2022 Ademola et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, 
provided the original work is properly cited. 
 
 

 
 

 

Peer-review history: 
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here: 

https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/88927 

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

